Jewish History : an Essay in the Philosophy of History

Part 1

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JEWISH HISTORY

AN ESSAY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

By S. M. Dubnow

PREFACE TO THE GERMAN TRANSLATION

The author of the present essay, S. M. Dubnow, occupies a well-nigh dominating position in Russian-Jewish literature as an historian and an acute critic. His investigations into the history of the Polish-Russian Jews, especially his achievements in the history of Chassidism, have been of fundamental importance in these departments. What raises Mr. Dubnow far above the status of the professional historian, and awakens the reader's lively interest in him, is not so much the matter of his books, as the manner of presentation. It is rare to meet with an historian in whom scientific objectivity and thoroughness are so harmoniously combined with an ardent temperament and plastic ability. Mr. Dubnow's scientific activity, first and last, is a striking refutation of the widespread opinion that identifies attractiveness of form in the work of a scholar with superficiality of content. Even his strictly scientific investigations, besides offering the scholar a wealth of new suggestions, form instructive and entertaining reading matter for the educated layman. In his critical essays, Mr. Dubnow shows himself to be possessed of keen psychologic insight. By virtue of this quality of delicate perception, he aims to assign to every historical fact its proper place in the line of development, and so establish the bond between it and the general history of mankind. This psychologic ability contributes vastly to the interest aroused by Mr. Dubnow's historical works outside of the limited circle of scholars. There is a passage in one of his books in which, in his incisive manner, he expresses his views on the limits and tasks of historical writing. As the passage bears upon the methods employed in the present essay, and, at the same time, is a characteristic specimen of our author's style, I take the liberty of quoting:

"The popularization of history is by no means to be pursued to the detriment of its severely scientific treatment. What is to be guarded against is the notion that tedium is inseparable from the scientific method. I have always been of the opinion that the dulness commonly looked upon as the prerogative of scholarly inquiries, is not an inherent attribute. In most cases it is conditioned, not by the nature of the subject under investigation, but by the temper of the investigator. Often, indeed, the tediousness of a learned disquisition is intentional: it is considered one of the polite conventions of the academic guild, and by many is identified with scientific thoroughness and profound learning.... If, in general, deadening, hide-bound caste methods, not seldom the cover for poverty of thought and lack of cleverness, are reprehensible, they are doubly reprehensible in history. The history of a people is not a mere mental discipline, like botany or mathematics, but a living science, a magistra vitae, leading straight to national self-knowledge, and acting to a certain degree upon the national character. History is a science by the people, for the people, and, therefore, its place is the open forum, not the scholar's musty closet. We relate the events of the past to the people, not merely to a handful of archaeologists and numismaticians. We work for national self-knowledge, not for our own intellectual diversion."

In the introduction to his Historische Mitteilungen, Vorarbeiten zu einer Geschichte der pol-nischrussischen Juden.

These are the principles that have guided Mr. Dubnow in all his works, and he has been true to them in the present essay, which exhibits in a remarkably striking way the author's art of making "all things seem fresh and new, important and attractive." New and important his essay undoubtedly is. The author attempts, for the first time, a psychologic characterization of Jewish history. He endeavors to demonstrate the inner connection between events, and develop the ideas that underlie them, or, to use his own expression, lay bare the soul of Jewish history, which clothes itself with external events as with a bodily envelope. Jewish history has never before been considered from this philosophic point of view, certainly not in German literature. The present work, therefore, cannot fail to prove stimulating. As for the poet's other requirement, attractiveness, it is fully met by the work here translated. The qualities of Mr. Dubnow's style, as described above, are present to a marked degree. The enthusiasm flaming up in every line, coupled with his plastic, figurative style, and his scintillating conceits, which lend vivacity to his presentation, is bound to charm the reader. Yet, in spite of the racy style, even the layman will have no difficulty in discovering that it is not a clever journalist, an artificer of well-turned phrases, who is speaking to him, but a scholar by profession, whose foremost concern is with historical truth, and whose every statement rests upon accurate, scientific knowledge; not a bookworm with pale, academic blood trickling through his veins, but a man who, with unsoured mien, with fresh, buoyant delight, offers the world the results laboriously reached in his study, after all evidences of toil and moil have been carefully removed; who derives inspiration from the noble and the sublime in whatever guise it may appear, and who knows how to communicate his inspiration to others.

The translator lays this book of an accomplished and spirited historian before the German public. He does so in the hope that it will shed new light upon Jewish history even for professional scholars. He is confident that in many to whom our unexampled past of four thousand years' duration is now terra incognita, it will arouse enthusiastic interest, and even to those who, like the translator himself, differ from the author in religious views, it will furnish edifying and suggestive reading. J. F.

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

The English translation of Mr. Dubnow's Essay is based upon the authorized German translation, which was made from the original Russian. It is published under the joint auspices of the Jewish Publication Society of America and the Jewish Historical Society of England. H. S.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE GERMAN TRANSLATION

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

THE RANGE OF JEWISH HISTORY Historical and Unhistorical Peoples Three Groups of Nations The "Most Historical" People Extent of Jewish History

THE CONTENT OF JEWISH HISTORY Two Periods of Jewish History The Period of Independence The Election of the Jewish People Priests and Prophets The Babylonian Exile and the Scribes The Dispersion Jewish History and Universal History Jewish History Characterized

III

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JEWISH HISTORY The National Aspect of Jewish History The Historical Consciousness The National Idea and National Feeling The Universal Aspect of Jewish History An Historical Experiment A Moral Discipline Humanitarian Significance of Jewish History Schleiden and George Eliot

THE HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS Three Primary Periods Four Composite Periods

THE PRIMARY OR BIBLICAL PERIOD Cosmic Origin of the Jewish Religion Tribal Organization Egyptian Influence and Experiences Moses Mosaism a Religious and Moral as well as a Social and Political System National Deities The Prophets and the two Kingdoms Judaism a Universal Religion

THE SECONDARY OR SPIRITUAL-POLITICAL PERIOD Growth of National Feeling Ezra and Nehemiah The Scribes Hellenism The Maccabees Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes Alexandrian Jews Christianity

VII

THE TERTIARY TALMUDIC OR NATIONAL-RELIGIOUS PERIOD The Isolation of Jewry and Judaism The Mishna The Talmud Intellectual Activity in Palestine and Babylonia The Agada and the Midrash Unification of Judaism

VIII

THE GAONIC PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE ORIENTAL JEWS (500-980) The Academies Islam Karaism Beginning of Persecutions in Europe Arabic Civilization in Europe

THE RABBINIC-PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE SPANISH JEWS (980-1492) The Spanish Jews The Arabic-Jewish Renaissance The Crusades and the Jews Degradation of the Jews in Christian Europe The Provence The Lateran Council The Kabbala Expulsion from Spain

THE RABBINIC-MYSTICAL PERIOD, OR THE HEGEMONY OF THE GERMAN-POLISH JEWS (1492-1789) The Humanists and the Reformation Palestine an Asylum for Jews Messianic Belief and Hopes Holland a Jewish Centre Poland and the Jews The Rabbinical Authorities of Poland Isolation of the Polish Jews Mysticism and the Practical Kabbala Chassidism Persecutions and Morbid Piety

Part 2

THE MODERN PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) The French Revolution The Jewish Middle Ages Spiritual and Civil Emancipation The Successors of Mendelssohn Zunz and the Science of Judaism The Modern Movements outside of Germany The Jew in Russia His Regeneration Anti-Semitism and Judophobia

XII

THE TEACHINGS OF JEWISH HISTORY Jewry a Spiritual Community Jewry Indestructible The Creative Principle of Jewry The Task of the Future The Jew and the Nations The Ultimate Ideal

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

What is Jewish History? In the first place, what does it offer as to quantity and as to quality? What are its range and content, and what distinguishes it in these two respects from the history of other nations? Furthermore, what is the essential meaning, what the spirit, of Jewish History? Or, to put the question in another way, to what general results are we led by the aggregate of its facts, considered, not as a whole, but genetically, as a succession of evolutionary stages in the consciousness and education of the Jewish people?

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