Part Ii., Essay Ii.

Footnote 18:

Part II., Essays I. and III.

Footnote 19:

Political Justice, Book VIII. ch. ix. pp. 515–19 (3rd ed.).

Footnote 20:

Cf. Rich. Jones, Pol. Econ. (1859), p. 596.

Footnote 21:

Quoted, Political Justice, Book VIII. ch. viii. pp. 503, 520, on the authority of Price.

Footnote 22:

l. c., Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 528.

Footnote 23:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 14.

Footnote 24:

1st ed., pp. 20, 173, &c., 7th ed., Book III. ch. ii.

Footnote 25:

1st ed., p. 128; cf. p. 210.

Footnote 26:

Ibid. p. 211.

Footnote 27:

Ibid. p. 215.

Footnote 28:

Ibid. p. 215.

Footnote 29:

1st ed., p. 17; cf. pp. 47–8.

Footnote 30:

Even Comte, who reproves economists for saying that difficulties right themselves in the “long run,” thinks that this particular difficulty will only occur there. (Pos. Phil., ii. 128 (tr.); cf. p. 54.)

Footnote 31:

1st ed., pp. 15, 16.

Footnote 32:

Ibid. pp. 19, 62–66.

Footnote 33:

Pol. Just., VIII. iii 466.

Footnote 34:

Essay, 1st ed., pp. 175–6, 193; 7th ed., pp. 272, 277. Cf. Gibbon, ch. L., quoted in Essay, 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65: “The measure of population is regulated by the means of subsistence.”

Footnote 35:

Pol. Just., Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 520 n. (3rd ed.).

Footnote 36:

Essay, 1st ed., pp. 240–1.

Footnote 37:

Due to Coleridge. See Godwin’s Life, i. 357.

Footnote 38:

Ibid. i. 25.

Footnote 39:

Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain (3rd ed., 1797), pp. 384 seq.

Footnote 40:

Political Justice, VIII. ix. 520 n.

Footnote 41:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 227.

Footnote 42:

Esquisse, pp. 362 seq.

Footnote 43:

Essay, 1st ed., pp. 146, 150.

Footnote 44:

Ibid. p. 154; Condorcet, Esquisse, pp. 364–373.

Footnote 45:

The locus classicus in Malthus is Essay, Append, (of 1817), p. 512; cf. III. iii. 286, IV. xiii. 474. The pages are those of the 7th edition (Reeves and Turner), a reprint of the 6th.

Footnote 46:

Malthus sometimes uses the word in the earlier sense, and Adam Smith seldom in the later.

Footnote 47:

Lecky, Hist. of Eighteenth Century, vol ii. p. 638.

Footnote 48:

Cf. Godwin, pref. to Pol. Just.

Footnote 49:

Hansard, Parl. Hist., vol. xxxiii, pp. 703 seq., Feb 12, 1796; cf. vol. xxxii. pp. 687 seq. The “Speenhamland Act of Parliament” was really an act of the Berkshire magistrates (1795), but had been widely imitated, and had certainly prepared the way for Pitt’s bill.

Footnote 50:

Cf. Essay, 7th ed., I. vii. p. 65; 1st ed., pp. 94, 95, &c.

Footnote 51:

Godwin, Pol. Just., VIII. viii. 508 (3rd ed.).

Footnote 52:

Preface to Essay, 2nd ed.

Footnote 53:

By implication. See below, Book I. ch. vii. p. 175.

Footnote 54:

Moral and Political Essays, Vol. I., Essay XI., Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations (ed. 1768), written in 1752.

Footnote 55:

So even Sir James Steuart, Vol. I. Pol. Econ., ch. iii. p. 22 (ed. 1805), might have helped him. Steuart wrote in 1767.

Footnote 56:

Essay, Book II. ch. vi.; 7th ed., p. 184.

Footnote 57:

Buckle would include Voltaire. See Civil. in Europe, ii. 304 n.

Footnote 58:

Wealth of Nations, I. viii. 36, 2 (MacCulloch’s ed.). These passages are said to have suggested to Malthus the idea of his essay. The article on Population in Edin. Review, Aug. 1810, possibly written by Malthus himself, bears out this view.

Footnote 59:

Compare Essay, Appendix (to 3rd ed., 1807), 7th ed., p. 507.

Footnote 60:

Records of Creation, 1816.

Footnote 61:

1st ed., p. 395.

Footnote 62:

Ibid. p. 353. This and much else were probably suggested by Tucker, Light of Nature, Theology, ch. xix. (especially § 20). Cf. below,