Lola

Part 1

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LOLA

The Thought and Speech of Animals

HENNY KINDERMANN

TRANSLATED BY AGNES BLAKE

WITH A CHAPTER ON THINKING ANIMALS BY

DR. WILLIAM MACKENZIE

METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON

First Published in this translation in 1922

Transcriber's Note: There are three mathematical "square roots" found in this text; the "roots" are shown as , [121rt] and [10,000rt]. Numerals that are printed as superscript are indicated by being preceeded by a caret (^).

PREFACE

It is hoped that this little work may assist in the search along the dark path upon which many a poet and--in later times--many an investigator has set his feet. It would not be worthy of us, whom science and technical ability has raised to so high an intellectual position as explorers of Nature in every field--should we neglect anything however trivial, deeming it as beneath our notice.

We know so much about all that lies around us: the manner in which the cells build our bodies; how the juices circulate within the plant. We feel Nature to be ensouled, to be a spiritual entity--and yet--it is only her corporeal life with which we are intimate. Therefore let us now turn our eyes to new horizons, so that the human spirit may be in a position to extend its search, doing so with knowledge and understanding. What is imperative is that we should investigate to what degree the higher animals have been dowered with sensibility, and to what extent this can be utilized: whether it can crystallize--so to speak--into what is known to us as thought. My own work of investigation was undertaken in a spirit entirely devoid of prejudice; and what I have so far discovered I now place in the hands of the reader, asking him to bring the same unbiased and objective attitude of mind to bear when reading these pages. It is my hope that they may arouse his interest and instil that broader attitude of thought which should lead to further investigation, since a question so serious and important does not permit of being lightly set aside.

I have given a short preliminary account of earlier investigations undertaken in this field of research, before inviting the reader to accompany me along the path I myself pursued into this New Land.

HENNY KINDERMANN

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THOUGHT CAPACITY IN ANIMALS 1

The Dogs: Rolf 5 Ilse 15 Heinz 18 Harras 20 Roland 22

II. MY PREVIOUS ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE SUBJECT 23

III. LOLA 30

IV. BEGINNING THE TUITION 35

V. CONTINUED TUITION 43

VI. SENSE OF TIME 54

VII. CALCULATING TIME 59

VIII. SIGHT 63

IX. HER PERFECT SENSE FOR SOUND 70

X. SCENT 74

Part 2

XI. SENSITIVENESS OF THE SKIN 79

XII. FORECASTING THE WEATHER 84

XIII. ADVANCED ARITHMETIC 89

XIV. WORKING WITH OTHER PERSONS 94

XV. THE QUESTION OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCE 97

XVI. ALTERATIONS AND MEMORY 102

XVII. THE CONNEXION OF IDEAS 110

XVIII. SPONTANEOUS REPLIES 113

XIX. WRONG AND UNCERTAIN ANSWERS 116

XX. MATTERS WHICH, SO FAR, ARE UNACCOUNTED FOR, OR UNEXPLAINED 120

XXI. ALTERATIONS IN CHARACTER 122

XXII. A VARIETY OF ANSWERS 126

XXIII. ULSE'S FIRST INSTRUCTION 144

XXIV. LAST WORDS 149

CONCLUSION (BY PROFESSOR H. F. ZIEGLER) 152

THINKING ANIMALS (BY DR. WILLIAM MACKENZIE) 157

In recording the remarks made and answers given by these dogs I have--wherever it seemed possible to do so without loss of a certain distinctive charm--inserted the English translation only; here and there, however, where, for instance, the conversation between mistress and dog has turned on the spelling of a word it has been necessary to give the entire sentence in German. There are also some quaint remarks of which I have been loth to omit the original, these being sure to appeal to anyone acquainted with idiomatic German.

THE TRANSLATOR

LOLA

THOUGHT CAPACITY IN ANIMALS

It was in the year 1904 that the first experiments towards understanding an animal's ability to think were brought into public light. Wilhelm von Osten then introduced his stallion Hans II to all who seemed interested in the subject, and the most diametrically opposed opinions were soon rife with regard to the abilities of this horse, to which von Osten maintained he had succeeded in teaching both spelling and arithmetic.

The animal's mental activity was said to lie in a simple form of thinking, called into being and intensified by means of a certain amount of instruction. Von Osten, who had been a schoolmaster, had previously spent some fourteen years in testing the intelligence of two other horses before he ventured to make his experiences public, and the performances of these animals were not only remarkable, but of far-reaching importance.

Hans I, aged twelve, died in 1905. He had never appeared in public, since his abilities had been relatively modest. He had, nevertheless, been able to count up to five, as well as carry out quite a number of verbal instructions. It was Hans II, however, that convinced his master--as early as 1902--of his ability to comprehend a far greater range of the German alphabet (when written), as well as to recognize a certain number of colours.

Instances, denoting signs of evident reflection and memory, had led to Wilhelm von Osten turning his thoughts towards this work of animal tuition. Public opinion was divided; there were some who took the subject seriously and who were grateful to this innovator for thus opening a new path of inquiry; yet many were sceptical--and the scientific commission called together in 1904 to investigate the subject, finally knew no better than to heap their ridicule on the careful and patient labours of a lifetime. "Der kluge Hans" ("wise" or "clever Hans")--by that time already a public character--now evoked supercilious smiles and stood disgraced in the eyes of the majority. Only a few, capable of delving more deeply into the subject, continued to follow these performances with ever-increasing interest and amazement and kept their faith whole.

Von Osten--though now embittered and pathetically silent--quietly continued his experiments up to his death, which took place in 1909. At first he had gone about his work alone, but he was joined subsequently by Karl Krall, who then became known in connexion with this work for the first time.

Many were the attempts made in certain quarters of the Press to account for the facts of the case; the very simple means of procedure employed by von Osten were scouted and the whole thing proclaimed to be based upon trickery, influence, secret signs, an abnormal degree of training, and what not--anything and everything was seized upon in order to come into line with ordinary opinion.

Then, in the year 1905, Karl Krall, of Elberfeld, began his experiments with Hans II, encouraging, as a foundation for the furtherance of his theories, the abilities already developed in this horse, while devoting a more profound measure of insight to the entire problem.

Karl Krall, who lavished an untold amount of time and money on the question, has also raised it to an immeasurably higher plane. He has, indeed, placed a remarkable collection of carefully selected material at the service of the scientific world. With an unusual amount of devotion, backed by patience and a genuine affection for his charges, Karl Krall has carried on a work of investigation to which he assigns no narrow limits; pursuing his labours with a cheerful energy, fully convinced of the sacredness of his task.

Part 3

Anyone who has come into contact with Krall must feel respect for this man, whatever doubts he may harbour as to the results obtained.

In 1908 Krall started work with two Arab stallions, Zarif and Mohammed. Both these animals learnt to count by means of rapping out the numbers with their hoofs on a board. One rap with the left fore-hoof always counted as "ten," while each rap with the right fore-hoof counted as "one" only. The number twenty-five was, therefore, composed of two left raps and five right ones. Spelling was similarly indicated by a system of raps meant to express separate letters of the alphabet. A pause followed after each number and the answers, being displayed to sight in the form of rows of numbers, it sufficed to place the letter thus indicated beneath its respective number in order to work out the reply. In the course of time these animals learnt the most varied forms of arithmetic, even to the extent of extracting the most difficult roots. They had, indeed, learnt to give answers which were, for the part, quite independent--thus supplying the most unexpected insight into their actual thinking and feeling.

They also learnt the divisions of time, while every kind of experiment was undertaken in order to test their reasoning capacity. All these attempts and the majority of results were of such a nature that it became quite impossible not to realize that further persistence along the same lines of inquiry was bound to lead to a confirmation of the assurances already given by Karl Krall with regard to his pupils' "scholarship." Many diverse opinions were heard, while the number of serious adherents to the cause as well as that of its opponents increased. Special instances to which objection had been taken on the score of supposed "influence," or of "signalling," were carefully investigated by Krall in order to clear up any implied doubts. For this purpose a blind horse, by name "Bertho," was taken in hand, proof being thus provided to confute the mythical "code of signals" supposed to exist between master and pupil. Other tests undertaken with Bertho were equally successful; Krall was, in fact, always eager and willing to submit every objection brought forward to investigation, evident though it was, that his own vast experience amply sufficed to tip the balance in his favour.

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