Insect Architecture

Part 1

INSECT ARCHITECTURE

JAMES RENNIE

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

INSECT ARCHITECTURE

JAMES RENNIE

NEW EDITION, MUCH ENLARGED

BY THE REV. J. G. WOOD, M.A. AUTHOR OF "HOMES WITHOUT HANDS," ETC.

WITH NEARLY TWO HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON: BELL AND DALDY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1869.

EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.

The proprietors of this interesting work having felt that much additional knowledge of the subject has been obtained since the book was written, have asked me to supply characteristic examples of Insect Architecture which were not to be found in its pages. I have accordingly added a considerable number of such examples, in most cases accompanied by figures drawn from the specimens described. I have not been at liberty to alter or expunge, and am not, therefore, responsible for any portion of the letterpress except those passages which are enclosed in brackets [ ]. Some of the specimens from which the figures have been drawn are in my own collection, but the greater part are to be found in the British Museum.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER I.

Introduction 1

CHAPTER II.

Structures for Protecting Eggs 21 Mason-Wasps 22 Mason-Bees 38 Mining-Bees 50

CHAPTER III.

Carpenter-Bees 55 Carpenter-Wasps 62 Upholsterer-Bees 64

CHAPTER IV.

Carder-Bees 74 Lapidary-Bees 79 Humble-Bees 79 Social-Wasps 80

CHAPTER V.

Architecture of the Hive-Bee 112 Preparation of Wax 115 Propolis 126 The Building of the Cell 131

CHAPTER VI.

Architecture of the Hive-Bee--continued. Form of the Cells 139 Irregularities in their Workmanship 148 The Finishing of the Cells 154

CHAPTER VII.

Carpentry of Tree-Hoppers 164 Saw-Flies 168 Icarias 176

Part 2

CHAPTER VIII.

Leaf-Rolling Caterpillars 181

CHAPTER IX.

Insects Forming Habitations of Detached Leaves 195 Cypress-Spurge Caterpillar 197 Moss-Building Caterpillar 199

CHAPTER X.

Caddis-Worms and Goat-Moth 202 Carpenter-Caterpillars 207 Puss-Moth 211 Capricorn-Beetle 215 Oak-Bark Caterpillars 217

CHAPTER XI.

Earth-Mason Caterpillars 219 Ant-Lion 227

CHAPTER XII.

Clothes-Moth Caterpillars 235 Tent-Making Caterpillars 243 Stone-Mason Caterpillars 247 Muff-Shaped Tents 250 Leaf-Mining Caterpillars 252 Bark-Mining Caterpillars 257 Grubs of Beetles 258 Wasp-Beetle 261 Stag-Beetle 262

CHAPTER XIII.

Structures of Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Beetles 264 Mole Cricket 265 Field Cricket 267 Burying Beetle 269 Dung Beetle 271 Tumble-Dung Beetle 273 Cockchafer 275

CHAPTER XIV.

Architecture of Ants 278 Mason-Ants 279

CHAPTER XV.

Structures of the Wood-Ant or Pismire 294 Carpenter-Ants 301

CHAPTER XVI.

Structures of White Ants, or Termites 313 Turret-Building White Ants 325

CHAPTER XVII.

Structures of Silk Spun by Caterpillars 330 Silkworm 336 Emperor-Moth 342 Spinning Caterpillars 344

CHAPTER XVIII.

Structures of Spiders 366 Nest, Webs, and Nets of Spiders 383 Diving Water-Spider 393

CHAPTER XIX.

Structures of Gall-Flies and Aphides 398 Hawthorn Weevil 413 Gall-Beetles 415 Leaf-Rolling Aphides 418 Pseudo-Galls 421

CHAPTER XX.

Animal Galls, Produced by Breeze-Flies and Snail-Beetles 424 Grub Parasite in the Snail 436

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Part 3

1. Eggs of Insects, magnified 16 2. Larvæ 17 3. Pupæ 18 4. Insects in the Imago or perfect state 19 5. Mason-Wasp 23 6. Jaws of Mason-Wasp 24 7. Cuckoo-Fly 25 8. Mason-Wasp's Nest and Cocoons 25 9. Mason-Wasp 25 10. Nests, &c., of Mason-Wasps 26 11. Towers built by Mason-Wasp 29 12. Nests of Pompilus punctum 29 13. Scolia Xantiana, and section of its burrow 35 14. Mason-Bee 38 15. Exterior wall of Mason-Bee's Nest 39 16. Cells of a Mason-Bee 39 17. Cells of Mason-Bees 46 18. Cells of Chalicodoma 49 19. Nest of Synagris calida 50 20. Cell of Mining-Bee 51 21. Cells of Carpenter-Bees, in an old post 57 22. Carpenter-Bee and Cells 58 23. Carpenter-Wasp and Cells 62 24. Rose-leaf-cutter-Bee and Nest 71 25. Carder-Bee and Nest 75 26. Breeding-cells of Carder-Bee 77 27. Interior view of Carder-Bee's Nest 78 28. Cells of Humble-Bee and Insects 80 29. Nest of Common Wasp in early stage 88 30. Section of Wasp's Nest 89 31. Section of Social-Wasps' Nest 90 32. Suspension-rod and part of external crust of Social-Wasps' Nest 91 33. Hornet's Nest in its first stage 92 34. Complete Hornet's Nest, and Insect 93 35. Hornet's Nest in hollow tree 94 36. Nest of Tree-Wasp 96 37. Wasp's Nest 97 38. Wasps' Cells attached to a branch 98 39. Comb of Polistes 99 40. Nest of the Pasteboard-maker Wasp 103 41. Nest of Myrapetra 105 42. Nests of Polybia 108 43. Nests of Synæca and Polybia 109 44. Part of a Honeycomb and Bees at work 112 45. Worker-Bee, magnified 123 46. Abdomen of Wax-worker Bee 124 47. Structure of the Legs of the Bee 130 48. Curtain of Wax-workers secreting wax 133 49. Wax-worker laying the foundation of first cell 136 50. Curtain of Wax-workers 137 51. Arrangement of Cells 141 52. Foundation-wall and Cells commenced 143 53. Hive-Bees and Cells 159 54. Ovipositors, with files, of Tree-hopper 167 55. Excavations for eggs of Tree-hopper 167 56. Ovipositor of Saw-Fly 169 57. Ovipositor of Saw-Fly, much magnified 170 58. Portion of Saw-Fly's comb-toothed rasp 171 59. Nest of eggs of Saw-Fly 173 60. Saw-Fly of the gooseberry 174 61. Exterior and section of Nest of Deilocenes Ellisii, and Insect 176 62. Cells of Icaria 177 63. Cells of Raphigaster Guiniensis 178 64. Single Cells of Icaria 179 65. Lilac-tree Moth 182 66. Nest of Lilac-leaf-roller 182 67. Do. another specimen 183 68. Small green Oak-Moth 184 69. Nests of Oak-leaf-rolling Caterpillars 184 70. Nest of Nettle-leaf-rolling Caterpillar 186 71. Leaf-rolling Caterpillars of the sorrel 188 72. Nests of the Hesperia Malvæ with Caterpillar, Chrysalis, and Butterflies 189 73. Nest of Willow-leaf-roller 191 74. Ziczac Caterpillar and Nest 192 75. Cypress-Spurge Caterpillar 198 76. Moss-cell of small Caterpillar 200 77. Leaf-nest of Caddis-Worm 202 75. Reed-nest of Caddis-Worm 202 79. Cell of Phryganea 203 80. Shell-nests of Caddis-Worms 203 81. Stone-nest of Caddis-Worm 204 82. Sand-nest balanced with a stone 204 83. Nest of Caddis-Worm balanced with straws 204 84. Various Nests of Caddis-Worms 206 85. Caterpillar of Goat-Moth 208 86. Winter-nest of Goat-Caterpillar 208 87. Nest of Goat-Moth 209 88. Larva of Ægeria 211 89. Eggs of the Puss-Moth 213 90. Rudiments of the Cell of Puss-Moth 213 91. Cell of Larva of Puss-Moth 214 92. Ichneumon 215 93. Magnified Cells of Pyralis strigulalis (?) 217 94. Outside view of Nests of Earth-Mason Caterpillars 220 95. Nests, etc., of Earth-Mason Caterpillar 221 96. Do. with perfect Moth 223 97. Nests of the Grubs of Ephemeræ 225 98. Nests of Ephemeræ in holes of Cossus 225 99. Grub of the Ant-Lion with traps 228 100. Ant-Lion's traps in experimenting-box 231 101. Cases of the Clothes-Moth and Insect 238 102. Transformations of the Honeycomb-Moths 240 103. Transformations of the Grain-Moths 242 104. Tent of Caterpillar upon elm-leaf 244 105. Operations of Caterpillar upon leaf 246 106. Lichen-tents and Caterpillars 247 107. Branch of willow with Caterpillars' muff-tents 251 108. Rose-leaf mined by Caterpillars 253 109. Bramble-leaf do. 254 110. Primrose-leaf do. 255 111. Bark mined by Beetle-Grubs 259 112. Cocoons of Rhagium and Rhyncophorus 261 113. Capricorn-Beetle rounding off bark of tree 262 114. Cerambyx carcharias, and Cerambyx populneus 263 115. The Mole-Cricket 265 116. Nest of Mole-Cricket 266 117. Acrida Verrucivora depositing her eggs 269 118. Transformations of the Cockchafer 276 119. Ant-hive or Formicary 291 120. Floor of Ant-nest 292 121. Insecure Nest propped up by Ants 293 122. Nest of Wood-Ant 295 123. Artificial Formicary 298 124. Portion of a tree tunnelled by Jet Ants 302 125. Formica fuliginosa 304 126. Crematogaster 310 127. Nests of Polyrachis bispinosa and P. textor 311 128. Termes bellicosus in the winged state 317 129. Queen Termite distended with eggs 320 130. Tree-nest of Termites arborum, and Hill-nests of T. bellicosus 324 131. Turret-nests of White Ants 326 132. Leg and Pro-leg of Caterpillar 331 133. Caterpillar of Goat-Moth 332 134. Interior structure of Cossus 333 135. Side view and section of Silk-tube of Cossus 334 136. Labium of Cossus 334 137. Cocoons of Emperor-Moth 343 138. Cocoon of Arctia villica 345 139. Net-work Cocoon 345 140. Nest of Puss-Moth 347 141. Caterpillars of small Ermine on Siberian crab 351 142. Winter-nests of Porthesia chrysorrhoea 352 143. Winter-nests of Social Caterpillars 353 144. Pendulous Leaves 356 145. Nest of Larrada 357 146. Nests of Polybia 358 147. Nests of Oiketicus, &c. 359 148. Nests of Pelopæus, &c. 361 149. Bombycidæ 363 150. Processionary Caterpillars 364 151. Nest of do. 365 152. Garden Spider suspended by single thread 367 153. Spinnerets of Spiders 368 154. Single thread of Spider, greatly magnified 369 155. Attached end of Spider's thread 369 156. Geometric Net of Epeira diadema 387 157. Nest of the Mason-Spider 389 158. Nest of Mygale sauvagesii 391 159. Insect emerging from its Nest 391 160. Triple-clawed Foot of Spider 395 161. Small Galls on Oak-leaf 398 162. Ovipositor of Gall-Fly 399 163. Gall-Fly and mechanism of ovipositor 400 164. Bedeguar Gall of the Rose 402 165. One of the bristles of Bedeguar, magnified 403 166. Artichoke Gall of the Oak-bud, and Insect 405 167. Leafy gall of Dyer's Broom 406 168. Semi-gall of the Hawthorn 408 169. Woolly Gall of the Oak 409 170. Oak-apple Galls 410 171. Root-galls of the Oak 411 172. Woody Gall on a Willow Branch 412 173. Currant-gall of the catkins of the Oak 413 174. Gall of the Hawthorn-Weevil 414 175. Plant-Louse, magnified 416 176. Galls produced on the Poplar, and Insects 417 177. Leaf of the Currant-bush with Aphides 419 178. Shoot of Lime-tree contorted by A. tiliæ 421 179. Pseudo-gall of the Bramble 422 180. Pseudo-galls of the Hawthorn 423 181. Ovipositor of the Breeze-Fly 426 182. The Grub of Breeze-Fly 432 183. The Ox-Breeze-Fly 433 184. Bumps produced on cattle by Breeze-Fly 434 185. Microgaster glomeratus 438 186. Microgaster alveolarius 439

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