CHAPTER X. Other Diseases, Mostly Tropical, Known or Thought to

OTHER DISEASES, MOSTLY TROPICAL, KNOWN OR THOUGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED BY INSECTS 161

Sleeping Sickness, 161; its occurrence in Africa, 161; caused by a Protozoan parasite, 162; the tsetse-fly, 163; Elephantiasis, 164; caused by parasitic worms, 164; their development, 165; how they are transferred to man, 165; effect on the patient, 166; Dengue, 168; other names, 168; probably transmitted by mosquitoes, 170; Mediterranean fever, 171; cause, 171; may be conveyed by mosquitoes, 171; Leprosy, 171; caused by a bacteria parasite, 171; possibilities of flies, mosquitoes and other insects transmitting the disease, 172; Kala-azar, 173; transmitted by the bedbug, 173; Oriental sore, 174; the parasite may be carried by insects, 174.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

Parasites and parasitism, 175; Protozoa, 176; Bacteria, 177; Insects and disease, 178; Mosquitoes--systematic and general, 179; Mosquito anatomy, 182; Mosquitoes--life-history and habits, 183; Mosquito fighting, 183; Mosquitoes and disease, 185; Malaria, 186; Yellow fever, 189; Dengue, 192; Filarial diseases and elephantiasis, 193; Leprosy, 193; Plague, 194; Fleas, 198; Typhoid fever, 199; House-flies--anatomy, life-history, habits, 200; House-flies and typhoid, 202; House-fly and various diseases, 203; Human myiasis, 207; Stomoxys and other flies, 208; tsetse-flies, 209; Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis, 210; Sleeping sickness, 211; Rocky mountain fever and ticks, 212; Ticks and various diseases, 213; Kala-azar and bedbugs, 216; Text or reference books, 216; Miscellaneous articles, 218.

ILLUSTRATIONS

AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE, NEARLY DRY AND PARTLY FILLED WITH RUBBISH, HAS BECOME A BREEDING-GROUND FOR DANGEROUS MOSQUITOES Frontispiece

PAGE

FIG. 1. A LAMPREY 2

FIG. 2. Sacculina 2

FIG. 3. Trichina spiralis 2

FIG. 4. AN EXTERNAL PARASITE, A BIRD-LOUSE (Lipeurus ferox) 3

FIG. 5. AN INTERNAL PARASITE, A TACHINA FLY (Blepharipeza adusta) 3

FIG. 6. WORK OF AN INTERNAL PARASITE, PUSS-MOTH LARVA PARASITIZED BY A SMALL ICHNEUMON FLY 3

FIG. 7. TYPHOID FEVER BACILLI 20

FIG. 8. Amoeba 20

FIG. 9. Euglina virdis 21

FIG. 10. Spirocheta duttoni 21

FIG. 11. Paramoecium 22

FIG. 12. Vorticella 22

FIG. 13. PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA; A GROUP OF INTESTINAL PARASITES 22

FIG. 14. CASTOR-BEAN TICK (Ixodes ricinus) 28

FIG. 15. TEXAS FEVER TICK 28

FIG. 16. TEXAS FEVER TICK (Margaropus annulatus) 29

FIG. 17. Amblyomma variegatum 29

FIG. 18. Ornithodoros moubata 36

FIG. 19. THE FOLLICLE MITE (Demodex folliculorum) 36

FIG. 20. ITCH-MITE (Sarcoptes scabiei) 37

FIG. 21. HARVEST-MITES OR "JIGGERS" 37

FIG. 22. HORSE-FLY (Tabanus punctifer) 44

FIG. 23. STABLE-FLY (Stomoxys calcitrans) 44

FIG. 24. A BLACK-FLY (Simulium sp.) 45

FIG. 25. SCREW-WORM FLY (Chrysomyia macellaria) 45

FIG. 26. BLOW-FLY (Calliphora vomitoria) 45

FIG. 27. BLUE-BOTTLE FLY (Lucilia sericata) 50

FIG. 28. FLESH-FLY (Sarcophaga sp.) 50

FIG. 29. "THE LITTLE HOUSE-FLY" (Homalomyia canicularis) 51

FIG. 30. HORSE BOT-FLY (Gastrophilus equi.) 51

FIG. 31. OXWARBLE FLY (Hypoderma lineata) 51

FIG. 32. SHEEP BOT-FLY (Gastrophilus nasalis) 51

FIG. 33. CHIGO OR JIGGER-FLEA, MALE (Dermatophilus penetrans) 54

FIG. 34. CHIGO, FEMALE DISTENDED WITH EGGS 54

FIG. 35. BEDBUG (Cimex lectularis) 55

FIG. 36. BODY-LOUSE (Pediculus vestimenti) 55

FIG. 37. ONE USE FOR THE HOUSE-FLY 57

FIG. 38. THE HOUSE-FLY (Musca domestica) 58

FIG. 39. HEAD OF HOUSE-FLY SHOWING EYES, ANTENNÆ AND MOUTH-PARTS 60

FIG. 40. PROBOSCIS OF HOUSE-FLY, SIDE VIEW 60

FIG. 41. LOBES AT END OF PROBOSCIS OF HOUSE-FLY SHOWING CORRUGATED RIDGES 61

FIG. 42. WING OF HOUSE-FLY 61

FIG. 43. WING OF STABLE-FLY (Stomoxys calcitrans) 62

FIG. 44. WING OF HOUSE-FLY SHOWING PARTICLES OF DIRT ADHERING TO IT 62

FIG. 45. LAST THREE SEGMENTS OF LEG OF HOUSE-FLY 62

FIG. 46. FOOT OF HOUSE-FLY 63

FIG. 47. LARVA OF HOUSE-FLY 63

FIG. 48. BARN-YARD FILLED WITH MANURE 64

FIG. 49. DIRTY STALLS 65

FIG. 50. PUPA OF HOUSE-FLY 76

FIG. 51. HEAD OF STABLE-FLY 76

FIG. 52. MASS OF MOSQUITO EGGS (Theobaldia incidens) 76

FIG. 53. MOSQUITO EGGS AND LARVÆ (T. incidens) 77

FIG. 54. MOSQUITO LARVA (T. incidens), DORSAL VIEW 77

FIG. 55. EGGS, LARVÆ AND PUPÆ OF MOSQUITOES (T. incidens) 78

FIG. 56. LARVA OF MOSQUITO (T. incidens) 78

FIG. 57. MOSQUITO LARVÆ AND PUPÆ (T. incidens) 79

FIG. 58. ANOPHELES LARVÆ (A. maculipennis) 79

FIG. 59. MOSQUITO PUPÆ (T. incidens) 80

FIG. 60. MOSQUITO PUPA (T. incidens) 80

FIG. 61. MOSQUITO LARVÆ AND PUPÆ (T. incidens) 80

FIG. 62. A FEMALE MOSQUITO (T. incidens) 81

FIG. 63. A MALE MOSQUITO (T. incidens) 81

FIG. 64. HEAD AND THORAX OF FEMALE MOSQUITO (Ochlerotatus lativittatus) 82

FIG. 65. HEAD AND THORAX OF MALE MOSQUITO (O. lativittatus) 82

FIG. 66. HEAD OF FEMALE MOSQUITO 83

FIG. 67. CROSS-SECTION OF PROBOSCIS OF FEMALE AND MALE MOSQUITO 83

FIG. 68. WING OF MOSQUITO (O. lativittatus) 86

FIG. 69. END OF MOSQUITO WING HIGHLY MAGNIFIED 86

FIG. 70. DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS OF A MOSQUITO 87

FIG. 71. SALIVARY GLANDS OF MOSQUITOES 87

FIG. 72. HEADS OF CULICINÆ MOSQUITOES 90

FIG. 73. HEADS OF ANOPHELINÆ MOSQUITOES 90

FIG. 74. WING OF Anopheles maculipennis 90

FIG. 75. WING OF Theobaldia incidens 90

FIG. 76. A NON-MALARIAL MOSQUITO (T. Incidens), MALE, STANDING ON THE WALL 91

FIG. 77. FEMALE OF SAME 91

FIG. 78. A MALARIAL MOSQUITO (A. maculipennis), MALE, STANDING ON THE WALL 91

FIG. 79. FEMALE OF SAME 91

FIG. 80. EGG OF Anopheles, SIDE VIEW 92

FIG. 81. EGG OF ANOPHELES, DORSAL VIEW 92

FIG. 82. ANOPHELES LARVÆ 92

FIG. 83. ANOPHELES LARVÆ 93

FIG. 84. ANOPHELES LARVA, DORSAL VIEW 93

FIG. 85. ANOPHELES PUPÆ RESTING AT SURFACE OF WATER 93

FIG. 86. SALT-MARSH MOSQUITO (Ochlerotatus lativittatus); MALE 98

FIG. 87. SALT-MARSH MOSQUITO (O. lativittatus); FEMALE 98

FIG. 88. TOP-MINNOW (Mollienisia latipinna) 99

FIG. 89. DRAGON-FLIES 99

FIG. 90. THE YOUNG (NYMPH) OF A DRAGON-FLY 100

FIG. 91. THE CAST SKIN (exuvæ) OF A DRAGON-FLY NYMPH 100

FIG. 92. DIVING-BEETLES AND BACK-SWIMMERS 101

FIG. 93. KILLIFISH (Fundulus heteroliatus) 102

FIG. 94. STICKLEBACK (Apeltes quadracus) 102

FIG. 95. AN OLD WATERING-TROUGH, AN EXCELLENT BREEDING-PLACE FOR MOSQUITOES 103

FIG. 96. HORSE AND CATTLE TRACKS IN MUD FILLED WITH WATER 108

FIG. 97. A MALARIAL MOSQUITO (Anopheles maculipennis) MALE 108

FIG. 98. A MALARIAL MOSQUITO (A. maculipennis) FEMALE 109

FIG. 99. DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE MALARIAL PARASITE 110

FIG. 100. MALARIAL MOSQUITO (A. maculipennis) ON THE WALL 111

FIG. 101. MALARIAL MOSQUITO (A. maculipennis) STANDING ON A TABLE 111

FIG. 102. SALT-MARSH MOSQUITO (O. lativittatus) STANDING ON A TABLE 118

FIG. 103. ANOPHELES HANGING FROM THE CEILING 118

FIG. 104. YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO (Stegomyia calopus) 122

FIG. 105. RAT-FLEA (Læmopsylla cheopis); MALE 152

FIG. 106. RAT-FLEA (L. cheopis); FEMALE 152

FIG. 107. HEAD OF RAT-FLEA SHOWING MOUTH-PARTS 153

FIG. 108. HUMAN-FLEA (Pulex irritans); MALE 153

FIG. 109. HUMAN-FLEA (P. irritans); FEMALE 156

FIG. 110. MOUSE-FLEA (Ctenopsyllus musculi); FEMALE 156

FIG. 111. TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE 164

FIG. 112. TSETSE-FLY 164

INSECTS AND DISEASE