Impressions of South Africa

CHAPTER XI. The Europeans in South Africa Till 1854

THE EUROPEANS IN SOUTH AFRICA TILL 1854

THE PORTUGUESE AT SOFALA 99 THE DUTCH AT THE CAPE: THE FRENCH HUGUENOTS 102 THE AFRICANDER TYPE OF LIFE AND CHARACTER 104 DISAFFECTION OF THE DUTCH SETTLERS 108 BRITISH OCCUPATION OF THE CAPE 109 FEATURES OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION 110 BOER DISCONTENT AND ITS CAUSES 112 THE GREAT TREK OF 1836 115 ADVENTURES OF THE EMIGRANT BOERS 117 THE BOERS AND THE BRITISH IN NATAL 119 THE BOERS IN THE INTERIOR: BEGINNINGS OF THE TWO DUTCH REPUBLICS 122 BRITISH ADVANCE: THE ORANGE RIVER SOVEREIGNTY 129 THE SAND RIVER CONVENTION OF 1852: INDEPENDENCE OF THE TRANSVAAL BOERS 130 THE BLOEMFONTEIN CONVENTION OF 1854: INDEPENDENCE OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE 132

CHAPTER XII. The Europeans in South Africa, 1854-95

THE EUROPEANS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1854-95

PROGRESS OF CAPE COLONY: MATERIAL AND POLITICAL 134 GRANT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN 1872 139 KAFIR WARS: CAUSES OF THEIR FREQUENT RECURRENCE 139 RENEWED BRITISH ADVANCE: BASUTOLAND 140 THE DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION 146 FIRST SCHEME OF SOUTH AFRICAN CONFEDERATION 148 THE ZULU WAR OF 1879 149 FORMATION OF THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC 151 ANNEXATION OF THE TRANSVAAL 154 REVOLT OF THE TRANSVAAL: ITS INDEPENDENCE RESTORED 160 BOERS AND BRITISH IN BECHUANALAND 165 THE CONVENTIONS OF 1884 AND 1894: SWAZILAND 168 GERMAN OCCUPATION OF DAMARALAND 169 THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY; ACQUISITION OF MASHONALAND AND MATABILILAND 170 RECENT HISTORY OF THE TRANSVAAL: THE RISING OF 1895 174

PART III. _a Journey Through South Africa_

A JOURNEY THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA

CHAPTER XIII

TRAVELLING AND COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS ALONG THE COAST 179 LINES OF RAILROAD 180 TRAVELLING BY OX-WAGGON 182

CHAPTER XIV

FROM CAPE TOWN TO BULAWAYO

THE VOYAGE TO THE CAPE 188 CAPE TOWN AND ITS ENVIRONS 190 THE JOURNEY INLAND: SCENERY OF THE KARROO 193 KIMBERLEY AND ITS DIAMOND-FIELDS 196 NORTHWARD THROUGH BECHUANALAND 201 KHAMA: HIS TOWN AND HIS PEOPLE 207 MANGWE AND THE MATOPPO HILLS 212

CHAPTER XV. Matabililand and Mashonaland

MATABILILAND AND MASHONALAND

BULAWAYO AND LO BENGULA 216 THE NATIVES: CAUSES OF THE RISING OF 1896 223 THE NATIVE LABOUR QUESTION 224 DHLODHLO: SCENERY OF THE HILL-COUNTRY 227 GWELO AND THE TRACK TO FORT VICTORIA 232 RUINS OF GREAT ZIMBABWYE 234 FORT SALISBURY 240

CHAPTER XVI. From Fort Salisbury to the Sea--Manicaland and the Portuguese

FROM FORT SALISBURY TO THE SEA--MANICALAND AND THE PORTUGUESE TERRITORIES

SCENERY OF EASTERN MASHONALAND 242 ANTIQUITIES AT THE LEZAPI RIVER 245 AMONG THE MOUNTAINS: FALLS OF THE OUDZI RIVER 250 MTALI AND THE PORTUGUESE BORDER 251 CHIMOYO AND THE EASTERN SLOPE 257 DESCENT OF THE PUNGWE RIVER TO BEIRA 261

CHAPTER XVII. Resources and Future of Matabililand and Mashonaland

RESOURCES AND FUTURE OF MATABILILAND AND MASHONALAND

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY'S TERRITORIES 268 HEALTH, WEALTH, AND PEACE 269 FORM OF GOVERNMENT RECENTLY ESTABLISHED 277 RESULTS OF BRITISH EXTENSION IN THE NORTH 279

CHAPTER XVIII. Through Natal to the Transvaal

THROUGH NATAL TO THE TRANSVAAL

DELAGOA BAY 281 DURBAN AND PIETERMARITZBURG 283 THE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF NATAL 284 LAING'S NEK AND MAJUBA HILL 291 THE WITWATERSRAND AND ITS GOLD-FIELDS 296 JOHANNESBURG AND PRETORIA 304

CHAPTER XIX. The Orange Free State

THE ORANGE FREE STATE

BLOEMFONTEIN 313 CONSTITUTION AND POLITICS OF THE FREE STATE 315

CHAPTER XX

BASUTOLAND: THE SWITZERLAND OF SOUTH AFRICA

ACROSS THE FREE STATE TO THE CALEDON RIVER 319 THE MISSIONARIES AND THE CHIEFS: LEROTHODI 322 THE ASCENT OF MOUNT MACHACHA 325 THABA BOSIYO AND ITS HISTORY 330 CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE BASUTO NATION 336

PART IV. _some South African Questions_

SOME SOUTH AFRICAN QUESTIONS

CHAPTER XXI

BLACKS AND WHITES

RELATIVE NUMBERS AND INFLUENCE OF EACH 345 SOCIAL CONDITION AND HABITS OF THE BLACKS 350 AVERSION OF THE WHITES FOR THE BLACKS 353 CIVIL AND LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE BLACKS 355 WHAT THE FUTURE OF THE BLACKS IS LIKELY TO BE 365

CHAPTER XXII. Missions

MISSIONS

INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOUS IDEAS ON VARIOUS RACES 370 HOW THE NATIVES RECEIVE THE MISSIONARIES 371 SLOW PROGRESS OF MISSION WORK 373 WHAT MAY BE HOPED FOR 377

CHAPTER XXIII. Social Characteristics of the British Colonies

SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRITISH COLONIES

THE DUTCH AND THE ENGLISH: THE DUTCH LANGUAGE 379 PLACIDITY OF SOUTH AFRICAN LIFE 383 LITERATURE, JOURNALISM, EDUCATION 386 THE CHURCHES 389

CHAPTER XXIV. Politics in the British Colonies

POLITICS IN THE BRITISH COLONIES

THE FRAME OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 392 ABSENCE OF SOME FAMILIAR POLITICAL ISSUES 396 REAL ISSUES: RACE AND COLOUR QUESTIONS 399 GENERAL CHARACTER OF CAPE POLITICS 400

CHAPTER XXV. The Political Situation in the Transvaal in 1895

THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE TRANSVAAL IN 1895

THE OLD BOERS AND THE NEW IMMIGRANTS 405 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC 409 UITLANDER DISCONTENT: THE NATIONAL REFORM UNION 413 THE CAPITALISTS: PREPARATIONS FOR A REVOLUTION 416 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND HIS POLICY 420 THE CHANCES FOR THE MOVEMENT: CAUSES OF ITS FAILURE 424

CHAPTER XXVI. Economic Prospects

ECONOMIC PROSPECTS

MATERIAL RESOURCES: TILLAGE AND PASTURE 433 MINERALS: THE GOLD-FIELDS AND THEIR DURATION 437 WILL MANUFACTURES BE DEVELOPED? 442 SOUTH AFRICA AS A MARKET FOR GOODS 446 FUTURE POPULATION: ITS INCREASE AND CHARACTER 447

CHAPTER XXVII. Reflections and Forecasts

REFLECTIONS AND FORECASTS

SOURCES OF THE TROUBLES OF SOUTH AFRICA 453 THE FRICTION OF DUTCH AND ENGLISH: AND ITS CAUSES 454 BRITISH POLICY IN ITS EARLIER AND LATER PHASES 458 FUTURE RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN AND NATIVE RACES 463 INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF SOUTH AFRICA 467 THE FUTURE RELATIONS OF BOERS AND ENGLISHMEN 469 PROSPECTS OF SOUTH AFRICAN CONFEDERATION 472 SOUTH AFRICA AND BRITAIN 474

APPENDIX

THE TRANSVAAL CONVENTION OF 1881 479 THE TRANSVAAL CONVENTION OF 1884 488

INDEX 495

AREA AND POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COLONIES, REPUBLICS AND TERRITORIES IN SOUTH AFRICA

________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | POPULATION IN 1891. | | AREA IN SQUARE MILES. |___________________________________| | | | | | | | European. | Coloured. | Total. | |_________________________________|_________|___________|_________| | | | | | | | British-- | | | | | |Cape Colony (including | | | | | | Walfish Bay) | 277,000 | 382,198 | 1,383,762 | 1,765,960 | | | | | | | |Basutoland | 10,293 | 578 | 218,624 | 219,202 | | | | | | | |Bechuanaland | | | | | | (Protectorate) | 200,000(?)| 800(?)| 200,000(?)| --- | | | | | | | |Natal | 20,461 | 46,788 | 497,125 | 543,913 | | | | | | | |Zululand | 12,500(?)| 1,100 | 179,270(?)| 180,370 | | | | | | | |Tongaland (British) | 2,000(?)| none | 20,000(?)| --- | | | | | | | |Territories of British | | | | | | South Africa Company,| | | | | | south of the | | | | | | Zabesi (Matabililand | | | | | | and Mashonaland) | 142,000 | 7,000(?)| unknown | --- | | | | (1899) | | | |_____________________|_________|_________|___________|_________| | | | | | | | Independent-- | | | | | |South African Republic | | | | | | (Transvaal) | 119,139 | 245,397(?)| 622,500(?)| 867,897 | | | | | | | |Swaziland (dependent | | | | | | on South African | | | | | | Republic) | 8,500 | 900(?)| 55,000(?)| --- | | | | | | | |Orange Free State | 48,326 | 77,716 | 129,787 | 207,503 | |_________________________________|_________|___________|_________| | | | | | | |Portuguese East Africa | 300,000(?)| 10,000(?)| 3,100,000(?)| --- | | | | | | | |German South West | | 2,025 | | | | Africa | 320,000(?)| (1896) | 200,000(?)| --- | |_________________________________|_________|___________|__________|

DATES OF SOME IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA

A.D. Bartholomew Diaz discovers the Cape of Good Hope 1486 Vasco da Gama explores the East Coast of Africa 1497-8 The Dutch appear in the South African Seas 1595 First Dutch settlement in Table Bay 1652 Arrival of French Huguenot settlers 1689 Beginning of the Exploration of the Interior 1700 First Kafir War 1779 First British occupation of the Cape 1795-1803 Second British occupation of the Cape 1806 Cession of Cape Colony to Britain 1814 Conquests of Tshaka, the Zulu King 1812-1828 Arrival of a body of British settlers 1820 First British settlement in Natal 1824 English made the official language in Cape Colony 1825-1828 Equal Rights ordinance in favour of the Natives 1828 Emancipation of the Slaves 1834 Sixth Kafir War 1834 Emigration of the discontented Boers (the Great Trek) 1836-7 Conquest of Matabililand by Mosilikatze 1837 The emigrant Boers occupy Natal 1838 British occupation and annexation of Natal 1843 Two native "buffer States" created in the interior 1843 Seventh Kafir War; province of British Kaffraria created 1847 Orange River Sovereignty created 1848 Recognition of the Independence of the Transvaal Boers (Sand River Convention) 1852 Recognition of the Independence of the Orange River Boers (Bloemfontein Convention) 1854 Representative Government established in Cape Colony 1854 Establishment of a Constitution for the South African Republic 1855-1858 Proclamation of a Protectorate over Basutoland 1868 Discovery of diamonds on the Lower Vaal River 1869 British occupation and annexation of Griqualand West 1871 Responsible Government granted to Cape Colony 1872 Delagoa Bay arbitration 1872-1875 British annexation of the Transvaal 1877 War with Cetewayo and conquest of Zululand 1879 Retrocession of the Transvaal 1881 Annexation of Southern and Protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland 1884-1885 German occupation of Damaraland 1884 Convention of London with the Transvaal Republic 1884 Discovery of the Witwatersrand gold field 1885 Foundation of the British South Africa Company 1889 Conquest of Matabililand by the Company 1893 Responsible Government granted to Natal 1893 Protectorate declared over the Tonga Chiefs 1894 Rising at Johannesburg and expedition of Dr. Jameson from Pitsani 1895 Outbreak of war between Britain and the two Dutch Republics Oct. 1899

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