Volume 36, Page 105.

Mr. Burns’s data show that the height of the nest from the ground varies in middle and eastern States from 2 to 60 feet, and in central western States from ground level to 90 feet. His accumulated data on the measurements of nesting cavities show that the depth of the excavation is “greatest in New York and New England (10 to 36 inches), Illinois (14 to 24 inches), Pennsylvania (10 to 18 inches), and Minnesota (9 to 18 inches).” Probably the depth of the cavity depends on the quality of the wood and the age of the nest; when an old cavity is used, it is usually deepened somewhat. Dr. H. C. Oberholser (1896) gives the measurements of four Ohio nests; the total depth varied from 7 to 18 inches; the diameter of the entrance varied from 2.00 by 2.00 to 4.00 by 4.00 and averaged 2.94 by 2.72 inches. Mr. Burns (1900) says the diameter of the cavity near the bottom varies from 4.50 to 10.00, and averages 7.67 inches. No nesting material is taken in from outside, but enough fine chips are left in the bottom of the hole to make a soft bed, in which the eggs are partially buried. Carl W. Buchheister tells me that he once found a nest “the bottom of which was 6 inches below the ground level and 12 inches below the opening, a round hole which was 6 inches above the ground. There was but one egg.”

Eggs.--The flicker is notorious as a prolific egg layer, but under ordinary circumstances, when not disturbed, the average set consists of six to eight eggs. Incubated sets of as few as three or four have been found, sets of nine and ten are not very rare, and as many as 17 have been found in a nest at one time; the large numbers may be products of two females. Mr. Burns (1900) records the contents of 169 sets of the northern flicker as 11 sets of four, 16 sets of five, 35 sets of six, 34 sets of seven, 38 sets of eight, 17 sets of nine, 13 sets of ten, 3 sets of twelve, and one each of thirteen and fourteen. Major Bendire (1895) states that Steward Ogilby, of Staten Island, N. Y., reports “finding a brood of not less than nineteen young Flickers in one nest, all alive and apparently in good condition.”

If robbed of its eggs, the flicker will continue to lay new sets for a long time. Dr. Barton W. Evermann (1889) “obtained thirty-seven eggs in forty-nine days from a ‘yellowhammer’ which had its nest near my house. The eggs were in seven sets, five, five, five, six, seven, four, and five eggs respectively.” J. Parker Norris (1888) took five sets of six eggs each from a nest in Pennsylvania between May 16 and June 18. Several other similar cases of persistent laying have been reported, all of which indicate that an egg is laid each day and that the birds begin at once to replace the lost set. Mr. Burns (1900) lists a number of such cases, where no nest egg was left to induce the bird to keep on laying; the largest number reported was 48 eggs in 65 days. My neighbor, Charles L. Phillips, tried the experiment of taking one egg each day, leaving one as a nest egg; he holds the extraordinary record of having taken 71 eggs from one nest in 73 days; the poor bird rested only two days in the long strain of over two months.

Eggs of the flicker have sometimes been found in the nests of other birds. In an old orchard, not far from my home, I once found a flicker’s egg in a bluebird’s nest, with five eggs of the latter; and in another cavity in the same tree was a tree swallow’s nest containing five eggs of the swallow and an egg of the flicker. As this was in a remote locality, it is hardly likely that the eggs were placed there artificially, and the chances are that the flicker’s nest had been destroyed and she was forced to lay in the nearest available cavity. Mr. Burns (1900) says: “A similar instance is recorded by E. G. Elliot, Bradford, Mass., May 16th, ’84, of a set of five eggs of bluebird and one of flicker, nest of grass and feathers. Records of European house sparrow and red-headed woodpecker eggs in freshly excavated quarters with one or more eggs of the Flicker are not uncommon, and upon investigation the latter proved to be the aggrieved party in every instance.” He also tells of a flicker that laid an egg in a mourning dove’s nest.

The eggs of the flicker are pure lustrous white, with a brilliant gloss; the shell is translucent, and, when fresh, the yolk shows through it, suffusing the egg with a delicate pinkish glow, which is very beautiful.

The shape is quite variable, but the majority are ovate; some are short-ovate or elliptical-ovate, some nearly oval, and some rarely somewhat pointed. The measurements of 57 eggs average 26.85 by 20.58 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =30.48= by 22.86, 28.19 by =24.38=, =24.45= by 21.34, and 27.68 by =19.05= millimeters.

Young.--The period of incubation of the flicker has been said to be from 14 to 16 days. Miss Sherman’s (1910) careful observations on marked eggs, laid on known dates, indicate a shorter period. From some former nests she had learned “that sometimes the eggs hatched in nine days, but more frequently in ten days after the laying of the last egg.” In these cases, incubation may have begun before the set was complete, or the eggs may have received some heat from the body of the male, for she said that, in at least one case, “while the eggs were being laid, and before incubation began the male roosted in the box with the eggs.” According to a later observation, “the exact time for incubation had been twelve days, three hours and fifty-two minutes. The seventh egg hatched four hours later making its period of incubation eleven days and eight hours nearly.” After another similar experience with the hatching of nine marked eggs, which extended over a period from 5:40 a. m. one day until 10:48 a. m. the next day, she says: “Roughly speaking, then, the time that our Flickers take for incubation is from eleven to twelve days.”

Her observations showed that the duties of incubation are shared by both sexes, that the male usually incubates during the night, but “by day the duties of incubation seem to be shared about equally between the two birds, who are close sitters, the eggs seldom being found alone. Of the length of the sittings no adequate record has been kept, but those lasting from one hour and a half to two hours have been noted.”

Miss Sherman (1910) noted that “the usual time for depositing the eggs in the nest appears to be the hour between five and six o’clock in the morning,” though in one case an egg was laid between 11 a. m. and 4 p. m.

Some of her observations on the young follow:

Until the young are about eleven days old, they lie in a circle in the nest, their long necks stretched over each other, then for nearly a week they press against the side of the nest. At seventeen or eighteen days of age, their claws having acquired a needlelike sharpness, they begin to cling to the wall of the nest, and when three weeks old they are able to climb to the hole and be fed while the parent hangs outside.

Although the eyes of the nestlings are not open until they are ten days old yet these organs are by no means dormant. An easy proof of this is made by placing the hand noiselessly over the entrance hole when they are no more than three or four days old, and are lying apparently asleep; up comes every head and they beg for food, getting none they soon sleep, when the experiment may be repeated, gaining from the young the same response that is given when a parent darkens the hole.

That cry of the young which is so often described as a hissing sound, begins very soon after they are hatched. At first exceedingly faint it soon grows stronger, and is uttered day and night for two weeks. A parent upon taking its place to brood these wailing nestlings begins to croon a lullaby and continues this musical murmur until it falls asleep, which is often quite soon. It has no effect in lessening the noise of the youngsters, yet the parent faithfully renders its cradle song until the young cease to make this noise which is about the time they begin to show fear. Of other cries that they make, there is the chuckling noise uttered when the little one is in the act of seizing the food-bearing bill, and there is a cry that sounds like a whine. Still another one is a note of alarm given when the young are disturbed by some such thing as the opening of the trap door. This uttered in unison has a very theatrical effect strongly suggesting the chorus of the stage. After they have commenced to move about freely in the nest they make much of the time a pleasant sound like a chatter or quack, as if talking to each other. And lastly comes the grown-up Flicker “pe-ap”, which they begin to call as soon as they climb to the hole. * * *

Some broods are much more quarrelsome than others. Their battle ground is in the vicinity of the hole. The one in possession of the hole maintains his supremacy there by occasional withdrawals of his head from the hole in order to deliver vigorous blows on the heads of all within his reach. This is the case with the stronger ones, the weaker ones frequently are driven from the vantage place. When the hole is large enough for two to thrust out their heads together, they draw within after the serving of a meal and fight furiously, while a waiting third may slip up and gain the coveted hole. But all their fighting days seem to be confined to a few in the fourth week of their lives.

* * * In very early life a meal is served to baby Flicker with many insertions of the parent’s bill, as many as thirty-four have been counted, but from eight to twenty are the ordinary number, decreasing to three or four before the young leave the nest. A record made during a continuous watch of six hours and thirty-two minutes shows that each parent fed five times; that the father delivered his supply with eighty-two insertions of the bill, while the mother used but forty-one. Probably the father brought more food since on every count he proved himself the more devoted parent. In grasping the bill the point of the youngster’s bill is at right angles with that of the parent’s, thus the opening between the food-bearing mandibles is covered after the young have attained a few days of age, and any over-dropping of food is prevented. This accident frequently happens in the early days of the nest, then the mussed up ants that fall are carefully picked up by the frugal parent when the feeding is over. * * *

Experiments show that to a nestling weighing 743 grains was given a breakfast that weighed 76 grains, to one weighing 1,430 grains a dinner of 118 grains, and to another that tipped the scales at 1,530 grains a supper of 103 grains. Probably the weight of the average load is not far from one hundred grains. * * *

When the young were eighteen days old during a watch of four and one-half hours twenty-five meals were given to five nestlings that wore distinguished marks. Three of these are positively known to have received five meals apiece, and two received four apiece. * * * At this age the young Flickers every hour partake of food to the amount of one-sixteenth of their own weight, or in one day consume their full weight of food.

She says that flickers are very solicitous to keep a clean nest; for the first nine or ten days the parents eat the excrements, but after that the dejecta are carried out in the tough white sacks in which they are enclosed. If no sacks of excrement are found in the nest after feeding, the parent solicits them; “this is done by biting the heel joints sometimes, but more often the fleshy protuberance that bears that budding promise of the tail.”

She says that the male “staid with the young every night until they were three weeks old, brooding all of them until nearly two weeks of age, when they began pressing their breasts against the side of the nest, and he could cover the tails of two or three only, after which for two or three nights he sat upon the bottom of the nest apart from the young; then for four nights he hung upon the wall of the nest near the hole; thereafter he staid with them no more.”

Her records show that the young remained in the nest nearly or quite four weeks, or from 25 to 28 days. During the last three or four days nearly all of them lost weight; this may have been due to the period of the heaviest feather growth, or because the parents may have let up on the feeding to induce the young to leave the nest. Miss Sherman’s statements, as to the period of incubation and the length of time that the young remain in the nest, are quite at variance with statements made by others, but her observations were so carefully and thoroughly made under such favorable circumstances that they are more convincing than less accurate observations of others.

Some others have also described the method of feeding the young by regurgitation in a manner that differs from that observed by Miss Sherman. Mr. Brewster (1936), for example, says:

Standing on the edge of the hole, the parent would select one--usually the nearest, I thought--and bending down would drive his bill to its base into the gaping mouth which instantly closed tightly around it, when the head and bill of the parent was worked up and down with great rapidity for from one to one and one-half seconds (timed with a stop watch), the young meanwhile holding on desperately and apparently never once losing its grasp, although its poor little head was jerked up and down violently. The first, or entering downward thrust of the parent’s bill looked like a vicious stab, the bird apparently striking with all its force and as if with the design of piercing his offspring to the vitals. The subsequent up and down motion was invariably rapid and regular and resembled the bill movement of a woodpecker while “drumming.” It also suggested the stroke of a piston.

In this case the top of the stump had been broken off, leaving the nest open and exposed, so that every motion could be clearly seen from a distance of not over 15 feet. After the young had left the nest, he discovered that “the nest was left in a terribly foul state, the bottom being a disgusting mass of muddy excrement alive with wriggling worms. * * * These young, however, managed to keep very clean and all, so far as I could discover, were perfectly free from vermin.” Apparently the old birds find it difficult to clean the nest after the young reach a certain size.

W. I. Lyon (1922) tells an interesting story of a screech owl that adopted and brooded a family of young flickers, after its own nest in the same tree had been broken up twice; the owl even brought in part of a small bird, perhaps intending to feed it to the young flickers, which were all the time being fed by their parents and were successfully raised.

Plumages.--Miss Sherman (1910) gives a very good description of the naked and blind nestling, as follows: “The pellucid color of the newly hatched Flicker resembles that of freshly sun-burned human skin, but so translucent is the nestling’s skin that immediately after a feeding one can see the line of ants that stretches down the bird’s throat and remains in view two or three minutes before passing onward. This may be witnessed for several days while the skin assumes a coarser red, until it begins to thicken and become a bluish hue, before the appearance of the pin-feathers. These may be detected under the skin on the fifth day at the same time that bristle-like projections about one-sixteenth of an inch long announce the coming of the rectrices and remiges.”

Mr. Burns (1900) says: “It is not known when the white membranous process which extends from either side of the base of the lower mandible disappears, but it probably goes at a very early age. This formation is apparently peculiar to all young woodpeckers, as suggested by Frank A. Bates, in the Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 35, but its use is unknown.” A photograph, published by E. H. Forbush (1927), shows that this does not wholly disappear until the young bird is nearly fledged; its function is probably to help guide the regurgitated food from the mouth of the adult into the throat of the young bird during the feeding method noted by Miss Sherman (1910).

The young flicker is fully fledged in its juvenal plumage when it leaves the nest; and, contrary to the rule among birds, this plumage more nearly resembles the plumage of the adult male than that of the old female, as the young of both sexes have the black malar patches. The black bands on the upper parts are much broader, the vinaceous portions of the head and neck are more tinged with gray, the malar patches are duller black, and the lower parts are paler with duller and larger black spots than in the adult. The crown is usually more or less suffused with dull red, especially in young males, and sometimes the red nuchal crescent is somewhat wider or more extensive; the crescent on the breast is usually smaller; the yellow on the under sides of the wings and tail is duller and more greenish; the black tips in the tail are duller and not so sharply defined against the yellow; and the upper tail coverts are black with white spots, instead of being white and boldly barred with black, as in the adult. The plumage is soft and loose in texture and the bill is small and weak.

This plumage is worn but a short time, as a complete molt begins in July and is usually finished in September or October, producing a first winter plumage that is practically adult. Adults have a complete postnuptial molt at about the same time of year. A detailed account of the progress of the molt of young birds is given by William Palmer (1901) and one of the adults by Burns (1900); both accounts are too long to be quoted here. Fall adults in fresh plumage are very handsome birds, more deeply and richly colored than spring birds; the upper parts are deeper brown and the lower parts are suffused with yellowish buff; wear and fading produce a more contrasted plumage in the spring in which the dark markings are less obscured and the soft suffusion has disappeared.

The interesting and extensive hybridizing with the red-shafted flicker will be discussed under the latter species.

Food.--The flicker is more terrestrial in its feeding habits than any of our other woodpeckers. It is a common sight to see one of them hopping about on a lawn, or in an open place in the woods and fields, probing in the ground for ants or picking up ground insects or fallen berries. It is one of our most useful birds, worthy of the fullest protection. Professor Beal (1911) has shown that 60.92 percent of its food consists of animal matter and 39.08 percent of vegetable matter. About 75 percent of the animal food, or 45 percent of the entire food, consists of ants. The flicker eats more ants than any other bird; ants were found in 524 of the 684 stomachs examined, and 98 stomachs contained no other food; one stomach contained over 5,000 ants, and two others held over 3,000 each. If it had no other beneficial habit, the flicker would deserve protection for the good it does in keeping in check these injurious and annoying insects. Ants protect plant lice of various species, which may become very injurious to many kinds of cultivated plants, inflicting serious losses for the agricultural interests; the plant lice, or aphids, secrete a sweet honey-dew juice, of which the ants are very fond; consequently these tiny insects are herded by the ants and milked like cows. The ants take good care of their honey-producing “cattle,” driving them away from ladybugs and other enemies, leading them to new pastures, if the old ones dry up, sheltering the aphid eggs in their nests, and carrying the young aphids out onto the plants to feed. Mr. Forbush (1927) also says: “Ants riddle posts set in the ground or any timber or lumber resting upon or in contact with the ground. They destroy the sills of buildings set close to the ground and often ruin living trees, especially such as have a few dead roots. They infest lawns and buildings, destroying grass on the lawns and food in the house, and are difficult to eradicate. They sometimes eat alive the young of certain ground-nesting birds. They are very prolific and require a severe check on their numbers. Otherwise they would become unbearable pests.”

The flicker explores the ground, often scratching away leaves or rubbish, to locate the ant nests, digs into the nest with its long bill, and, as the ants come pouring out, it laps them up in quantities or inserts its long, sticky tongue deep down into the nest to get the young and eggs. Early in spring it digs into the large mounds of the mound-building ants, while the ants are less active, or tears open some rotten stump to uncover a nest. Only a few days ago, I dug into an old apple-tree stump for some rotten wood to put on some of my wildflowers and uncovered a large nest of ants; within a very few minutes my pair of flickers were on the job cleaning up the ants and their pupae.

Other insect food of the flicker includes a variety of beetles, wasps, grasshoppers, crickets, mole crickets, chinch bugs, wood lice, caterpillars, grubs, and various flying insects, which it sometimes catches on the wing, darting after them like a flycatcher (Burns, 1900).

According to Beal (1911), 39.08 percent of its food is vegetable matter. Most of this consists of wild fruits and berries, such as the berries of the dogwood (Cornus) and Virginia creeper, hackberries, blueberries, huckleberries, pokeberries, serviceberries (Amelanchier), elderberries, barberries, mulberries, blackberries, wild grapes, wild black cherries, choke cherries, cultivated cherries, and the berries of the black alder, sour gum, black gum, greenbrier (Smilax), spicebush (Benzoin), red cedar, hawthorn, mountain ash, and woodbine. Harold H. Bailey (1913) says that while the fall migration is at its height in Virginia, about October first, “they are particularly fond of the blue berry of the black-gum tree, and after once finding a tree with fruit, will continue to come to it until every berry is gone, even though continually shot at. I remember a case a few years back, when a local gunner killed fifty-seven flickers from one black-gum tree in one forenoon. After the gumberries are gone, they take to the dogwood berry for their main article of food, a fine red berry and always plentiful in Tidewater.”

The flicker feeds freely on the seeds of the poison ivy and poison sumac and perhaps does some harm in distributing the seeds of these noxious plants. Professor Beal (1895) also includes the seeds of other sumacs, clover, grasses, pigweed, mullein, ragweed, and other unidentified seeds, and the seeds of the magnolia and knotweed. Mr. Burns (1900) adds wild strawberries, dewberries, raspberries, and wild plums, also acorns, beechnuts, corn from shocks, and oats, wheat, and rye from stacks.

The birds that Miss Sherman (1910) watched in their nesting box ate considerable sawdust. “That at one time the male ate three tablespoonfuls is deemed a modest estimate. An attempt to measure the amount both ate by a fresh supply daily showed the consumption of three or more handfuls. The sawdust came from sugar maple, white and red oak wood.” She seemed to think that flickers have “little use for water,” having seen them drink only twice, during many hours of watching from a blind, “all of which taken together would amount to weeks.” Owen Durfee speaks in his notes of having seen three flickers drinking, or eating, snow on a cold day in winter; he saw one drop down onto a patch of snow on a stone wall and begin eating the snow. “His motions were just like a chicken drinking water--the partly closed bill was dipped into the snow and then held up in the air and the mandibles worked as though chewing or dissolving it, when another dip would be made. Soon two other flickers flew down in the same manner and secured some snow water. On approaching, I found the footprints and several little round holes somewhat smaller than a pencil.”

I have often seen them drinking water and so have other observers; perhaps they drink copiously but not often.

Francis H. Allen says in his notes: “I have seen one feeding in the manner of a chickadee among the twigs of a tree, perching crosswise of the twig and flitting about actively, gleaning some minute food. Mr. Brewster told me that he had seen a flicker feeding this way.”

Joseph J. Hickey tells me that he has seen a flicker feeding after the manner of an Arctic three-toed woodpecker, deliberately scaling off the bark in search for food; this bird had denuded about half the bark of a hemlock.

Behavior.--In ordinary short flights, the flicker proclaims its relationship to the other woodpeckers by its rhythmic bounding flight, the wings beating more rapidly on the rises and much less so on the dips, which are usually followed by a short sail on motionless wings. Mr. Burns (1900) noted that the dips occur about every 15 or 20 feet and that the bird drops about 3 feet on each dip. On more prolonged flights the flight is steadier, more direct, strong, and fairly swift. It does not ordinarily fly at any great height, except when migrating. When alighting on a tree trunk, there is a graceful upward glide, the trunk is grasped with the feet, and the tail is used as a prop in true woodpecker fashion; but the flicker is more apt to alight on a horizontal branch than other woodpeckers, when there is less upward glide and an upright posture is assumed, as balance is acquired.

On the ground, the flicker proceeds slowly by short hops, but sometimes it runs rapidly for a few steps and then stops; it seems content to confine its foraging to a rather limited area and does not appear very active.

Spring drumming on a resonant limb, or inside a nesting cavity, is an essential part of the call to courtship or mating, and perhaps a signal call for other purposes; but it is used at other times, perhaps for sheer amusement. This habit sometimes becomes a nuisance, since the bird has discovered that the tin roof of a house serves as the best kind of a drum; here he comes morning after morning while we are enjoying our slumbers, from which we are rudely awakened at an unseemly hour. Mr. DuBois writes to me that, on an afternoon in June, “a flicker was drumming on the lid of a large galvanized iron ash or garbage can at the corner of the back porch of a residence; he stood on the top of the lid and, at intervals, after looking around, he beat an extremely rapid roll on this metallic drum; the effect was startling.”

As to the roosting habits of flickers, Miss Sherman (1910) writes: “Of all our birds the flickers are the earliest to retire at night, sometimes going to their lodgings an hour before sundown, the customary time being about a half hour before sunset. Generally they go out soon after sunrise, but on cool autumn mornings they have been known to linger much longer. During a rainstorm in the middle of the day they have been seen to seek their apartments, also in fine weather they have been found there enjoying the seclusion thus afforded.”

Frank R. Smith, of Hyattsville, Md., sends me the following note, dated February 28, 1936: “For some nights, a flicker has been roosting in the shell of a dead tree, from which one side has decayed away, leaving a troughlike section of its trunk standing. He roosts about 12 feet from the ground. This morning it was cloudy and he left the roosting place at 7:25, although official sunrise is at 6:37.” Mr. Shelley tells me that he flushed a male from the nest tree, “where he clung each night about 3 feet above the nest hole, with the female brooding the young within.” Flickers will roost in any open cavity in a tree, or even in a partially sheltered spot on the open trunk; they often drill holes in barns or under the eaves of houses for winter roosts; a favorite winter roosting place is in the sawdust between the double walls of icehouses. Sometimes they dig a hole into a vacant building and fail to find their way out; I once found one dead inside the garage at my summer cottage, which had been closed all winter. Mr. Forbush (1927) says that “during one winter at Wareham one apparently slept on the wall of my summer cottage under the eaves, clinging to one of the ornamental battens in an upright position as it would cling to a tree trunk. This bird for some unaccountable reason chose the north side of the cottage. He was there night after night at dusk and also at daylight each morning. Mr. K. F. Carr tells of a flicker that was accustomed to pass winter nights in a chimney of an unoccupied dwelling in a thickly settled neighborhood which undoubtedly was a more comfortable roosting place than the north side of my cottage.”

Dr. Lynds Jones told Mr. Burns (1900) that “at Oberlin College a single bird roosted between the vertical water pipe and wall of Spear Library for two successive winters, and another occupied the cupola of the Theological Seminary the succeeding winter.”

Flickers are generally regarded as peaceful harmless birds, but the following two quotations indicate that they are sometimes otherwise.

O. P. Allert (1934) writes from Giard, Iowa: “On June 4, 1933, while in the yard of my home, I was attracted by the cries of a pair of Robins and saw a female Flicker in the act of killing the two young that the Robins’ nest contained. One was killed in the nest, and the other either fell or was thrown to the ground, where the Flicker followed and dispatched it.”

Dr. Dayton Stoner (1932) writes: “While the flicker is not habitually belligerent, it does on occasion show some aggressiveness. This most frequently occurs during the breeding season. For example, on July 11, 1929, in the Parker woods south of Lakeport, I came upon several flickers and two or three crows that were tormenting a red-shouldered hawk. The flickers were pecking excitedly on the limbs of the tree on which the hawk perched, and clamoring loudly at it. When the hawk flew off the flickers darted after it, pecking it unmercifully until it lit again, when they were cautious about approaching close to the harassed hawk. This quarrel was continued for more than half an hour.”

Voice.--The flicker has an elaborate vocabulary; no other woodpecker, and few other birds, can produce a greater variety of loud striking calls and soft conversational notes. A number of its many vernacular names are based on a fancied resemblance to some one of its notes, and in most cases these names give a very fair idea of the note. A few of such names are “flicker,” “yucker,” “wacup,” “hit-tock,” “yarrup,” “clape,” and “piute”; and there are other modifications of these in different combinations of letters.

The commonest and most characteristic note is the loud spring call, of which Eugene P. Bicknell (1885) says: “Its long rolling call may be taken as especially representative of song, and is a characteristic sound of the empty woodland of early spring. It is usually given from some high perch, and has a free, far-reaching quality, that gives it the effect of a signal thrown out over the barren country, as if to arouse sleeping nature. This call continues irregularly through the summer, but then loses much of its prominence amid the multitude of bird voices. It is not infrequent in September, but later than the middle of October I have not heard it.”

This is a sharp, penetrating note, which can be heard at a long distance; the syllables wick, wick, wick, wick, or yuck, yuck, yuck, yuck, are very rapidly uttered and repeated in long series. Dr. Elon H. Eaton (1914) says that “it may be heard for more than half a mile and has been variously syllabized, usually written as ‘cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh’,” which hardly represents my idea of the song.

A softer note, heard during active courtship and display, sounds like wake-up, wake-up, wake-up, or yarrup, yarrup, yarrup, given more deliberately in subdued tones and not so prolonged. This has been referred to as the scythe-sharpening, or rollicking, song and has also been written as yucker, yucker, yucker, or wicker, wicker, wicker, or hick-up, hick-up, hick-up, or flicker, flicker, flicker. Mr. Bicknell (1885) has recorded these notes from April 8 to September 5; there seems to be no seasonal regularity about them, as they are probably affectionate notes of greeting. Mr. Burns (1900) “heard an apparently rare variation, a metallic Ka-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-ka by the male while close to the nest.”

He gives as conversational, or soliloquizing notes, “commonly a scanny, gurgling, almost involuntary chur-r-r-r as danger seems to threaten it when on the wing, or when flushed from the ground or just before a-lighting, which may be interpreted as a note of warning or announcement of arrival according to the circumstances. I have heard a low guttural who-del as it endeavored to balance itself on a slender branch immediately after arrival.” A bird on a house roof, in December, “uttered an odd guttural call of huck-a-woó-ah or again only woo woo evidently for his own edification.” Other soft conversational notes sound like ouit-ouit, or puir-puir, or a cooing yu-cah-yu-cah.

Dr. Eaton (1914) says: “When the flicker flies up from the ground and alights on a stub or fence post, he frequently bobs and bows to an imaginary audience and immediately thereafter jerks his head high upward giving voice to a sharp note like the syllable ‘clape.’” This is a loud, explosive note and may indicate defiance or surprise.

A common note, oftenest heard during summer and fall, is a plaintive call suggesting one of the notes of the blue jay or the red-shouldered hawk. It is a loud and rather musical note, which has been variously interpreted as pee-ut, ye-a-up, pee-up, que-ah, kee-yer, etc., given singly or repeated two or three times, as a ringing call of considerable carrying power.

Field marks.--While hopping about on the lawn, the flicker may be recognized as a brown bird somewhat larger than a robin and with a rather long bill; if facing the observer, the black crescent on the spotted breast is rather conspicuous, but the red crescent on the nape does not show up much except at short range, nor does the black malar patch of the male. The most conspicuous field mark is the white rump, which shows plainly as the bird rises from the ground and flies away; this probably serves as a direction mark, or a warning to the companions with which it is often associated. Then, of course, the flash of bright yellow in the wings and tail marks the bird in flight, chiefly when high in the air, but somewhat also in straightaway flight.

Enemies.--When I was a boy, 50 or 60 years ago, flickers, meadowlarks, and robins were considered legitimate game, and they were very good to eat. Bunches of these birds were often seen hanging in the game dealers’ stalls. During our fall vacations on the coast, when the weather was unfavorable for coot shooting, my father and uncle used to resort to the uplands to shoot “partridge woodpeckers” and “brown backs” (robins) among the bayberry bushes and sumacs. And flickers were slaughtered in large numbers in the South. Man was then the flicker’s worst enemy, but that is now all ancient history, as these birds are now protected. But a new enemy has been introduced, which is probably worse than the old one. The European starling has come to compete with the flicker in its search for a food supply. The starlings are now so abundant that they swoop down in flocks on the formerly plentiful supply of wild fruits and berries, stripping the trees and bushes clean of the fruits on which the flickers and robins depended for their summer and fall food. They also compete for nesting sites, fighting for or usurping every available cavity, even driving the flickers from the homes that they had made. Lester W. Smith writes to me: “For several years after the starling became common in Connecticut, other birds, especially the flicker, were seldom ejected, or not until all available nesting possibilities about buildings were used and filled up. Never have I seen the flickers actually fight to retain their hole or bird house. On the sanctuary they were exceptionally noisy whenever starlings attempted to take or had taken possession. On one occasion three starlings took part; one remained in the entrance hole of the box and took dry grass that a second brought to it; the third chased off either of the pair of flickers, as it flew near the nest box, which was about 8 feet from the ground on a sawed-off tree in a white-pine grove. On shooting one of the starlings, the other four birds flew away temporarily, and, on examination, I found a thin layer of grass over the flicker’s eggs. In 15 minutes the starlings returned and a second was shot. I removed the grass, and, hiding nearby, I saw nothing more of the third starling; but the flickers returned soon, took possession of the box, and later raised the five young.”

Sydney R. Taber (1921) tells an interesting story of a battle between a male flicker and a pair of starlings for the possession of the flickers’ nest. The flicker had once pulled one of the starlings out of the hole, but, during his absence, both of the starlings entered the hole.

On this second occasion, despairing of being able to pull the two out at long range, so to speak, the Flicker also plunged into the hole. Then followed a battle royal, lasting for what seemed minutes. It was rather ghastly to imagine the blows that were being dealt at closest quarters; not a sound was emitted, but one could imagine what was going on within the hole by the feathers that flew from it. The first bird to emerge--that is, to be pushed out, by fractions of an inch--was one of the Starlings, which then flew away. The fight between the other two birds then continued out of sight until something appeared at the mouth of the hole. This proved to be the tail of the Flicker. When he had backed out of the hole into view once more, it appeared that he and the remaining Starling had clinched in a desperate grapple. With the latter gripping one of the wings of the Flicker, they fell, fluttering and fighting, a distance of nearly 40 feet; but just before touching the ground, they parted and flew in different directions. * * *

The above events occurred a fortnight ago. Since then the Starlings have been in full possession of the hole of contention.

Flickers figure largely in the food of duck hawks; their brightly colored feathers are often found about the aeries. Other hawks take their toll. O. A. Stevens sends me the following note on a sharp-shinned hawk attacking a flicker, perhaps only in sport: “The hawk settled in a partially dead, spreading pine tree, some 8 feet from the top. A flicker perched about 6 feet above him, apparently from curiosity. For some time they remained, the hawk sitting quietly, preening, occasionally casting a glance at the flicker. The latter teetered about on his perch, craning his neck at the hawk and even dropping down a foot or so. After at least 10 minutes, the hawk suddenly darted at the flicker and away they went, the flicker twisting and escaping. It seems odd that an apparently heavy flier like a flicker would escape so easily.”

Mr. Burns (1903) adds the broad-winged hawk to the flicker’s enemies; “a nest of lusty young hawks examined in July, ’01, contained the primaries and rectrices of one or two young Flickers, probably just out of the nest. * * * To the above Mr. Benj. T. Gault adds the Blacksnake--one having been killed and cut open by a farmer’s lad at a place he was stopping at in Reynolds county, Missouri, contained the body of one of these woodpeckers.” I have positively recorded flickers in the food of the marsh hawk, Cooper’s hawk, and red-shouldered hawk; probably they are killed by all the larger hawks and owls. Taverner and Swales (1907) say that the sharpshin flights at Point Pelee discommoded the flickers less than any other species of small birds. “Though at times they seemed uneasy and restless, they were perfectly able to take care of themselves and easily made their escape when attacked. * * * The usual course of procedure of the Flicker, when attacked by a hawk, was to wait until the last minute, when the hawk, in its swoop, was just about to seize its victim, and then dodge quickly to the other side of the limb. In every case observed the ruse worked perfectly, and we found only once the feather remains which proved that once in a while the hawk was a little too quick for the Flicker.”

Mr. Burns (1900) says that the eggs and young are sometimes destroyed by squirrels, weasels, mice, crows, jays, and the red-headed woodpecker. Fred. H. Kennard records in his notes that a pair of flickers, nesting in one of his boxes, were robbed of their eggs by some red squirrels, who ate the eggs in the box, built their own nest in the box, and brought in their young from another nest.

Fall.--As soon as the young are strong on the wing and the molting season is over, the flickers, old and young, begin to gather into loose flocks or scattered parties, perhaps family parties, late in summer and early in fall. On cold, windy autumn days they may be found in close companionship in hollows and sheltered localities in woodland clearings, protected from the cold winds, and feeding in the bayberry patches and clumps of staghorn sumac. At such times, they lie close and can be easily approached.

In southern Canada and the Northern States, the great bulk of the flickers start to migrate in September, continuing to pass southward during October. Mr. Burns (1900) says of the fall migration: “While the retrograde movements are conducted in larger numbers, being recruited by great numbers of birds of the year, it is scarcely as noticeable, lacking the noise and bustle of Spring arrivals. Like the Robin, its whole nature seems to have undergone a change. It no longer solicits notice by song or display, but becomes shy and suspicious, and while gregarious to a great extent, in flight every one is capable of looking out for itself. The mature birds are the most wary, and by example prepare the young for the dangers of migration and Winter residence in the South, where it is constantly menaced by hunters.”

During migration, they fly rather high, well above the treetops, in widely detached flocks, often far apart, but keeping more or less in touch with each other and sometimes fairly close together; hundreds may be counted, as they pass in a steady stream for hours at a time. Taverner and Swales (1907) report heavy flights across Lake Erie from Point Pelee: “During September it has always been one of the most abundant birds of the Point. Keays reports a flight in 1901 when he noted four hundred September 21.” Long Point, which extends well out from the north shore of Lake Erie, is another favorite crossing place; here, according to L. L. Snyder (1931), “the flight observed by Mr. James Savage on September 30, 1930, was very remarkable, individuals estimated to be from one to two hundred yards apart, forming a scattered and straggling flock, passed in an almost steady stream throughout the morning hours.”

Mr. Burns (1903) writes:

In south New Jersey, in the region of the Upper Delaware Bay, which runs due south, some time in October of every year the migrating Flickers are found flying north just previous to and during a northwest storm. At this time the wind is generally high and the birds fly against it. This peculiarity of flight affects a large territory extending inland from the east shore of the bay some fifteen or twenty miles. While the birds prefer to breast a wind, it is also probable that they are reluctant to cross the lower part of the bay during such a storm which would tend to drive them seaward, rather preferring to return northward to the more narrow river where they could cross in comparative safety.

Winter.--Winter finds most of the flickers gone from the northern States and southern Canada. Most of the birds wintering in New England seek the milder climate of the seacoast, where they feed in the extensive bayberry patches and on the semidormant insect life in the rows of drift seaweed along the beaches. The few that remain inland during mild winters are usually to be found in sheltered hollows or along the sunny sides of the woods, feeding on the ground or on what berries and dry fruits still remain on the bushes, often in company with merry little winter parties of juncos, tree sparrows, chickadees, nuthatches, and perhaps a downy or hairy woodpecker. Favorite resorts at that season are the southern slopes of the hills overgrown with thick stands of red cedars, mixed with staghorn sumacs, barberries, and other berry-bearing bushes. They probably seek shelter at night in the dense cedar swamps or in the holes excavated for that purpose in icehouses or other buildings, or in hollow trees.

L. H. Walkinshaw, of Battle Creek, Mich., writes to me that there, “in deep winter, flickers can be found in the deep tamarack swamps, coming to the edge during periods of the day. They often flush, even when snow is deep, from mounds on the ground or from dead or dying stubs along the border.”

O. A. Stevens says in his notes: “At my farm home in Kansas, the flickers caused some annoyance by seeking entrance to the barn for winter nights. They enlarged other openings for this purpose and sometimes started openings which would not lead them inside. One bird at least, enlarged the opening about the hayfork track and roosted on the iron track just inside the door.”

Dr. Paul L. Errington (1936) writes an interesting story on the winter-killing of flickers in central Iowa. By a careful study of the droppings of the three birds that he studied, it appeared that they were much weakened by improper food, too large a proportion of indigestible seeds, mainly those of the sumac, and not enough animal food, which ordinarily amounts to more than half of the average food supply.

M. P. Skinner (1928), writing of the Sandhills of North Carolina, says: “Flickers stay in the Sandhills all winter, but the infrequent snowstorms cause them lots of trouble in finding food. On January 10, 1927, I found quite a little coterie of birds had scratched the leaves under a dogwood tree until they had a space twelve feet in diameter more or less cleared of snow. Here, among other species of birds, were two Flickers foraging among the leaves for fallen dogwood berries. These berries were probably eaten until weather conditions became better for insect catching. Even during winter, ants are fairly plentiful for the Sandhill Flickers, especially on warm days.”

COLAPTES CAFER COLLARIS Vigors

RED-SHAFTED FLICKER

PLATE 37

HABITS

This western representative of our well-known eastern flicker is so closely related to it and so similar to it in all its habits that practically all that has been written about the northern flicker would apply equally well to the red-shafted species. The two differ strikingly in coloration, but the color pattern is similar in both, and the fact that they interbreed so freely and extensively where their ranges come together shows their close relationship. The only differences in their habitats, nesting, and feeding habits are due to the differences in environments.

The red-shafted flicker is a wide-ranging species through many types of open country or sparsely wooded regions, from the Rocky Mountains to sea level on the Pacific coast. It is a common bird near human habitations in thinly settled towns and villages and in agricultural regions, as well as in the wilder foothills and mountain slopes up to timberline, but not on the treeless plains or deserts. The Weydemeyers (1928), referring to its haunts in northwestern Montana, give a good idea of its habitat there, which would doubtless apply equally well throughout its range elsewhere; they say: “The Flicker is most abundant about farms and in cut-over woods, nesting commonly near barnyards and in pastures. An observer will note fewer and fewer individuals as he passes from cultivated farms into stump-lands; from there to virgin forests of fir, larch, and yellow pine; thence into the lodgepole pine and white pine woods of the lower part of the Canadian zone; and onward into denser forests of alpine fir, spruce, and arborvitae. But he will find the birds increasing in numbers on the rocky mountain slopes and upward through the Hudsonian zone, where the species ranges to timberline.”

Milton P. Skinner says in his Yellowstone Park notes: “This bird is found at all elevations from the lowest at 5,300 feet to timberline at 9,500 feet, and in practically all kinds of habitat except the largest opens, and even there I have seen it flying across from side to side. It is in the sagebrush areas, in the borderland between forest and open, in detached groves, and even in heavy forest.

“They are often seen on the ground, especially in May, but also in June and July. Sometimes they are in the road. I have seen them frequently in the grass and perched on a bowlder or a prostrate log. In addition to these treeless and brushless localities, I often see flickers on the ground under sagebrushes and greasewood; on the ground in a grove of cedars and limber pines; under aspens, willows, cedars, firs and on the ground amid the stumps of a former fir forest. I have-seen them in groves of mixed lodgepole pines and aspens and in meadows where there were only groves of willow bushes.”

Courtship.--In the same notes Mr. Skinner says: “On April 29, 1915, I saw a pair of flickers ‘dancing.’ They were on a dead lodgepole, and although there was not much movement of the feet, the body was bent from side to side and there was a constant ‘juggling’ or ‘jigging’ motion. The head was tilted back and the bill pointed up at an angle of sixty degrees, with the neck outstretched. The neck, head, and bill were in constant motion; the motion of the bill reminded me of a musical director’s baton. Intervals of rest alternated with periods of motion; the whole thing lasted perhaps 5 minutes.”

Nesting.--Major Bendire (1895) says on this subject:

Its favorite nesting sites are old rotten stubs or trees, such as cottonwoods, willows, sycamores, junipers, oaks, and pines. It nests also in holes in banks, in the sides of houses, in gate posts, etc. * * *

Among some peculiar nesting sites of this species the following deserve mention:

Mr. Walter B. Bryant gives the following: “One of these was in a bridge bulkhead, a few feet above the Carson River, Nevada. The interior of the structure was filled with gravel and large stones, among which the eggs were deposited. Another pair used a target butt, at a much-frequented range, as a substitute for a stump. A third nest was in a sand bank, 3 feet from the top and 10 from the creek. This hole was apparently specially prepared, and not one made by a ground squirrel, such holes being sometimes used by these birds.”

Mr. Charles A. Allen, of Nicasio, Calif., found a pair of red-shafted flickers nesting in a similar situation in a creek bank, the burrow containing seven eggs, which he took. About ten days later, happening to pass the same spot, he examined the hole again and found it occupied by a California Screech Owl, which in the meantime had deposited four eggs. Some two weeks subsequently he examined it for a third time, and on this occasion the tenant proved to be a Sparrow Hawk, which was setting on five handsome eggs. There was no nesting material present on any occasion, the eggs lying on some loose dirt.

Others have noted the bank-nesting habit of this flicker, which seems to be rather common. Most of the nests, however, are excavated in trees or stubs, at heights varying from ground level to 100 feet above the ground. We found them nesting commonly in the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., in the sycamores in the canyons and in the tall pines near the summits at 9,000 feet. A large majority of the nests will be found between 8 and 25 feet above the ground. Dawson (1923) mentions a nest “in a stump only two feet high, and its eggs rested virtually upon the ground.” Walter P. Taylor (1912) mentions a nest in a cavity in a haystack, in the desert regions of Humboldt County, Nev., where there were practically no trees. This flicker also nests frequently in telegraph and other poles, also far too often in buildings, where it drills a hole through the outer wall and lays its eggs on a beam or other flat surface, accumulating enough chips to keep the eggs from rolling.

Florence A. Merriam Bailey (1896) watched a red-shafted flicker excavating its nest-hole, of which she says: “The flicker hung with claws planted in the hole, and with its tail braced at an angle under it, leaned forward to excavate. Using its feet as a pivot, it gradually swung in farther and farther; and when it had gone so far that it had to reach back to throw out its chips, it swung in and out on its feet like an automatic toy wound up for the performance. When it had been building for a week, only the tip of its tail protruded from the nest hole as it worked.”

Mrs. Irene G. Wheelock (1904) says: “The site having been chosen, the male clings to the surface and marks with his bill a more or less regular circle in a series of dots, then begins excavating inside this area, using his bill, not with a sidewise twist, as do many of the woodpecker family, but striking downwards and prying off the chips as with a pickaxe. When his mate has rested and wishes to share in the labor, she calls from a near-by tree and he instantly quits his task.”

Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell (Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, 1930) made the following observations on this species, while excavating its nest-hole:

The bird entered the hole, entirely out of view, at 8:54, reappeared from within at 9:05, when it rested a minute with the head partly out; then it proceeded to bring out from within load after load of chips, which showered down as if of fine, almost sawdust-like size. Forty-five such loads were counted to 9:10, delivered with striking regularity. Twelve loads delivered were counted in one sixty-second period. At 9:10 the bird disappeared again till 9:15, when its head appeared and twenty-seven loads were flipped out in three minutes; then after a long pause, till 9:19, the other flicker arrived, with scythe-whetting note, and both birds flew off. One of them returned at 9:29, flipped out several loads of chips and left at 9:31. Digging in this particular stump must have been easy and hence rapid.

Eggs.--The red-shafted flicker lays five to twelve eggs to a set. Probably, if the experiment were tried, it would prove to be as prolific an egg layer as its eastern relative, though I have found no evidence to that effect. The eggs are indistinguishable from those of the northern flicker. The measurements of 57 eggs average 28.18 by 21.85 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =35.56= by 20.32, 27.94 by =24.89=, =25.40= by 20.83, and 27.68 by =19.30= millimeters.

Young.--Mrs. Wheelock (1904) says of the young: “For nearly three weeks they are fed by regurgitation, and after that time the insects brought are masticated by the parents. * * *

“After they are old enough to leave the nursery, they follow their parents about for nearly two weeks, begging to be fed and gradually learning to hunt for themselves. This lesson is wisely taught by the parents, who place the food under a crevice in the bark, in full sight of the young, who must pick it out or go hungry. The baby cocks his head wisely, looks at it, and proceeds to pull it out and dine.”

Plumages.--The sequence of plumages and molts, from fledgling to adult, in the red-shafted flicker is similar to that of the northern flicker, but there is one marked difference in the color pattern in the juvenal plumage; whereas in auratus young birds of both sexes have black malar patches, in cafer only the young male has the red malar patches. Kidgway (1914) describes the juvenal male of the red-shafted flicker as “similar to the adult male, but coloration duller, gray of throat, etc., duller, more brownish, black jugular patch smaller and less sharply defined, black spots on under parts less sharply defined, less rounded, feathers of pileum indistinctly tipped with paler, and red malar stripes less bright, less uniform, and black terminal area on under side of tail not sharply defined.” The young female is similar to the young male, but the malar region is grayish brown instead of red. The juvenal plumage is worn through summer, and a complete molt during fall produces a first-winter plumage that is practically adult. Adults have a complete annual molt late in summer and fall.

A most interesting and unique case, among American birds at least, of hybridizing on an extensive scale over a wide region occurs between Colaptes auratus and Colaptes cafer. We found this most beautifully illustrated in southwestern Saskatchewan, where pure-blooded birds of both species were taken, together with quite a series of hybrid birds showing all the intermediate grades of plumage. Almost all the males showed some traces of the red malar stripes of cafer, and nearly all showed some traces of the red nuchal crescent of auratus; the other characters seemed to be less constant. I collected a pure-blooded male auratus and a nearly pure-blooded cafer female, which were apparently mated. And two young in juvenal plumage, one almost pure cafer and the other equally near auratus, were taken from the same family.

Although the general color patterns of the two species are strikingly similar, or parallel, the characters that separate them are radically qualitative rather than quantitative, so that the numerous hybrids cannot by any means be considered as intermediates between subspecies. No two species of a genus could well present more striking contrasts in coloration in such similar patterns.

In one species the quills are red, in the other yellow; the male has a red malar stripe in one and a black stripe in the other; neither sex in cafer has the red nuchal crescent, while both sexes have it in auratus; cafer has the throat and fore neck gray and the top of the head and hind neck brown, while these colors are reversed in auratus. These contrasting colors may be blended or mixed in an almost endless variety of patterns in the hybrids; and the patterns are often asymmetrical, the opposite sides of the bird being quite different. Some specimens of cafer show the first traces of auratus blood by the presence of a few black feathers in the malar stripe, or traces of the red nuchal crescent. Slight traces of cafer blood in auratus appear with a mixture of red in the black malar strip, or with a tinge of orange or reddish in the wings or tail. Between these two extremes there is every degree of blending or mixture of the characters.

For many years after these interesting hybrids were discovered and described by Baird (1858), they were known only from the upper Missouri and Yellowstone River region. Later they were found to be widely distributed from the western border of the Great Plains westward to the Pacific coast, and from Texas to southern Canada. While the center of abundance of birds showing thoroughly mixed characters seems to lie between the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, evidence of hybrid blood is much more widely dispersed in a gradually diminishing degree, more strongly westward and to a lesser degree eastward. Dr. J. A. Allen (1892), in his excellent paper on this subject, says: “Specimens with a slight amount of red in the malar stripe are represented in the material I have examined from Massachusetts, Long Island, New Jersey (five specimens), Pennsylvania, Virginia, Florida (several), Louisiana (several), Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois (several), Michigan (two), and Minnesota. They seem to be quite as frequent along the Atlantic seaboard as at any point east of the Mississippi River.”

Food.--Professor Beal’s (1910) study of 118 stomachs of the two western races of the red-shafted flicker showed that 54 percent of the food was animal and 46 percent vegetable matter. Of the animal food, beetles constituted 3 percent, most of which were harmful; there were only a few predatory carabids; ants made up 45 percent of the year’s food; other Hymenoptera totaled 1 percent, and miscellaneous items, such as caterpillars, crickets, and spiders, amounted to 5 percent of the food.

Of the vegetable food, acorns formed 10 percent of the yearly food; grains, including rye, corn, barley, and oats, amounted to 4 percent; fruits, averaging 15 percent, included pears, apples, grapes, cherries, and prunes; and the other 17 percent was made up of wild fruits, such as pepperberries, elderberries, and gooseberries and the seeds of the poison oak and sumac and of a few weeds. He says of the poison-oak seeds:

The consumption of these seeds would be a decided benefit to man if they were ground up and destroyed in the stomachs. Unfortunately they are either regurgitated or pass through the intestinal tract uninjured and ready to germinate. The action of the stomach simply removes the outer covering, a white, wax-like substance, which is probably very nutritious, and is evidently relished by many birds. Birds are probably the most active agents in the dissemination of these noxious shrubs. On the other hand, these seeds, which are wonderfully abundant, afford food for thousands of birds during the winter, when other food is hard to obtain, and thus enable the birds to tide over the cold season to do their good work of destroying insects the next summer.

Johnson A. Neff (1928) says that “in a great many instances they are known to feed on the larvæ of the codling moth”; and that “ants were the largest item of food for the year, averaging 40.30%, taken during every month; several stomachs held over 2,000 each, and many of them contained over 500.” Among the vegetable food he lists manzanita berries and seeds and such wild fruits as madrona, dogwood, haw, serviceberry, elderberry, Oregon crab, and huckleberry; seeds of poison oak averaged 7.5 percent, but in December the percentage was 33.3.

Referring to the fruit-eating habits of this flicker in Los Angeles County, Calif., Robert S. Woods (1932) writes:

Fortunately for the grower, and perhaps for the birds as well, the rind of an orange is impervious to the attacks of any ordinary bird, though when once opened the fruit is well liked by many of them. Only the Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris) is able to chisel through the tough skin; after making a round opening large enough for the insertion of its bill, it scoops out a large portion of the pulp with its tongue. Examples of this sort of damage, however, are infrequent and usually, as it seems, in oranges which have fallen to the ground, where they are more easily reached.

The flicker’s attacks on avocados appear more serious, though this is partly due to the smaller numbers of the fruit available. Avocados which hang near a convenient perch are often found to have a roughly circular hole extending through to the seed. In a few of the fruits these holes have been considerably enlarged, but usually they are not much larger than the base of the bird’s bill.

Jack C. von Bloeker, Jr. (1935), saw three red-shafted flickers capture scarab “beetles in flycatcher fashion. In each case, the bird attained a position behind its intended victim, then, taking up the erratic zigzag course of the beetle, suddenly swooped down and captured it in mid-air.”

Major Bendire (1895) also says: “Besides the usual insects and larvæ upon which this species feeds, I have seen it catch grasshoppers, both on the ground and on the wing, and it is likewise very fond of wild strawberries.”

Behavior.--I can find nothing in the behavior or general habits of the red-shafted flicker that is essentially different from the habits of the northern flicker. It has the same annoying habit of drumming on the resonant parts of dwellings at early hours in the morning, which is quite disturbing to sleepers. It also does considerable damage to buildings by drilling holes in the eaves or walls for nesting or roosting places, spending winter nights or even stormy days in such sheltered retreats. John G. Tyler (1913) says on this subject:

Unfortunately these handsome birds have fallen into disfavor among a large number of both city dwellers and country residents, on account of their habit of drilling holes in the gable ends of buildings. When once a house has been selected it seems that nothing short of death will cause them to cease their drilling operations until one, and in some cases three or four, holes have been cut through the outer wall of the building. Whether these holes, which are generally made in the winter, are excavated for roosting places or simply through a sort of nervous energy seems a matter of doubt; but certain it is that the birds spend much time in them as soon as they succeed in completing their work. It is a common sight, on rainy days, to see a Flicker’s head peering out from his open doorway.

The speed in flight of the red-shafted flicker has been recorded as from 25 to 27 miles an hour, as measured with the speedometer of an automobile.

Grinnell and Storer (1924) write of its habits:

The tramper in almost any part of the Yosemite region can hardly fail to at least hear one or more Red-shafted Flickers in a half-day’s circuit. Although these birds are never seen in true flocks, he may flush from favorable places as many as 6 of them within a few yards. This is particularly true on the floor of Yosemite Valley during the autumn months. This omnivorous woodpecker then almost completely forsakes the timber and forages in the brush patches, eating berries of various sorts, especially cascara; it often seeks the open meadows where it gathers ants and grasshoppers.

The birds flush one or two at a time, often not until the observer is almost upon them; then the sudden flapping of broad pinkish-red wings, the view of the white rump patch fully displayed, leave no doubt in the observer’s mind as to the identity. A bird seldom flies far before alighting, not against an upright tree trunk as with most other woodpeckers, but perching on a branch, to bow deeply this way and that and perhaps utter its explosive claip.

Voice.--The notes of the red-shafted flicker are almost identical with those of the northern flicker, though George F. Simmons (1925) evidently thinks that the voice is “much coarser, rougher, and heavier, * * * easily distinguished when the two are heard calling near each other.”

Field marks.--The white rump is the most conspicuous recognition mark for both species, and the color pattern is similar for both, but the flashing colors in the wings and tail, as well as the other contrasting colors, will serve to distinguish the red-shafted from the yellow-shafted species.

Winter.--During the winter that I spent in Pasadena, flickers were common or abundant all winter in an arroyo on the outskirts of the city. I could always find them picking up food among the dry leaves on the ground, or flying about among the large sycamores and live oaks. On a bright, sunny morning, after a frosty night, they could be seen perched in the topmost branches of the tallest trees, which were the first to catch the warmth of the rising sun. On February 14, 1929, I saw two males perched close together facing each other, bowing and nodding, or bobbing up and down, as if beginning to feel the urge of spring.

DISTRIBUTION

Range.--Western North America south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Breeding range.--The red-shafted flicker breeds =north= to southeastern Alaska (Sitka and Portage Cove); central British Columbia (158-mile House and Horse Lake); west-central Alberta (Jasper House); southern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills); and North Dakota (Fort Union, Oakdale, and Fort Clark). =East= to central North Dakota (Fort Clark); South Dakota (Reliance and Yankton); northwestern Nebraska (Chadron); Colorado (Fort Morgan, Denver, Colorado Springs, and Beulah); extreme western Oklahoma (Kenton); central New Mexico (Santa Fe, Cloudcroft, and Mesilla); western Chihuahua (San Luis Mountains and Pinos Altos); Durango (Rio Sestin, Arroyo del Buey, and Durango City); Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria); Hilaygo (Real del Monte); Vera Cruz (Jalapa and Orizaba); and eastern Oaxaca (Villa Alta and Totontepec). =South= to Oaxaca (Totontepec); Guerrero (Omilteme); and Jalisco (Zapotlan and Volcan de Colima). From this southwestern point the species ranges north through the mountains of western Mexico, including northern Baja California and (formerly) Guadalupe Island, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, to southeastern Alaska (Sitka).

Winter range.--The red-shafted flicker is a resident species over most of its range, withdrawing from the more northern parts only during severe winters. At this season it is found =north= regularly to southern British Columbia (Comox, Okanagan, and Edgewood); northern Montana (Fortine and Great Falls); eastern Wyoming (Midwest); and rarely southeastern South Dakota (Yankton).

The range as outlined applies to the entire species, of which four subspecies or geographic races are now recognized. The typical form, known as the northwestern flicker (Colaptes c. cafer), is found in the northern Pacific coast regions from southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia south to northern California. The red-shafted flicker (C. c. collaris) occurs over all the remaining parts of the range except for certain mountainous areas in northern Baja California and Guadalupe Island, occupied by the San Pedro flicker (C. c. martirensis) and the now extinct Guadalupe flicker (C. c. rufipileus).

Migration.--Such migratory movements as are made by this species cannot be satisfactorily portrayed by the use of dates. The most conspicuous migration is vertical rather than lateral, for during fall and winter in the eastern part of the range there is a more or less well-defined movement east from the Rocky Mountain region onto the Great Plains. At these seasons the species may travel eastward to Iowa (Forest City, Boone, and Des Moines); Missouri (Kansas City); Arkansas (Van Buren); southeastern Oklahoma (Caddo); and eastern Texas (Gainesville, Waco, Somerset, and Brownsville).

Spring migration.--In the northern part of the breeding range, from which the species appears to withdraw in winter with more or less regularity, the following are early dates of spring arrival: South Dakota--White River, March 28; Yankton, April 1. North Dakota--McKenzie County, March 31; Arnegard, April 11. Alberta--Banff, April 3; Warner, April 24; Edmonton, April 29. Alaska--Kupreanof Island, April 12.

Fall migration.--Late dates of departure from northern areas are: Alaska--Wrangell, November 26. Alberta--Jasper, September 8; Henry House, September 22. North Dakota--Grafton, October 7 (one was collected in the Red River Valley on December 6, 1924). South Dakota--Faulkton, October 15.

Although red-shafted flickers have been banded in considerable numbers, the Biological Survey files do not contain any data indicative of an extensive flight from the point of banding. There are, however, many cases of recapture in succeeding seasons at the banding station.

Casual records.--Among the few records where this species has been collected or observed outside its normal range are the following: One was taken at Grafton, N. Dak., April 19, 1925, and another was shot near Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 30, 1904. There are two records for northern Alberta, one at Fort Chipewyan, May 21, 1893, and the other at Smiths Portage, June 8, 1908. Other records, some of which are from points farther east (as Minnesota), are for hybrids between this species and C. auratus.

Egg dates.--British Columbia: 13 records, May 8 to June 7; 7 records, May 14 to 26, indicating the height of the season. California: 75 records, April 9 to July 2; 38 records, May 3 to 28. Colorado: 22 records, May 5 to July 1; 11 records, May 22 to 31. Guadalupe Island: 6 records, April 8 to June 8. Oregon: 33 records, May 3 to June 12; 17 records, May 12 to June 1. Washington: 17 records, April 29 to June 10; 9 records, May 12 to 24.

COLAPTES CAFER CAFER (Gmelin)

NORTHWESTERN FLICKER

PLATE 38

HABITS

The northwestern flicker was formerly known as Colaptes cafer saturatior Ridgway, type locality Neah Bay, Wash. But it has since been learned that Gmelin’s name Picus cafer was based on a bird taken at Bay of Good Hope, Nootka Sound, British Columbia. As this locality is well within the range of the northwestern flicker, Gmelin’s name has priority over Ridgway’s saturatior.

This larger and more richly colored race of Colaptes cafer inhabits the humid Northwest coast region, from Sitka, Alaska, to northern California, Humboldt County, including most of southern British Columbia east to the Kootenay district. It is not only larger than Colaptes cafer collaris, but its upper parts are browner and its under parts are more strongly suffused with vinaceous.

D. E. Brown writes to me that this “is the common woodpecker of western Washington. It will outnumber all the other woodpeckers two to one.” Referring to its haunts on Mount Rainier, Taylor and Shaw (1927) say: “As the noisiest and most conspicuous, adaptable, and broadly distributed woodpecker in the park, the flicker is bound to achieve some notoriety. It avoids the dark woods, and undoubtedly prefers the tracts of dead stubs which are encountered at fairly frequent intervals around the mountain; for here both nesting sites and food are present in great abundance.”

Major Bendire (1895) says that “in western Oregon, and probably also in northwestern California, it appears to be found only on the summits of the different mountains between the Cascades and the coast during the breeding season, where the same moist climate prevails as is found in the immediate vicinity of the coast, while in the drier lowlands, such as the Umpqua, Rogue, and Willamette river valleys, it is replaced by” Colaptes cafer collaris.

Nesting.--The nesting habits of the northwestern flicker do not seem to differ materially from those of its close relative farther south. D. E. Brown tells me that this bird “will nest anywhere where there is room to dig out a cavity large enough for the nest. I have found them in large stumps and in fenceposts and from 18 inches from the ground to 100 feet up. They will nest in birdboxes of suitable size and will use them for winter homes. The eggs are from 5 to 10 in number and may be found May 1 to August. Both birds incubate and, when incubation is advanced, sit very close; sometimes they are removed by hand.”

Harry S. Swarth (1911a) reports a nest, found at Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island, Alaska, that “was in a dead stub, some fifty feet from the ground. The stump was so rotten that an attempt to climb it brought down the whole upper portion, including the nest, in a mass of disintegrated punk. * * * The nest tree was in a valley bordering a stream, in fairly open country, with clumps of scattered timber interspersed between the open meadows.”

Eggs.--The eggs of this race are indistinguishable from those of the red-shafted flicker, except for a slight average difference in size. The measurements of 47 eggs average 29.37 by 22.37 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =32.0= by 23.4, 30.6 by =24.3=, and =26.4= by =20.8= millimeters.

Food.--What has been said about the food of the red-shafted flicker, and to a large extent that of the northern flicker, would apply equally well to the northwestern. D. E. Brown says in his notes: “It puts in most of its time feeding on the ground and becomes quite tame around houses. I once placed some cornmeal on the back porch for some small birds. A flicker lit on the porch and, approaching the meal, laid its head sideways nearly on the floor and ran its long tongue through the meal several times; it then turned its head over and repeated the operation from the other side, leaving a checkered effect on the meal.”

Theed Pearse writes to me from Vancouver Island that he has seen “a flicker picking up grains of rolled-oats off a flat surface by a sideways action of the beak.” Flickers at his feeding station fed on apples, but seemed to prefer suet or fat.

S. F. Rathbun, of Seattle, has sent me the following interesting note: “On one occasion in November I watched a northwestern flicker for more than an hour feeding on a closely cut lawn in our yard. At different times it had visited the spot, and I became somewhat curious to know what the food represented that the bird found. This time as soon as the woodpecker alighted it commenced tapping rapidly with its beak the surface of the lawn, from time to time driving its bill into the earth. Then when this was withdrawn oftener than not it held an earthworm or some large grub, which at once was eaten and then the tapping recommenced. On two occasions I could plainly see that its prey was cutworms. But what was of particular interest was the painstaking way in which the flicker worked over every inch of the small space to which it confined its attentions, for the spot was not larger than 10 by 15 feet, and this was gone over again and again. During the time I watched the flicker it captured more than a dozen earthworms, all of which were of good size, and also eight cutworms. Another action of the bird while it was hunting caught my attention. At odd times it would vigorously scratch the surface of the lawn as if to uncover some prey, and I noticed that each time this took place, a worm would be pulled from the earth by the bird.”

He says further, in a letter, regarding this observation: “At the time we watched it, the bird was so close we had difficulty at times in using the field glasses, so could readily see what it obtained. Sometimes it would pull an angleworm from the ground very much as a robin does, the worm stretched out to quite an extent.”

Behavior.--There is nothing peculiar in the behavior of this flicker that would not apply to its close relatives equally well. But J. Hooper Bowles (1926) had his attention called in an interesting way to the regularity of its habits in going to roost. He was calling on a friend one afternoon in the fall of 1924, of which he writes: “I happened to remark that it was half past three, when my friend answered quickly, ‘In five minutes it will be bedtime for our Flicker.’ This somewhat astonished me, but we went outside the house and took a station where we could command a good view of a certain section of the eaves of the house. Sure enough, in about five minutes a Northwestern Flicker swooped up and hung itself woodpecker-fashion against a board under the eaves, where it composed itself for spending the night. The bird had been doing this with absolute regularity for some time, although it was of course broad daylight and bright sunshine.”

COLAPTES CAFER MARTIRENSIS Grinnell

SAN PEDRO FLICKER

HABITS

Under the above name, Dr. Joseph Grinnell (1927b) has separated and described the red-shafted flicker of the Sierra San Pedro Martir region of northern Baja California. He describes it as follows:

Similar in general characters to Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors (topotypes from Monterey, California), but averaging slightly smaller, bill more attenuated (especially more compressed in terminal half), and tone of ground color on head and on upper and lower surfaces in fresh plumage much more gray (rather than brown or vinaceous). * * *

The relative depth and clearness of the gray on the throat and sides of head and neck in martirensis is a nearly constant character, as is also the deep fuscous (of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912, pl. XLVI) tone of the back and of the top of the head, in fresh, new plumage: on the sides of the body, and on the chest surrounding the big black bar, there is little hint of the bright vinaceous tinting that characterizes collaris from throughout upper California. Weathering of the plumage toward spring tends to rob martirensis of its most characteristic color tones, especially on the top of the head which then becomes warmer brown, but not, however, to the degree of brightness seen in rufipileus. The latter is even browner than collaris.

He gives, as its range: “Sierra San Pedro Martir (San José, 2,500 feet, near La Grulla at 7,200 feet, and near Vallecitos at 7,500 feet) and Sierra Juárez (Laguna Hanson, 5,200 feet).” Elsewhere (1928b), he calls it a “common resident on the western slopes of the Sierra Juárez and Sierra San Pedro Martír; in winter invading westwardly to the seacoast. Breeds in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.”

Its habits are probably similar to those of the species elsewhere.

Griffing Bancroft has sent me the measurements of a set of eight eggs, which average 26.87 by 22.16 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =28.2= by 22.0, 26.8 by =22.8=, and =26.2= by =20.7= millimeters.

COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES CHRYSOIDES (Malherbe)

CAPE GILDED FLICKER

HABITS

Because Malherbe’s name was given to the first gilded flicker to be described, and because his type came from the Cape region of Baja California, this race becomes the type race of the species. Its range extends from about latitude 28° N. to the southern extremity of Baja California. It is about the same size as its nearest relative to the northward, brunnescens, but is decidedly lighter in coloration. It is smaller than mearnsi and somewhat darker in coloration.

William Brewster (1902) says of its haunts: “Mr. Belding and Mr. Frazar agree as to the rarity of the Gilded Flicker on the higher mountains, where only a few individuals were seen by the former, and but two (both females, taken on the Sierra de la Laguna, April 29) obtained by the latter. The bird’s true home is evidently at the bases of the mountains, and among the foothills extending thence to the shores of the Pacific on the south and west, and to the Gulf on the east. Throughout this region it is a common species, although not so numerously represented as Melanerpes uropygialis. On the arid plains near the coast it breeds in the stems of the giant cactus.”

Griffing Bancroft (1930) says of this species in central Baja California, south of latitude 28°:

The birds are extremely wild, often flushing from a distance of a quarter of a mile. They lay in old cavities and, probably, also in those that are new; scarred sahuaro dries so rapidly that a definite determination on this point was not possible. The nests are usually twenty feet or more above the ground and the cavities are generous; an eight-inch diameter and a two-foot depth are not unusual. Occasionally they will use natural openings in the cardón or holes that have been chopped open by honey gatherers.

The flickers lay from early April until well into June. The number of eggs in a clutch is normally three. With the single exception of one set of five we found none larger, and none smaller in which incubation had commenced.

The eggs of the Cape gilded flicker are apparently similar to those of other flickers, except in size. Mr. Bancroft (1930) gives the measurements of 18 eggs as averaging 26.3 by 20.9 millimeters. The measurements of 8 other eggs average 28.49 by 21.15 millimeters; the eggs, in this series, showing the four extremes measure =31.35= by 21.83, 30.15 by =22.22=, =25.90= by 20.70, and 26.70 by =20.00= millimeters.

Its habits in general are apparently similar to those the gilded flicker of Arizona, on which more has been published, and the reader is referred to the following account of Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi.

DISTRIBUTION

Range.--Southern Arizona, southeastern California, and northwestern Mexico; nonmigratory.

The range of the gilded flicker extends =north= to extreme southeastern California (Duncan Flats); and southern Arizona (Antelope Peak, Bigbug, and the Salt River Bird Reservation). =East= to southeastern Arizona (Salt River Bird Reservation, Desert Wells, Picacho, Oracle, and Tombstone); central Sonora (Magdalena, Opodepe, Hermosillo, Cedros, and Camoa); and central Sinaloa (Culiacan). =South= to Sinaloa (Culiacan); and southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas). =West= to Baja California (Cape San Lucas, Todos Santos, Triunfo, Santa Margarita Island, San Javier, San Quintin, and the Alamo River); and southeastern California (Duncan Flats).

The range as outlined is for the entire species, which has been separated into three geographic races. The typical race, known as the Cape gilded flicker (C. c. chrysoides), is found in the Cape district of Baja California and north to about latitude 28° N. The San Fernando flicker (C. c. brunnescens) occurs only within a range of two degrees latitude in Baja California (lat. 28° to 30° N.). Mearns’s gilded flicker (C. c. mearnsi) is the race found in the southwestern United States, northwestern Baja California, and the mainland of Mexico.

Egg dates.--Arizona: 24 records, April 1 to June 11; 12 records, April 21 to May 20, indicating the height of the season. Baja California: 16 records, April 6 to May 20; 8 records, April 10 to May 17.

COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES MEARNSI Ridgway

MEARNS’S GILDED FLICKER

PLATE 39

HABITS

Mearns’s gilded flicker is the best known of the three races of this handsome species. Its range is along our southwestern border in southwestern Arizona, extreme southeastern California, and in Sonora, Mexico. It is confined almost entirely, especially in the breeding season, to the giant cactus region in this area; its distribution seems to be mainly governed by the distribution of this cactus, on which it seems to depend for most of the necessities of life. M. French Gilman (1915) puts it very well, as follows: “The giant cactus is to this Flicker and the Gila Woodpecker, what the bamboo is to the inhabitants of some of the eastern islands. * * * The cactus furnishes the birds with home, shelter, food and possibly drink. They roost in the holes and seek them as retreat from rain storms.” But he says that this flicker is also “found in cottonwood and willow groves as well as wherever the giant cactus grows.”

W. E. D. Scott (1886) writes: “A rather common resident where-ever the giant cactus occurs throughout the region, but is much more common in the giant cactus of the southern part of the area under consideration [southern Arizona] than to the northward. They are common all about Tucson in such localities as I have indicated, but are more rare in the San Pedro Valley. I have met with the species in early spring and fall on the San Pedro slope of the Catalinas as high up as 3,000 feet. I have now and then seen single individuals in the mesquite timber, far from any giant cactus. All that I have ever met with breeding have been in giant cactus.”

Nesting.--We spent three days, May 21, 22, and 23, 1922, collecting on the giant-cactus plains near Tucson, Ariz., between the mesquite forest to the southward and the Catalina Mountains to the eastward from Tucson. Here we found Mearns’s gilded flicker very common; we climbed to and examined seven nests and probably passed by a number of others. The nests were all in the giant cactus, at heights ranging from 12 to 20 feet from the ground; the only cavity measured was about 24 inches deep. We were rather too late for eggs of this species, as many of the nests held large young, two in each nest examined, never more nor fewer. On May 22 we found a nest containing two fresh eggs and another nest with four addled eggs, probably deserted. At one of the first nests that I examined I was surprised, when I inserted my hand, to feel something cold and clammy; my hand was quickly withdrawn and the hole was chopped out, revealing a large gopher snake that had killed and half swallowed, head first, one of the large young. At another nest, containing two large young, I shot the adult male for a specimen, after which I found the female dead in a nearby hole, which necessitated taking the two young also. After I had left for home, my companion, Frank C. Willard, took a set of three fresh eggs on June 11, from a nest 14 feet up in a small giant cactus; this was probably a second laying.

Mr. Gilman (1915), who has had considerable experience with this species, writes:

The nests are found in giant cactus, cottonwood and willow, and in that order as to frequency, the giant cactus leading. Nests are in the giant cactus or Saguaro as it is called, far from water, and in cottonwood and willow along the river, on banks of the canals, or even standing in stagnant water pools. Of twenty-seven nests examined, containing eggs or young, twenty-one were in the Saguaro, four in willow, and two in cottonwood. Others were seen in cottonwood but too difficult of access, and many in the cactus were out of reach. If careful count were made I believe about ninety per cent would be found in the cactus. Nests in cottonwood and willow ranged from five to twenty-five feet from the ground, and in Saguaros from eleven to twenty-five or thirty feet. * * *

The entrance to the nest holes varies much, as may be seen from the figures given. The smallest entrance measured 2¾ inches and the largest 4¾ inches. The shallowest hole was ten inches, and the deepest eighteen inches. * * * The entrance to the eighteen inch hole was three and one-half inches in diameter, and while the ratio is not constant, the shallower holes tend to have smaller entrances, and the deeper holes have larger entrances. * * * From the few measurements taken it may be stated that the bottom of the nest hole is from four and one-half to six inches in diameter. It is hardly correct to use the term diameter, as many of the hole bottoms were not nearly circular, one I measured being four inches one way and six the other. This variation seemed to be governed by the size of the cactus, as in the smaller plants there was not room to excavate a large circular bottom, and it had to be stretched one way.

In the lower Colorado Valley, Dr. Joseph Grinnell (1914) found that “at least two pairs were nesting in dead cottonwood stumps in the drowned-out area of the river bottom. A nesting hole located here was eighteen feet above the ground, in a large stub.” He also mentions the following nests found in the saguaro belt: “On the Arizona side, April 22, excavation sixteen and one-half feet above ground in cactus thirty-one feet high, contained two fresh eggs; April 24, excavation twenty feet above the ground, not investigated. On the California side, April 23, excavation ten and one-third feet above the ground, in cactus twenty-eight feet high, contained one infertile egg and two small young.”

Major Bendire (1895) writes:

It nests at varying distances from the ground from 8 to 40 feet, generally at heights of about 15 feet. I have the indurated form of a nesting cavity of this species now before me, showing its exact shape. The hardened walls are about one-fourth of an inch thick, and show the inner contour of the cavity perfectly. The entrance is nearly 3 inches in diameter; inside it is about 7 by 4 inches wide and 5½ inches deep. The sides and bottom of the cavity are quite smooth, considering the nature of the substance (the soft inner pulp of the cactus) out of which it is excavated. It occupied only one-half of the trunk of one of these giant cacti, and the rear of the cavity did not quite reach the center of the plant. The eggs lay on the hardened floor, and not, as usual, on a layer of chips. I am inclined to believe that a freshly excavated nesting site is not habitable for some weeks, as it must require some time for the exuding sap to harden. The mold before me somewhat resembles a wasp’s nest, both in color and shape, and if suspended from the limb of a tree might easily be mistaken for one.

Eggs.--As to the number of eggs laid by the gilded flicker, Mr. Gilman (1915) writes: “Of the twenty-seven nests examined, eight had five eggs, or young plus eggs, to make count of five for the set; eleven had four eggs or young, or young plus eggs; six nests contained three eggs or three young; and two nests had two young each. In no case did I find five young in a nest, and from the fact that infertile eggs were found with three and four young in a nest, it may be inferred that in many of the nests containing two, three or four young, more eggs had been laid. In no nest did I find more than five eggs, and I conclude that the set is from three to five eggs.”

The gilded flicker evidently lays fewer eggs than its northern and eastern relatives, and the surprising thing is that there are so many cases of infertile eggs, often one and sometimes two in a set. I have had sets of six and seven eggs reported in collections, but these may have been products of two females, where nesting holes were scarce or the region overcrowded by the many birds that use these holes. The few eggs that I have seen are like other flickers’ eggs but either dull white or only slightly glossy; this may not be the universal rule, however. The measurements of 50 eggs average 27.86 by 21.34 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =32.0= by 22.0, 27.78 by =22.22=, and =24.61= by =20.04= millimeters.

Plumages.--Mr. Gilman (1915) says: “The young when first hatched are not very prepossessing to any one, except perhaps the parents. At first glance they remind one of the pictured restoration of the Plesiosaurus, with their long twisting naked necks. The lower mandible was more than an eighth of an inch longer than the upper, and on the tip of each was the hard white growth used in opening the shell.”

In the juvenal plumage, which is acquired before the young bird leaves the nest, the young male is similar to the adult male, but the forehead is usually tinged with dark red; the red malar patch is duller and less uniform; the upper parts are grayer, less brownish, and more heavily barred; the primaries are tipped with brownish white; the under parts are grayish white, more profusely, but less distinctly, spotted; the black patch on the breast is smaller and more central; the yellow in the wings and tail is duller; the black tips on the under side of the tail are duller and not so well defined; and the bill is much smaller and weaker. The young female is similar to the young male, but there is no red in the crown or in the malar patches, the latter being pale brown.

I have not seen enough material, taken at the proper seasons, to work out the molts, but these are probably the same as in other flickers.

Several apparent hybrids with cafer have been reported. Dr. Grinnell (1914), who has made a study of this subject, seems to doubt if there is any hybridizing between these species; he writes:

The salient fact shown by this comparative examination is that in all other characters the specimens aberrant in colors of wing and tail, are perfectly typical of chrysoides (that is, of its subspecies mearnsi). None of the phenomena consequent upon hybridization is evidenced in other particulars, such as general size, proportional dimensions, extent of dorsal barring, colors of body and head. In all these characters there is no nearer approach of the red-shafted chrysoides to collaris, than of the yellow-shafted chrysoides.

My conclusion is that the strain of chrysoides occurring at the present time in the lower Colorado Valley shows proneness to replacement of yellow by red, without there having been any interbreeding with another species. This may be accounted for chemico-physiologically, as in the case of the linnet of the Hawaiian Islands, where, however, the change has been from red to yellow.

* * * It is quite evident that the aberrant examples described by Brewster and Swarth from central Arizona, as referred to above, are of the same nature as the Colorado Valley specimens. The chances are that they were not hybrids. So far as shown by the literature at hand, no unquestioned hybrids have been found between chrysoides (or any of its subspecies) and collaris or cafer.

Food.--The food of Mearns’s gilded flicker seems to be much like that of the other flickers, including ants and various other insects and such wild fruits and berries as are available in its territory. Dr. Grinnell (1914) reports that the stomachs of two birds, taken in the Colorado Valley, “had their gullets distended with a mass of small black ants and ant larvae.” Mr. Gilman (1915) says:

They resort regularly to the Indian corncribs and are seen in corn fields though I have never noticed them actually engaged on an ear of green corn as I have the Gilas. They probably attack the green corn but are quiet about the work instead of advertising their presence. They eat largely of the cactus fruit and possibly of the pulp at certain lean seasons. They are very fond of watermelon, and eat freely of it when it is placed on bird tables or on the ground in shade of tree or shed. They appear to feed frequently on the ground in the way the red-shafted does, and are probably after ants most of the time. I have seen them at work on an ant hill and even pecking into the ground after the insects.

Behavior.--The same writer says on this subject:

The Gilded Flickers are much quieter than the Gilas, and are not so much in evidence around homes, though they do not appear to be very timid. They are simply less sociable I presume. * * *

They are peaceable and impress me as being eminently practical and matter of fact. Each one minds his own business and seems willing to live and let live. They do not assemble in numbers as the Gilas do sometimes, but are solitary or in pairs. They have the same habit of pecking the walls of buildings as have the red-shafted flickers, and one has worked spasmodically at the shingled gable of the school house here for the past three years. I take it to be the same individual, for he is rather tame and roosts each night above one of the window casings. * * *

They are not close sitters, and usually leave the nest before the tree is reached or the ladder placed against the trunk. As soon as an intruder’s footsteps become audible the landlady pokes her head from the entrance, and soon after departs, never giving opportunity for capturing her on the nest.

Voice.--The gilded flicker apparently possesses as good a vocabulary as any other flicker, uttering practically all the varied notes common to the genus, but evidently it is not quite so noisy as its relatives. Mr. Gilman (1915) thinks that its notes are “not so frequent nor quite so loud” as those of the red-shafted flicker.

Field marks.--The gilded flicker can be recognized easily as a flicker by the characteristic markings of the genus, by its flight and by its voice. It looks like an eastern flicker with a red malar patch (in the male) instead of a black one, and with no red crescent on the nape in either sex. It looks like a pale red-shafted flicker with yellow, instead of red, in the wings and tail. Its smaller size is hardly noticeable in the field.

COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES BRUNNESCENS Anthony

SAN FERNANDO FLICKER

HABITS

The gilded flicker of middle Baja California, between latitude 28° and latitude 30° N., is a well-marked subspecies. A. W. Anthony (1895b), naming it, characterized it as “differing from C. chrysoides in darker upper parts and slightly smaller size.” He says further: “It would be quite natural to expect specimens of Colaptes from the northern half of Lower California to be more or less intermediate between those of Arizona and Cape St. Lucas. They are, however, further removed from the type form from the Cape than are those from Arizona and northern Mexico, and in the series I have examined the Arizona skins are exactly intermediate in the color of the upper parts between a series from Cape St. Lucas and my skins from San Fernando.”

Ridgway (1914) describes brunnescens as “similar to C. c. chrysoides, but coloration decidedly darker and browner, color of pileum more rufescent (russet, or between russet and mars brown, in typical specimens), immaculate area of rump more restricted (sometimes whole rump spotted with black), wing and tail averaging shorter, and bill longer.”

Mr. Anthony wrote to Major Bendire (1895): “The Gilded Flicker is rather common in the heavy growth of giant cactus, Cereus pringlei, but not adverse to the candlewood forests which cover a large part of the peninsula between latitudes 28° and 30°.” The general habits of this flicker do not seem to differ from those of the species elsewhere.

The eggs of the San Fernando flicker are similar to those of the preceeding subspecies. Griffing Bancroft (1930) gives the average measurements of 24 eggs as 27.1 by 21.3 millimeters. I have the measurements of 5 others, which average 28.9 by 22.1 millimeters.

COLAPTES CAFER RUFIPILEUS Ridgway

GUADALUPE FLICKER

HABITS

This insular race of the red-shafted flickers is another member of the unique avifauna of that interesting island that has followed the Guadalupe caracara, and other species peculiar to Guadalupe Island, into extinction. It was discovered by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1875 and was described and named by Robert Ridgway (1876) as Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus. In his description of it, he remarks: “In the closed tail, only about half an inch of red is exposed on the under surface beyond the lower coverts, the remaining 2.50 being uniform black. The main differences from the continental form consist in the longer bill, more pinkish rump, and bright tawny forehead. In the latter feature, the resemblance is closer to C. chrysoides, the crown and nape having about the same gradation from bright cinnamon-tawny anteriorly to dull grayish-cinnamon posteriorly.” Although it has a decidedly longer bill than the mainland forms, it has a much shorter wing and tail. The collector’s notes state that, even then, it was “rare, and apparently only found in the pine-woods of the north end of the island.”

Walter E. Bryant (1887), who visited Guadalupe in 1885 and 1886, gives us the best account we have of this little-known bird. He says of its status and haunts at that time: “Comparatively speaking, this bird was not rare in the restricted area of the large cypress grove, but apart from this locality less than a dozen were seen. Three specimens were taken among some palms within a short distance from the beach on the eastern side of the island. One only was heard among the pines at the northern portion, and in the vicinity of the large palm grove on the northwestern slope they were occasionally seen.” He collected ten specimens, whereas Dr. Palmer took only three.

In the spring of 1906, W. W. Brown, Jr., with two assistants, collected for two months on the island for the Thayer Museum, of which Thayer and Bangs (1908) say: “This well-marked island form is in all probability doomed to speedy extinction, and will be the next of the Guadalupe birds to go. Brown and Marsden found in all not more than forty individuals in the island. In the small cypress grove near the cabins there were four and in the large cypress woods about thirty-five.

“Mr. Brown tells us that in the breeding season, at least, the species is wholly confined to the cypresses, none being seen in the pine woods. The bird is very tame and unsuspicious and falls an easy prey to the cats.”

Courtship.--Mr. Bryant (1887) noted Guadalupe flickers in courtship antics in January and in February. According to his description of their actions and their notes at such times, these performances are evidently similar to those of other flickers elsewhere.

Nesting.--Apparently Dr. Palmer found no nests and collected no eggs of this flicker, but Mr. Bryant (1887) has this to say about its nesting habits:

By March 16, the birds were invariably found in pairs, and my wish to secure a setting of eggs before departing seemed in a fair way of being fulfilled. Strolling among the cypresses on the 27th of March, I found four trees upon which the birds were at work or had been recently, and in such cases the birds themselves were always to be found in the immediate vicinity. Passing a half-dead tree I heard the sounding taps of a woodpecker at work, and as I neared the spot, the slight noise which I made as I carefully picked my way over the rock-strewn ground caused a handsome male bird to suddenly appear at an opening about four feet high. With a foot grasping either side of the entrance he gazed upon the intruder. Having comprehended the situation, he flew to another tree, where he quietly awaited my inspection and departure. The hole was then down about fifteen inches. By April 7, it had reached a depth of about twenty inches and contained six fresh eggs, upon which the female was then sitting.

Mr. Brown collected, for the Thayer Museum, six sets of eggs, one set of five, two sets of four, one set of three, and two single eggs, all of which are now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Mass. The eggs were collected on dates ranging from May 8 to June 8, 1906; the nests were all in cypresses, mostly old or dead trees or stumps, at heights ranging from 4 to 20 feet above the ground, and at altitudes of from 3,700 to 4,500 feet above sea level; one of the cavities was only 2 inches deep, but some of the others were 18 or 20 inches deep and from 3½ to 4 inches in diameter.

Eggs.--The number of eggs laid by the Guadalupe flicker apparently ranged from four to six. The eggs that I have seen, in Cambridge, are ovate, pure white, and decidedly glossy, like other flickers’ eggs. The measurements of 23 eggs average 27.8 by 21.7 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =30.2= by 21.1, 28.0 by =22.5=, and =26.8= by =20.5= millimeters.

Food.--Mr. Bryant (1887) says: “The food of this species during a portion of the year consists largely of smooth-skinned caterpillars, besides numerous beetles and ants; the latter are always obtainable and growing to a large size figure as an important item of their diet.”

Behavior.--He also remarks: “Of all the species of this family I have ever met with, none have been so tame and unsuspicious or less frightened by the report of a gun.”

Voice.--The notes of the Guadalupe flicker are also similar to those of the mainland forms, for Mr. Bryant (1887) says: “In addition to the familiar scythe-whetting notes they have the peculiar ‘wake-up’ call and its rapid prelude of monosyllables. By imitating this call I decoyed a distant female to within short range, the bird coming through the thickest of the cypress grove, stopping at short intervals to call and listen for a reply.”

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INDEX

abieticola, Ceophloeus pileatus, 164, 165, 170, 171, 191.

Achilles, Laurence, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 106, 108, 110, 113.

aculeata, Balanosphyra formicivora, 211, 212, 223, 226.

Agersborg, G. S., on red-headed woodpecker, 196, 200.

Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 122.

albolarvatus, Dryobates albolarvatus, 97. Xenopicus, 101, 105.

albolarvatus albolarvatus, Dryobates, 97.

albolarvatus gravirostris, Dryobates, 104, 105.

Alderson, V. A., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 18.

Allen, A. A., viii, 179. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 1. on northern downy woodpecker, 57, 62, 64.

Allen, A. A., and Kellogg, P. P., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 3-6, 8, 10, 12.

Allen, C. A., 288. on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 34. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 153. on willow woodpecker, 70.

Allen, F. H., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 113. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 13, 20. on northern downy woodpecker, 53, 64. on northern flicker, 265-267, 279. on northern pileated woodpecker, 174-175.

Allen, J. A., on hybrid flickers, 291. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 229.

Allen, R. P., on southern pileated woodpecker, 169.

Allert, O. P., on northern flicker, 281.

Alpine three-toed woodpecker, 124.

Amadon, Dean, viii.

American three-toed woodpecker, 116.

americanus, Picoïdes, 108, 119.

Anderson, A. H., on Gila woodpecker, 254.

Anderson, M. P., and Grinnell, Joseph, on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 50.

angustifrons, Balanosphyra formicivora, 211, 212, 222. Melanerpes, 82.

Ant-eating woodpecker, 211.

Anthony, A. W., on cardon woodpecker, 257. on San Fernando flicker, 305, 306.

Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 106.

arcticus, Picoïdes, 106, 118, 119.

Arizona woodpecker, 91.

arizonae, Dryobates arizonae, 91. Picus, 91.

arizonae arizonae Dryobates, 91.

arizonae fraterculus, Dryobates, 97.

Arthur, E. W., on northern pileated woodpecker, 174.

Asyndesmus lewis, 226.

Attwater, H. P., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 246.

Audubon, J. J., 30. on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10. on northern downy woodpecker, 53, 57. on pileated woodpecker, 172, 188. on red-bellied woodpecker, 244. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 73. on red-headed woodpecker, 199, 203, 205. on southern hairy woodpecker, 28. on southern pileated woodpecker, 167, 169. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 127, 133.

auduboni, Dryobates villosus, 23, 27.

auratus, Colaptes, 290, 291, 295. Colaptes auratus, 259.

auratus auratus, Colaptes, 259.

auratus luteus, Colaptes, 262-264.

aurifrons, Centurus, 245.

bacatus, Picoïdes tridactylus, 116.

Bachman, John, on southern pileated woodpecker, 169.

Bacon, C. C., on red-headed woodpecker, 197.

Bagg, C. L., 207.

Bailey, A. M., viii.

Bailey, C. E., 22. on northern downy woodpecker, 63.

Bailey, Mrs. Florence M., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 126. on cactus woodpecker, 85. on Mearns’s woodpecker, 225. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 162. on northern pileated woodpecker, 187. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 101, 103. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 90. on red-shafted flicker, 289. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 147. on white-breasted woodpecker, 45. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 159.

Bailey, H. B., 200.

Bailey, H. H., on northern flicker, 278. on southern downy woodpecker, 46. on southern hairy woodpecker, 27.

Bailey, Vernon, 9.

Baird, S. F., on hybrid flickers, 291.

Baird, S. F.; Brewer, T. M.; and Ridgway, Robert, on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155.

Baird, S. F.; Cassin, John; and Lawrence, G. N., on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155.

bairdi, Balanosphyra formicivora, 211, 212, 223, 226. Dryobates scalaris, 79, 80, 82, 83.

Balanosphyra formicivora aculeata, 211, 212, 223, 226. formicivora angustifrons, 211, 212, 222. formicivora bairdi, 211, 212, 223, 226. formicivora formicivora, 211, 222. formicivora martirensis, 212, 226.

Bancroft, Griffing, on Brewster’s woodpecker, 258. on cape gilded flicker, 299, 300. on San Fernando flicker, 306. on San Fernando woodpecker, 87. on San Lucas woodpecker, 82, 83.

Bangs, Outram, on American three-toed woodpecker, 116. on Florida pileated woodpecker, 190. on northern pileated woodpecker, 171. on pileated woodpecker, 164. on western pileated woodpecker, 191.

Bangs, Outram, and Thayer, J. E., on Guadalupe flicker, 307.

Batchelder, C. F., on Newfoundland woodpecker, 38. on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51.

Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51.

Bates, F. A., 276.

Beal, F. E. L., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 126. on American three-toed woodpecker, 118. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 111. on California woodpecker, 218. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 17, 18. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 9. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 232. on northern downy woodpecker, 58, 59. on northern flicker, 277-279. on northern pileated woodpecker, 183, 184. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 101. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 89, 90. on red-bellied woodpecker, 240. on red-headed woodpecker, 198, 199. on red-shafted flicker, 291, 292. on southern pileated woodpecker, 168. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 133.

Belding, Lyman, 222, 258, 299. on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 34.

Bendire, C. E., on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 123. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109, 112. on Arizona woodpecker, 93. on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51. on Cabanis’s Woodpecker, 34. on cactus woodpecker, 84, 86. on California woodpecker, 213, 218, 220, 221. on Chihuahua woodpecker, 40. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 16, 20. on Florida pileated woodpecker, 191. on Gila woodpecker, 252, 253, 255. on golden-fronted woodpecker, 246, 247. on Harris’s woodpecker, 29, 32. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 5, 6. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 227-230, 233. on Mearns’s gilded flicker, 302. on Mearns’s woodpecker, 224. on Modoc woodpecker, 42, 43. on northern flicker, 272. on northern pileated woodpecker, 171, 188. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151-154. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 98, 99, 103. on northwestern flicker, 296. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 87. on red-bellied woodpecker, 237-240, 243. on red-headed woodpecker, 196-200, 205. on red-naped sapsucker, 143-145. on red-shafted flicker, 288, 293. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 36. on southern hairy woodpecker, 28. on southern pileated woodpecker, 167. on western pileated woodpecker, 192. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 157. on willow woodpecker, 70. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 129, 136, 137.

Beyer, G. E., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 4, 6.

Bicknell, E. P., on northern flicker, 281, 282.

Biological Survey, U. S. Bureau of, viii, 9, 48, 183, 210, 263.

Blackwelder, Eliot, on northern pileated woodpecker, 173.

Blincoe, B. J., on red-bellied woodpecker, 242.

Bolles, Frank, on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 130, 131, 133, 136.

borealis, Dryobates, 72.

Bowdish, B. S., and Philipp, P. B., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 107. on northern hairy woodpecker, 26. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 129.

Bowles, J. H., on northwestern flicker, 298.

Bowles, J. H., and Dawson, W. L., on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49. on Harris’s woodpecker, 30, 31, 33.

Brasher, Rex, on eastern hairy woodpecker, 14, 19.

Brewer, T. M. (See under Baird, S. F.)

Brewster, William, on American three-toed woodpecker, 116, 117, 119, 120. on Brewster’s woodpecker, 258. on cape gilded flicker, 299. on downy woodpeckers, 45. on narrow-fronted woodpecker, 222. on northern downy woodpecker, 54, 61, 67. on northern flicker, 269, 271, 275, 279. on red-bellied woodpecker, 241. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 73. on San Lucas woodpecker, 82. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 61, 129, 133, 137.

brewsteri, Centurus uropygialis, 257, 258.

Brewster’s woodpecker, 258.

Brooks, Allan, on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 124.

Brooks, Maurice, on northern pileated woodpecker, 181, 185, 186, 189.

Brown, D. E., on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49. on Harris’s woodpecker, 31, 32. on northwestern flicker, 296, 297.

Brown, Herbert, on Lewis’s woodpecker, 231, 233, 235.

Brown, W. W., Jr., 306, 307.

brunnescens, Colaptes chrysoides, 299, 305.

Bryant, H. C., on California woodpecker, 218. on western pileated woodpecker, 194.

Bryant, W. A., on northern flicker, 270.

Bryant, W. E., on Guadalupe flicker, 306-308. on red-shafted flicker, 288.

Bryens, O. M., on northern pileated woodpecker, 182.

Buchheister, C. W., on northern flicker, 272.

Burleigh, T. D., on northern pileated woodpecker, 178.

Burns, F. L., on northern downy woodpecker, 57. on northern flicker, 264, 265, 269, 270, 272, 277-279, 282, 284-286. on northern pileated woodpecker, 178.

Burrows, D. B., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 246, 248.

Burtch, Verdi, on eastern hairy woodpecker, 21.

Cabanis’s woodpecker, 33.

cactophilus, Dryobates scalaris, 80, 81, 83.

cafer, Colaptes, 290, 291, 296, 304 (hybrids). Colaptes cafer, 295, 296. Picus, 296.

cafer cafer, Colaptes, 295, 296.

cafer collaris, Colaptes, 261, 287, 295, 296, 298.

cafer martirensis, Colaptes, 295, 298.

cafer rufipileus, Colaptes, 295, 299, 306.

cafer saturatior, Colaptes, 296.

California woodpecker, 212.

Campephilus principalis, 1.

Cape gilded flicker, 299.

Cardon woodpecker, 257.

cardonensis, Centurus uropygialis, 257, 258.

carolinus, Centurus, 237.

Carr, R. F., on northern flicker, 281.

Carriger, H. W., 88.

Carriger, H. W., and Wells, Gurnie, on western pileated woodpecker, 192, 193.

Cassin, John, on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155. (See also under Baird, S. F.)

Catesby, Mark, 164, 259. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 1. on pileated woodpecker, 171, 184.

Centurus aurifrons, 245. carolinus, 237. uropygialis brewsteri, 257, 258. uropygialis cardonensis, 257, 258. uropygialis uropygialis, 250, 257, 258.

Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola, 164, 165, 170, 171, 191. pileatus floridanus, 165, 170, 189. pileatus picinus, 170, 171, 191. pileatus pileatus, 164, 171, 189, 192.

Chihuahua woodpecker, 39.

Christy, B. H., viii. on northern pileated woodpecker, 171. on red-bellied woodpecker, 239.

chrysoides, Colaptes, 304 (hybrids). Colaptes chrysoides, 299, 305.

chrysoides brunnescens, Colaptes, 299, 305.

chrysoides chrysoides, Colaptes, 299, 305.

chrysoides mearnsi, Colaptes, 299-301.

Colaptes auratus, 290, 291, 295. auratus auratus, 259. auratus luteus, 262-264. cafer, 290, 291, 296, 304 (hybrid). cafer cafer, 295, 296. cafer collaris, 261, 287, 295, 296, 298. cafer martirensis, 295, 298. cafer rufipileus, 295, 299, 306. cafer saturatior, 296. chrysoides, 304 (hybrids). chrysoides brunnescens, 299, 305. chrysoides chrysoides, 299, 305. chrysoides mearnsi, 299-301.

collaris, Colaptes cafer, 261, 287, 295, 296, 298.

Cooper, J. G., on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155.

Cooper, J. G., and Suckley, George, on Lewis’s woodpecker, 235.

Coues, Elliott, on Williamson’s sapsucker, 160.

Currier, E. S., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 228.

daggetti, Sphyrapicus varius, 140, 146.

Dawson, W. L., on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 34. on cactus woodpecker, 84, 86. on California woodpecker, 215, 218, 219, 222. on Gila woodpecker, 254. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151, 154. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 97, 103. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 87-89, 91. on red-headed woodpecker, 205. one red-naped sapsucker, 145. on red-shafted flicker, 289. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 149, 150. on southern white-headed woodpecker, 105. on western pileated woodpecker, 193. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 157. on willow woodpecker, 70.

Dawson, W. L., and Bowles, J. H., on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49. on Harris’s woodpecker, 30, 31, 33.

Denton, S. W., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 230.

Dice, L. R., on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 52.

Dingle, Edward, on red-cockaded woodpecker, 76.

Dixon, J. S., 88 on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 114. on Sitka hairy woodpecker, 41. (See also under Grinnell, Joseph.)

Doe, C. E., viii.

dorsalis, Picoïdes tridactylus, 122, 124.

Dorsey, G. A., on red-headed woodpecker, 202.

Downy woodpecker, Nelson’s, 68. northern, 52. southern, 45.

Dryobates albolarvatus albolarvatus, 97. albolarvatus gravirostris, 104, 105. arizonae arizonae, 91. arizonae fraterculus, 97. borealis, 72. homorus, 51. nuttalli, 87.

Dryobates pubescens gairdneri, 48, 49, 69. pubescens leucurus, 48, 51. pubescens medianus, 46, 48, 50, 52, 68. pubescens nelsoni, 48, 51, 68. pubescens oreoecus, 51. pubescens pubescens, 45. pubescens turati, 48, 49, 69. scalaris bairdi, 79, 80, 82, 83. scalaris cactophilus, 80, 81, 83. scalaris eremicus, 81-83, 86. scalaris lucasanus, 81, 82, 86, 87. scalaris scalaris, 81. scalaris symplectus, 79, 83. stricklandi, 91, 94. villosus auduboni, 23, 27. villosus harrisi, 24, 29, 33, 37, 40, 41. villosus hyloscopus, 24, 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 44. villosus icastus, 24, 39, 44. villosus leucomelas, 38. villosus leucothorectis, 24, 33, 39, 41, 44. villosus monticola, 24, 25, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44. villosus orius, 24, 33, 39, 41. villosus picoideus, 24, 37, 40, 41. villosus scrippsae, 24, 44. villosus septentrionalis, 23, 25, 35, 40. villosus sitkensis, 24, 40. villosus terraenovae, 23, 38. villosus villosus, 13, 25, 38.

DuBois, A. D., on northern downy woodpecker, 56-59, 61. on northern flicker, 280. on red-headed woodpecker, 196-198, 200, 203, 204. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 131.

Duncan, Mrs. Sanford, on southern flicker, 261.

Durfee, Owen, on eastern hairy woodpecker, 14. on northern flicker, 279.

Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., on northern flicker, 270.

Eastern hairy woodpecker, 13.

Eaton, E. H., on American three-toed woodpecker, 117, 118. on northern flicker, 282. on red-headed woodpecker, 195. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 127.

Eckstorm, Fannie H., on red-headed woodpecker, 202.

Eifrig, C. W. G., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 113.

Elliot, E. G., 272.

Emerson, W. O., on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 149.

eremicus, Dryobates scalaris, 81-83, 86.

Erichsen, W. J., on southern flicker, 259.

Errington, P. L., on northern flicker, 286.

erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 195.

Evermann, B. W., on northern flicker, 272.

Farley, F. L., on northern flicker, 269.

Farley, J. A., on northern flicker, 271.

fasciatus, Picoïdes tridactylus, 122, 124.

Fisher, A. K., 93.

Fisher, W. H., on red-bellied woodpecker, 238, 244.

Fisher, W. K., on willow woodpecker, 69.

Flanagan, J. H., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 125. on red-naped sapsucker, 145.

Fleming, J. H., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 108.

Flicker, cape gilded, 299. Guadalupe, 306. Mearns’s gilded, 301. northern, 264. northwestern, 296. red-shafted, 287. San Fernando, 305. San Pedro, 298. southern, 259.

Florida pileated woodpecker, 189.

floridanus, Ceophloeus pileatus, 165, 170, 189.

Forbush, E. H., 276. on American three-toed woodpecker, 119. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 111, 114, 115. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 13, 19, 20, 22. on northern downy woodpecker, 53, 59, 63. on northern flicker, 278, 281. on red-bellied woodpecker, 240. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 131.

formicivora, Balanosphyra formicivora, 211, 222.

formicivora aculeata, Balanosphyra, 211, 212, 223, 226.

formicivora angustifrons, Balanosphyra, 211, 212, 222.

formicivora bairdi, Balanosphyra, 211, 212, 223, 226.

formicivora formicivora, Balanosphyra, 211, 222.

formicivora martirensis, Balanosphyra, 212, 226.

formicivorus, Melanerpes, 223.

Forrest, E. R., viii.

Fowler, F. H., on Arizona woodpecker, 95.

fraterculus, Dryobates arizonae, 97.

Frazar, M. A., 222, 223, 258, 299. on San Lucas woodpecker, 82.

Fritz, Emanuel, on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 149.

Frost, Allen, viii.

gairdneri, Dryobates pubescens, 48, 49, 69.

Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49.

Gale, Denis, 36, 51. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 164. on red-naped sapsucker, 143.

Ganier, A. F., on southern flicker, 260.

Gault, B. T., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 21. on northern flicker, 284. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 87.

Gibbs, Morris, on eastern hairy woodpecker, 20.

Gignoux, Claude, on California woodpecker, 218.

Gila woodpecker, 250.

Gilded flicker, cape, 299. Mearns’s, 301.

Gillin, J. R., viii.

Gilman, M. F., on Gila woodpecker, 250-256. on Mearns’s gilded flicker, 301-305. on red-naped sapsucker, 145.

Golden-fronted woodpecker, 245.

Goldman, E. A., on white-breasted woodpecker, 45.

Goodpasture, A. V., on red-headed woodpecker, 201.

Grant, E. O., on American three-toed woodpecker, 119.

gravirostris, Dryobates albolarvatus, 104, 105.

Grimes, S. A., on red-bellied woodpecker, 239. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 75. on southern hairy woodpecker, 27.

Grinnell, Joseph, 41. on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 123, 124. on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 33. on California woodpecker, 218. on cardon woodpecker, 257. on Mearns’s gilded flicker, 302, 304. on red-naped sapsucker, 144, 145. on San Pedro flicker, 298. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 146. on southern white-headed woodpecker, 105. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 156, 158. on willow woodpecker, 71.

Grinnell, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, on red-shafted flicker, 289.

Grinnell, Joseph, and Anderson, M. P., on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 50.

Grinnell, Joseph; Dixon, J. S.; and Linsdale, J. M., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 112. on California woodpecker, 212, 219. on Modoc woodpecker, 41-43. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 99, 100, 102, 103. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 90. on western pileated woodpecker, 192. on willow woodpecker, 70.

Grinnell, Joseph, and Storer, T. I., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109. on California woodpecker, 214, 219. on Modoc woodpecker, 41, 43. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104. on red-shafted flicker, 293. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 146, 150. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 159, 160. on willow woodpecker, 71.

Grinnell, Joseph, and Swarth, H. S., on San Pedro woodpecker, 226.

Griscom, Ludlow, on northern pileated woodpecker, 173.

Guadalupe flicker, 306.

Hairy woodpecker, eastern, 13. Lower California, 44. northern, 25. Rocky Mountain, 35. Sitka, 40. southern, 27.

Hamilton, Caroline E., on American three-toed woodpecker, 119.

Hanna, W. C., viii.

Hardy, Manly, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 112.

Hargitt, Edward, on Arizona woodpecker, 91.

Harllee, H. L., viii. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 74. on southern flicker, 259.

Harlow, R. C., viii, 123. on northern pileated woodpecker, 178.

Harper, Francis, and Wright, A. H., on southern pileated woodpecker, 165.

Harris, Edward, 30.

harrisi, Dryobates villosus, 24, 29, 33, 37, 40, 41.

Harris’s woodpecker, 29.

Hartlaub, C. J. G., 51.

Hasbrouck, E. M., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 245, 248.

Helme, A. H., on red-headed woodpecker, 206.

Helton, John, Jr., on red-headed woodpecker, 196. on southern downy woodpecker, 46.

Hembree, D. V., on red-cockaded woodpecker, 78.

Henderson, Junius, on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 149.

Henshaw, H. W., on Arizona woodpecker, 92, 95. on California woodpecker, 220. on Mearns’s woodpecker, 223. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155.

Hersey, F. S., viii.

Hickey, J. J., viii. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 23. on northern flicker, 279.

Hill, S. D., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 232.

Hoffmann, Ralph, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 113. on cactus woodpecker, 86. on California woodpecker, 222. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 234. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 90. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 150.

Holland, H. M., on red-headed woodpecker, 204.

Hollister, Ned, on northern flicker, 270.

Hollister, Ned, and Kumlien, Ludwig, on northern flicker, 271. on red-headed woodpecker, 196.

homorus, Dryobates, 51.

Howard, O. W., 93, 224.

Howell, A. H., on Florida pileated woodpecker, 190, 191. on red-bellied woodpecker, 237, 238. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 77. on red-headed woodpecker, 195. on southern downy woodpecker, 46. on southern flicker, 259. on southern hairy woodpecker, 27. on southern pileated woodpecker, 168.

Hoyt, R. D., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 5, 6, 10, 12.

Huey, L. M., on Lower California hairy woodpecker, 44.

hyloscopus, Dryobates villosus, 24, 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 44.

icastus, Dryobates villosus, 24, 39, 44.

Ingersoll, A. M., 88.

Ivory-billed woodpecker, 1.

Jacobs, J. W., 269.

Janiec, Joseph, viii.

Jenks, Randolph, on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 125.

Jensen, J. K., on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 36.

Johansen, Melvin, viii.

Jones, Howard, on red-headed woodpecker, 200.

Jones, Lynds, on northern flicker, 281.

Kalm, Pehr, 164.

Keays, J. E., on northern flicker, 285.

Kellogg, P. P., and Allen, A. A., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 3-6, 8, 10, 12.

Kellogg, R. T., 45.

Kennard, F. H., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 114. on northern flicker, 285. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 139.

King, F. H., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 18.

Klugh, A. B., on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 128.

Knight, O. W., on northern pileated woodpecker, 174, 183.

Kuhn, J. J., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 6, 11.

Kumlien, Ludwig, and Hollister, Ned, on northern flicker, 271. on red-headed woodpecker, 196.

Kyler, Mrs. J. F., on red-headed woodpecker, 205.

Laing, H. M., and Taverner, P. A., on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 123.

Latham, John, on pileated woodpecker, 171.

Law, J. E., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 231.

Lawrence, G. N., 79. (See also under Baird, S. F.)

Leach, F. A., on California woodpecker, 215, 220, 221. on northern flicker, 267.

leucomelas, Dryobates villosus, 38.

leucothorectis, Dryobates villosus, 24, 33, 39, 41, 44.

leucurus, Dryobates pubescens, 48, 51. Picus, 51.

lewis, Asyndesmus, 226.

Lewis, H. F., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 107, 112.

Lewis’s woodpecker, 226.

Ligon, J. S., 225. on white-breasted woodpecker, 45.

Lincoln, F. C, viii.

Linnaeus, C., 164, 171.

Linsdale, J. M. (See under Grinnell, Joseph.)

Lloyd, Hoyes, on northern pileated woodpecker, 189.

Lower California hairy woodpecker, 44.

lucasanus, Dryobates scalaris, 81, 82, 86, 87.

luteus, Colaptes auratus, 262-264.

Lyon, W. I., on northern flicker, 276.

MacFarlane, Roderick, 123. on northern hairy woodpecker, 26.

Macoun, John, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109. on northern hairy woodpecker, 26.

Malherbe, Alfred, on Natalie’s sapsucker, 162.

Marsden, H. W., 307.

martirensis, Balanosphyra formicivora, 212, 226. Colaptes cafer, 295, 298.

Maynard, C. J., on northern pileated woodpecker, 191. on red-bellied woodpecker, 244. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 77.

McAtee, W. L., on red-naped sapsucker, 144. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 148. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 132, 134, 135, 138.

McGregor, R. C., on red-headed woodpecker, 197.

McGuire, N. M., on red-bellied woodpecker, 241.

McIlhenny, E. A., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 4, 5, 8, 11. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 74.

McMullen, T. E., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 15.

Meanley, M. B., Jr., viii.

Mearns, B. A., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 125. on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51. on Mearns’s woodpecker, 223, 225. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 162. on white-breasted woodpecker, 44.

mearnsi, Colaptes chrysoides, 299-301.

Mearns’s gilded flicker, 301.

Mearns’s woodpecker, 223.

medianus, Dryobates pubescens, 46, 48, 50, 52, 68.

Melanerpes angustifrons, 82. erythrocephalus, 195. formicivorus, 223. thyroideus, 155.

Meredith, R. L., viii.

Merriam, C. H., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 108. on American three-toed woodpecker, 117, 120. on red-headed woodpecker, 207. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 137.

Merriam, R. O., on northern downy woodpecker, 62.

Merrill, J. C., on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 52. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 101, 103. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 157, 159.

Michael, C. W., on California woodpecker, 217. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 231. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 148. on western pileated woodpecker, 194. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 156, 158, 160. on willow woodpecker, 71.

Miller, W. DeW., 173.

Minot, H. D., on northern downy woodpecker, 60.

Modoc woodpecker, 41.

monticola, Dryobates villosus, 24, 25, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44.

Morrell, C. H., on northern pileated woodpecker, 174, 178, 179.

Morse, G. W., on red-cockaded woodpecker, 73.

Mortimer, D., on red-bellied woodpecker, 241.

Moseley, E. L., 9.

Mousley, Henry, on northern hairy woodpecker, 26. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 129.

Munro, J. A., on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 123. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 37. on western pileated woodpecker, 192, 194.

Murphey, E. E., viii. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 72.

Myers, Harriet W., on California woodpecker, 214.

Narrow-fronted woodpecker, 222.

nataliae, Picus, 162. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 162.

Natalie’s sapsucker, 162.

National Association of Audubon Societies, 12.

Nauman, E. D., on red-headed woodpecker, 201, 203.

Neff, J. A., on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 50. on Harris’s woodpecker, 30, 32. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 227, 232, 233, 235. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151, 153, 154. on red-shafted flicker, 292.

Nehrling, Henry, on red-cockaded woodpecker, 74.

Nelson, A. L., 183.

Nelson, E. W., on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 122. on Nelson’s downy woodpecker, 68.

nelsoni, Dryobates pubescens, 48, 51, 68.

Nelson’s downy woodpecker, 68.

Newberry, J. S., on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155.

Newfoundland woodpecker, 38.

Norris, J. P., on northern flicker, 272.

Northern downy woodpecker, 52.

Northern flicker, 264.

Northern hairy woodpecker, 25.

Northern pileated woodpecker, 171.

Northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151.

Northern white-headed woodpecker, 97.

Northwestern flicker, 296.

nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 140, 141, 146, 151.

Nuttall, Thomas, 62. on northern downy woodpecker, 53. on pileated woodpecker, 172.

nuttalli, Dryobates, 87.

Nuttall’s woodpecker, 87.

Nye, A. G., viii.

Nye, Harriet A., on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 139.

Oberholser, H. C., 30, 175. on Chihuahua woodpecker, 39. on Dryobates scalaris group of woodpeckers, 79, 83. on Modoc woodpecker, 41. on Nelson’s downy woodpecker, 68. on northern flicker, 271. on red-headed woodpecker, 196. on San Fernando woodpecker, 86. on white-breasted woodpecker, 44. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 128.

Ogilby, Stewart, on northern flicker, 272.

oreoecus, Dryobates pubescens, 51.

orius, Dryobates villosus, 24, 33, 39, 41.

Orr, R. T., viii.

Osgood, W. H., on Queen Charlotte woodpecker, 37.

Owen, V. W., 93.

Palmer, Edward, 306, 307.

Palmer, R. S., viii.

Palmer, William, on northern flicker, 277.

Pearse, Theed, on Harris’s woodpecker, 30. on northwestern flicker, 297.

Pearson, T. G., on red-cockaded woodpecker, 74.

Pennant, Thomas, on northern pileated woodpecker, 188.

Peterson, R. T., on northern pileated woodpecker, 173.

Phelps, F. M., on red-bellied woodpecker, 239.

Philipp, P. B., 193. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109.

Philipp, P. B., and Bowdish, B. S., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 107. on northern hairy woodpecker, 26. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 129.

Phillips, C. L., 272.

Phinizy, Irving, on red-cockaded woodpecker, 77.

Picidae, 1.

Piciformes, 1.

picinus, Ceophloeus pileatus, 170, 171, 191.

Picoïdes americanus, 108, 119. arcticus, 106, 118, 119. tridactylus, 106. tridactylus bacatus, 116. tridactylus dorsalis, 122, 124. tridactylus fasciatus, 122, 124.

picoideus, Dryobates villosus, 24, 37, 40, 41.

Picus arizonae, 91. cafer, 296. leucurus, 51. nataliae, 162. pileatus, 164. pubescens, 45. querulus, 72. williamsonii, 155.

Pierce, W. M., on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 147.

Pierce, W. M., and Van Rossem, A. J., on northern white-headed woodpecker, 102.

Pileated woodpecker, Florida, 189. northern, 171. southern, 164. western, 191.

pileatus, Ceophloeus pileatus, 164, 171, 189, 192. Picus, 164.

pileatus abieticola, Ceophloeus, 164, 165, 170, 171, 191.

pileatus floridanus, Ceophloeus, 165, 170, 189.

pileatus picinus, Ceophloeus, 170, 171, 191.

pileatus pileatus, Ceophloeus, 164, 171, 189, 192.

Pinkley, Frank, on Gila woodpecker, 254.

Potter, J. K., on red-headed woodpecker, 197, 198, 204.

principalis, Campephilus, 1.

pubescens, Dryobates pubescens, 45. Picus, 45.

pubescens gairdneri, Dryobates, 48, 49, 69.

pubescens leucurus, Dryobates, 48, 51.

pubescens medianus, Dryobates, 46, 48, 50, 52, 68.

pubescens nelsoni, Dryobates, 48, 51, 68.

pubescens oreoecus, Dryobates, 51.

pubescens pubescens, Dryobates, 45.

pubescens turati, Dryobates, 48, 49, 69.

Purdy, J. B., on red-headed woodpecker, 207.

Queen Charlotte woodpecker, 37.

querulus, Picus, 72.

Quillin, R. W., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 248, 249.

Ralph, W. L., on Florida pileated woodpecker, 191.

Rathbun, S. F., on Harris’s woodpecker, 31. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 227, 230, 234. on northwestern flicker, 297, 298.

Red-bellied woodpecker, 237.

Red-breasted sapsucker, northern, 151. southern, 146.

Red-cockaded woodpecker, 72.

Red-headed woodpecker, 195.

Red-naped sapsucker, 141.

Red-shafted flicker, 287.

Reid, John, 171.

Richardson, John, and Swainson, William, on Nelson’s downy woodpecker, 68.

Ridgway, Robert, on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 122. on Alpine three-toed woodpecker, 124. on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51. on Brewster’s woodpecker, 258. on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 33. on cactus woodpecker, 83. on Florida pileated woodpecker, 189. on Gairdner’s woodpecker, 49. on Guadalupe flicker, 306. on Harris’s woodpecker, 30. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 7. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 233. on narrow-fronted woodpecker, 222. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 100. on Nuttall’s woodpecker, 89. on red-bellied woodpecker, 245. on red-headed woodpecker, 208. on red-naped sapsucker, 142. on red-shafted flicker, 290. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 35. on San Fernando flicker, 305. on southern pileated woodpecker, 164. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 146. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 155. (See also under Baird, S. F.)

Riley, J. H., viii.

Ritter, W. E., on California woodpecker, 216, 217.

Roberts, T. S., on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109. on eastern hairy woodpecker, 19. on northern pileated woodpecker, 176. on red-headed woodpecker, 202.

Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 35.

Rossignol, G. R., on red-cockaded woodpecker, 74.

ruber, Sphyrapicus varius, 140, 146, 151.

rufipileus, Colaptes cafer, 295, 299, 306.

Sampson, Elizabeth, on northern downy woodpecker, 64.

San Fernando flicker, 305.

San Fernando woodpecker, 86.

San Lucas woodpecker, 82.

San Pedro flicker, 298.

San Pedro woodpecker, 226.

Sapsucker, Natalie’s 162. northern red-breasted, 151. red-naped, 141. southern red-breasted, 146. Williamson’s, 154. yellow-bellied, 126.

saturatior, Colaptes cafer, 296.

Saunders, A. A., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 20. on northern pileated woodpecker, 187. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 36.

Saunders, W. E., on red-bellied woodpecker, 244.

Savage, James, 286.

scalaris, Dryobates scalaris, 81.

scalaris bairdi, Dryobates, 79, 80, 82, 83.

scalaris cactophilus, Dryobates, 80, 81, 83.

scalaris eremicus, Dryobates, 81-83, 86.

scalaris lucasanus, Dryobates, 81, 82, 86, 87.

scalaris scalaris, Dryobates, 81.

scalaris symplectus, Dryobates, 79, 83.

Scott, W. E. D., on Arizona woodpecker, 96. on cactus woodpecker, 86. on Gila woodpecker, 256. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 4-6. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 235. on Mearns’s gilded flicker, 301.

Scoville, Samuel, Jr., on northern pileated woodpecker, 172, 178, 187.

scrippsae, Dryobates villosus, 24, 44.

Semple, J. B., on red-headed woodpecker, 206.

Sennett, G. B., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 247.

septentrionalis, Dryobates villosus, 23, 25, 35, 40.

Seton, E. T., on northern hairy woodpecker, 26.

Sharpe, Vernon, Jr., on southern pileated woodpecker, 166, 170.

Shaw, W. T., and Taylor, W. P., on Harris’s woodpecker 32. on northwestern flicker, 296.

Shelley, L. O., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 14, 21. on northern downy woodpecker, 55, 56, 61, 65, 66. on northern flicker, 267, 268, 280. on northern pileated woodpecker, 174. on red-headed woodpecker, 203.

Sherman, Althea R., on northern flicker, 268, 273-276, 279, 280.

Sherwood, W. E., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 231.

Simmons, G. F., on golden-fronted woodpecker, 246-248. on red-bellied woodpecker, 237, 238, 243. on red-shafted flicker, 293. on southern downy woodpecker, 46. on southern pileated woodpecker, 165, 166, 168, 169. on Texas woodpecker, 80, 81.

Simpson, R. B., on northern pileated woodpecker, 188.

Sinclair, B. H., 270.

Sitka hairy woodpecker, 40.

sitkensis, Dryobates villosus, 24, 40.

Skinner, M. P., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 125. on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 35. on California woodpecker, 213, 218, 219, 221, 222. on Modoc woodpecker, 42, 43. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 163, 164. on northern flicker, 287. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 98, 100. on red-bellied woodpecker, 243. on red-headed woodpecker, 201. on red-naped sapsucker, 142, 145. on red-shafted flicker, 288. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 36. on southern downy woodpecker, 46. on southern hairy woodpecker, 28, 29. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 148, 150. on willow woodpecker, 72.

Smith, A. P., on Arizona woodpecker, 95.

Smith, C. F., on northern white-headed woodpecker, 97, 100, 102.

Smith, F. R., on northern flicker, 280.

Smith, L. W., on northern flicker, 283. on red-bellied woodpecker, 242. on southern flicker, 261.

Smith, W. G., on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 52. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 163. on red-headed woodpecker, 199. on Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 36.

Snyder, L. L., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 16. on northern downy woodpecker, 58. on northern flicker, 285.

Southern downy woodpecker, 45.

Southern flicker, 259.

Southern hairy woodpecker, 27.

Southern pileated woodpecker, 164.

Southern red-breasted sapsucker, 146.

Southern white-headed woodpecker, 105.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae, 162. thyroideus thyroideus, 154, 162. varius daggetti, 140, 146. varius nuchalis, 140, 141, 146, 151. varius ruber, 140, 146, 151. varius varius, 126. williamsonii, 155.

Sprot, G. D., 31.

Sprunt, Alexander, Jr., on northern white-headed woodpecker, 102. on southern flicker, 260.

Stanwood, Cordelia J., viii.

Starr, F. A. E., on northern flicker, 270.

Stearns, W. A., on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 133.

Steele, E. S., on Mearns’s woodpecker, 225.

Stephens, Frank, 34. on southern white-headed woodpecker, 105.

Stevens, O. A., on northern flicker, 284, 286.

Stockard, C. R., on red-bellied woodpecker, 239. on southern flicker, 260. on southern pileated woodpecker, 165, 167.

Stoddard, H. L., 169. on northern pileated woodpecker, 181.

Stone, Witmer, on red-cockaded woodpecker, 79.

Stoner, Dayton, on northern flicker, 281. on red-headed woodpecker, 206.

Stoner, E. A., on red-headed woodpecker, 196.

Storer, T. I., and Grinnell, Joseph, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109. on California woodpecker, 214, 219. on Modoc woodpecker, 41-43. on northern white-headed woodpecker, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104. on red-shafted flicker, 293. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 146, 150. on Williamson’s sapsucker, 159, 160. on willow woodpecker, 71.

stricklandi, Dryobates, 91, 94.

Stuart, G. H., 3d, viii.

Suckley, George, and Cooper, J. G., on Lewis’s woodpecker, 235.

Suthard, J. G., on southern hairy woodpecker, 28.

Sutton, G. M., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 13, 15. on northern pileated woodpecker, 174, 175, 183, 185-188. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 128.

Swainson, William, and Richardson, John, on Nelson’s downy woodpecker, 68.

Swales, B. H., and Taverner, P. A., on northern flicker, 285.

Swarth, H. S., 162. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 109. on Arizona woodpecker, 92-94, 96. on cactus woodpecker, 84. on Chihuahua woodpecker, 39, 40. on Mearns’s woodpecker, 224. on Natalie’s sapsucker, 162, 163. on northern red-breasted sapsucker, 151. on northwestern flicker, 297.

Swarth, H. S., and Grinnell, Joseph, on San Pedro woodpecker, 226.

symplectus, Dryobates scalaris, 79, 83.

Taber, S. R., on northern flicker, 284.

Taber, Wendell, viii. on American three-toed woodpecker, 120. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 128.

Tanner, James, 12. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 2, 5-7, 11.

Taverner, P. A., and Laing, H. M., on Alaska three-toed woodpecker, 123.

Taverner, P. A., and Swales, B. H., on northern flicker, 285.

Taylor, W. P., on red-shafted flicker, 289.

Taylor, W. P., and Shaw, W. T., on Harris’s woodpecker, 32. on northwestern flicker, 296.

terraenovae, Dryobates villosus, 23, 38.

Terrill, L. M., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 22.

Texas woodpecker, 79.

Thayer, J. E., 118.

Thayer, J. E., and Bangs, Outram, on Guadalupe flicker, 307.

Thompson, A. E., viii.

Thompson, Maurice, on eastern hairy woodpecker, 19. on ivory-billed woodpecker, 5, 8, 11. on northern downy woodpecker, 65.

Thorns, C. S., on northern downy woodpecker, 57.

Thoreau, H. D., on northern pileated woodpecker, 184.

Three-toed woodpecker, Alaska, 122. alpine, 124. American, 116. Arctic, 106.

thyroideus, Melanerpes, 155. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 154, 162.

thyroideus nataliae, Sphyrapicus, 162.

thyroideus thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 154, 162.

Tibbets, E. R., on northern downy woodpecker, 59.

Townsend, C. W., on northern downy woodpecker, 62, 63, 68. on northern pileated woodpecker, 180.

Treganza, Antwonet, 126.

tridactylus, Picoïdes, 106.

tridactylus bacatus, Picoïdes, 116.

tridactylus dorsalis, Picoïdes, 122, 124.

tridactylus fasciatus, Picoïdes, 122, 124.

Trotter, Spencer, on red-headed woodpecker, 195.

turati, Dryobates pubescens, 48, 49, 69.

Turner, L. M., on American three-toed woodpecker, 119.

Tyler, J. G., on red-shafted flicker, 293.

Tyler, W. M., viii. on northern downy woodpecker, 52. on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 126.

uropygialis, Centurus uropygialis, 250, 257, 258.

uropygialis brewsteri, Centurus, 257, 258.

uropygialis cardonensis, Centurus, 257, 258.

uropygialis uropygialis, Centurus, 250, 257, 258.

Vaiden, M. G., on red-cockaded woodpecker, 73. on red-headed woodpecker, 196. on southern downy woodpecker, 46. on southern hairy woodpecker, 28. on southern pileated woodpecker, 166.

Van Rossem, A. J., and Pierce, W. M., on northern white-headed woodpecker, 102.

Van Tyne, Josselyn, on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 114, 115.

varius, Sphyrapicus varius, 126.

varius daggetti, Sphyrapicus, 140, 146.

varius nuchalis, Sphyrapicus, 140, 141, 146, 151.

varius ruber, Sphyrapicus, 140, 146, 151.

varius varius, Sphyrapicus, 126.

Vickers, E. W., on northern, pileated woodpecker, 175, 182, 187.

villosus, Dryobates villosus, 13, 25, 38.

villosus auduboni, Dryobates, 23, 27.

villosus harrisi, Dryobates, 24, 29, 33, 37, 40, 41.

villosus hyloscopus, Dryobates, 24, 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 44.

villosus icastus, Dryobates, 24, 39, 44.

villosus leucomelas, Dryobates, 38.

villosus leucothorectis, Dryobates, 24, 33, 39, 41, 44.

villosus monticola, Dryobates, 24, 25, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44.

villosus orius, Dryobates, 24, 33, 39, 41.

villosus picoideus, Dryobates, 24, 37, 40, 41.

villosus scrippsae, Dryobates, 24, 44.

villosus septentrionalis, Dryobates, 23, 25, 35, 40.

villosus sitkensis, Dryobates, 24, 40.

villosus terraenovae, Dryobates, 23, 38.

villosus villosus, Dryobates, 13, 25, 38.

von Bloeker, J. C., Jr., on red-shafted flicker, 292.

Walkinshaw, L. H., on northern flicker, 286.

Walter, Mrs. Alice H., on northern downy woodpecker, 57, 59.

Ward, Billy, on red-cockaded woodpecker, 76.

Warren, B. H., 168. on red-bellied woodpecker, 241.

Warren, E. R., on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 125.

Wayne, A. T., on ivory-billed woodpecker, 12. on red-cockaded woodpecker, 73. on red-headed woodpecker, 208. on southern hairy woodpecker, 27. on southern pileated woodpecker, 165, 166.

Webster, F. M., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 17.

Webster, Mrs. L. J., viii.

Welch, G. O., 115.

Wells, Gurnie, and Carriger, H. W., on western pileated woodpecker, 192, 193.

Western pileated woodpecker, 191.

Weydemeyer, Winton, on yellow-bellied sapsucker, 131.

Weydemeyer, Winton and Donald, on alpine three-toed woodpecker, 124. on Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 107. on Batchelder’s woodpecker, 51. on Lewis’s woodpecker, 227, 228. on northern hairy woodpecker, 25, 27. on northern pileated woodpecker, 172. on red-naped sapsucker, 142, 143. on red-shafted flicker, 287.

Weygandt, Cornelius, on northern pileated woodpecker, 186.

Wheelock, Mrs. Irene G., on Cabanis’s woodpecker, 34. on red-shafted flicker, 289, 290. on southern red-breasted sapsucker, 147. on western pileated woodpecker, 193.

White-breasted woodpecker, 44.

White-headed woodpecker, northern, 97.

Whittle, C. L., on American three-toed woodpecker, 117.

Widmann, Otto, on red-headed woodpecker, 205.

Willard, F. C., 39, 224, 251, 302. on Arizona woodpecker, 93. on cactus woodpecker, 85. on Chihuahua woodpecker, 40. on Gila woodpecker, 252.

williamsonii, Picus, 155. Sphyrapicus, 155.

Williamson’s sapsucker, 154.

Willow woodpecker, 69.

Wilson, Alexander, 62, 72. on northern downy woodpecker, 53, 65. on pileated woodpecker, 172, 179. on red-headed woodpecker, 206.

Wood, J. C., on eastern hairy woodpecker, 15.

Woodpecker, Alaska three-toed, 122. alpine three-toed, 124. American three-toed, 116. ant-eating, 211. Arctic three-toed, 106. Arizona, 91. Batchelder’s, 51. Brewster’s, 258. Cabanis’s, 33. California, 212. cardon, 257. Chihuahua, 39. eastern hairy, 13. Florida pileated, 189. Gairdner’s, 49. Gila, 250. golden-fronted, 245. Harris’s, 29. ivory-billed, 1. Lewis’s, 226. Lower California hairy, 44. Mearns’s, 223. Modoc, 41. narrow-fronted, 222. Nelson’s downy, 68. Newfoundland, 38. northern downy, 52. northern hairy, 25. northern pileated, 171. northern white-headed, 97. Nuttall’s, 87. Queen Charlotte, 37. red-bellied, 237. red-cockaded, 72. red-headed, 195. Rocky Mountain hairy, 35. San Fernando, 86. San Lucas, 82. San Pedro, 226. Sitka hairy, 40. southern downy, 45. southern hairy, 27. southern pileated, 164. southern white-headed, 105. Texas, 79. western pileated, 191. white-breasted, 44. willow, 69.

Woodpeckers, American, 1.

Woods, R. S., on red-shafted flicker, 292.

Wright, A. H., and Harper, Francis, on southern pileated woodpecker, 165.

Wright, H. W., on American three-toed woodpecker, 120. on California woodpecker, 221. on northern pileated woodpecker, 187.

Wythe, Miss M. W., viii.

Xenopicus albolarvatus, 101, 105.

Yellow-bellied sapsucker, 126.

Young, C. J., on northern hairy woodpecker, 26.

PLATES

Louisiana, April 12, 1935. A. A. Allen. NESTING SITE OF THE IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER.]

Louisiana, April 12, 1935. A. A. Allen. IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKERS AT THEIR NEST.]

Rehoboth, Mass., May 10, 1907. Owen Durfee. Nesting site. A. A. Allen. Adult at nest. EASTERN HAIRY WOODPECKER.]

Vancouver Island, British Columbia, May 23, 1928. Adult at nest. G. D. Sprot. Nesting site. HARRIS’S WOODPECKER.]

Oregon. W. L. Finley and H. T. Bohlman. YOUNG HARRIS’S WOODPECKER. Duval County, Fla., May 13, 1931. S. A. Grimes. YOUNG SOUTHERN HAIRY WOODPECKERS.]

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., May 15, 1922. A. C. Bent. NESTING SITES OF CHIHUAHUA WOODPECKERS.]

Logan County, Ill., June 10, 1913. A. D. DuBois. Nestling looking out and adult with food. NORTHERN DOWNY WOODPECKER.]

Ithaca, N. Y. A. A. Allen. EGGS AND YOUNG OF NORTHERN DOWNY WOODPECKER.]

Duval County, Fla. S. A. Grimes. NESTING SITES OF RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS.]

A. A. Allen. Adult at nest. Duval County, Fla., May 17, 1933. S. A. Grimes. Adult at nest. RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS.]

San Diego County, Calif., April 9, 1929. A. C. Bent. Nesting site. W. L. and Irene Finley. Adult at nest. NUTTALL’S WOODPECKER.]

Riverside County, Calif. W. M. Pierce. Nest. W. L. and Irene Finley. Young. NUTTALL’S WOODPECKERS.]

Jackson County, Oreg., May 10, 1931. J. E. Patterson. NESTING OF NORTHERN WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.]

Tuolumne County, Calif., June 28, 1936. C. F. Smith. YOUNG NORTHERN WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKERS.]

Klamath County, Oreg., June 10, 1929. J. E. Patterson. Jackson County, Oreg., May 27, 1928. J. E. Patterson. NESTING OF ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS.]

Penobscot County, Maine, June 4, 1918. F. H. Kennard. Nesting site. New Brunswick. B. S. Bowdish. Female at nest.] ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Lake Umbagog, Maine, June 4, 1897. William Brewster. NESTING SITE OF AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

A. C. Bent. Nesting site. Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, June 1, 1913. H. K. Job. Adult at nest. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.]

New Brunswick. B. S. Bowdish. Ithaca, N. Y. A. A. Allen. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKERS.]

Carver County, Minn., May 29, 1926. A. D. DuBois. NESTING SITE OF NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.]

Carver County, Minn., May 8, 1936. A. D. DuBois. WORK OF NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.]

Carver County, Minn., June 15, 1936. Feeding young. A. D. DuBois. The entrance hole. NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.]

Near Belvidere, Alberta, June 19, 1924. R. H. Rauch. Adult at nest. Coos County, N. H., May 18, 1903. Owen Durfee. Nesting site. NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.]

Ithaca, N. Y. A. A. Allen. Approaching the nest. Hennepin County, Minn., June 9, 1929. S. A. Grimes. Young. NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKERS.]

Fredericktown, Pa., July 18, 1930. F. R. Smith. Hennepin County, Minn., July 20, 1935. A. D. DuBois. NESTING OF RED-HEADED WOODPECKERS.]

Ithaca, N. Y. A. A. Allen. NESTING OF RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.]

Baltimore County, Md., June 26, 1936. M. B. Meanley, Jr. Duval County, Fla., July 6, 1925. S. A. Grimes. YOUNG RED-HEADED WOODPECKERS.]

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. F. C. Willard. NESTING SITE OF MEARNS’S WOODPECKER.]

Riverside County, Calif. W. M. Pierce. WORK OF CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.]

W. L. Finley and H. T. Bohlman. YOUNG LEWIS’S WOODPECKERS. Jefferson County, Colo. R. B. Rockwell. FEMALE NATALIE’S SAPSUCKER.]

Duval County, Fla. S. A. Grimes. NESTING SITES OF RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.]

F. N. Irving. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.]

Pima County, Ariz. F. C. Willard. Nesting site. Arizona. W. L. and Irene Finley. Female at nest. GILA WOODPECKER.]

Sacaton, Ariz. Nest cut open. M. F. Gilman. Old hardened cavity removed. GILA WOODPECKER.]

Oracle, Ariz., December 9, 1903. E. R. Forrest. Adult male. W. L. and Irene Finley. Adult female. GILA WOODPECKER.]

F. N. Irving. Adult male. St. Cloud, Fla. A. A. Allen. Nest in palmetto stub. SOUTHERN FLICKER.]

Brunswick, Maine, June 18, 1932. R. S. Palmer. Nestling 26 hours old. Illinois. Cordelia J. Stanwood. Nestling almost ready to leave the nest. NORTHERN FLICKERS.]

Mulino, Oreg., December 10, 1913. Alexander Walker. Adult male. Klamath County, Oreg., May 10, 1934. J. E. Patterson. Nest. RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.]

W. L. Finley and H. T. Bohlman. Adult female. Young just out of the nest. NORTHWESTERN FLICKERS.]

Pima County, Ariz. F. C. Willard. Nesting site. Sacaton, Ariz. M. F. Gilman. Nest cut open. MEARNS’S GILDED FLICKER.]

A CATALOGUE OF SELECTED DOVER BOOKS IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST

A CATALOGUE OF SELECTED DOVER BOOKS IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST

CONDITIONED REFLEXES, Ivan P. Pavlov. Full translation of most complete statement of Pavlov’s work; cerebral damage, conditioned reflex, experiments with dogs, sleep, similar topics of great importance. 430pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 60614-7 Pa. $4.50

NOTES ON NURSING: WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT IS NOT, Florence Nightingale. Outspoken writings by founder of modern nursing. When first published (1860) it played an important role in much needed revolution in nursing. Still stimulating. 140pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22340-X Pa. $3.00

HARTER’S PICTURE ARCHIVE FOR COLLAGE AND ILLUSTRATION, Jim Harter. Over 300 authentic, rare 19th-century engravings selected by noted collagist for artists, designers, decoupeurs, etc. Machines, people, animals, etc., printed one side of page. 25 scene plates for backgrounds. 6 collages by Harter, Satty, Singer, Evans. Introduction. 192pp. 8⅞ x 11¾. 23659-5 Pa. $5.00

MANUAL OF TRADITIONAL WOOD CARVING, edited by Paul N. Hasluck. Possibly the best book in English on the craft of wood carving. Practical instructions, along with 1,146 working drawings and photographic illustrations. Formerly titled Cassell’s Wood Carving. 576pp. 6½ x 9¼. 23489-4 Pa. $7.95

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF HAND OR SIMPLE TURNING, John Jacob Holtzapffel. Full coverage of basic lathe techniques--history and development, special apparatus, softwood, turning, hardwood turning, metal turning. Many projects--billiard ball, works formed within a sphere, egg cups, ash trays, vases, jardiniers, others--included. 1881 edition. 800 illustrations. 592pp. 6⅛ x 9¼. 23365-0 Clothbd. $15.00

THE JOY OF HANDWEAVING, Osma Tod. Only book you need for hand weaving. Fundamentals, threads, weaves, plus numerous projects for small board-loom, two-harness, tapestry, laid-in, four-harness weaving and more. Over 160 illustrations. 2nd revised edition. 352pp. 6½ x 9¼. 23458-4 Pa. $6.00

THE BOOK OF WOOD CARVING, Charles Marshall Sayers. Still finest book for beginning student in wood sculpture. Noted teacher, craftsman discusses fundamentals, technique; gives 34 designs, over 34 projects for panels, bookends, mirrors, etc. “Absolutely first-rate”--E. J. Tangerman. 33 photos. 118pp. 7¾ x 10⅝. 23654-4 Pa. $3.50

PRINCIPLES OF ORCHESTRATION, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov. Great classical orchestrator provides fundamentals of tonal resonance, progression of parts, voice and orchestra, tutti effects, much else in major document. 330pp. of musical excerpts. 489pp. 6½ x 9¼. 21266-1 Pa. $7.50

TRISTAN UND ISOLDE, Richard Wagner. Full orchestral score with complete instrumentation. Do not confuse with piano reduction. Commentary by Felix Mottl, great Wagnerian conductor and scholar. Study score. 655pp. 8⅛ x 11. 22915-7 Pa. $13.95

REQUIEM IN FULL SCORE, Giuseppe Verdi. Immensely popular with choral groups and music lovers. Republication of edition published by C. F. Peters, Leipzig, n. d. German frontmaker in English translation. Glossary. Text in Latin. Study score. 204pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23682-X Pa. $6.00

COMPLETE CHAMBER MUSIC FOR STRINGS, Felix Mendelssohn. All of Mendelssohn’s chamber music: Octet, 2 Quintets, 6 Quartets, and Four Pieces for String Quartet. (Nothing with piano is included). Complete works edition (1874-7). Study score. 283 pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23679-X Pa. $7.50

POPULAR SONGS OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA, edited by Richard Jackson. 64 most important songs: “Old Oaken Bucket,” “Arkansas Traveler,” “Yellow Rose of Texas,” etc. Authentic original sheet music, full introduction and commentaries. 290pp. 9 x 12. 23270-0 Pa. $7.95

COLLECTED PIANO WORKS, Scott Joplin. Edited by Vera Brodsky Lawrence. Practically all of Joplin’s piano works--rags, two-steps, marches, waltzes, etc., 51 works in all. Extensive introduction by Rudi Blesh. Total of 345pp. 9 x 12. 23106-2 Pa. $14.95

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL BALLET, Agrippina Vaganova. Great Russian theoretician, teacher explains methods for teaching classical ballet; incorporates best from French, Italian, Russian schools. 118 illustrations. 175pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22036-2 Pa. $2.50

CHINESE CHARACTERS, L. Wieger. Rich analysis of 2300 characters according to traditional systems into primitives. Historical-semantic analysis to phonetics (Classical Mandarin) and radicals. 820pp. 6⅛ x 9¼. 21321-8 Pa. $10.00

EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE: EASY LESSONS IN EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS, E. A. Wallis Budge. Foremost Egyptologist offers Egyptian grammar, explanation of hieroglyphics, many reading texts, dictionary of symbols. 246pp. 5 x 7½. (Available in U.S. only) 21394-3 Clothbd. $7.50

AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF MODERN ENGLISH, Ernest Weekley. Richest, fullest work, by foremost British lexicographer. Detailed word histories. Inexhaustible. Do not confuse this with Concise Etymological Dictionary, which is abridged. Total of 856pp. 6½ x 9¼. 21873-2, 21874-0 Pa., Two-vol. set $12.00

HISTORY OF BACTERIOLOGY, William Bulloch. The only comprehensive history of bacteriology from the beginnings through the 19th century. Special emphasis is given to biography--Leeuwenhoek, etc. Brief accounts of 350 bacteriologists form a separate section. No clearer, fuller study, suitable to scientists and general readers, has yet been written. 52 illustrations. 448pp. 5⅝ × 8¼. 23761-3 Pa. $6.50

THE COMPLETE NONSENSE OF EDWARD LEAR, Edward Lear. All nonsense limericks, zany alphabets, Owl and Pussycat, songs, nonsense botany, etc., illustrated by Lear. Total of 321pp. 5⅜ × 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 20167-8 Pa. $3.95

INGENIOUS MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AND METHODS, Louis A. Graham. Sophisticated material from Graham Dial, applied and pure; stresses solution methods. Logic, number theory, networks, inversions, etc. 237pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20545-2 Pa. $4.50

BEST MATHEMATICAL PUZZLES OF SAM LOYD, edited by Martin Gardner. Bizarre, original, whimsical puzzles by America’s greatest puzzler. From fabulously rare Cyclopedia, including famous 14-15 puzzles, the Horse of a Different Color, 115 more. Elementary math. 150 illustrations. 167pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20498-7 Pa. $2.75

THE BASIS OF COMBINATION IN CHESS, J. du Mont. Easy-to-follow, instructive book on elements of combination play, with chapters on each piece and every powerful combination team--two knights, bishop and knight, rook and bishop, etc. 250 diagrams. 218pp. 5⅜ × 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 23644-7 Pa. $3.50

MODERN CHESS STRATEGY, Ludek Pachman. The use of the queen, the active king, exchanges, pawn play, the center, weak squares, etc. Section on rook alone worth price of the book. Stress on the moderns. Often considered the most important book on strategy. 314pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20290-9 Pa. $4.50

LASKER’S MANUAL OF CHESS, Dr. Emanuel Lasker. Great world champion offers very thorough coverage of all aspects of chess. Combinations, position play, openings, end game, aesthetics of chess, philosophy of struggle, much more. Filled with analyzed games. 390pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20640-8 Pa. $5.00

500 MASTER GAMES OF CHESS, S. Tartakower, J. du Mont. Vast collection of great chess games from 1798-1938, with much material nowhere else readily available. Fully annoted, arranged by opening for easier study. 664pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 23208-5 Pa. $7.50

A GUIDE TO CHESS ENDINGS, Dr. Max Euwe, David Hooper. One of the finest modern works on chess endings. Thorough analysis of the most frequently encountered endings by former world champion. 331 examples, each with diagram. 248pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 23332-4 Pa. $3.75

UNCLE SILAS, J. Sheridan LeFanu. Victorian Gothic mystery novel, considered by many best of period, even better than Collins or Dickens. Wonderful psychological terror. Introduction by Frederick Shroyer. 436pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 21715-9 Pa. $6.00

JURGEN, James Branch Cabell. The great erotic fantasy of the 1920’s that delighted thousands, shocked thousands more. Full final text, Lane edition with 13 plates by Frank Pape. 346pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23507-6 Pa. $4.50

THE CLAVERINGS, Anthony Trollope. Major novel, chronicling aspects of British Victorian society, personalities. Reprint of Cornhill serialization, 16 plates by M. Edwards; first reprint of full text. Introduction by Norman Donaldson. 412pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23464-9 Pa. $5.00

KEPT IN THE DARK, Anthony Trollope. Unusual short novel about Victorian morality and abnormal psychology by the great English author. Probably the first American publication. Frontispiece by Sir John Millais. 92pp. 6½ x 9¼. 23609-9 Pa. $2.50

RALPH THE HEIR, Anthony Trollope. Forgotten tale of illegitimacy, inheritance. Master novel of Trollope’s later years. Victorian country estates, clubs, Parliament, fox hunting, world of fully realized characters. Reprint of 1871 edition. 12 illustrations by F. A. Faser. 434pp. of text. 5⅜ x 8½. 23642-0 Pa. $5.00

YEKL and THE IMPORTED BRIDEGROOM AND OTHER STORIES OF THE NEW YORK GHETTO, Abraham Cahan. Film Hester Street based on Yekl (1896). Novel, other stories among first about Jewish immigrants of N.Y.’s East Side. Highly praised by W. D. Howells--Cahan “a new star of realism.” New introduction by Bernard G. Richards. 240pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22427-9 Pa. $3.50

THE HIGH PLACE, James Branch Cabell. Great fantasy writer’s enchanting comedy of disenchantment set in 18th-century France. Considered by some critics to be even better than his famous Jurgen. 10 illustrations and numerous vignettes by noted fantasy artist Frank C. Pape. 320pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23670-6 Pa. $4.00

ALICE’S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND, Lewis Carroll. Facsimile of ms. Carroll gave Alice Liddell in 1864. Different in many ways from final Alice. Handlettered, illustrated by Carroll. Introduction by Martin Gardner. 128pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 21482-6 Pa. $2.50

FAVORITE ANDREW LANG FAIRY TALE BOOKS IN MANY COLORS, Andrew Lang. The four Lang favorites in a boxed set--the complete Red, Green, Yellow and Blue Fairy Books. 164 stories; 439 illustrations by Lancelot Speed, Henry Ford and G. P. Jacomb Hood. Total of about 1500pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23407-X Boxed set, Pa. $15.95

THE CURVES OF LIFE, Theodore A. Cook. Examination of shells, leaves, horns, human body, art, etc., in “the classic reference on how the golden ratio applies to spirals and helices in nature....”--Martin Gardner. 426 illustrations. Total of 512pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 23701-X Pa. $5.95

AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA, Nathaniel L. Britton, Addison Brown. Encyclopedic work covers 4666 species, ferns on up. Everything. Full botanical information, illustration for each. This earlier edition is preferred by many to more recent revisions. 1913 edition. Over 4000 illustrations, total of 2087pp. 6⅛ × 9¼. 22642-5, 22643-3, 22644-1 Pa., Three-vol. set $25.50

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES, A. S. Hitchcock, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. The basic study of American grasses, both indigenous and escapes, cultivated and wild. Over 1400 species. Full descriptions, information. Over 1100 maps, illustrations. Total of 1051pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 22717-0, 22718-9 Pa., Two-vol. set $15.00

THE CACTACEAE, Nathaniel L. Britton, John N. Rose. Exhaustive, definitive. Every cactus in the world. Full botanical descriptions. Thorough statement of nomenclatures, habitat, detailed finding keys. The one book needed by every cactus enthusiast. Over 1275 illustrations. Total of 1080pp. 8 × 10¼. 21191-6, 21192-4 Clothbd., Two-vol. set $35.00

AMERICAN MEDICINAL PLANTS, Charles F. Millspaugh. Full descriptions, 180 plants covered: history; physical description; methods of preparation with all chemical constituents extracted; all claimed curative or adverse effects. 180 full-page plates. Classification table. 804pp. 6½ × 9¼. 23034-1 Pa. $12.95

A MODERN HERBAL, Margaret Grieve. Much the fullest, most exact, most useful compilation of herbal material. Gigantic alphabetical encyclopedia, from aconite to zedoary, gives botanical information, medical properties, folklore, economic uses, and much else. Indispensable to serious reader. 161 illustrations. 888pp. 6½ × 9¼. (Available in U.S. only) 22798-7, 22799-5 Pa., Two-vol. set $13.00

THE HERBAL or GENERAL HISTORY OF PLANTS, John Gerard. The 1633 edition revised and enlarged by Thomas Johnson. Containing almost 2850 plant descriptions and 2705 superb illustrations, Gerard’s Herbal is a monumental work, the book all modern English herbals are derived from, the one herbal every serious enthusiast should have in its entirety. Original editions are worth perhaps $750. 1678pp. 8½ × 12¼. 23147-X Clothbd. $50.00

MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, Charles S. Sargent. The basic survey of every native tree and tree-like shrub, 717 species in all. Extremely full descriptions, information on habitat, growth, locales, economics, etc. Necessary to every serious tree lover. Over 100 finding keys. 783 illustrations. Total of 986pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20277-1, 20278-X Pa., Two-vol. set $11.00

TONE POEMS, SERIES II: TILL EULENSPIEGELS LUSTIGE STREICHE, ALSO SPRACH ZARATHUSTRA, AND EIN HELDENLEBEN, Richard Strauss. Three important orchestral works, including very popular Till Eulenspiegel’s Marry Pranks, reproduced in full score from original editions. Study score. 315pp. 9⅜ × 12¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23755-9 Pa. $8.95

TONE POEMS, SERIES I: DON JUAN, TOD UND VERKLARUNG AND DON QUIXOTE, Richard Strauss. Three of the most often performed and recorded works in entire orchestral repertoire, reproduced in full score from original editions. Study score. 286pp. 9⅜ × 12¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23754-0 Pa. $7.50

11 LATE STRING QUARTETS, Franz Joseph Haydn. The form which Haydn defined and “brought to perfection.” (Grove’s). 11 string quartets in complete score, his last and his best. The first in a projected series of the complete Haydn string quartets. Reliable modern Eulenberg edition, otherwise difficult to obtain. 320pp. 8⅜ × 11¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23753-2 Pa. $7.50

FOURTH, FIFTH AND SIXTH SYMPHONIES IN FULL SCORE, Peter Ilyitch Tchaikovsky. Complete orchestral scores of Symphony No. 4 in F Minor, Op. 36; Symphony No. 5 in E Minor, Op. 64; Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, “Pathetique,” Op. 74. Bretikopf & Hartel eds. Study score. 480pp. 9⅜ × 12¼. 23861-X Pa. $10.95

THE MARRIAGE OF FIGARO: COMPLETE SCORE, Wolfgang A. Mozart. Finest comic opera ever written. Full score, not to be confused with piano renderings. Peters edition. Study score. 448pp. 9⅜ × 12¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23751-6 Pa. $11.95

“IMAGE” ON THE ART AND EVOLUTION OF THE FILM, edited by Marshall Deutelbaum. Pioneering book brings together for first time 38 groundbreaking articles on early silent films from Image and 263 illustrations newly shot from rare prints in the collection of the International Museum of Photography. A landmark work. Index. 256pp. 8¼ × 11. 23777-X Pa. $8.95

AROUND-THE-WORLD COOKY BOOK, Lois Lintner Sumption and Marguerite Lintner Ashbrook. 373 cooky and frosting recipes from 28 countries (America, Austria, China, Russia, Italy, etc.) include Viennese kisses, rice wafers, London strips, lady fingers, hony, sugar spice, maple cookies, etc. Clear instructions. All tested. 38 drawings. 182pp. 5⅜ × 8. 23802-4 Pa. $2.50

THE ART NOUVEAU STYLE, edited by Roberta Waddell. 579 rare photographs, not available elsewhere, of works in jewelry, metalwork, glass, ceramics, textiles, architecture and furniture by 175 artists--Mucha, Seguy, Lalique, Tiffany, Gaudin, Hohlwein, Saarinen, and many others. 288pp. 8⅜ × 11¼. 23515-7 Pa. $6.95

THE COMPLETE WOODCUTS OF ALBRECHT DURER, edited by Dr. W. Kurth. 346 in all: “Old Testament,” “St. Jerome,” “Passion,” “Life of Virgin,” “Apocalypse,” many others. Introduction by Campbell Dodgson. 285pp. 8½ × 12¼. 21097-9 Pa. $7.50

DRAWINGS OF ALBRECHT DURER, edited by Heinrich Wolfflin. 81 plates show development from youth to full style. Many favorites; many new. Introduction by Alfred Werner. 96pp. 8⅛ × 11. 22352-3 Pa. $5.00

THE HUMAN FIGURE, Albrecht Dürer. Experiments in various techniques--stereometric, progressive proportional, and others. Also life studies that rank among finest ever done. Complete reprinting of Dresden Sketchbook. 170 plates. 355pp. 8⅜ × 11¼. 21042-1 Pa. $7.95

OF THE JUST SHAPING OF LETTERS, Albrecht Dürer. Renaissance artist explains design of Roman majuscules by geometry, also Gothic lower and capitals. Grolier Club edition. 43pp. 7⅞ × 10¾. 21306-4 Pa. $3.00

TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE, Vitruvius. The most important book ever written on architecture. Early Roman aesthetics, technology, classical orders, site selection, all other aspects. Stands behind everything since. Morgan translation. 331pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 20645-9 Pa. $4.50

THE FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE, Andrea Palladio. 16th-century classic responsible for Palladian movement and style. Covers classical architectural remains, Renaissance revivals, classical orders, etc. 1738 Ware English edition. Introduction by A. Placzek. 216 plates. 110pp. of text. 9½ × 12¾. 21308-0 Pa. $10.00

HORIZONS, Norman Bel Geddes. Great industrialist stage designer, “father of streamlining,” on application of aesthetics to transportation, amusement, architecture, etc. 1932 prophetic account; function, theory, specific projects. 222 illustrations. 312pp. 7⅞ × 10¾. 23514-9 Pa. $6.95

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT’S FALLINGWATER, Donald Hoffmann. Full, illustrated story of conception and building of Wright’s masterwork at Bear Run, Pa. 100 photographs of site, construction, and details of completed structure. 112pp. 9¼ × 10. 23671-4 Pa. $5.50

THE ELEMENTS OF DRAWING, John Ruskin. Timeless classic by great Victorian; starts with basic ideas, works through more difficult. Many practical exercises. 48 illustrations. Introduction by Lawrence Campbell. 228pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 22730-8 Pa. $3.75

GIST OF ART, John Sloan. Greatest modern American teacher, Art Students League, offers innumerable hints, instructions, guided comments to help you in painting. Not a formal course. 46 illustrations. Introduction by Helen Sloan. 200pp. 5⅜ × 8½. 23435-5 Pa. $4.00

THE SENSE OF BEAUTY, George Santayana. Masterfully written discussion of nature of beauty, materials of beauty, form, expression; art, literature, social sciences all involved. 168pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20238-0 Pa. $3.00

ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE UNDERSTANDING, Benedict Spinoza. Also contains Ethics, Correspondence, all in excellent R. Elwes translation. Basic works on entry to philosophy, pantheism, exchange of ideas with great contemporaries. 402pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20250-X Pa. $4.50

THE TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE, Miguel de Unamuno. Acknowledged masterpiece of existential literature, one of most important books of 20th century. Introduction by Madariaga. 367pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20257-7 Pa. $4.50

THE GUIDE FOR THE PERPLEXED, Moses Maimonides. Great classic of medieval Judaism attempts to reconcile revealed religion (Pentateuch, commentaries) with Aristotelian philosophy. Important historically, still relevant in problems. Unabridged Friedlander translation. Total of 473pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20351-4 Pa. $6.00

THE I CHING (THE BOOK OF CHANGES), translated by James Legge. Complete translation of basic text plus appendices by Confucius, and Chinese commentary of most penetrating divination manual ever prepared. Indispensable to study of early Oriental civilizations, to modern inquiring reader. 448pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 21062-6 Pa. $5.00

THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD, E. A. Wallis Budge. Complete reproduction of Ani’s papyrus, finest ever found. Full hieroglyphic text, interlinear transliteration, word for word translation, smooth translation. Basic work, for Egyptology, for modern study of psychic matters. Total of 533pp. 6½ x 9¼. (Available in U.S. only) 21866-X Pa. $5.95

THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS, E. A. Wallis Budge. Never excelled for richness, fullness: all gods, goddesses, demons, mythical figures of Ancient Egypt; their legends, rites, incarnations, variations, powers, etc. Many hieroglyphic texts cited. Over 225 illustrations, plus 6 color plates. Total of 988pp. 6⅛ x 9¼. (Available in U.S. only) 22055-9, 22056-7 Pa., Two-vol. set $16.00

THE STANDARD BOOK OF QUILT MAKING AND COLLECTING, Marguerite Ickis. Full information, full-sized patterns for making 46 traditional quilts, also 150 other patterns. Quilted cloths, lame, satin quilts, etc. 483 illustrations. 273pp. 6⅞ x 9⅝. 20582-7 Pa. $4.95

CORAL GARDENS AND THEIR MAGIC, Bronsilaw Malinowski. Classic study of the methods of tilling the soil and of agricultural rites in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Author is one of the most important figures in the field of modern social anthropology. 143 illustrations. Indexes. Total of 911pp. of text. 5⅝ x 8¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23597-1 Pa. $12.95

ART FORMS IN NATURE, Ernst Haeckel. Multitude of strangely beautiful natural forms: Radiolaria, Foraminifera, jellyfishes, fungi, turtles, bats, etc. All 100 plates of the 19th-century evolutionist’s Kunstformen der Natur (1904). 100pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 22987-4 Pa. $5.00

CHILDREN: A PICTORIAL ARCHIVE FROM NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOURCES, edited by Carol Belanger Grafton. 242 rare, copyright-free wood engravings for artists and designers. Widest such selection available. All illustrations in line. 119pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23694-3 Pa. $4.00

WOMEN: A PICTORIAL ARCHIVE FROM NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOURCES, edited by Jim Harter. 391 copyright-free wood engravings for artists and designers selected from rare periodicals. Most extensive such collection available. All illustrations in line. 128pp. 9 x 12. 23703-6 Pa. $4.50

ARABIC ART IN COLOR, Prisse d’Avennes. From the greatest ornamentalists of all time--50 plates in color, rarely seen outside the Near East, rich in suggestion and stimulus. Includes 4 plates on covers. 46pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23658-7 Pa. $6.00

AUTHENTIC ALGERIAN CARPET DESIGNS AND MOTIFS, edited by June Beveridge. Algerian carpets are world famous. Dozens of geometrical motifs are charted on grids, color-coded, for weavers, needleworkers, craftsmen, designers. 53 illustrations plus 4 in color. 48pp. 8¼ x 11. (Available in U.S. only) 23650-1 Pa. $1.75

DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN PORTRAITS, edited by Hayward and Blanche Cirker. 4000 important Americans, earliest times to 1905, mostly in clear line. Politicians, writers, soldiers, scientists, inventors, industrialists, Indians, Blacks, women, outlaws, etc. Identificatory information. 756pp. 9¼ x 12¾. 21823-6 Clothbd. $40.00

HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES, Jacob A. Riis. Journalistic record of filth, degradation, upward drive in New York immigrant slums, shops, around 1900. New edition includes 100 original Riis photos, monuments of early photography. 233pp. 10 x 7⅞. 22012-5 Pa. $7.00

NEW YORK IN THE THIRTIES, Berenice Abbott. Noted photographer’s fascinating study of city shows new buildings that have become famous and old sights that have disappeared forever. Insightful commentary. 97 photographs. 97pp. 11⅜ x 10. 22967-X Pa. $5.00

MEN AT WORK, Lewis W. Hine. Famous photographic studies of construction workers, railroad men, factory workers and coal miners. New supplement of 18 photos on Empire State building construction. New introduction by Jonathan L. Doherty. Total of 69 photos. 63pp. 8 x 10¾. 23475-4 Pa. $3.00

THE DEPRESSION YEARS AS PHOTOGRAPHED BY ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN, Arthur Rothstein. First collection devoted entirely to the work of outstanding 1930s photographer: famous dust storm photo, ragged children, unemployed, etc. 120 photographs. Captions. 119pp. 9¼ x 10¾. 23590-4 Pa. $5.00

CAMERA WORK: A PICTORIAL GUIDE, Alfred Stieglitz. All 559 illustrations and plates from the most important periodical in the history of art photography, Camera Work (1903-17). Presented four to a page, reduced in size but still clear, in strict chronological order, with complete captions. Three indexes. Glossary. Bibliography. 176pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23591-2 Pa. $6.95

ALVIN LANGDON COBURN, PHOTOGRAPHER, Alvin L. Coburn. Revealing autobiography by one of greatest photographers of 20th century gives insider’s version of Photo-Secession, plus comments on his own work. 77 photographs by Coburn. Edited by Helmut and Alison Gernsheim. 160pp. 8⅛ x 11. 23685-4 Pa. $6.00

NEW YORK IN THE FORTIES, Andreas Feininger. 162 brilliant photographs by the well-known photographer, formerly with Life magazine, show commuters, shoppers, Times Square at night, Harlem nightclub, Lower East Side, etc. Introduction and full captions by John von Hartz. 181pp. 9¼ x 10¾. 23585-8 Pa. $6.95

GREAT NEWS PHOTOS AND THE STORIES BEHIND THEM, John Faber. Dramatic volume of 140 great news photos, 1855 through 1976, and revealing stories behind them, with both historical and technical information. Hindenburg disaster, shooting of Oswald, nomination of Jimmy Carter, etc. 160pp. 8¼ x 11. 23667-6 Pa. $5.00

THE ART OF THE CINEMATOGRAPHER, Leonard Martin. Survey of American cinematography history and anecdotal interviews with 5 masters--Arthur Miller, Hal Mohr, Hal Rosson, Lucien Ballard, and Conrad Hall. Very large selection of behind-the-scenes production photos. 105 photographs. Filmographies. Index. Originally Behind the Camera. 144pp. 8¼ x 11. 23686-2 Pa. $5.00

DESIGNS FOR THE THREE-CORNERED HAT (LE TRICORNE), Pablo Picasso. 32 fabulously rare drawings--including 31 color illustrations of costumes and accessories--for 1919 production of famous ballet. Edited by Parmenia Migel, who has written new introduction. 48pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23709-5 Pa. $5.00

NOTES OF A FILM DIRECTOR, Sergei Eisenstein. Greatest Russian filmmaker explains montage, making of Alexander Nevsky, aesthetics; comments on self, associates, great rivals (Chaplin), similar material. 78 illustrations. 240pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22392-2 Pa. $4.50

DRAWINGS OF WILLIAM BLAKE, William Blake. 92 plates from Book of Job, Divine Comedy, Paradise Lost, visionary heads, mythological figures, Laocoon, etc. Selection, introduction, commentary by Sir Geoffrey Keynes. 178pp. 8⅛ x 11. 22303-5 Pa. $4.00

ENGRAVINGS OF HOGARTH, William Hogarth. 101 of Hogarth’s greatest works: Rake’s Progress, Harlot’s Progress, Illustrations for Hudibras, Before and After, Beer Street and Gin Lane, many more. Full commentary. 256pp. 11 x 13¾. 22479-1 Pa. $12.95

DAUMIER: 120 GREAT LITHOGRAPHS, Honore Daumier. Wide-ranging collection of lithographs by the greatest caricaturist of the 19th century. Concentrates on eternally popular series on lawyers, on married life, on liberated women, etc. Selection, introduction, and notes on plates by Charles F. Ramus. Total of 158pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23512-2 Pa. $6.00

DRAWINGS OF MUCHA, Alphonse Maria Mucha. Work reveals draftsman of highest caliber: studies for famous posters and paintings, renderings for book illustrations and ads, etc. 70 works, 9 in color; including 6 items not drawings. Introduction. List of illustrations. 72pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. (Available in U.S. only) 23672-2 Pa. $4.00

GIOVANNI BATTISTA PIRANESI: DRAWINGS IN THE PIERPONT MORGAN LIBRARY, Giovanni Battista Piranesi. For first time ever all of Morgan Library’s collection, world’s largest. 167 illustrations of rare Piranesi drawings--archeological, architectural, decorative and visionary. Essay, detailed list of drawings, chronology, captions. Edited by Felice Stampfle. 144pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23714-1 Pa. $7.50

NEW YORK ETCHINGS (1905-1949), John Sloan. All of important American artist’s N.Y. life etchings. 67 works include some of his best art; also lively historical record--Greenwich Village, tenement scenes. Edited by Sloan’s widow. Introduction and captions. 79pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23651-X Pa. $4.00

CHINESE PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY: A PICTORIAL SURVEY, Wan-go Weng. 69 fine examples from John M. Crawford’s matchless private collection: landscapes, birds, flowers, human figures, etc., plus calligraphy. Every basic form included: hanging scrolls, handscrolls, album leaves, fans, etc. 109 illustrations. Introduction. Captions. 192pp. 8⅞ x 11¾. 23707-9 Pa. $7.95

DRAWINGS OF REMBRANDT, edited by Seymour Slive. Updated Lippmann, Hofstede de Groot edition, with definitive scholarly apparatus. All portraits, biblical sketches, landscapes, nudes, Oriental figures, classical studies, together with selection of work by followers. 550 illustrations. Total of 630pp. 9⅛ x 12¼. 21485-0, 21486-9 Pa., Two-vol. set $15.00

THE DISASTERS OF WAR, Francisco Goya. 83 etchings record horrors of Napoleonic wars in Spain and war in general. Reprint of 1st edition, plus 3 additional plates. Introduction by Philip Hofer. 97pp. 9⅜ x 8¼. 21872-4 Pa. $4.00

THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE, George Stubbs. Often considered the great masterpiece of animal anatomy. Full reproduction of 1766 edition, plus prospectus; original text and modernized text. 36 plates. Introduction by Eleanor Garvey. 121pp. 11 x 14¾. 23402-9 Pa. $6.00

BRIDGMAN’S LIFE DRAWING, George B. Bridgman. More than 500 illustrative drawings and text teach you to abstract the body into its major masses, use light and shade, proportion; as well as specific areas of anatomy, of which Bridgman is master. 192pp. 6½ x 9¼. (Available in U.S. only) 22710-3 Pa. $3.50

ART NOUVEAU DESIGNS IN COLOR, Alphonse Mucha, Maurice Verneuil, Georges Auriol. Full-color reproduction of Combinaisons ornementales (c. 1900) by Art Nouveau masters. Floral, animal, geometric, interlacings, swashes--borders, frames, spots--all incredibly beautiful. 60 plates, hundreds of designs. 9⅜ x 8-1/16. 22885-1 Pa. $4.00

FULL-COLOR FLORAL DESIGNS IN THE ART NOUVEAU STYLE, E. A. Seguy. 166 motifs, on 40 plates, from Les fleurs et leurs applications decoratives (1902): borders, circular designs, repeats, allovers, “spots.” All in authentic Art Nouveau colors. 48pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23439-8 Pa. $5.00

A DIDEROT PICTORIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TRADES AND INDUSTRY, edited by Charles C. Gillispie. 485 most interesting plates from the great French Encyclopedia of the 18th century show hundreds of working figures, artifacts, process, land and cityscapes; glassmaking, papermaking, metal extraction, construction, weaving, making furniture, clothing, wigs, dozens of other activities. Plates fully explained. 920pp. 9 x 12. 22284-5, 22285-3 Clothbd., Two-vol. set $40.00

HANDBOOK OF EARLY ADVERTISING ART, Clarence P. Hornung. Largest collection of copyright-free early and antique advertising art ever compiled. Over 6,000 illustrations, from Franklin’s time to the 1890’s for special effects, novelty. Valuable source, almost inexhaustible. Pictorial Volume. Agriculture, the zodiac, animals, autos, birds, Christmas, fire engines, flowers, trees, musical instruments, ships, games and sports, much more. Arranged by subject matter and use. 237 plates. 288pp. 9 x 12. 20122-8 Clothbd. $14.50

Typographical Volume. Roman and Gothic faces ranging from 10 point to 300 point, “Barnum,” German and Old English faces, script, logotypes, scrolls and flourishes, 1115 ornamental initials, 67 complete alphabets, more. 310 plates. 320pp. 9 x 12. 20123-6 Clothbd. $15.00

CALLIGRAPHY (CALLIGRAPHIA LATINA), J. G. Schwandner. High point of 18th-century ornamental calligraphy. Very ornate initials, scrolls, borders, cherubs, birds, lettered examples. 172pp. 9 x 13. 20475-8 Pa. $7.00

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF DOLL MAKING AND COLLECTING, Catherine Christopher. Instructions, patterns for dozens of dolls, from rag doll on up to elaborate, historically accurate figures. Mould faces, sew clothing, make doll houses, etc. Also collecting information. Many illustrations. 288pp. 6 x 9. 22066-4 Pa. $4.50

THE DAGUERREOTYPE IN AMERICA, Beaumont Newhall. Wonderful portraits, 1850’s townscapes, landscapes; full text plus 104 photographs. The basic book. Enlarged 1976 edition. 272pp. 8¼ x 11¼. 23322-7 Pa. $7.95

CRAFTSMAN HOMES, Gustav Stickley. 296 architectural drawings, floor plans, and photographs illustrate 40 different kinds of “Mission-style” homes from The Craftsman (1901-16), voice of American style of simplicity and organic harmony. Thorough coverage of Craftsman idea in text and picture, now collector’s item. 224pp. 8⅛ x 11. 23791-5 Pa. $6.00

PEWTER-WORKING: INSTRUCTIONS AND PROJECTS, Burl N. Osborn. & Gordon O. Wilber. Introduction to pewter-working for amateur craftsman. History and characteristics of pewter; tools, materials, step-by-step instructions. Photos, line drawings, diagrams. Total of 160pp. 7⅞ x 10¾. 23786-9 Pa. $3.50

THE GREAT CHICAGO FIRE, edited by David Lowe. 10 dramatic, eyewitness accounts of the 1871 disaster, including one of the aftermath and rebuilding, plus 70 contemporary photographs and illustrations of the ruins--courthouse, Palmer House, Great Central Depot, etc. Introduction by David Lowe. 87pp. 8¼ x 11. 23771-0 Pa. $4.00

SILHOUETTES: A PICTORIAL ARCHIVE OF VARIED ILLUSTRATIONS, edited by Carol Belanger Grafton. Over 600 silhouettes from the 18th to 20th centuries include profiles and full figures of men and women, children, birds and animals, groups and scenes, nature, ships, an alphabet. Dozens of uses for commercial artists and craftspeople. 144pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23781-8 Pa. $4.50

ANIMALS: 1,419 COPYRIGHT-FREE ILLUSTRATIONS OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, FISH, INSECTS, ETC., edited by Jim Harter. Clear wood engravings present, in extremely lifelike poses, over 1,000 species of animals. One of the most extensive copyright-free pictorial sourcebooks of its kind. Captions. Index. 284pp. 9 x 12. 23766-4 Pa. $8.95

INDIAN DESIGNS FROM ANCIENT ECUADOR, Frederick W. Shaffer. 282 original designs by pre-Columbian Indians of Ecuador (500-1500 A.D.). Designs include people, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, plants, heads, geometric designs. Use as is or alter for advertising, textiles, leathercraft, etc. Introduction. 95pp. 8¾ x 11¼. 23764-8 Pa. $3.50

SZIGETI ON THE VIOLIN, Joseph Szigeti. Genial, loosely structured tour by premier violinist, featuring a pleasant mixture of reminiscences, insights into great music and musicians, innumerable tips for practicing violinists. 385 musical passages. 256pp. 5⅝ x 8¼. 23763-X Pa. $4.00

SECOND PIATIGORSKY CUP, edited by Isaac Kashdan. One of the greatest tournament books ever produced in the English language. All 90 games of the 1966 tournament, annotated by players, most annotated by both players. Features Petrosian, Spassky, Fischer, Larsen, six others. 228pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23572-6 Pa. $3.50

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CARD TRICKS, revised and edited by Jean Hugard. How to perform over 600 card tricks, devised by the world’s greatest magicians: impromptus, spelling tricks, key cards, using special packs, much, much more. Additional chapter on card technique. 66 illustrations. 402pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 21252-1 Pa. $4.95

MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS, SPECIAL EFFECTS AND TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY, Albert A. Hopkins, Henry R. Evans. One of the great classics; fullest, most authoratative explanation of vanishing lady, levitations, scores of other great stage effects. Also small magic, automata, stunts. 446 illustrations. 556pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23344-8 Pa. $6.95

THE SECRETS OF HOUDINI, J. C. Cannell. Classic study of Houdini’s incredible magic, exposing closely-kept professional secrets and revealing, in general terms, the whole art of stage magic. 67 illustrations. 279pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22913-0 Pa. $4.00

HOFFMANN’S MODERN MAGIC, Professor Hoffmann. One of the best, and best-known, magicians’ manuals of the past century. Hundreds of tricks from card tricks and simple sleight of hand to elaborate illusions involving construction of complicated machinery. 332 illustrations. 563pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23623-4 Pa. $6.00

MADAME PRUNIER’S FISH COOKERY BOOK, Mme. S. B. Prunier. More than 1000 recipes from world famous Prunier’s of Paris and London, specially adapted here for American kitchen. Grilled tournedos with anchovy butter, Lobster a la Bordelaise, Prunier’s prized desserts, more. Glossary. 340pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 22679-4 Pa. $3.00

FRENCH COUNTRY COOKING FOR AMERICANS, Louis Diat. 500 easy-to-make, authentic provincial recipes compiled by former head chef at New York’s Fitz-Carlton Hotel: onion soup, lamb stew, potato pie, more. 309pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23665-X Pa. $3.95

SAUCES, FRENCH AND FAMOUS, Louis Diat. Complete book gives over 200 specific recipes: bechamel, Bordelaise, hollandaise, Cumberland, apricot, etc. Author was one of this century’s finest chefs, originator of vichyssoise and many other dishes. Index. 156pp. 5⅜ x 8. 23663-3 Pa. $2.75

TOLL HOUSE TRIED AND TRUE RECIPES, Ruth Graves Wakefield. Authentic recipes from the famous Mass. restaurant: popovers, veal and ham loaf, Toll House baked beans, chocolate cake crumb pudding, much more. Many helpful hints. Nearly 700 recipes. Index. 376pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23560-2 Pa. $4.50

A MAYA GRAMMAR, Alfred M. Tozzer. Practical, useful English-language grammar by the Harvard anthropologist who was one of the three greatest American scholars in the area of Maya culture. Phonetics, grammatical processes, syntax, more. 301pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23465-7 Pa. $4.00

THE JOURNAL OF HENRY D. THOREAU, edited by Bradford Torrey, F. H. Allen. Complete reprinting of 14 volumes, 1837-61, over two million words; the sourcebooks for Walden, etc. Definitive. All original sketches, plus 75 photographs. Introduction by Walter Harding. Total of 1804pp. 8½ x 12¼. 20312-3, 20313-1 Clothbd., Two-vol. set $70.00

CLASSIC GHOST STORIES, Charles Dickens and others. 18 wonderful stories you’ve wanted to reread: “The Monkey’s Paw,” “The House and the Brain,” “The Upper Berth,” “The Signalman,” “Dracula’s Guest,” “The Tapestried Chamber,” etc. Dickens, Scott, Mary Shelley, Stoker, etc. 330pp 5⅜ x 8½. 20735-8 Pa. $4.50

SEVEN SCIENCE FICTION NOVELS, H. G. Wells. Full novels. First Men in the Moon, Island of Dr. Moreau, War of the Worlds, Food of the Gods, Invisible Man, Time Machine, In the Days of the Comet. A basic science-fiction library. 1015pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 20264-X Clothbd. $8.95

ARMADALE, Wilkie Collins. Third great mystery novel by the author of The Woman in White and The Moonstone. Ingeniously plotted narrative shows an exceptional command of character, incident and mood. Original magazine version with 40 illustrations. 597pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23429-0 Pa. $6.00

MASTERS OF MYSTERY, H. Douglas Thomson. The first book in English (1931) devoted to history and aesthetics of detective story. Poe, Doyle, LeFanu, Dickens, many others, up to 1930. New introduction and notes by E. F. Bleiler. 288pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 23606-4 Pa. $4.00

FLATLAND, E. A. Abbott. Science-fiction classic explores life of 2-D being in 3-D world. Read also as introduction to thought about hyperspace. Introduction by Banesh Hoffmann. 16 illustrations. 103pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20001-9 Pa. $2.00

THREE SUPERNATURAL NOVELS OF THE VICTORIAN PERIOD, edited, with an introduction, by E. F. Bleiler. Reprinted complete and unabridged, three great classics of the supernatural: The Haunted Hotel by Wilkie Collins, The Haunted House at Latchford by Mrs. J. H. Riddell, and The Lost Stradivarious by J. Meade Falkner. 325pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 22571-2 Pa. $4.00

AYESHA: THE RETURN OF “SHE,” H. Rider Haggard. Virtuoso sequel featuring the great mythic creation, Ayesha, in an adventure that is fully as good as the first book, She. Original magazine version, with 47 original illustrations by Maurice Greiffenhagen. 189pp. 6½ x 9¼. 23649-8 Pa. $3.50

THE AMERICAN SENATOR, Anthony Trollope. Little known, long unavailable Trollope novel on a grand scale. Here are humorous comment on American vs. English culture, and stunning portrayal of a heroine/villainess. Superb evocation of Victorian village life. 561pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23801-6 Pa. $6.00

WAS IT MURDER? James Hilton. The author of Lost Horizon and Goodbye, Mr. Chips wrote one detective novel (under a pen-name) which was quickly forgotten and virtually lost, even at the height of Hilton’s fame. This edition brings it back--a finely crafted public school puzzle resplendent with Hilton’s stylish atmosphere. A thoroughly English thriller by the creator of Shangri-la. 252pp. 5⅜ x 8. (Available in U.S. only) 23774-5 Pa. $3.00

CENTRAL PARK: A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE, Victor Laredo and Henry Hope Reed. 121 superb photographs show dramatic views of Central Park: Bethesda Fountain, Cleopatra’s Needle, Sheep Meadow, the Blockhouse, plus people engaged in many park activities: ice skating, bike riding, etc. Captions by former Curator of Central Park, Henry Hope Reed, provide historical view, changes, etc. Also photos of N.Y. landmarks on park’s periphery. 96pp. 8½ x 11. 23750-8 Pa. $4.50

NANTUCKET IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, Clay Lancaster. 180 rare photographs, stereographs, maps, drawings and floor plans recreate unique American island society. Authentic scenes of shipwreck, lighthouses, streets, homes are arranged in geographic sequence to provide walking-tour guide to old Nantucket existing today. Introduction, captions. 160pp. 8⅞ x 11¾. 23747-8 Pa. $6.95

STONE AND MAN: A PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION, Andreas Feininger. 106 photographs by Life photographer Feininger portray man’s deep passion for stone through the ages. Stonehenge-like megaliths, fortified towns, sculpted marble and crumbling tenements show textures, beauties, fascination. 128pp. 9¼ x 10¾. 23756-7 Pa. $5.95

CIRCLES, A MATHEMATICAL VIEW, D. Pedoe. Fundamental aspects of college geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, and other branches of mathematics: representing circle by point. Poincare model, isoperimetric property, etc. Stimulating recreational reading. 66 figures. 96pp. 5⅝ x 8¼. 63698-4 Pa. $2.75

THE DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE, Morton Grosser. Dramatic scientific history of the investigations leading up to the actual discovery of the eighth planet of our solar system. Lucid, well-researched book by well-known historian of science. 172pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23726-5 Pa. $3.50

THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY. Ambrose Bierce. Barbed, bitter, brilliant witticisms in the form of a dictionary. Best, most ferocious satire America has produced. 145pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20487-1 Pa. $2.25

HOLLYWOOD GLAMOUR PORTRAITS, edited by John Kobal. 145 photos capture the stars from 1926-49, the high point in portrait photography. Gable, Harlow, Bogart, Bacall, Hedy Lamarr, Marlene Dietrich, Robert Montgomery, Marlon Brando, Veronica Lake; 94 stars in all. Full background on photographers, technical aspects, much more. Total of 160pp. 8¾ x 11¼. 23352-9 Pa. $6.00

THE NEW YORK STAGE: FAMOUS PRODUCTIONS IN PHOTOGRAPHS, edited by Stanley Appelbaum. 148 photographs from Museum of City of New York show 142 plays, 1883-1939. Peter Pan, The Front Page, Dead End, Our Town, O’Neill, hundreds of actors and actresses, etc. Full indexes. 154pp. 9½ x 10. 23241-7 Pa. $6.00

DIALOGUES CONCERNING TWO NEW SCIENCES, Galileo Galilei. Encompassing 30 years of experiment and thought, these dialogues deal with geometric demonstrations of fracture of solid bodies, cohesion, leverage, speed of light and sound, pendulums, falling bodies, accelerated motion, etc. 300pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 60099-8 Pa. $4.00

THE GREAT OPERA STARS IN HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS, edited by James Camner. 343 portraits from the 1850s to the 1940s: Tamburini, Mario, Caliapin, Jeritza, Melchior, Melba, Patti, Pinza, Schipa, Caruso, Farrar, Steber, Gobbi, and many more--270 performers in all. Index. 199pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23575-0 Pa. $7.50

J. S. BACH, Albert Schweitzer. Great full-length study of Bach, life, background to music, music, by foremost modern scholar. Ernest Newman translation. 650 musical examples. Total of 928pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 21631-4, 21632-2 Pa., Two-vol. set $11.00

COMPLETE PIANO SONATAS, Ludwig van Beethoven. All sonatas in the fine Schenker edition, with fingering, analytical material. One of best modern editions. Total of 615pp. 9 x 12. (Available in U.S. only) 23134-8, 23135-6 Pa., Two-vol. set $15.50

KEYBOARD MUSIC, J. S. Bach. Bach-Gesellschaft edition. For harpsichord, piano, other keyboard instruments. English Suites, French Suites, Six Partitas, Goldberg Variations, Two-Part Inventions, Three-Part Sinfonias. 312pp. 8⅛ x 11. (Available in U.S. only) 22360-4 Pa. $6.95

FOUR SYMPHONIES IN FULL SCORE, Franz Schubert. Schubert’s four most popular symphonies: No. 4 in C Minor (“Tragic”); No. 5 in B-flat Major; No. 8 in B Minor (“Unfinished”); No. 9 in C Major (“Great”). Breitkopf & Hartel edition. Study score. 261pp. 9⅜ x 12¼. 23681-1 Pa. $6.50

THE AUTHENTIC GILBERT & SULLIVAN SONGBOOK, W. S. Gilbert, A. S. Sullivan. Largest selection available; 92 songs, uncut, original keys, in piano rendering approved by Sullivan. Favorites and lesser-known fine numbers. Edited with plot synopses by James Spero. 3 illustrations. 399pp. 9 x 12. 23482-7 Pa. $9.95

HOUSEHOLD STORIES BY THE BROTHERS GRIMM. All the great Grimm stories: “Rumpelstiltskin,” “Snow White,” “Hansel and Gretel,” etc., with 114 illustrations by Walter Crane. 269pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 21080-4 Pa. $3.50

SLEEPING BEAUTY, illustrated by Arthur Rackham. Perhaps the fullest, most delightful version ever, told by C. S. Evans. Rackham’s best work. 49 illustrations. 110pp. 7⅞ x 10¾. 22756-1 Pa. $2.50

AMERICAN FAIRY TALES, L. Frank Baum. Young cowboy lassoes Father Time; dummy in Mr. Floman’s department store window comes to life; and 10 other fairy tales. 41 illustrations by N. P. Hall, Harry Kennedy, Ike Morgan, and Ralph Gardner. 209pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23643-9 Pa. $3.00

THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ, L. Frank Baum. Facsimile in full color of America’s finest children’s classic. Introduction by Martin Gardner. 143 illustrations by W. W. Denslow. 267pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20691-2 Pa. $3.50

THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT, Beatrix Potter. The inimitable Peter’s terrifying adventure in Mr. McGregor’s garden, with all 27 wonderful, full-color Potter illustrations. 55pp. 4¼ x 5½. (Available in U.S. only) 22827-4 Pa. $1.25

THE STORY OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS KNIGHTS, Howard Pyle. Finest children’s version of life of King Arthur. 48 illustrations by Pyle. 131pp. 6⅛ x 9¼. 21445-1 Pa. $4.95

CARUSO’S CARICATURES, Enrico Caruso. Great tenor’s remarkable caricatures of self, fellow musicians, composers, others. Toscanini, Puccini, Farrar, etc. Impish, cutting, insightful. 473 illustrations. Preface by M. Sisca. 217pp. 8⅜ x 11¼. 23528-9 Pa. $6.95

PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF A PILGRIMAGE TO ALMADINAH AND MECCAH, Richard Burton. Great travel classic by remarkably colorful personality. Burton, disguised as a Moroccan, visited sacred shrines of Islam, narrowly escaping death. Wonderful observations of Islamic life, customs, personalities. 47 illustrations. Total of 959pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 21217-3, 21218-1 Pa., Two-vol. set $12.00

INCIDENTS OF TRAVEL IN YUCATAN, John L. Stephens. Classic (1843) exploration of jungles of Yucatan, looking for evidences of Maya civilization. Travel adventures, Mexican and Indian culture, etc. Total of 669pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 20926-1, 20927-X Pa., Two-vol. set $7.90

AMERICAN LITERARY AUTOGRAPHS FROM WASHINGTON IRVING TO HENRY JAMES, Herbert Cahoon, et al. Letters, poems, manuscripts of Hawthorne, Thoreau, Twain, Alcott, Whitman, 67 other prominent American authors. Reproductions, full transcripts and commentary. Plus checklist of all American Literary Autographs in The Pierpont Morgan Library. Printed on exceptionally high-quality paper. 136 illustrations. 212pp. 9⅛ x 12¼. 23548-3 Pa. $12.50

THE EARLY WORK OF AUBREY BEARDSLEY, Aubrey Beardsley. 157 plates, 2 in color: Manon Lescaut, Madame Bovary, Morte Darthur, Salome, other. Introduction by H. Marillier. 182pp. 8⅛ × 11. 21816-3 Pa. $4.50

THE LATER WORK OF AUBREY BEARDSLEY, Aubrey Beardsley. Exotic masterpieces of full maturity: Venus and Tannhauser, Lysistrata, Rape of the Lock, Volpone, Savoy material, etc. 174 plates, 2 in color. 186pp. 8⅛ × 11. 21817-1 Pa. $5.95

THOMAS NAST’S CHRISTMAS DRAWINGS, Thomas Nast. Almost all Christmas drawings by creator of image of Santa Claus as we know it, and one of America’s foremost illustrators and political cartoonists. 66 illustrations. 3 illustrations in color on covers. 96pp. 8⅜ × 11¼. 23660-9 Pa. $3.50

THE DORÉ ILLUSTRATIONS FOR DANTE’S DIVINE COMEDY, Gustave Doré. All 135 plates from Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise; fantastic tortures, infernal landscapes, celestial wonders. Each plate with appropriate (translated) verses. 141pp. 9 × 12. 23231-X Pa. $4.50

DORÉ’S ILLUSTRATIONS FOR RABELAIS, Gustave Doré. 252 striking illustrations of Gargantua and Pantagruel books by foremost 19th-century illustrator. Including 60 plates, 192 delightful smaller illustrations. 153pp. 9 × 12. 23656-0 Pa. $5.00

LONDON: A PILGRIMAGE, Gustave Doré, Blanchard Jerrold. Squalor, riches, misery, beauty of mid-Victorian metropolis; 55 wonderful plates, 125 other illustrations, full social, cultural text by Jerrold. 191pp. of text. 9⅜ × 12¼. 22306-X Pa. $7.00

THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER, Gustave Doré, S. T. Coleridge. Doré’s finest work, 34 plates capture moods, subtleties of poem. Full text. Introduction by Millicent Rose. 77pp. 9¼ × 12. 22305-1 Pa. $3.50

THE DORÉ BIBLE ILLUSTRATIONS, Gustave Doré. All wonderful, detailed plates: Adam and Eve, Flood, Babylon, Life of Jesus, etc. Brief King James text with each plate. Introduction by Millicent Rose. 241 plates. 241pp. 9 × 12. 23004-X Pa. $6.00

THE COMPLETE ENGRAVINGS, ETCHINGS AND DRYPOINTS OF ALBRECHT DÜRER. “Knight, Death and Devil”; “Melencolia,” and more--all Dürer’s known works in all three media, including 6 works formerly attributed to him. 120 plates. 235pp. 8⅜ × 11¼. 22851-7 Pa. $6.50

MECHANICK EXERCISES ON THE WHOLE ART OF PRINTING, Joseph Moxon. First complete book (1683-4) ever written about typography, a compendium of everything known about printing at the latter part of 17th century. Reprint of 2nd (1962) Oxford Univ. Press edition. 74 illustrations. Total of 550pp. 6⅛ × 9¼. 23617-X Pa. $7.95

GEOMETRY, RELATIVITY AND THE FOURTH DIMENSION, Rudolf Rucker. Exposition of fourth dimension, means of visualization, concepts of relativity as Flatland characters continue adventures. Popular, easily followed yet accurate, profound. 141 illustrations. 133pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 23400-2 Pa.$2.75

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE, A. I. Oparin. Modern classic in biochemistry, the first rigorous examination of possible evolution of life from nitrocarbon compounds. Non-technical, easily followed. Total of 295pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 60213-3 Pa. $4.00

PLANETS, STARS AND GALAXIES, A. E. Fanning. Comprehensive introductory survey: the sun, solar system, stars, galaxies, universe, cosmology; quasars, radio stars, etc. 24pp. of photographs. 189pp. 5⅜ x 8½. (Available in U.S. only) 21680-2 Pa. $3.75

THE THIRTEEN BOOKS OF EUCLID’S ELEMENTS, translated with introduction and commentary by Sir Thomas L. Heath. Definitive edition. Textual and linguistic notes, mathematical analysis, 2500 years of critical commentary. Do not confuse with abridged school editions. Total of 1414pp. 5⅜ x 8½. 60088-2, 60089-0, 60090-4 Pa., Three-vol. set $18.50

Prices subject to change without notice.

Available at your book dealer or write for free catalogue to Dept. GI, Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East Second Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501. Dover publishes more than 175 books each year on science, elementary and advanced mathematics, biology, music, art, literary history, social sciences and other areas.

DOVER BOOKS ON BIRDS

AUDUBON’S BIRDS OF AMERICA COLORING BOOK, John James Audubon. (23049-X) $2.00

BIRD STUDY, Andrew J. Berger. (22699-9) $5.50

BIRD SONG AND BIRD BEHAVIOR, Donald J. Borror. (22779-0) Record and manual $4.95

COMMON BIRD SONGS, Donald J. Borror. (21829-5) Record and manual $4.95

SONGS OF EASTERN BIRDS, Donald J. Borror. (22378-7) Record and album $4.95

SONGS OF WESTERN BIRDS, Donald J. Borror. (22765-0) Record and album $4.95

BIRD OF THE NEW YORK AREA, John Bull. (23222-0) $7.50

WHAT BIRD IS THIS?, Henry H. Collins, Jr. (21490-7) $2.50

HAWKS, OWLS AND WILDLIFE, John J. Craighead and Frank C. Craighead, Jr. (22123-7) $7.00

CRUICKSHANK’S PHOTOGRAPHS OF BIRDS OF AMERICA, Allan D. Cruickshank. (23497-5) $7.95

1001 QUESTIONS ANSWERED ABOUT BIRDS, Allan Cruickshank and Helen Cruickshank. (23315-4) $4.00

EXTINCT AND VANISHING BIRDS OF THE WORLD, James C. Greenway, Jr. (21869-4) $6.95

BIRD MIGRATION, Donald R. Griffin. (20529-0) $3.50

A GUIDE TO BIRD WATCHING, Joseph J. Hickey. (21596-2) $4.95

Paperbound unless otherwise indicated. Prices subject to change without notice. Available at your book dealer or write for free catalogues to Dept. Nature, Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick Street, New York, N.Y. 10014. Please indicate field of interest. Each year Dover publishes over 200 books on fine art, music, crafts and needlework, antiques, languages, literature, children’s books, chess, cookery, nature, anthropology, science, mathematics, and other areas.

Manufactured in the U.S.A.

LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WOODPECKERS

ARTHUR CLEVELAND BENT

The all-encompassing series on North American birds prepared by Arthur Cleveland Bent forms the most complete, most comprehensive, most-used single source of information in existence on the subject. Bent was one of America’s greatest ornithologists. His historic studies, published originally under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, are now all being reprinted by Dover Publications. These works rank as classics of our time. No ornithologist, conservationist, amateur naturalist or birdwatcher should be without them.

In this volume the reader will find an encyclopedic collection of information about 64 kinds of woodpecker (hairy, downy, pileated, red-headed, cactus, Nuttall’s, white-headed, three-toed, etc.), sapsucker, and flicker. Not a group of generalized descriptions, but a compilation of detailed, specific observations of individual birds and flocks throughout the country, it describes in readable language and copious detail the nesting habits, eggs, young, plumage, food, range, behavior, field marks, voice, enemies, winter habits, distribution, courtship procedures, molting information, migratory habits--whatever you want to know about these birds.

Completely modern in approach, the study was made with the full recognition of the difficulties inherent in the observation and interpretation of wild life behavior. For that reason, the author utilized not only the reports of hundreds of contemporary observers all over the country, but also the writings of America’s great naturalists of the past--Audubon, Burroughs, William Brewster. The complete textual coverage is supplemented by 39 full-page black-and-white plates, containing 74 photographs of adults and young, nesting sites, the feeding of nestlings, eggs, woodpecker damage to trees, and the like.

Unabridged republication of 1st edition. Index. Bibliography. 39 plates, xii + 334pp of text. 5⅜ × 8½. Paperbound

=A DOVER EDITION DESIGNED FOR YEARS OF USE!=

We have made every effort to make this the best book possible. Our paper is opaque, with minimal show-through; it will not discolor or become brittle with age. Pages are sewn in signatures, in the method traditionally used for the best books, and will not drop out, as often happens with paperbacks held together with glue. Books open flat for easy reference. The binding will not crack or split. This is a permanent book.

ISBN 0-486-21083-9 =$7.95 in U.S.A.=

Transcriber’s Note:

Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged, as were obsolete and alternative spellings. Eleven misspelled words were corrected.

Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, like this. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=. One footnote was moved to the end of the chapter. Obvious printing errors, such as partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.

In the List of Literature Cited, entry for Burtch, Verdi, the page number was changed from “340-241” to “340-341.”