CHAPTER IV. Reproduction

REPRODUCTION

I. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES

A. HISTORICAL SURVEY 155

B. FORMS OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 156 a. Apothecia b. Perithecia

C. DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159

1. DISCOLICHENS

a. Carpogonia of gelatinous lichens b. Carpogonia of non-gelatinous lichens c. General summary d. Hypothecium and paraphyses e. Variations in apothecial development aa. Parmeliae bb. Pertusariae cc. Graphideae dd. Cladoniae

2. PYRENOLICHENS

a. Development of the perithecium b. Formation of carpogonia

D. APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 174

E. DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 177 a. The Trichogyne b. The Ascogonium

F. FINAL STAGES OF APOTHECIAL DEVELOPMENT 181 a. Open or closed apothecia b. Emergence of ascocarp

G. LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 184 a. Historical b. Development of the ascus c. Development of the spores d. Spore germination e. Multinucleate spores f. Polaribilocular spores

II. SECONDARY SPORES

A. REPRODUCTION BY OIDIA 189

B. REPRODUCTION BY CONIDIA 190 a. Rare instances of conidial formation b. Comparison with Hyphomycetes

C. CAMPYLIDIUM AND ORTHIDIUM 191

III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA

A. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SPERMOGONIA 192

B. SPERMOGONIA AS MALE ORGANS 193

C. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION 193 a. Relation to thallus and apothecia b. Form and size c. Colour

D. STRUCTURE 196 a. Origin and growth b. Form and types of spermatiophores c. Periphyses and sterile filaments

E. SPERMATIA OR PYCNIDIOSPORES 201 a. Origin and form b. Size and structure c. Germination d. Variation in pycnidia

F. PYCNIDIA WITH MACROSPORES 204

G. GENERAL SURVEY 205 a. Sexual or asexual b. Comparison with fungi c. Influence of symbiosis d. Value in diagnosis