CHAPTER VI. Bionomics

BIONOMICS

A. GROWTH AND DURATION OF LICHENS 252

B. SEASON OF FRUIT FORMATION 255

C. DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 256 a. Dispersal of crustaceous lichens b. Dispersal of foliose lichens c. Dispersal of fruticose lichens

D. ERRATIC LICHENS 258

E. PARASITISM 260 a. General statement b. Antagonistic symbiosis c. Parasymbiosis d. Parasymbiosis of fungi e. Fungi parasitic on lichens f. Mycetozoa parasitic on lichens

F. DISEASES OF LICHENS 268 a. Caused by parasitism b. Caused by crowding c. Caused by adverse conditions

G. HARMFUL EFFECT OF LICHENS 269

H. GALL-FORMATION 270