CHAPTER IV.. Tables of Classes, Phratries, Etc.

TABLES OF CLASSES, PHRATRIES, ETC.

In order to facilitate reference and to diminish the necessity for footnotes a survey of classes and phratries is here given. It will be well to explain how they are arranged.

In the two-phratry system the rule of intermarriage is clear; a man of phratry A marries a woman of phratry B and vice versa. The direct descent of the kinship name is obviously the rule.

The four classes are arranged according to the phratries; the normal rule is that a man A1 marries B1, A2 marries B2; their children are in matrilineal tribes A2 and B2, in patrilineal B2 and A2. In the patrilineal Mara and Anula, by exception, the rule of descent is direct; it will be remembered that a dichotomy of the classes prevails, so that they really belong to the eight-class system.

In the eight-class system and among the nominally four-class southern Arunta the intermarriage and descent is as follows, according to Spencer and Gillen;

A1 B1 ------ = A4, ------ = B3, B1 A1

A2 B2 ------ = A3, ------ = B4, B2 A2

A3 B3 ------ = A2, ------ = B1, B3 A3

A4 B4 ------ = B4, ------ = B2. B4 A4

In each case the male is the numerator, the woman the denominator, and the = shows the child.

Tribes with conterminous territories usually know what phratries and classes are equivalent in their systems. In the tables which follow the phratries and the classes of matrilineal tribes are arranged to show this correspondence so far as it is known. A * shows that no information on the point is to hand. A rearrangement of patrilineal classes is necessary to make them equivalent to the organisations of matrilineal tribes; this cannot be shown in the tables; but full details will be found in the works of Spencer and Gillen. A † indicates patrilineal descent.

Where the names of phratries and classes are translated, the meanings are shown in the tables; where the authorities do not give the translation but a word of the same form is in use in the tribe or group of tribes the meanings are given in round brackets; words in use in neighbouring tribes are put in square brackets.

TABLE I.

The Class Names.

Class names Feminine Meaning I. Muri (Bya) Matha (Red kangaroo) Kubi Kubitha (Opossum) Kumbo (Wōmbee) Butha Ipai Ipatha (Eaglehawk)

These class names are found in the following tribes:

Kamilaroi (Howitt, p. 107); Wiradjeri (ib. 107); Wonghi (ib. 108); Euahlayi (Mrs L. Parker, Euahlayi Tribe, p. 13); Ngeumba (Mathews in Eth. Notes, p. 5); Murawari (id. in Proc. R.G.S. Qu., 1906, 55); Moree (R.G.S. Qu. X, 20); Turribul (R.S. Vict. I, 102); Wollaroi (Howitt, 109); on Narran R. (Curr, I, 117); Pikumbul (ib.); Unghi (Howitt, 217); Peechera (Curr, III, 271); Wailwun (ib. I, 116); Wonnaruah (Sci. Man, I, 180); Geawegal (Howitt, 266).

Associated with these class names are the following phratry names:

(a) Kamilaroi, etc. Dilbi Kupathin (b) Wiradjeri to N. of Budthurung Mukula Lachlan (c) Wonghibon Ngielbumurra Mukumurra (Howitt) (d) " & Ngeumba {Ngumbun Ngurrawan (Mathews) {Numbun (e) Euahlayi Gwaigullean Gwaimudthen (f) Murawari Girrana Merugulli

Class names Feminine II. Kurbo Kooran Marro Kurgan Wombo Wirrikin Wirro Wongan

The proper arrangement of these names is unknown.

Tribe: Kombinegherry (J.A.I. XIII, 304; Howitt, 105).

Science of Man (IV, 8) gives:

Carribo Gooroona Maroongah Carrigan Womboongah Werrican Weiro Warganbah

For the Anaywan, Thangatty, etc., R.H. Mathews gives (J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXI, 169):

Irpoong Matyang Marroong Arrakan Imboong Irrakadena Irroong Palyang

Class name (Fem. termination, -an or -gan) Meaning III†. Parang (Moroon) (Black wallaby. Emu) Bunda [Kangaroo] Balgoin (Banjoor, (Red wallaby. Native Pandur) bear) Theirwain (Kangaroo)

Tribes: Maryborough tribes (Howitt, 117); Kabi (Curr, III, 163): Kiabara (J.A.I. XIII, 305); ? (Hodgson, 212; Mathew, Eaglehawk, 100); Wide Bay (Curr, I, 117).

For the Emon, Howitt (p. 109) gives:

Barah Bondan Bondurr Taran

With these classes are associated the phratries:

(a) The Maryborough tribes Dilbi Kupathin. and the Kiabara (b) Dippil Deeajee Karpeun

are the forms given by Mathews (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXVIII, 329).

Class names (Fem. termination, -an) Meaning IV. Karilbura Barrimundi Munal Hawk Kurpal Good water Kuialla (Koodala) Iguana

Tribes: Kuinmurbura (J.A.I. XIII, 341; Howitt, 111). The Taroombul have the form Koodala (Proc. R.S. Qu. XIII, 41).

For the Kangulu, Mathews (J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXIII, 111) gives:

Banniar Banjoor Koorpal Kearra

With these may be compared Howitt's (p. 111):

Kairawa Bunjur Bunya Jarbain (? Tarbain)

The phratries associated with these are:

Tribe (a) Kuinmurbura Witteru Yungaru (b) Kangulu Wutthuru Yungnuru

Class names Fem. termination Meaning V. Wongo Kubaru (Ubur, Obu) -an (Gidea tree) Bunburi (Anbeir, Unburri, Bunbai) Koorgilla (Urgilla)

Tribes: Ungorri (Howitt, 109); Kogai (Curr, I, 117; J.A.I. XIII, 337); Yuipera etc. (Curr, III, 45, 64; J.A.I. XIII, 302); Akulbura, Bathalibura (Howitt, 113, 141); Wakelbura (Howitt, 112); on Belyando (Curr, III, 26); Dalebura (Howitt, 113), Buntamurra (Howitt, 113, 226); Purgoma (Roth, 66); Jouon (ib. 67); Pitta-Pitta, Goa, Miorli (Roth, 56-7); Ringa-Ringa (J.A.I. XIII, 337); Mittakoodi (Roth, 56-7); Woonamurra (ib.); Yerunthully (Mathews in R.G.S. Qu. X, 30); Badieri (id. ib. 1905, 55).

With these class names are associated the phratries

(a) Kogai, Wakelbura etc. Wuthera Mallera (b) Yuipera, Bathalibura Wootaroo Yungaroo (c) Purgoma Naka Tunna (d) Jouon Chepa Junna (e) Pitta-Pitta etc., Ootaroo Pakoota Mittakoodi, Woonamura (f) Badieri Wootaroo Yungo

Aberrant forms, probably inaccurate, are given by Curr (II, 424) for Halifax Bay: Korkoro, Korkeen, Wongo, Wotero; by Lumholtz (p. 199) for the Herbert R.: Gorilla, Gorgero, Gorgorilla, Otero, by Curr (II, 468) for the Yukkaburra: Utheroo, Multheroo, Yungaroo, Goorgilla.

On the Tully R. Roth (Ethn. Bull. V, 20) found the following:

Class names VI. Karavangi Chikun Kurongon Kurkilla

With these may be compared the names given by Mathews for the Warkeman (J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXII, 109, 251):

Karpungie Cheekungie Kellungie Koopungie

On the Annan R. we find (Howitt, 118) with male descent:

Class names Meaning VII. Wandi Eaglehawk Walar Bee Jorro Bee Kutchal Saltwater Eaglehawk

With these are associated the phratries:

(a) Walar Murla

VIII. Ranya (Arenia) Rara (Arara) Loora Awunga (Arawongo)

Tribes: Wollongurma (Roth, 68); Goothanto (Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXIII, 109).

Connected with these forms are:

Class names Barry (Ahjereena) Ararey (Arrenynung) Jury [? Loory] (Perrynung) Mungilly (Mahngal) [diamond snake]

Tribes: Koogobathy (J.A.I. XIII, 303); Koonjan etc. (Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXIII, 110, XXXIV, 135). Probably Perrynung and Ahjereenya should be transposed.

Class names Feminine IX. Jimmilingo Carburungo Badingo Ngarrangungo Maringo Munjungo Youingo (Kapoodungo) Goothamungo

Tribes: Miappe (Roth, 56-7); Mycoolon (J.A.I. XIII, 302); Workoboongo (Roth, ib.).

For the Kalkadoon, Roth (ib.) gives:

Kunggilungo Patingo Toonbeungo Marinungo

With these are associated the phratries:

(a) Kalkadoon Ootaroo Mullara (b) Miappe Woodaroo Pakutta

Class names X. Murungun Mumbali Purdal Kuial

Tribe: Mara (Northern Tribes, 119).

With these the phratry names:

(a) Urku Ua

In this tribe is male descent, and, as in the S. Arunta, the classes are themselves divided; for equivalence the numbers of the eight-class system are arranged (Nor. Tr. 123), 1, 4; 3, 2; 5, 7; 6, 8.

Leichardt (Journal, 447) reports from the Roper R., Gnangball, Odall, Nurumball, which from their form seem to be class names and identifiable with some of the Mara names.

Class names XI. Awukaria Roumburia Urtalia Wialia

Tribe: Anula (Nor. Tr. 119).

XII. For the eight-class system see Table I a; in which it is assumed that patrilineal descent prevails in all the tribes.

With these are associated the following phratries:

(a) Umbaia, Gnanji Illitchi Liaritchi (b) Warramunga, Walpari, Uluuru Kingilli Wulmala (c) Worgaia " Bimgaru (d) Bingongina Wiliuku Liaraku

Spencer and Gillen, Nor. Tr. pp. 100-102, 119. On p. 102 is a statement about the Bingongina inconsistent with that on the following page; according to the former the phratry names are Illitchi, Liaritchi, as among the Umbaia.

Class names XIII. Panunga Bulthara Purula Kumara

Tribe: S. Arunta (Nat. Tr. 90).

XIIIa. Deringara Gubilla Koomara Belthara

Tribe: Yoolanlanya etc. (R.G.S. Qu. XVI, 75).

The arrangement suggests that matrilineal descent prevails, but there is probably some error.

Class names XIIIb. Burong (Parungo) Ballieri (Parajerri; Butcharrie) Banaka (Boogarloo) Kymerra (Kaiamba)

Tribes: Gnamo, Gnalluma (Int. Arch. XVI, 12); Nickol Bay and Kimberley have the alternative forms of 1, 2, and 4 (Curr, I, 296; Kamilaroi, 36, Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXV, 220), Weedokarry (id. in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXIX, 89) have third form of 2; at Murchison R. Boorgarloo comes into use (West Australian, Ap. 7, 1906).

Class names Meaning XIV. Tondarup (Namyungo) Fish hawk Didaruk Sea Ballaruk (Yangor) (Opossum) Naganok (Fish)

Tribes: S.W. Australia, Tarderick etc. (West. Aust., loc. cit.; Moore, Desc. Voc., Col. Mag. V, 422.

The phratries are

(a) Wartungmat Munichmat

The equivalence is unknown.

Class names XV. Langenam Namegor Packwicky Pamarung

Tribe: Joongoongie of N. Queensland (Mathews in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXIX, 93).

Associated with them the phratries:

(a) Jamagunda Gamanutta

The equivalence is unknown.

Class names Meaning XVI. Kari Emu Waui Red kangaroo Wiltu Eaglehawk Wilthuthu Shark

Tribe: Narrangga of Yorke Peninsula (Howitt, p. 130).

FOOTNOTES:

The Darkinung have Bya for Muri (J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXI, 170).

Some of the Wiradjeri have Wōmbee for Kumbo (Gribble, 113).

Male descent.

Some of the names given by Howitt and Mathews seem to be identical with those of the Kiabara, but there is a difficulty about the arrangement, for Koorpal-Keeara=Yungnuru=Bunya-Jarbain; but Banniar, which seems to be the same as Bunya, falls in the other moiety.

Curr, II, 478.

Marinungo seems to be the same as Maringo but is not equivalent.

TABLE I a: XII. CLASS NAMES OF EIGHT-CLASS TRIBES.

+---------------------+ +-------------------------------------------------+ -|----------+----------|-+-|----------+-----------+------------+-------------|-+ Oolawunga | Bingongina | Umbaia | Yookala | Binbinga |Gnanji | etc. | | | etc. | | | ------------+------------+------------+-----------+------------+---------------+ Janna | Thama } | Tjinum |Jinagoo |Tjuanaku |Uanuku | Nanakoo | Tchana} | Ninum | |Niriuma |Nuanakurna | | Nana | | | | | | | | | | | Jimidya | Tjimita | Tjulum |Joolanjegoo|Tjulantjuka |Tjulantjuka | Namaja | Namita | Nulum | | Nurlum |Nurlanjukurna| | | | | | | Dhalyeree | Thalirri | Paliarinji |Bullaranjee|Paliarinji |Paliarinji | | Nalirri | Paliarina| |Paliarina |Paliarina | | | | | | | Dhongaree | Thungarie | Pungarinji |Bungaranjee|Pungarinji |Pungarinji | | Nungari |Pungarinia| |Pungarina |Pungarinia | | | | | | | Joolama | Tjurla | Tjurulum |Jooralagoo |Tjurulum |Uralaku | Nowala | Nala | Nurulum | | Nurulum |Nuralakurna | | | | | | | Jungalla | Thungalla | Thungallum |Jungalagoo |Thungallum |Thungallaku | | Nungalla | Nungallum| | Nungallum|Nungallakurna| | | | | | | Jeemara | Tjimara | Tjamerum |Jameragoo |Tjamerum |Tjameraku | | Nunalla |Niameragun| | Niamerum |Niamaku | | | | | | | Jambijana | Tjambitjina| Yakomari |Yukamurra |Yakomari |Yakomari | Nambean |Nambitjina| Yakomarin| |Yakomarina|Yakomarina | ------------+------------+------------+-----------+------------+---------------+

+--------------------------------------+ -|----------+--------------+------------|-+-------------+-----------------+ Worgaia| Yangarella | Inchalachie | Yungmunnie | Tjingillie | | | | | | ------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------+ Wairgu | Narrabalangie|{Narrabalangie| Unwannee | Thamininja | | Neonammer |{Warkie | Imbannee | Namininja | | | | | | Blaingunjhu| Bolangie | Bolangie | Eemitch | Tjimininja | | Nolangmer | | Immadena | Truminginja | | | | | | Biliarinthu| Bulleringie | Belyeringie | Uwallaree | Thalaringinja | | Nulyarammer| | Imballaree| Nalaringinja | | | | | | | | | | | Pungarinju | Bongaringie | Beneringie | Uwungaree | Thungaringinta | | Nongarimmer| | Imbongaree| Namaringinta | | | | | | Warrithu | Burralangie |{Burralangie | Urwalla | Tjurulinginja | | Nurralammer|{Narechie | Imbawalla | Nalinginja | | | | | | Kingelunju | Kunuller | Kungilla | Yungalla | Thungallininja | | Nungalermer| | Inkagalla | Nalangininja | | | | | | Tjameramu | Kommerangie |{Kommerangie | Unmarra | Thamaringinja | | Nemurammer |{Boonongoona | Inganmarra| Namaringinja | | | | | | Ikamaru | Yakomari |{Akamaroo | Tabachin | Tjapatjinginja | | Jumeyunyie |{Thimmermill | Tabadenna | Nambitjinginja| ------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------+

---------------+----------------+-------------+------------+-----------+ {Ilpirra |{Warramunga | Meening | Mayoo | Koorangie | {Arunta |{Walpari | | | etc.| {Kaitish |{Wulmala | | | | {Iliaura | | | | | ---------------+----------------+-------------+------------+-----------+ Panunga | Thapanunga | Chowan | Chinuma | Janna | | Napanunga | Nowana | Nanagoo | Nanakoo | | | | | | Uknaria | Tjinguri | Choongoora | Choongoora | Jamada | | Namigili | Nangili | Narbeeta | | | | | | | {Bulthara | Tjapeltjeri | Chavalya | Chavalya | Dhalyeree | {Kabidgi | Naltjeri | Nanajerry | Nabajerry| | Appitchana | | | | | | | | | | Appungerta | Thapungarti | Chowarding | Changary | Dhungaree | | Napungerta | Nabungati | Nhermana | | | | | | | Purula | Tjupila | Chooara | Choolima | Joolam | | Naralu | Nooara | Naola | | | | | | | Ungalla | Thungalla | Changally | Chungalla | Jungalla | | Nungalla | Nangally | Nungalla | | | | | | | Kumara | Thakomara | Chagarra | Chapota | Jameram | |Nakomara | Nagarra | Nemira | | | | | | | Umbitchana | Tjambin | Chambeen | Chambijana | Jummiunga | | Nambin | Nambeen | Nambjana | | ---------------+----------------+-------------+------------+-----------+

FOOTNOTES:

Mathews in Proc. R.G.S. Qu., X, 72.

Northern Tribes, 101.

Ib., 100, cf. J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXIV, 121; XXXIX, 105.

Mathews in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXXVIII, 77.

Northern Tribes, 111.

Northern Tribes, 101.

Northern Tribes, 101.

Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXII, 251.

Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXIII, 111.

Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXIV, 130.

Northern Tribes, 100; cf. Am. Anth., N.S. II, 495; Proc. R.G.S. Qu., XVI, 72, 73.

Native Tribes, 90; cf. Proc. R.S. Vict., N.S. X, 19; T.R.S.S.A., XIV, 224; J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXII, 72.

Northern Tribes, 100; cf. J.A.I., XVIII, 44; J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXII, 73.

Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W., XXXIII, 112; XXXV, 217.

Mathews in Proc. R.G.S. Qu., XVI, 70.

Mathews in Am. Phil. Soc., XXXVIII, 78.

TABLE II.

Phratry Names.

Phratries Meanings Name of Tribe 1. †Waa(ng) Crow Wurunjerri Bunjil or Wrepil Eaglehawk 2. Yuckembruk " Ngarrego Merung 3. Umbe Crow Wolgal etc. Malian or Multa Eaglehawk 4. Muquara " Berriait, Tatathi, Kilpara Wathi-Wathi, Keramin, Waimbio, Barkinji, Milpulko, Wilya, Itchumundi 5. Kumit (Gamutch, Black cockatoo Kaputch, Kulitch) Kroki (Krokitch, White cockatoo Booandik, Wotjoballuk, Krokage) Gournditchmara etc.

The feminine terminations are -egor, -gurk or -jarr.

For South-West Victoria Dawson (Aborigines, p. 26) gives two groups and an odd totem kin (?):

Phratries Meaning Name of Tribe

6. Kuurokeetch Longbilled cockatoo Kartpoerappa Pelican Kappatch Banksia cockatoo Kirtuuk Boa snake Kuunamit Quail 7. Kararu (Kiraru, Dieri, Parnkalla & Nauo, Kararawa) Yandairunga, Urabunna Matteri 8. Tinewa Yandrawontha, Yowerawarika Koolpuru (? Emu) 9. Yungo (? Kangaroo) Mattera Kurnandaburi 10. Kookoojeeba Koocheebinga Geebera

The equivalence is not known.

11. Koorabunna Kooragula Goonganji

Phratry

12. Darboo* Bloomfield River Tooar

*The equivalence is unknown.

Phratry names. Four-class system Meaning 20. Dilbi Kupathin Ia, III† 21. Budthurung(1) Mukula Ib (1)=black duck 22. Gwaigullean Gwaimudthen Ie Light blood; dark blood 23. Ngielbumurra Mukumurra Ic 24. Ngumbun Ngurrawan Id 25. Girana Merugulli If 26. Deeajee Karpeun IIIb 27. Witteru Yungaru IVa, b; Vb (? Kangaroo; ? emu) 27a. " Yungo Vf 28. " Mallera Va, IXa 29. " Pakoota Ve, IXb 30. Naka Tunna Vc 31. Walar Murla* VIIa Bee; bee 32. Cheepa Junna Vd 33. Jamagunda Gamanutta* XIa 34. Wartungmat Munichmat* XIVa Crow; white cockatoo

Eight-class system† 40. Illitchi Liaritchi XIIa 41. Uluuru Biingaru XIIc (? Curlew) 42. " Kingilli XIIb (? Curlew) 43. Wiliuku Liaraku XIId 44. Urku Ua Xa

FOOTNOTES:

Howitt, p. 126.

Id. p. 101.

Id. p. 102, Lang, Secret, p. 163.

Curr, II, 165.

J.A.I. XIII, 338; Howitt, p. 195.

J.A.I. XIV, 349.

Taplin, p. 17; Howitt, p. 100.

J.A.I. XIV, 348; Curr, II, 188, 195.

Howitt, p. 98.

Id. p. 106 n. For the Kurnai, Bunjil and Ngarregal were perhaps phratry names (Howitt, p. 135).

Curr, III, 461; Howitt, p. 123.

Id. p. 121.

Id. p. 124.

Howitt, p. 91.

Woods, p. 222.

Howitt, p. 187.

Nor. Tr. p. 60.

Howitt, p. 97.

Howitt, p. 92; Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXIII, 108.

Mathews in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXIX, 187.

Sci. Man, I. 84; Mathews in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXIX, 89; in J.R.S.N.S.W. he reports a third name in certain districts--Koorameenya.

Mathews in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXIX, 89.

TABLE III.

Allusion has been made in Chapter III to kinship organisations denominated "bloods" and "shades" by Mr R.H. Mathews. Whether it is that some observers have mistaken these for phratries or vice versâ, it seems that the names of the two classes of organisation are at present inextricably intermingled, as the following table shows:

Tribe Phratry Blood Meaning Itchmundi Kilpara-Muquara {Mukulo-Ngielpuru †Sluggish and " {Muggula-Ngipuru† swift blood Wiradjeri Mukula-Budthurung Wonghibon Mukumura-Ngiel- bumura Wonghi- } bon and } Ngumbun- Gwaigullimba- ‡Swift and sluggish Ngneumba} Ngurrawan Gwaimudhan‡ blood

Euahlayi Gwaigullean- Light and dark Gwaimudthen blooded

Murawari Girrana-Merugulli Muggulu-Bumbirra§ §Sluggish and swift blood

FOOTNOTES:

Howitt, p. 106 n.; Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. XXXIX, 118.

Id. p. 107.

Id. p. 108.

TABLE IV.

The areas covered by the different class and phratry names are not co-extensive, that is to say a class is associated with more than one phratry and vice versâ. The Undekerebina and Yelyuyendi have phratries (No. 29) which are usually associated with classes but in their case none have been noted. On the other hand it is not uncommon to find classes without the corresponding phratry names; this is the case in the eight class area, among the tribes of N.S. Wales, S. Queensland, etc.; but no special significance attaches to it unless we are certain that it is not the negligence of the observer nor the disuse of the names which has produced this state of things. On the other hand the relation of phratry and class areas is of the highest importance, as is shown in Chapter V. The following table shows the anomalies:

Tribe Phratry Class Wiradjeri 21 I Euahlayi 22 I Ngeumba, Wonghi 23, or 24 I Murawari 25 I Kiabara, etc. 20 III Dippil 26 III Kuinmurbura, Kongulu 27 IV Yuipera, Badieri, Yambeena, etc. 27 V Kogai, Wakelbura, etc. 28 V Woonamura, Mittakoodi, Miorli, etc. 29 V Purgoma 30 V Jouon 32 V Miappe 29 VIII Kalkadoon 28 VIII

FOOTNOTES:

Mathews in J.R.S.N.S.W. xxxix, 116. Eth. Notes, p. 5.

Mrs Langloh Parker, Euahlayi Tribe, p. 11.

Mathews in Proc. R.G.S. Qu., 1905, 52.

Rota, p. 56.

Howitt, p. 192.