Essay Xxvi.

AMUSEMENTS.

One of the most unexpected discoveries that we make on entering the reflective stage of existence is that amusements are social obligations.

The next discovery of this kind is that the higher the rank of the person the more obligatory and the more numerous do his so-called "amusements" become, till finally we reach the princely life which seems to consist almost exclusively of these observances.

Why should it ever be considered obligatory upon a man to amuse himself in some way settled by others? There appear to be two principal reasons for this. The first is, that when amusements are practised by many persons in common it appears unsociable and ungracious to abstain. Even if the amusement is not interesting in itself it is thought that the society it leads us into ought to be a sufficient reason for following it.

The second reason is that, like all things which are repeated by many people together, amusements soon become fixed customs, and have all the weight and authority of customs, so that people dare not abstain from observing them for fear of social penalties.

If the amusements are expensive they become not only a sign of wealth but an actual demonstration and display of it, and as nothing in the world is so much respected as wealth, or so efficient a help to social position, and as the expenditure which is visible produces far more effect upon the mind than that which is not seen, it follows that all costly amusements are useful for self-assertion in the world, and become even a means of maintaining the political importance of great families.

On the other hand, not to be accustomed to expensive amusements implies that one has lived amongst people of narrow means, so that most of those who have social ambition are eager to seize upon every opportunity for enlarging their experience of expensive amusements in order that they may talk about them afterwards, and so affirm their position as members of the upper class.

The dread of appearing unsociable, of seeming rebellious against custom, or inexperienced in the habits of the rich, are reasons quite strong enough for the maintenance of customary amusements even when there is very little real enjoyment of them for their own sake.

But, in fact, there are always some people who practise these amusements for the sake of the pleasure they give, and as these people are likely to excel the others in vivacity, activity, and skill, as they have more entrain and gayety, and talk more willingly and heartily about the sports they love, so they naturally come to lead opinion upon the subject and to give it an appearance of earnestness and warmth that is beyond its real condition. Hence the tone of conversation about amusements, though it may accurately represent the sentiments of those who enjoy them, does not represent all opinion fairly. The opposite side of the question found a witty exponent in Sir George Cornewall Lewis, when he uttered that immortal saying by which his name will endure when the recollection of his political services has passed away,--"How tolerable life would be were it not for its pleasures!" There you have the feeling of the thousands who submit and conform, but who would have much to say if it were in good taste to say anything against pleasures that are offered to us in hospitality.

Amusements themselves become work when undertaken for an ulterior purpose such as the maintenance of political influence. A great man goes through a certain regular series of dinners, balls, games, shooting and hunting parties, races, wedding-breakfasts, visits to great houses, excursions on land and water, and all these things have the outward appearance of amusement, but may, in reality, be labors that the great man undertakes for some purpose entirely outside of the frivolous things themselves. A Prime Minister scarcely goes beyond political dinners, but what an endless series of engagements are undertaken by a Prince of Wales! Such things are an obligation for him, and when the obligation is accepted with unfailing patience and good temper, the Prince is not only working, but working with a certain elegance and grace of art, often involving that prettiest kind of self-sacrifice which hides itself under an appearance of enjoyment. Nobody supposes that the social amusements so regularly gone through by the eldest son of Queen Victoria can be, in all cases, very entertaining to him; we suppose them to be accepted as forms of human intercourse that bring him into personal relations with his future subjects. The difference between this Prince and King Louis II. of Bavaria is perhaps the most striking contrast in modern royal existences. Prince Albert Edward is accessible to everybody, and shares the common pleasures of his countrymen; the Bavarian sovereign is never so happy as when in one of his romantic and magnificent residences, surrounded by the sublimity of nature and the embellishments of art, he sits alone and dreams as he listens to the strains of exquisite music. Has he not erected his splendid castle on a rock, like the builder of "The Palace of Art"?

"A huge crag-platform, smooth as burnish'd brass I chose. The ranged ramparts bright From level meadow-bases of deep grass Suddenly scaled the light.

"Thereon I built it firm. Of ledge or shelf The rock rose clear, or winding stair. My soul would live alone unto herself In her high palace there."

The life of the King of Bavaria, sublimely serene in its independence, is a long series of tranquil omissions. There may be a wedding-feast in one of his palaces, but such an occurrence only seems to him the best of all reasons why he should be in another. He escapes from the pleasures and interests of daily life, making himself an earthly paradise of architecture, music, and gardens, and lost in his long dream, assuredly one of the most poetical figures in the biographies of kings, and one of the most interesting, but how remote from men! This remoteness is due, in great part, to a sincerity of disposition which declines amusements that do not amuse, and desires only those real pleasures which are in perfect harmony with one's own nature and constitution. We like the sociability, the ready human sympathy, of the Prince of Wales; we think that in his position it is well for him to be able to keep all that endless series of engagements, but has not King Louis some claim upon our indulgence even in his eccentricity? He has refused the weary round of false amusements and made his choice of ideal pleasure. If he condescended to excuse himself, his Apologia pro vitâ sua might take a form somewhat resembling this. He might say, "I was born to a great fortune and only ask leave to enjoy it in my own way. The world's amusements are an infliction that I consider myself at liberty to avoid. I love musical or silent solitude, and the enchantments of a fair garden and a lofty dwelling amidst the glorious Bavarian mountains. Let the noisy world go its way with its bitter wranglings, its dishonest politics, its sanguinary wars! I set up no tyranny. I leave my subjects to enjoy their brief human existence in their own fashion, and they let me dream my dream."

These are not the world's ways nor the world's view. The world considers it essential to the character of a prince that he should be at least apparently happy in those pleasures which are enjoyed in society, that he should seem to enjoy them along with others to show his fellow-feeling with common men, and not sit by himself, like King Louis in his theatre, when "Tannhauser" is performed for the royal ears alone.

Of the many precious immunities that belong to humble station there are none more valuable than the freedom from false amusements. A poor man is under one obligation, he must work, but his work itself is a blessed deliverance from a thousand other obligations. He is not obliged to shoot, and hunt, and dance against his will, he is not obliged to affect interest and pleasure in games that only weary him, he has not to receive tiresome strangers in long ceremonious repasts when he would rather have a simple short dinner with his wife. Béranger sang the happiness of beggars with his sympathetic humorous philosophy, but in all seriousness it might be maintained that the poor are happier than they know. They get their easy unrestrained human intercourse by chance meetings, and greetings, and gossipings, and they are spared all the acting, all the feigning, that is connected with the routine of imposed enjoyments.

Avowed work, even when uncongenial, is far less trying to patience than feigned pleasure. You dislike accounts and you dislike balls, but though your dislike may be nearly equal in both cases you will assuredly find that the time hangs less heavily when you are resolutely grappling with the details of your account-books than when you are only wishing that the dancers would go to bed. The reason is that any hard work, whatever it is, has the qualities of a mental tonic, whereas unenjoyed pleasures have an opposite effect, and even though work may be uncongenial you see a sort of result, whilst a false pleasure leaves no result but the extreme fatigue that attends it,--a kind of fatigue quite exceptional in its nature, and the most disagreeable that is known to man.

The dislike for false amusements is often misunderstood to be a puritanical intolerance of all amusement. It is in this as in all things that are passionately enjoyed,--the false thing is most disliked by those who best appreciate the true.

What may be called the truth or falsehood of amusements is not in the amusements themselves, but in the relation between one human idiosyncrasy and them. Every idiosyncrasy has its own strong mysterious affinities, generally distinguishable in childhood, always clearly distinguishable in youth. We are like a lute or a violin, the tuned strings vibrate in answer to certain notes but not in answer to others.

To convert amusements into social customs or obligations, to make it a man's duty to shoot birds or ride after foxes because it is agreeable to others to discharge guns and gallop across fields, is an infringement of individual liberty which is less excusable in the case of amusements than it is in more serious things. For in serious things, in politics and religion, there is always the plausible argument that the repression of the individual conscience is good for the unity of the State; whereas amusements are supposed to exist for the recreation of those who practise them, and when they are not enjoyed they are not amusements but something else. There is no single English word that exactly expresses what they are, but there is a French one, the word corvée, which means forced labor, labor under dictation, all the more unpleasant in these cases that it must assume the appearance of enjoyment.

Surely there is nothing in which the independence of the individual ought to be so absolute, so unquestioned, as in amusements. What right have I, because a thing is a pleasant pastime to me, to compel my friend or my son to do that thing when it is a corvée to him? No man can possibly amuse himself in obedience to a word of command, the most he can do is to submit, to try to appear amused, wishing all the time that the weary task was over.

To mark the contrast clearly I will describe some amusements from the opposite points of view of those who enjoy them naturally, and those to whom they would be indifferent if they were not imposed, and hateful if they were.

Shooting is delightful to genuine sportsmen in many ways. It renews in them the sensations of the vigorous youth of humanity, of the tribes that lived by the chase. It brings them into contact with nature, gives a zest and interest to hard pedestrian exercise, makes the sportsmen minutely acquainted with the country, and leads to innumerable observations of the habits of wild animals that have the interest without the formal pretensions of a science. Shooting is a delightful exercise of skill, requiring admirable promptitude and perfect nerve, so that any success in it is gratifying to self-esteem. Sir Samuel Baker is always proud of being such a good marksman, and frankly shows his satisfaction. "I had fired three beautifully correct shots with No. 10 bullets, and seven drachms of powder in each charge; these were so nearly together that they occupied a space in her forehead of about three inches." He does not aim at an animal in a general way, but always at a particular and penetrable spot, recording each hit, and the special bullet used. Of course he loves his guns. These modern instruments are delightful toys on account of the highly developed art employed in their construction, so that they would be charming things to possess, and handle, and admire, even if they were never used, whilst the use of them gives a terrible power to man. See a good marksman when he takes a favorite weapon in his hand! More redoubtable than Roland with the sword Durindal, he is comparable rather to Apollo with the silver bow, or even to Olympian Zeus himself grasping his thunders. Listen to him when he speaks of his weapon! If he thinks you have the free-masonry of the chase, and can understand him, he talks like a poet and lover. Baker never fails to tell us what weapon he used on each occasion, and how beautifully it performed, and due honor and advertisement are kindly given to the maker, out of gratitude.

"I accordingly took my trusty little Fletcher double rifle No. 24, and running knee-deep into the water to obtain a close shot I fired exactly between the eyes near the crown of the head. At the reports of the little Fletcher the hippo disappeared."

Then he adds an affectionate foot-note about the gun, praising it for going with him for five years, as if it had had a choice about the matter, and could have offered its services to another master. He believes it to be alive, like a dog.

"This excellent and handy rifle was made by Thomas Fletcher, of Gloucester, and accompanied me like a faithful dog throughout my journey of nearly five years to the Albert Nyanza, and returned with me to England as good as new."

In the list of Baker's rifles appears his bow of Ulysses, his Child of a Cannon, familiarly called the Baby, throwing a half-pound explosive shell, a lovely little pet of a weapon with a recoil that broke an Arab's collar-bone, and was not without some slight effect even upon that mighty hunter, its master.

"Bang went the Baby; round I spun like a weather-cock with the blood flowing from my nose, as the recoil had driven the top of the hammer deep into the bridge. My Baby not only screamed but kicked viciously. However I knew the elephant would be bagged, as the half-pound shell had been aimed directly behind the shoulder."

We have the most minute descriptions of the effects of these projectiles in the head of a hippopotamus and the body of an elephant. "I was quite satisfied with my explosive shells," says the enthusiastic sportsman, and the great beasts appear to have been satisfied too.

Now let me attempt to describe the feelings of a man not born with the natural instinct of a sportsman. We need not suppose him to be either a weakling or a coward. There are strong and brave men who can exercise their strength and prove their courage without willingly inflicting wounds or death upon any creature. To some such men a gun is simply an encumbrance, to wait for game is a wearisome trial of patience, to follow it is aimless wandering, to slaughter it is to do the work of a butcher or a poulterer, to wound it is to incur a degree of remorse that is entirely destructive of enjoyment. The fact that somewhere on mountain or in forest poor creatures are lying with festering flesh or shattered bones to die slowly in pain and hunger, and the terrible thirst of the wounded, and all for the pleasure of a gentleman,--such a fact as that, when clearly realized, is not to be got over by anything less powerful than the genuine instinct of the sportsman who is himself one of Nature's own born destroyers, as panthers and falcons are. The feeling of one who has not the sporting instinct has been well expressed as follows by Mr. Lewis Morris, in "A Cynic's Day-dream:"--

"Scant pleasure should I think to gain From endless scenes of death and pain; 'Twould little profit me to slay A thousand innocents a day; I should not much delight to tear With wolfish dogs the shrieking hare; With horse and hound to track to death A helpless wretch that gasps for breath; To make the fair bird check its wing, And drop, a dying, shapeless thing; To leave the joy of all the wood A mangled heap of fur and blood, Or else escaping, but in vain, To pine, a shattered wretch, in pain; Teeming, perhaps, or doomed to see Its young brood starve in misery."

Hunting may be classed with shooting and passed over, as the instinct is the same for both, with this difference only that the huntsman has a natural passion for horsemanship that may be wanting to the pedestrian marksman. An amusement entirely apart from every other, and requiring a special instinct, is that of sailing.

If you have the nautical passion it was born with you, and no reasoning can get it out of you. Every sheet of navigable water draws you with a marvellous attraction, fills you with an indescribable longing. Miles away from anything that can be sailed upon, you cannot feel a breeze upon your cheek without wishing to be in a sailing-boat to catch it in a spread of canvas. A ripple on a duck-pond torments you with a teazing reminder of larger surfaces, and if you had no other field for navigation you would want to be on that duck-pond in a tub. "I would rather have a plank and a handkerchief for a sail," said Charles Lever, "than resign myself to give up boating." You have pleasure merely in being afloat, even without motion, and all the degrees of motion under sail have their own peculiar charm for you, from an insensible gliding through glassy waters to a fight against opposite winds and raging seas. You have a thorough, intimate, and affectionate knowledge of all the details of your ship. The constant succession of little tasks and duties is an unfailing interest, a delightful occupation. You enjoy the manual labor, and acquire some skill not only as a sailor but as ship's carpenter and painter. You take all accidents and disappointments cheerfully, and bear even hardship with a merry heart. Nautical exercise, though on the humble scale of the modest amateur, has preserved or improved your health and activity, and brought you nearer to Nature by teaching you the habits of the winds and waters and by displaying to you an endless variety of scenes, always with some fresh interest, and often of enchanting beauty.

Now let us suppose that you are simple enough to think that what pleases you, who have the instinct, will gratify another who is destitute of it. If you have power enough to make him accompany you, he will pass through the following experiences.

Try to realize the fact that to him the sailing-boat is only a means of locomotion, and that he will refer to his watch and compare it with other means of locomotion already known to him, not having the slightest affectionate prejudice in its favor or gentle tolerance of its defects. If you could always have a steady fair wind he would enjoy the boat as much as a coach or a very slow railway train, but he will chafe at every delay. None of the details that delight you can have the slightest interest for him. The sails, and particularly the cordage, seem to him an irritating complication which, he thinks, might be simplified, and he will not give any mental effort to master them. He cares nothing about those qualities of sails and hull which have been the subject of such profound scientific investigation, such long and passionate controversy. You cannot speak of anything on board without employing technical terms which, however necessary, however unavoidable, will seem to him a foolish and useless affectation by which an amateur tries to give himself nautical airs. If you say "the mainsheet" he thinks you might have said more rationally and concisely "the cord by which you pull towards you that long pole which is under the biggest of the sails," and if you say "the starboard quarter," he thinks you ought to have said, in simple English, "that part of the vessel's side that is towards the back end of it and to your right hand when you are standing with your face looking forwards." If you happen to be becalmed he suffers from an infinite ennui. If you have to beat to windward he is indifferent to the wonderful art and vexed with you because, as his host, you have not had the politeness and the forethought to provide a favorable breeze. If you are a yachtsman of limited means and your guest has to take a small share in working the vessel, he will not perform it with any cheerful alacrity, but consider it unfit for a gentleman. If this goes on for long it is likely that there will be irritation on both sides, snappish expressions, and a quarrel. Who is in fault? Both are excusable in the false situation that has been created, but it ought not to have been created at all. You ought not to have invited a man without nautical instincts, or he ought not to have accepted the invitation. He was a charming companion on land, and that misled you both. Meet him on land again, receive him hospitably at your house. I would say "forgive him!" if there were anything to forgive, but it is not any fault of his or any merit of yours if, by the irrevocable fate of congenital idiosyncrasy, the amusement that you were destined to seek and enjoy is the corvée that he was destined to avoid.

I find no language strong enough to condemn the selfishness of those who, in order that they may enjoy what is a pleasure to themselves, deliberately and knowingly inflict a corvée upon others. This objection does not apply to paid service, for that is the result of a contract. Servants constantly endure the tedium of waiting and attendance, but it is their form of work, and they have freely undertaken it. Work of that kind is not a corvée, it is not forced labor. Real corvées are inflicted by heads of families on dependent relations, or by patrons on humble friends who are under some obligation to them, and so bound to them as to be defenceless. The father or patron wants, let us say, his nightly game at whist; he must and will have it, if he cannot get it he feels that the machine of the universe is out of gear. He singles out three people who do not want to play, perhaps takes for his partner one who thoroughly dislikes the game, but who has learned something of it in obedience to his orders. They sit down to their board of green cloth. The time passes wearily for the principal victim, who is thinking of something else and makes mistakes. The patron loses his temper, speaks with increasing acerbity, and finally either flies into a passion and storms (the old-fashioned way), or else adopts, with grim self-control, a tone of insulting contempt towards his victim that is even more difficult to endure. And this is the reward for having been unselfish and obliging, these are the thanks for having sacrificed a happy evening!

If this is often done by individuals armed with some kind of power and authority, it is done still more frequently by majorities. The tyranny of majorities begins in our school-days, and the principal happiness of manhood is in some measure to escape from it. Many a man in after-life remembers with bitterness the weary hours he had to spend for the gratification of others in games that he disliked. The present writer has a vivid recollection of what, to him, was the infinite dulness of cricket. He was not by any means an inactive boy, but it so happened that cricket never had the slightest interest for him, and to this day he cannot pass a cricket-ground without a feeling of strong antipathy to its level surface of green, and of thankfulness that he is no longer compelled to go through the irksome old corvée of his youth. One of the many charms, to his taste, of a rocky mountain-side in the Highlands is that cricket is impossible there. At the same time he quite believes and admits everything that is so enthusiastically claimed for cricket by those who have a natural affinity for the game.

There are not only sports and pastimes, but there is the long reverberating echo of every sport in endless conversations. Here it may be remarked that the lovers of a particular amusement, when they happen to be a majority, possess a terrible power of inflicting ennui upon others, and they often exercise it without mercy. Five men are dining together, and three are fox-hunters. Evidently they ought to keep fox-hunting to themselves in consideration for the other two, but this requires an almost superhuman self-discipline and politeness, so there is a risk that the minority may have to submit in silence to an inexhaustible series of details about horses and foxes and dogs. Indeed you are never safe from this kind of conversation, even when you have numbers on your side. Sporting talk may be inflicted by a minority when that minority is incapable of any other conversation and strong in its own incapacity. Here is a case in point that was narrated to me by one of the three convives. The host was a country gentleman of great intellectual attainments, one guest was a famous Londoner, and the other was a sporting squire who had been invited as a neighbor. Fox-hunting was the only subject of talk, because the squire was garrulous and unable to converse about any other topic.

Ladies are often pitiable sufferers from this kind of conversation. Sometimes they have the instinct of masculine sport themselves, and then the subject has an interest for them; but an intelligent woman may find herself in a wearisome position when she would rather avoid the subject of slaughter, and all the men around her talk of nothing but killing and wounding.

It is natural that men should talk much about their amusements, because the mere recollection of a true amusement (that for which we have an affinity) is in itself a renewal of it in imagination, and an immense refreshment to the mind. In the midst of a gloomy English winter the yachtsman talks of summer seas, and whilst he is talking he watches, mentally, his well-set sails, and hears the wash of the Mediterranean wave.

There are three pleasures in a true amusement, first anticipation, full of hope, which is

"A feast for promised triumph yet to come,"

often the best banquet of all. Then comes the actual fruition, usually dashed with disappointments that a true lover of the sport accepts in the most cheerful spirit. Lastly, we go through it all over again, either with the friends who have shared our adventures or at least with those who could have enjoyed them had they been there, and who (for vanity often claims her own delights) know enough about the matter to appreciate our own admirable skill and courage.

In concluding this Essay I desire to warn young readers against a very common mistake. It is very generally believed that literature and the fine arts can be happily practised as amusements. I believe this to be an error due to the vulgar notion that artists and literal people do not work but only display talent, as if anybody could display talent without toil. Literary and artistic pursuits are in fact studies and not amusements. Too arduous to have the refreshing quality of recreation, they put too severe a strain upon the faculties, they are too troublesome in their processes, and too unsatisfactory in their results, unless a natural gift has been developed by earnest and long-continued labor. It does indeed occasionally happen that an artist who has acquired skill by persistent study will amuse himself by exercising it in sport. A painter may make idle sketches as Byron sometimes broke out into careless rhymes, or as a scholar will playfully compose doggerel in Greek, but these gambols of accomplished men are not to be confounded with the painful efforts of amateurs who fancy that they are going to dance in the Palace of Art and shortly discover that the muse who presides there is not a smiling hostess but a severe and exigent schoolmistress. An able French painter, Louis Leloir, wrote thus to a friend about another art that he felt tempted to practise:--

"Etching tempts me much. I am making experiments and hope to show you something soon. Unhappily life is too short; we do a little of everything and then perceive that each branch of art would of itself consume the life of a man, to practise it very imperfectly after all.... We get angry with ourselves and struggle, but too late. It was at the beginning that we ought to have put on blinkers to hide from ourselves everything that is not art."

If we mean to amuse ourselves let us avoid the painful wrestling against insuperable difficulties, and the humiliation of imperfect results. Let us shun all ostentation, either of wealth or talent, and take our pleasures happily like poor children, or like the idle angler who stands in his old clothes by the purling stream and watches the bobbing of his float, or the glancing of the fly that his guileful industry has made.

INDEX.

Absinthe, French use, 273.

Absurdity, in languages, 157.

Academies, in a university, 275.

Accidents, Divine connection with (Essay XV.), 218-222.

Acquaintances: new and humble, 21, 22; chance, 23-26; met in travelling (Essay XVII.), 239-252 passim.

Adaptability: a mystery, 9; in life's journey, 44; to unrefined people, 72.

Adultery, overlooked in princes, 168.

Affection: not blinding to faults, 10; how to obtain filial, 98; in the beginning of letters, 316.

Affinities, mysterious, 288.

Age: affecting human intercourse, ix; outrun by youth, 86-93 passim; affecting friendship, 112; senility hard to convince, 293, 294; middle and old, 302; kind letter to an old lady, 345.

Agnosticism, affecting filial relations, 93.

Agriculture: under law, 228; and Radicals, 282.

Albany, Duke of, his associations, 5.

Albert Nyanza, Baker's exploits, 392.

Alexis, Prince, sad relations to his father, 95, 96.

Alps: first sight, 235; grandeur, 271.

Americans: artistic attraction, 8; inequalities of wealth, 248; behaviour towards strangers, 249; treated as ignorant by the English, 277; under George III., 279; use of ruled paper, 328.

Amusements: pursuit of, 27; sympathy with youthful, 88; out-door, 302, 303; praise for indulgence not deserved, 342; in general (Essay XXVI.), 383-401; obligatory, 383; expensive and pleasurable, 384; laborious, 385; princely enjoyments, 386, 387; poverty not compelled to practise, 388; feigned, 388, 389; converted into customs, 389; should be independent in, 390; shooting, 391-393; boating, 394-396; selfish compulsion, 397; tyranny of majorities, 398; conversational echoes, 398, 399; ladies not interested, 399; three stages of pleasure, 399, 400; artistic gambols, 400; to be taken naturally and happily, 401.

Analysis: important to prevent confusion (Essay XX.), 280-294 passim; analytical faculty wanting, 280, 292-294.

Ancestry: aristocratic, 123; boast, 130; home, 138; less religion, 214.

Angels, and the arts, 191.

Anglicanism, and Russian Church, 257, 258.

Angling, pleasure of, 401.

Animals, feminine care, 177.

Annuities, affecting family ties, 68, 69.

Answers to letters, 334, 335.

Anticipation, pleasure of, 399, 400.

Antiquarianism, author's, 323.

Apollo, a sportsman compared to, 391.

Arabs: use of telegraph, 323; collar-bone broken, 392.

Archæology: a friend's interest, x; affected by railway travel, 14.

Architecture: illustration, vii, xii; studies in France, 17, 23, 24; connection with religion, 189, 190, 192; ignorance about English, 265; common mistakes, 291; letters about, 365.

Aristocracy: French rural, 18, 19; English laws of primogeniture, 66; English instance, 123, 124; discipline, 128; often poor, 135, 136; effect of deference, 146, 147; a mark of? 246, 247; Norman influence, 251, 252; antipathy, to Dissent, 256, 257; sent to Eton, 277; and Bohemianism, 309; dislike of scholarship, 331, 332. (See Rank.)

Aristophilus, fictitious character, 146.

Armies: national ignorance, 277-279; monopoly of places in French, 283. (See War.)

Art: detached from religion, xii; affecting friendship, 6, 8; Claude and Turner, 13; chance acquaintances, 23, 24; purposes lowered, 28, 29; penetrated by love, 42, 43; affecting fraternity, 64; friendship, 113, 114; lifts above mercenary motives, 132; literary, 154; adaptability of Greek language, 158; preferences of artists rewarded, 165; affecting relations of Priests and Women (Essay XIII. part II.), 187-195, passim; exaggeration and diminution, both admissible, 232, 233; result of selection, 253; French ignorance of English, 265, 266, 267; antagonized by Philistinism, 285, 286, 301; not mere amusement, 400. (See Painting, Sculpture, Turner, etc.)

Asceticism, tinges both the Philistine and Bohemian, 299, 300. (See Priesthood, Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Association: pleasurable or not, 3; affected by opinions, 5, 6; by tastes, 7, 8; London, 20; of a certain French painter, 28; between Priests and Women (Essay XIII. part III.), 195-204 passim; among travellers (Essay XVII.), 239-252; leads to misapprehension of opinions, 287, 288. (See Companionship, Friendship, Society, etc.)

Atavism, puzzling to parents, 88.

Atheism: reading prayers, 163; apparent, 173; confounded with Deism, 257. (See God, Religion, etc.)

Attention: how directed in the study of language, 154; want of, 197.

Austerlitz, battle, 350. (See Napoleon I.)

Austria, Empress, 180.

Authority, of fathers (Essay VI.), 78-98 passim. (See Priests.)

Authors: illustration, 9; indebtedness to humbler classes, 22, 23; relations of several to women, 46 et seq.; sensitiveness to family indifference, 74; in society and with the pen, 237, 238; a procrastinating correspondent, 317; anonymous letters, 378. (See Hamerton, etc.)

Authorship, illustrating interdependence, 12. (See Literature, etc.)

Autobiographies, revelations of faithful family life, 65.

Autumn tints, 233.

Avignon, France, burial-place of Mill, 53.

Bachelors: independence, 26; dread of a wife's relations, 73; lonely hearth, 76; friendship destroyed by marriage, 115, 116; reception into society, 120; eating-habits, 244. (See Marriage, Wives, etc.)

Baker, Sir Samuel, shooting, 390-392.

Balzac, his hatred of old maids, 381.

Baptism, religious influence, 184, 185. (See Priesthood.)

Baptists: in England, 170; ignorance about, 257. (See Religion.)

Barbarism, emerging from, 161. (See Civilization.)

Baronius, excerpts by Prince Alexis, 95.

Barristers, mercenary motives, 132, 133.

Bavaria, king of, 385-387.

Bazaar, charity, 188.

Beard, not worn by priests, 202.

Beauty: womanly attraction, 38, 39; sought by wealth, 299.

Bedford, Duke of, knowledge of French, 151.

Belgium, letters written at the date of Waterloo, 153.

Beljame, his knowledge of English, 152.

Bell, Umfrey, in old letter, 323.

Benevolence, priestly and feminine association therein, 195, 196. (See Priests, etc.)

Ben Nevis, and other Scotch heights, 271.

Bentinck, William, letters to, 344, 345.

Betham-Edwards, Amelia, her description of English bad manners, 240, 245.

Bible: faith in, 6; allusion to Proverbs and Canticles, 41; reading, 123; Babel, 159; commentaries studied, authority, 206; examples, 208; narrow limits, 211, 212; commentaries and sermons, 302. (See Religion, etc.)

Bicycle, illustration, 15.

Birds, in France, 272.

Birth, priestly connection with, 184, 185. (See Priests, Women.)

Black cap, illustration, 204.

Blake, William, quotation about Folly and Wisdom, 31.

Blasphemy, royal, 167. (See Immorality, etc.)

Boating: affected by railways, 14; French river, 128; rich and poor, 138, 139; comparison, 154; Lever's experience, 260; mistaken judgments, 292, 293; not enjoyed, 302; sleeping, 307; on the Thames, 335; painting a boat, 359; amusement, 394-396. (See Yachts, etc.)

Boccaccio, quotation about pestilence, 222.

Bohemianism: Noble (Essay XXI.), 295-314; unjust opinions, 295; lower forms, 296; social vices, 297; sees the weakness of Philistinism, 298; how justifiable, 299; imagination and asceticism, 300; intimacy with nature, 302; estimate of the desirable, 303; living illustration, 304; furniture, mental and material, 305; an English Bohemian's enjoyment, 306; contempt for comfort, uselessness, 307; self-sacrifice, 308; higher sort, 309; of Goldsmith, 309, 310; Corot, Wordsworth, 311; Palmer, 312, 313; part of education, 313, 314; a painter's, 314. (See Philistinism.)

Bonaparte Family, criminality of, 168. (See Napoleon I.)

Books: how far an author's own, 13; in hospitality, 142; refusal to read, 195; indifference to, 286, 287; cheap and dear, 304, 305; Wordsworth's carelessness, 311; binding, 359. (See Literature, etc.)

Bores, English dread of, 245. (See Intrusion.)

Borrow, George, on English houses, 145.

Botany, allusion, 166.

Bourbon Family, criminality of, 168.

Bourrienne, Fauvelet de, Napoleon's secretary, 367.

Boyton, Captain, swimming-apparatus, 290.

Boys: French, 23, 24; English fraternal jealousies, 66; education, and differences with older people, 78-98 passim; roughened by play, 100; friendships, 111. (See Brothers, Fathers, Sons, etc.)

Brassey, Sir Thomas, his yacht, 138, 139.

Brevity, in correspondence, 324-331, 361.

Bright, John, his fraternity, 68.

British Museum: ignorance about, 266; library, 287; confused with other buildings, 291. (See London.)

Brontë, Charlotte, her St. John, in Jane Eyre, 196.

Brothers: divided by incompatibility, 10; English divisions, 63; idiosyncrasy, 64; petty jealousy, 65, 66; love and hatred illustrated, 67; the Brights, 68; money affairs, 69; generosity and meanness, 70; refinement an obstacle, 71; lack of fraternal interest, 74; riches and poverty, 77. (See Boys, Friendship, Sons, etc.)

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc de, his noble life, 209, 210.

Buildings, literary illustration, vii.

Bulgaria, lost to Turkey, 278.

Bull-fights, women's presence, 180. (See Cruelty.)

Bunyan, John: choice in religion, 173; imprisoned, 181.

Business: affecting family ties, 64, 67; affecting letter-writing, 342, 343; Letters of (Essay XXIV.), 354-369; orally conducted or written, 354-357; stupid agents, 358, 359; talent for accuracy, 360; acknowledging orders, 361; apparent carelessness, one subject best, 362; knowledge of drawing important to explanations on paper, 363, 364; acquaintance with languages a help, 364; commercial slang, 365; indolence in letter-reading has disastrous results, 366-369. (See Correspondence.)

Byron, Lord: on Friendship, 30; Haidée, 39; marriage relations, 46, 48-50, 55-57; as a letter-writer, 345-349; careless rhymes, 400.

Calumny: caused by indistinct ideas, 292; in letters, 370-377.

Cambridge University, 275, 276.

Camden Society, publication, 318.

Cannes, anecdote, 235.

Cannon-balls, national intercourse, 160. (See Wars.)

Canoe, illustration, 15.

Card-playing: incident, 128, 129; French habit, 273; kings, 289; laborious, 397.

Carelessness, causing wrong judgments, 293.

Caste: as affecting friendship, 4; not the uniting force, 9; French rites, 16; English prejudice, 19; sins against, 22; among authors, 46-56; kinship of ideas, 67; ease with lower classes, 64; really existent, 124, 125; loss through poverty, 136; among English travellers, 240-242, 245, 246. (See Classes, Rank, Titles, etc.)

Cat, drawing by a child, 364.

Cathedrals: drawing a French, 23, 24; imposing, 189, 190, 192.

Celibacy: Shelley's experience, 34; in Catholic Church, 120; clerical, 198-201; of old maids, 379-382. (See Clergy, Priests, Wives, etc.)

Censure, dangerous in letters, 352, 353.

Ceremony: dependent on prosperity, 125, 126; fondness of women for, 197, 198; also 187-195 passim. (See Manners, Rank, etc.)

Chamberlain, the title, 137.

Chambord, Count de, restoration possible, 254, 255.

Channel, British, illustration, 14.

Charles II., women's influence during his reign, 181.

Charles XII., his hardiness, 308.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, on birds, 272.

Cheltenham, Eng., treatment of Dissenters, 19.

Chemistry, illustration, 3.

Cheshire, Eng., a case of generosity, 68.

Children: recrimination with parents, 75; as affecting parental wealth, 119; social reception, 120; keenly alive to social distinctions, 121; imprudent marriages, 123; a poor woman's, 139; interruptions, 140, 141; ignorance of foreign language makes us seem like, 151; feminine care, 177; of clergy, 200, 201; cat picture, 364; pleasures of poor, 401. (See Boys, Brothers, Marriage, Sons, etc.)

Chinese mandarins, 130.

Chirography, in letters, 331-333.

Christ: his divinity a past issue, 6; Church instituted, 178, 179; Dr. Macleod on, 186; limits of knowledge in Jesus' day, 213. (See Church, Religion, etc.)

Christianity: as affecting intercourse, 5, 6; its early disciples, 142; preferment for adherence, 162, 163; morality a part of, 168, 169; state churches, 170; in poetry, 198; early ideal, 206. (See Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Christmas: decorations, 188; in Tennyson, 198. (See Clergy, Priesthood, Women.)

Church: attendance of hypocrites, 163; compulsory, 172; instituted by God in Christ, 178, 179; influence at all stages of life, 183-186; æsthetic industry, 188; dress, 189; buildings, 190; menaces, 193; partisanship, 194; power of custom, 198; authority, 203. (See Religion, Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Church of England: as affecting friendship, 6; freedom of members in their own country, instance of Dissenting tyranny, 164; dangers of forsaking, 165; bondage of royalty, 166, 168; adherence of nobility, 169, 170, 173; of working-people, 170, 171; compulsory attendance, liberality, 172, 173; ribaldry sanctioned by its head, 181; priestly consolation, 183; the legal church, 185; ritualistic art, 188-190; a bishop's invitation to a discussion, 192; story of a bishop's indolence, 366, 367; French ignorance of, 275. (See England, Christ, etc.)

Cipher, in letters, 326.

Civility. (See Hospitality.)

Civilization: liking for, xiii; antagonism to nature in love-matters, 41; lower state, 72; affected by hospitality, 100; material adjuncts, 253; physical, 298; duty to further, 299; forsaken, 310. (See Barbarism, Bohemianism, Philistinism, etc.)

Classes: Differences of Rank (Essay X.), 130-147 passim; affected by religion (Essay XII.), 161-174; limits, 250; in connection with Gentility (Essay XVIII.), 253-263 passim. (See Caste, Ceremonies, Rank, etc.)

Classics, study of, in the Renaissance, 212.

Claude, helps Turner. (See Painters, etc.)

Clergy: mercenary motives, 132, 133; more tolerant of immorality than of heresy, 168; belief in natural law, 221; dangers of association with, 287. (See Priesthood, Religion, etc.)

Clergywomen, 200, 201.

Clerks, their knowledge an aid to national intercourse, 149, 150. (See Business, Languages, etc.)

Coats-of-arms: usurped, 135; in letters, 326, 327. (See Rank.)

Cockburn, Sir Alexander, knowledge of French, 151.

Cock Robin, boat, 138. (See Boating.)

Coffee, satire on trade, 133, 134.

Cologne Cathedral, 190.

Colors, in painting, 232, 233.

Columbus, Voltaire's allusion, 274.

Comet, in Egyptian war, 229. (See Superstition.)

Comfort, pursuit of, 27, 298, 299. (See Philistinism.)

Commerce, affected by language, 148-150, 159, 160. (See Business, Languages, etc.)

Communism, threats, 377.

Como, Italy, solitude, 31.

Companionship: how decided, 4; affected by opinions, 5, 6; by tastes, 7, 8; in London, 20; with the lower classes, 21-23; chance, 24-26; intellectual exclusiveness, 27, 28; books, 29; nature, 30; in Marriage (Essay IV.), 44-62; travelling, absence, 44; intellectual, 45; instances of unlawful, 46, 47; failures not surprising, 48; of Byron, 49, 50; Goethe, 51, 52; Mill, 53, 54; discouraging examples, 55, 56; difficulties of extraordinary minds, 57; artificial, 58; hopelessness of finding ideal associations, 59; indications and realizations, 60; trust, 61, 62; hindered by refinement, 71, 72; affected by cousinship, 73; parents and children (Essay VI.), 78-98 passim; Death of Friendship (Essay VIII.), 110-118; affected by wealth and poverty (Essays IX. and X.), 119-147 passim; between Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204. (See Association, Friendship, etc.)

Comradeship, difficult between parents and children, 89. (See Association, etc.)

Concession: weakening the mind, 147; national, 148; feminine liking, 175.

Confessional, the: influencing women, 201-203; a supposititious compulsion, 281. (See Religion, etc.)

Confirmation, priestly connection with, 185. (See Women.)

Confusion: (Essay XX.), 280-294; masculine and feminine, 280; political, 280-284; rebels and reformers, 280; private and public liberty, 281; Radicals, 282; égalité, 283; religious, 284, 285; Philistines and Bohemians, 285-287; confounding people with their associates, 287, 288; vocations, 288, 289; persons, 290; foreign buildings, 291; inducing calumny, 292; caused by insufficient analysis, 292, 293; about inventions, 293; result of carelessness, indolence, or senility, 293, 294.

Consolation, of clergy, 179-183. (See Religion.)

Construing, different from reading, 154. (See Languages.)

Continent, the: family ties, 63; friendship broken by marriage, 116; religious liberality, 173; marriage, 184; flowers, 188, 189; confessional, 202, 203; exaggeration, 234, 235; table-manners of travellers, 240-252 passim; drinking-places, 262. (See France, etc.)

Controversy, disliked, xiii.

Conventionality: affecting personality, 15-17; genteel ignorance engendered by, 260-262. (See Courtesy, Manners, etc.)

Conversation: chance, 26; compared with literature, 29; study of languages, 156; at table d'hôte, 239-249; among strangers, 247-252 passim; useless to quote, 291; Goldsmith's enjoyment, 309.

Convictions, our own to be trusted, iii, iv.

Copenhagen, battle, 327.

Cornhill Magazine, Lever's article, 259, 260.

Corot (Jean Baptiste Camille), his Bohemianism, 310, 311.

Correspondence: akin to periodicals, 30; Belgian letters, 153; Courtesy of Epistolary Communication (Essay XXII.), 315-335; introductions and number of letters, 316; promptness, 317, 318; Plumpton Letters, 318-323; brevity, 324; telegraphy and abbreviations, 325; sealing, 326, 327; peculiar stationery, 328; post-cards, 329; un mot à la poste, 330; brevity and hurry, 331; handwriting, 332; crossed lines, ink, type-writers, 333; dictation, outside courtesy, 334; to reply or not reply? 335; Letters of Friendship (Essay XXIII.), 336-353; a supposed gain to friendship, 336; neglected, 337; impediments, 338; French cards, 339; abandonment to be regretted, 340; letter-writing a gift, 341; real self wanted in letters, 342; letters of business and friendship, 343; familiarity best, 344; lengthy letters, 345; Byron's, 346-348; Jacquemont's, 349; the Rémusat letters, 350; Bernardo Tasso's, Montaigne's, 350; perils of plain speaking, 352, 353; Letters of Business (Essay XXIV.), 354-369; differences of talent, 354; repeated perusals, 355; refuge of timidity, 356; letters exposed, literary faults, omissions, 357; directions misunderstood, 358, 359; acknowledging orders, 361; slovenly writing, one subject in each letter, 362; misunderstanding through ignorance, 363; in foreign languages, 364; conventional slang, 365; careful reading necessary, 366; unopened letters, 367; epistles half-read, 368; a stupid error, 369; Anonymous Letters (Essay XXV.), 370-382; common, 370; slanderous, 371; vehicle of calumny, 372; written to betrothed lovers, 373; story, 374; written in collaboration and with pains, 375; an expected grandchild, 376; torture and threats, 377; kindly and critical, 378-382.

Corvée: allusion, 342; definition, 389, 390, 396, 397. (See Amusements.)

Cottage, love in a, 35, 36.

Court-circulars, 166, 167.

Courtesy: its forms, 127-129; idioms, 157; in Epistolary Communication (Essay XXII.), 315-335; in what courtesy consists, 315; the act of writing, phrases, 316; promptitude, 317; instance of procrastination, 317, 318; illustrations, in the Plumpton Correspondence, of ancient courtesy, 318-323, 331; consists in modern brevity, 324; foreign forms, 325; by telegraph, 326; in little things, 327; in stationery, 328; affected by postal cards, 329, 330; in chirography, 331, 332; affected by type-writers, 333; for show merely, 334; requiring answers, 335. (See Manners, Classes, etc.)

Cousins: French proverb, general relationship, 72; lack of friendly interest, 74. (See Brothers, etc.)

Creuzot, French foundry, 272.

Cricket: not played in France, 272; author's dislike, 398. (See Amusements.)

Crimean War, caused by ignorance, 278. (See War.)

Criticism: intolerant of certain features in books, 89; in Byron's letters, 347; in anonymous letters, 379; explained by a date, 381.

Cromwell, Oliver, contrasted with his son, 96.

Culture and Philistinism, 285-287.

Customs: upheld by clergy, 197, 198; amusements changed into, 383, 384, 389. (See Ceremonies, Courtesy, Rank, etc.)

Daily News, London, illustration of natural law vs. religion, xii.

Dancing: French quotation about, 31; religious aversion, 123; not compulsory to the poor, 388. (See Amusements, etc.)

Dante, his subjects, 192.

Daughters, their respectful and impertinent letters, 319-321. (See Fathers, Sons, Women, etc.)

Death: termination of intercourse, x, xi; from love, 39; Byron's lines, 50; ingratitude expressed in a will, 69; of wife's relations, 73; of Friendship (Essay VIII.), 110-118; not personal, 110; of a French gentleman, 182; priestly connection with, 184-186, 203; of absent friends, 338; French customs, 339; silence, 340. (See Priests, Religion.)

Debauchery, destructive of love, 34.

Deference, why liked, 122. (See Rank, etc.)

Deism, confounded with Atheism, 257. (See God, Religion, etc.)

Delos, oracle of, 229.

Democracies, illustration of broken friendships, 114, 115.

Democracy: accusation of, 131; confounded with Dissent, 257. (See Nationality, etc.)

Denmark, the crown-prince of, 327.

Dependence, of one upon all, 12.

De Saussure, Horace Benedict, his life study, 230, 231.

Despotism, provincial and social, 17. (See Tyranny.)

De Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel: allusion, 147; translation, 152; on English unsociability (Essay XVII.), 239-252 passim.

Devil: priestly opposition, 195; belief in agency, 224; God's relation to, 228. (See Clergy, Superstition, Religion, etc.)

Devonshire, Eng., its beauty, 270.

Dickens, Charles: his middle-class portraitures, 20; his indebtedness to the poor, 22; humor, 72.

Dictionary, references, 155. (See Languages.)

Diderot, Denis, Goldsmith's interview, 309.

Dignity, to be maintained in middle-life, 117.

Diminution, habit in art and life (Essay XVI.), 232-238. (See Exaggeration.)

Diogenes, his philosophy, 127.

Discipline: of children, 78-98 passim; delegated, 83; mental, 208; of self, 308.

Discord, the result of high taste, 6.

Dishonesty, part of Bohemianism, 296.

Disraeli, Benjamin, female estimate, 380.

Dissenters: French estimate, 18, 19; English exclusion, 19, 256; liberty in religion, 164, 165; position not compulsory, 170; small towns, 171-173. (See Church of England, etc.)

Dissipation: among working-men, 124; in France, 272, 273. (See Wine, etc.)

Distinctions forgotten (Essay XX.), 280-294 passim. (See Confusion.)

Divorce, causes of, 38. (See Marriage, Women, etc.)

Dobell, Sidney, social exclusion, 19.

Dog, rifle compared to, 392. (See Amusements.)

Dominicans, dress, 189. (See Religion, etc.)

Dominoes in France, 273. (See Amusements.)

Don Quixote, illustration of paternal satire, 97.

Doré, Gustave, his kind and long letter, 345.

Double, Léopold, home, 142.

Dover Straits, 337.

Drama: power of adaptation, 72; amateur actors, 143.

Drawing: a French church, 23, 24; aid to business letters, 363, 364. (See Painters, etc.)

Dreams, outgrown, 60.

Dress: connection with manners, 126, 127; ornaments to indicate wealth, 131; feminine interest, 187; clerical vestments, 187, 188, 198; sexless, 202, 203; of the Philistines, 297, 298; Bohemian, 304-307, 313, 314. (See Women.)

Driving, sole exercise, 302.

Drunkenness: part of Bohemianism, 296; in best society, 297. (See Table, Wine, etc.)

Duelling, French, 273.

Du Maurier, George, his satire on coffee-dealers, 133, 134.

Dupont, Pierre, song about wine, 268, 269, 272.

Ear, learning languages by, 156. (See Languages.)

Easter: allusion, 198; confession, 281.

Eccentricity: high intellect, 56; in an artist, 307; claims indulgence, 387.

Eclipse, superstitious view, 215-217, 229.

Economy, necessitated by marriage, 26. (See Wealth.)

Edinburgh Review, editor, 152.

Editor, a procrastinating correspondent, 317.

Education: similarity, 10; affecting idiosyncrasy, 13; conventional, 15; effect upon humor, 20; literary, derived from the poor, 22; affected by change in filial obedience, 80-88; home, 81 et seq.; authority of teachers, 81, 83; divergence of parental and filial, 84; special efforts, 85; divergent, 90-92; profound lack of, 91; never to be thrown off, 92; of hospitality, 99, 100; the effect on all religion (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; knowledge of languages, 245; of Tasso family, 350, 351. (See Languages, etc.)

Egypt: Suez Canal, xii; illustration of school tasks, 85; war of 1882, 222-224, 229.

Eliot, George: hints from the poor, 22; her peculiar relation to Mr. Lewes, 45, 46, 55, 56; often confounded with other writers, 290.

Elizabeth, Queen: order about the marriage of clergy, 200; her times, 381. (See Celibacy.)

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: the dedication, iii, iv; anecdote of Napoleon, 367.

England: newspaper reports, 41; a French woman's knowledge of, 107; respect for rank, 136; title-worship, 137; estimate of wealth, 144-146; slavery to houses, 145; French ideas slowly received, 150; religious freedom, 164-168, 172; two religions for the nobility, 169, 170, 173; a most relentless monarch, 180; women during reign of Charles II., 181; marriage rites, 184, 185; aristocracy, 246; A Remarkable Peculiarity (Essay XVII.), 239-252; meeting abroad, 239; reticence in each other's company, 240; anecdotes, 241, 242; dread of intrusion, 243, 244; freedom with foreigners and with compatriots, 245; not a mark of aristocracy, 246; fear of meddlers, 247; interest in rank, 248; reticence outgrown, 249; Lever's illustration, 250; exceptions, 251; Saxon and Norman influence, 251, 252; Dissenters ignored, 256, 257; general information, 263; French ignorance of art and literature in, 265-267, 269; game, 268; mountains, 270, 271; landscapes, 270; Church, 275; supposed law about attending the Mass, 281; homes longed for, 286; the architectural blunders of tourists, 291; Philistine lady, 304; painter and Philistine, 306; letters in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 318-321; use of telegraph, 323; letters shortened, 325; letter-paper 328; post-cards, 329, 330; communication with France, 337; trade habits, 361, 365; reading of certain books not compulsory, 378; old maids, 381; winter, 399. (See Church of England, France, etc.)

English Language: ignorance of, a misfortune, 149, 150; familiar knowledge unusual in France, 151-153; forms of courtesy, 157; conversation abroad, 240; Bohemian, 295; literature, 305; bad spelling, 360, 361; no synonym for corvée, 389; nautical terms, 396. (See England, etc.)

English People: Continental repulsion, 7; artistic attraction, 8; undervaluation of chance conversations, 26; looseness of family ties, 63; ashamed of sentiment, 82; feeling about heredity, 93; one lady's empty rooms, 104; another's incivility, 106; a merchant's loss of wealth, 121, 122; deteriorated aristocrat, 123; letters by ladies, 153; no consoling power, 182; gentlewomen of former generation, 205, 206; where to find inspiriting models, 208; companions of Prince Imperial, 225; understatement a habit, 234-238; a lady's ignorant remark about servants, 258, 259; ignorance of French mountains, etc., 270-271; fuel and iron, 272; universities, 275, 276; patronage of Americans, 277; anonymous letter to a gentleman, 376.

Ennui: banished by labor, 32; on shipboard, 396.

Enterprise, affecting individualism, 14.

Envy, expressed in anonymous letters, 371.

Epiphany, annual Egyptian ceremony, xii. (See Science, Superstition, etc.)

Epithets, English, 235.

Equality: affecting intercourse, 246; égalité, 282, 283. (See Rank, Ignorance.)

Equestrianism, affected by railways, 14.

Etching, Leloir's fondness for, 401.

Etheredge, Sir George, his ribaldry, 181.

Eton College, allusion, 277.

Eugénie, Empress: her influence over her husband, 176; his regard, 225.

Europe: vintages, 133; influence of Littré, 210; Southern, 240; allusion, 254; Turkey nearly expelled, 278; latest thought, 306; cities, 309; William of Orange, on complications, 344; communistic disturbances, 377. (See England, France, etc.)

Evangelicism, English peculiarities, 123. (See Dissenters, etc.)

Evans, Marian. (See George Eliot.)

Evolution, theory of, 176.

Exaggeration, the habit in art and life (Essay XVI.), 232-238. (See Diminution.)

Exercise: love of, 14; in the young and the old, 86, 87. (See Amusements.)

Experience: value, 30; needed to avoid dangers in letter-writing, 352.

Extravagance: part of Bohemianism, 295; Goldsmith's, 310.

Family: Ties (Essay V.), 63-77; looseness in England, 63; brotherly coolness, 64; domestic jealousies, 65; laws of primogeniture, 66; instances of strong attachment, 67; illustrations of kindness, 68; pecuniary relations, 69; parsimony, 70; discomfort of refinement, 71; cousins, 72; wife's relations, 73; indifference to the achievements of kindred, 74; aid from relatives, domestic rudeness, 75; brutality, misery, 76; home privations, 77; Fathers and Sons (Essay VI.), 78-98; intercourse, to be distinguished from individual, 119, 120; rich friends, 121; false, 122; children's marriages, 123; old, 135, 136; clerical, 199, 200; subjects of letters, 205; regard of Napoleon III., 225. (See Brothers, Sons, etc.)

Fashion, transient, 307.

Fathers: separated from children by incompatibility, 10; by irascibility, 75; by brutality of tongue, 76; and Sons (Essay VI.), 78-98; unsatisfactory relation, interregnum, 78; old and new feelings and customs, 79; commanding, 80; exercise of authority, 81; Mill's experience, 82; abdication of authority, 83; personal education of sons, 84, 85; mistakes of middle-age, 86; outstripped by sons, 87; intimate friendship impossible, 88; differences of age, 89; divergences of education and experience, 90, 91; opinions not hereditary, 92, 93; the attempted control of marriage, 94; Peter the Great and Alexis, 95; other illustrations of discord, 96; satire and disregard of personality, 97; true foundation of paternal association, 98; death of a French parent, 182; a letter, 319-322.

Favor, fear of loss, 147.

Ferdinand and Isabella, religious freedom in their reign, 164.

Fiction: love in French, 41; absorbing theme, 42; in a library, 305.

Fletcher, Thomas, firearms made by, 391, 392.

Florence, Italy, pestilence, 222.

Flowers: illustration, 179; church use, 188; Flower Sunday, 189. (See Women, etc.)

Fly, artificial, 377.

Fog, English, 270.

Foreigners: associations with, 7; view of English family life, 63; in travelling-conditions (Essay XVII.), 239-252 passim; association leads to misapprehension, 287; in England, 291.

Fox-hunting, 180, 398, 399. (See Amusements, Sports, etc.)

France: a peasant's outlook, xii; social despotism in small cities, 17-19; pleasant associations in a cathedral city, 23, 24; political criticism, 115; noisy card-players, 128, 129; disregard of titles, 136, 137; adage about riches, 145; English ideas slowly received, 150; travel in Southern, 150; religious freedom, 165; marriage, 184; railway accident, 218-220; the Imperialists, 225; feudal fashions, 246; obstinacy of the old régime, 254-256; mountains, 271; vigor of young men, 272, 273; universities, 275, 276; equality attained by Revolution, 283; bourgeois complaint of newspapers, 286; mineral oil, 288; confusion of tourists, 291; Goldsmith's travels, 309, 310; landscape painter, 310; end of Plumpton family, 323; use of telegraph, 323; letters shortened, 325; letter-paper, 328; post-cards, 330; chirography, 332; New Year's cards, 339; carton non bitumé, 358, 359; habits of tradesmen, 360, 361, 365; the Salon, 367; old maids, 381; a corvée, 389, 390; Leloir the painter, 401. (See Continent, etc.)

Fraternity, fraternité, 282, 283. (See Brothers.)

Freedom: national, 279; public and private liberty confounded, 281, 282.

French Language: teaching, 85; ignorance a misfortune, 149, 150; rare knowledge of, by Englishmen, 151, 152; letters by English ladies, 153; forms of courtesy, 157; prayers, 158; as the universal tongue, 158, 159; English knowledge of, 245; univers, 273, 274. (See Languages.)

French People: excellence in painting, and relations to Americans and English, 7; an ideal of good form, 15; old conventionality, 16-18; love in fiction, 41; family ties, 63; proverb about cousins, 72; unbelieving sons, 93; bourgeois table manners formerly, 101, 102; state apartments, 105; incivility towards, at an English table, 106; girls, 106; a woman's clever retort, 107; literature condemned by wholesale, 147; royal daily life, 167; power of consolation, 182; examples of virtue, 208; old nobility, 209; Buffon and Littré, 209-211; hazard providentiel, 227; painters, 232, 233; overstatement, 234, 235; sociability with strangers contrasted with the English want of it (Essay XVII.), 239-252 passim; a widow and suite, 242, 243; discreet social habits, 247, 248; a disregard of titles, 248; a weak question about fortune, 259; ignorance of English matters, 265-270; wine-song, 268, 269; fuel and iron, 271, 272; seeming vanity of language, 273, 274; conceit cured by war, 278; communist dreamers, 284; proverb, 287; confusion of persons, 290.

Friendship: supposed impossible in a given case, viii, ix; real, x; how formed, 4; not confined to the same class, 5; affected by art and religion, 6; by taste and nationality, 7, 8; by likeness, 8; with those with whom we have not much in common, 9, 10; affected by incompatibility, 10; Byron's comparison, 30; affecting illicit love, 41; akin to marriage, 48; elective affinity, 75; Death of (Essay VIII.), 110-118; sad subject, no resurrection, definition, 110; boyish alliances, growth, 111; personal changes, 112; differences of opinion, 113; of prosperity, financial, professional, political, 114; habits, marriage, 115; neglect, poor and rich, 116; equality not essential, acceptance of kindness, new ties, 117; intimacy easily destroyed, 118; affected by wealth (Essays IX., X.), 119-147 passim; by language, 149; between Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204 passim; formed with strangers, 251; leads to misunderstood opinions, 287, 288; disturbed by procrastination, 317; Letters of, (Essay XXIII.), 336-353; infrequency, 336; obstacles, 337; the sea a barrier, 338; aid of a few words at New Year's, 339; death-like silence, 340; charm of manner not always carried into letters, 341; excluded by business, 342; cooled by reproaches, 343; all topics interesting to a friend, 344; affection overflows in long letters, 345-351; fault-finding dangerous, 352, 353; journeys saved, 360. (See Association, Companionship, Family, etc.)

Fruit, ignorance about English, 269, 270.

Fruition, pleasure of, 400.

Fuel, French, 272.

Furniture: feminine interest in, 187; regard and disregard (Essay XXI.), 295-314 passim; Goldsmith's extravagance, 310. (See Women.)

Gambetta, his death, 225.

Game: in England, 267, 268, 270; elephant and hippopotamus, 392. (See Sports.)

Games, connection with amusement, 385, 397. (See Cards, etc.)

Garden, illustration, 9.

Gascoyne, William, letters, 318, 319.

Generosity: affecting family ties, 69, 70; of a Philistine, 301.

Geneva Lake, as seen by different eyes, 230, 231.

Genius, enjoyment of, 303.

Gentility: Genteel Ignorance (Essay XVIII.), 253-263; an ideal condition, 253; misfortune, 254; French noblesse, 255; ignores differing forms of religion, 256, 257; poverty, 258; inferior financial conditions, 259, 260; real differences, 261; genteel society avoided, 262; because stupid, 263.

Geography: London Atlas, 274; work of Reclus, 291. (See Ignorance.)

Geology, allusion, 166. (See Science.)

George III., colonial tenure, 279.

Germany: models of virtue, 208; hotel fashions, 244; a Bohemian and scholar, 304-306.

German Language, English knowledge, 245.

Gladstone, William E.: the probable effect of a French training, 17, 18; indebtedness to trade, 135; Lord, 137; foreign troubles ending in inkshed, 150; allusion, 241; use of post-cards, 335; female estimate, 380.

Glasgow, steamer experience, 25.

Gloucester, Eng., manufactory of rifles, 391, 392.

God: of the future, 177; personal care, 178, 179; against wickedness, 180; Divine love, 178-181, 186, 187; interference with law (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; human motives, 228. (See Religion, etc.)

Gods: our valors the best, 177; siege of Syracuse, 215-217. (See Superstition.)

Godwin, Mary, relations to Shelley, 46-48.

Goethe: Faust's Margaret, 39; relation to women, 46, 50, 56, 57; Life, 244.

Gold: in embroidery to indicate wealth, 131; color, 232, 233.

Goldsmith, Oliver, his Bohemianism, 309, 310.

Gormandizing, 103. (See Table.)

Government: feminine, 176; scientific, 229.

Grammar: French knowledge of, 152; rival of literature, 154; in correspondence, 356, 357. (See Languages, etc.)

Gratitude: a sister's want of, 69; hospitality not reciprocated, 122.

Greece: Byron's enthusiasm, 50, 57; story of Nikias, 215-217; advance of knowledge, 230; Byron's notice of a book, 348.

Greek Church: Czar's headship, 168; the only true, 258. (See Church of England, etc.)

Greek Language: teaching, 84; fitness as the universal language, 158, 159; in the Renaissance, 212; professorship and library, 287; doggerel, 400. (See Languages.)

Groom, true happiness in a stable, 343.

Guests: Rights of (Essay VII.), 99-109; respect, exclusiveness, 99; two views, 100; conformity insisted upon, 101; left to choose for himself, 102; duties towards a host, generous entertainment, 103; parsimonious treatment, 104; illustrations, ideas to be respected, 105; nationality also, 107; a host the ally of his guests, 107; discourtesy towards a host, 108; illustration, 109; among rich and poor, 140-144.

Guiccioli, Countess, her relations to Byron, 49, 50.

Guillotine, Byron's description, 347.

Gulliver's Travels, allusion, 261.

Gymnastics: by young Frenchmen, 272; aristocratic monopoly, 283. (See Amusements, etc.)

Habits: in language, 157; French discretion, 247, 248.

Hamerton, Philip Gilbert: indebtedness to Emerson, iii, iv; plan of the book, vii-ix; omissions, ix; the pleasures of friendship, x; on death, x, xi; a liking for civilization and all its amenities, xii; thoughts in French travel, 17 et seq.; pleasant experience in studying French architecture, 23, 24; conversation in Scotland, 24, 25; in a steamer, 25, 26; acquaintance with a painter, 28; belief in Nature's promises, 60 et seq.; what a sister said, 65; the love of two brothers, 67; delightful experience with wife's relations, 73; experience of hospitable tyranny, 100 et seq.; Parisian dinner, 107; experience with friendship, 113; noisy French farmers, 128, 129; Scotch dinner, 131; country incident, 139, 140; questioning a Parisian lady, 152; Waterloo letters, 156; how Italian seems to him, 155; incident of Scotch travel, 173; visit to a bereaved French lady, 182; travel in France, 219; lesson from a painter, 232; snubbed at a hotel, 240-242; a French widow on her travels, 242, 243; a lady's ignorance about religious distinctions, 257; personal anecdotes about ignorance between the English and French, 265-279 passim; translations into French, 267; Puseyite anecdote, 284, 285; conversations heard, 291; boat incident, 292, 293; life-portraits, 300-308; experience with procrastinators, 317, 318; residence in Lancashire, 318; interest in Plumpton family, 323, 324; telegraphing a letter, 326; experience with un mot à la poste, 330; his boat wrongly painted, 359; his Parisian correspondent, 360, 361; efforts to ensure accuracy, 368, 369; a strange lady's anxiety for his religious condition, 378; his Wenderholme, 378; anonymous letter answered, 379-382; dislike of cricket, 398.

Harewood, Earl of, 323.

Haste, connection with refinement and wealth, 125, 126. (See Leisure.)

Hastings, Marquis of, his elopement, 321.

Haweis, H. R., sermon on Egyptian war, 224.

Hedges: English, 270, 271; sleeping under, 307.

Hell, element in oratory, 192, 193. (See Priests.)

Heredity, opinions not always hereditary, 92-97.

Heresy: banishment for, 161; disabilities, 162 et seq.; punishment by fire, 180; pulpit attack, 192; shades in, 257, 258; resistance to God, 284. (See Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Highlanders, their rowing, 154.

Hirst, Eng., letters from, 320, 321.

History, French knowledge of, 152.

Holland, Goldsmith's travels, 309.

Home: Family Ties (Essay V.), 62-77; a hell, 76; crowded, 77; absence affecting friendship, 111; French, 142; English (Essay X.), 130-147 passim; the confessional, 202; nostalgia, 286.

Homer: indebtedness to the poor, 22; on the appetite, 103.

Honesty, at a discount, 162, 163, 170.

Honor, in religious conformity, 162.

Horace: familiarity with, 155; quoted, 289, 361.

Horneck, Mrs., Goldsmith's friend, 310.

Horseback: illustration, 168, 260; luxury, 298.

Hospitality: (Essay VII.), 99-109; help to liberty, 99; an educator for right or wrong, 100; opposite views, 100; tyranny over guests, 101; reaction against old customs, 102; a host's rights, some extra effort to be expected, 103; disregard of a guest's comfort, 104; instances, opinions to be respected, 105; host should protect a guest's rights, 106; anecdote, 107; invasion of rights, 108; glaring instance, 109; affected by wealth, 140-144; excuse by a procrastinator, 318. (See Guests.)

Hosts, rights and duties (Essay VII.), 99-109 passim. (See Hospitality.)

Houghton, Lord, his knowledge of French, 151, 152.

Housekeeping: ignorance of cost, 258, 259; cares, 381.

Houses: effect of living in the same, ix; big, 145; evolution of dress, 189; movable, 261, 262; damage, 358.

Hugo, Victor, use of a word, 273, 274.

Humanity: obligations to, 12; future happiness dependent upon a knowledge of languages, 148 et seq.

Humor: in different classes, 20; lack of it, 72; in using a foreign language, 157, 158; not carried into letters and pictures, 340-342.

Hungarians, their sociability, 249.

Hurry, to be distinguished from brevity in letter-writing, 331.

Husbands: narration of experience, 25, 26; unsuitable, 40; relations of noted men to wives, 44-62 passim; compulsory unions, 94-98; old-fashioned letter, 322; use of post-cards, 329, 330; privacy of letters, 350; Montaigne's letter, 351, 352. (See Wives, etc.)

Hut: suggestions of a, 261, 262; for an artist, 314.

Huxley, Thomas Henry, on natural law, 217, 219.

Hypocrisy: to be avoided, xi-xiii; in religion (Essay XII.), 161-174 passim; not a Bohemian vice, 296.

Ibraheem, lost at sea, 226.

Ideas, their interchange dependent upon language, 148.

Idiosyncrasy: its charm, 9; in art and authorship, 12, 13; nullified by travel, 14, 15; affecting marital happiness, 48-62 passim; affecting family ties, 64; wanted in letters, 347; in amusements, 389; congenital, 396.

Ignorance: Genteel (Essay XVIII.), 253-263; among French royalists, 254, 255; in religion, 256, 257; in regard to pecuniary conditions, 258, 259; of likeness and unlikeness, 260, 261; disadvantages, 262; drives people from society, 263; Patriotic (Essay XIX.), 264-279; a narrow satisfaction, 264; French ignorance of English art, 265, 267; of English game, 268; of English fruit, 269; English errors as to mountains, 270, 271; fuel, manly vigor, 272, 273; word universal, 274; universities, 275, 276; literature, 277; leads to war, 277, 278; not the best patriotism, 279; unavoidable, 301; contented, 302; of gentlewomen, 381, 382. (See Nationality, etc.)

Imagination, a luxury, 300.

Immorality: too easily forgiven in princes, 168; considered essential to Bohemianism, 295. (See Vice.)

Immortality: connection with music, 191; menaces and rewards, 193. (See Priests, etc.)

Impartiality, not shown by clergy, 194.

Impediments, to national intercourse (Essay XI.), 148-160.

Impertinence, ease of manner mistaken for, 250.

Incompatibility: inexplicable, 10; one of two great powers deciding intercourse, 11. (See Friendship, etc.)

Independence: (Essay II.), 12-32; illusory and real, influence of language, 12; illustrations, 13; railway travel destructive to, 14; conventionality and French ideas of good form, 15; social repressions and London life, 16; local despotism, 17; the French rural aristocracy, 18; illustrations and social exclusion, 19; humor and domestic anxiety, society not essential, 20; palliations to solitude, outside of society, absolute solitude, 21; rural illustrations, 22; incident in a French town, 23; one in Scotland, 24; on a steamer, 25; English reticence, 26; an evil of solitude, pursuits in common, 27; illustration from Mill, deterioration of an artist, 28; patient endurance, the refreshment of books, 29; companionship of nature, 30; consolation of labor, 31; an objection to this relief, 32; a fault, 69; of Philistines and Bohemians (Essay XXI.), 295-314 passim. (See Society, etc.)

Independents, the, in England, 170.

India: a brother's cold farewell, 67; relations of England, 279.

Indians, their Bohemian life, 298, 306.

Individualism, affected by railways, 13-15.

Individuality, reliance upon our own, iv.

Indolence: destroying friendship, 116; stupid, 197; causes wrong judgment, 293; part of Bohemianism, 295; in business, 356; in reading letters, 366-369.

Indulgences, affecting friendship, 115.

Industry: to be respected, 132; professional work, 196; Buffon's and Littré's, 209, 210; ignorance about English, 265, 266; of a Philistine, 300; in letter-writing, 356.

Inertia, in middle-life, 302.

Infidelity: affecting political rights, 162, 163; withstood by Dissent, 257.

Ink: dilution to save expense, 333; red, 369.

Inquisition, the, in Spain, 180.

Inspiration, in Jacquemont's letters, 348.

Intellectuality: a restraint upon passion, 38; affecting family ties, 73, 74; its pursuits, 127; denied to England, 265, 266, 267; ambition for, 283; the accompaniment of wealth, 297; outside of, 301; enjoyed, 306.

Intelligence: the supreme, 176, 177; connection with leisure, 197.

Intercession, feminine fondness for, 175, 176.

Intercourse. (This subject is so interwoven with the whole work that special references are impossible.)

Interdependence, illustrated by literary work, 12.

Interviews, compared with letters, 354-357.

Intimacy: mysteriously hindered, 10; with nature, 302.

Intolerance, of amusements, 389.

Intrusion, dreaded by the English, 243, 247.

Inventions, why sometimes misjudged, 292, 293.

Irascibility, in parents, 75, 76.

Iron, in France, 272.

Irving, Washington, on Goldsmith, 310.

Isolation: affecting study, 28, 29; alleviations, 29-31. (See Independence.)

Italian Language: Latin naturalized, 155; merriment in using, 158.

Italy: Byron's sojourn, 50; Goethe's, 51, titles and poverty, 136; overstatement a habit, 234; papal government, 255, 256; travelling-vans, 261, allusion, 271; why live there, 285, 286; tourists, 291; Goldsmith's travels, 309; forms in letter-writing, 325.

Jacquemont, Victor, his letters, 348-350.

James, an imaginary friend, 343, 344.

Jardin des Plantes, Buffon's work, 209.

Jealousy: national, 7; domestic, 65, youthful, effect of primogeniture, 66; between England and France, 150; Greece need not awaken, 159, excited by the confessional, 202, 203; in anonymous letters, 371.

Jerusalem, the Ark lost, 229.

Jewelry: worn by priests, 202; enjoyment of, 297.

Jews: not the only subjects of useful study, 207, 208, 211; God of Battles, 224; advance of knowledge, 230. (See Bible.)

John, an imaginary friend, 344, 345.

Jones, an imaginary gentleman, 130.

Justice: feminine disregard, 180; connection with priesthood, 194.

Keble, John, Christian Year, 198.

Kempis, Thomas à, his great work, 95.

Kenilworth, anecdote, 277.

Kindness, how to be received, 117.

Kindred: affected by incompatibility, 10; Family Ties (Essay V.), 63, 77; given by Fate, 75. (See Sons, etc.)

Kings: divine right, 255; on cards, 289; courtesy in correspondence, 317; a poetic figure, 386, 387. (See Rank, etc.)

Knarsbrugh, Eng., 320.

Knyghton, Henry, quotation, 251.

Lakes, English, 270.

Lancashire, Eng.: all residents not in cotton-trade, 288; residence, 318, drinking-habits, 378.

Land-ownership, 131.

Landscape: companionship, 31; ignorance about the English, 270.

Languages: as affecting friendship, 7; similarity, 10; influences interdependence, 12; study of foreign, 29, 84, 85; ignorance of, an Obstacle (Essay XI.), 148-160; impediment to national intercourse, 148; mutual ignorance of the French and English, 149; commercial advantages, American kinship, 150; an imperfect knowledge induces reticence, 151; rarity of full knowledge, 152; illustrations, first stage of learning a tongue, 153; second, 154; third, fourth, 155; fifth, learning by ear, 156; absurdities, idioms, forms of politeness, 157; a universal speech, 158; Greek commended, 159; advantages, 160; one enough, 301, 305; acquaintance with six, 304; foreign letters, 364, 365.

Latin: teaching, 84; construction unnatural, 155; in the Renaissance, 212; church, 258; proverb, 287; poetry, 289; in telegrams, 324; Horace, 361; corrogata, 390.

Laws: difficult to ascertain, viii; human resignation to, xi; of Human Intercourse (Essay I.), 3-11; fixed knowledge difficult, 3, common belief, 4; similarity of interest, 5; may breed antagonism, 6; national prejudices, 7; likeness begets friendship, 8; idiosyncrasy and adaptability, 9; intimacy slow, 10; law of the pleasure of human intercourse still hidden, 11; fixed, 179; feminine disregard, 184; quiet tone, 193; regularity and interference (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; legal distinctions, 280, 281.

Laymen, contrasted with clergy, 181, 182.

Lectures, one-sided, 29.

Legouvé, M.: on filial relations, 78; religious question, 93; anecdote of chirography, 332.

Leisure: its connection with refinement, 125, 126; varying in different professions, 196, 197.

Leloir, Louis, fondness for etching, 401.

Lent, allusion, 198.

Letters. (See Correspondence.)

Lever, Charles: quotation from That Boy of Norcott's, 249, 250; finances misunderstood, 259, 260; boating, 259, 394.

Lewes, George Henry: relation to Marian Evans, 45; quotation from Life of Goethe, 244.

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, immortal saying, 385.

L'Honneur et l'Argent, quotation, 304, 335.

Liberality: French lack of, 18, 19; induced by hospitality, 99, 100; apparent, 173.

Liberty: in religion (Essay XII.), 161-174; private and public, 281, 282; liberté, 282, 283; with friends in letters, 353.

Libraries: value, 286, 287; narrow specimens, 302.

Lies, at a premium, 162, 163.

Life: companionship for, 44-62; enjoyed in different ways, 306.

Likeness, the secret of companionship, 8.

Limpet, an illustration of incivility, 108.

Literature: conventional, 15; influence of the humbler classes, 22, 23; softens isolation, 29, 31; deaths from love, 39; affecting fraternity, 64; youthful nonsense not tolerated in books, 89; superiority to mercenary motives, 132; advantages of mutual national knowledge, 149-153; rivals in its own domain, 154; not necessarily religious, 198; English periodical, 237; ignorance about English, 267; and Philistinism, 286, 287; singleness of aim, 289; English, 305; not an amusement, 400.

Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile, his noble life, 209-211.

Livelihood, anxiety about, 20.

London: mental independence, 16-18; solitude needless, 20; Mill's rank, 56; old but new, 136; Flower Sunday, 189; pestilence improbable, 222; The Times, 244; centre of English literature, 267; business time contrasted with that of Paris, 273; buildings, 291; Palmer leaving, 310; cabman, 335; a famous Londoner, 399.

Lottery, illustrative of kinship, 75.

Louis II., amusements, 386-388.

Louis XVIII., impiety, 167.

Louvre: English art excluded, 267; confounded with other buildings, 291.

Love: of nature, 30; Passionate (Essay III.), 33-43; nature, blindness, 33; not the monopoly of youth, debauchery, 34; permanence not assured, 35; "in a cottage," perilous to happiness, socially limited, 36; restraints, higher and lower, 37; varieties, selfishness, in intellectual people, 38; poetic subject, dying for, 39; old maids, unlawful in married people, 40; French fiction, early marriage repressed by civilization, 41; passion out of place, the endless song, 42; natural correspondences and Shelley, 43; in marriage, 44-62; some family illustrations, 63-77; wife's relations, 73; paternal and filial (Essay VI.), 78-98 passim; between friends (Essay VIII.), 110-118; divine, 178, 179; family, 205. (See Brothers, Family, etc.)

Lowell, James Russell, serious humor, 20.

Lower Classes, the: English rural, 22; rudeness, 75; religious privileges, 170, 171.

Luxury, material, 298. (See Philistinism.)

Lyons, France, the Academy, 275.

Macaulay, T. B., quotations, 181, 200, 224, 344, 345.

Macleod, Dr. Norman, his sympathy, 186, 187.

Magistracy, French, 283.

Mahometanism, as affecting intercourse, 5.

Malice: harmless, 269; in letters, 371-377.

Manchester, Eng., life there, 31.

Manners: affected by wealth, 125-129; by leisure, 197; by aristocracy, 246. (See Courtesy, etc.)

Manufactures: under fixed law, 228; ignorance about English, 265, 266, 268.

Marriage: responsibility increased, 25, 26; or celibacy? 34; Shelley's, does not assure love, 35; following love, 36; irregular, 37; restraints of superior intellects, 38; love outside of, 40; early marriage restrained by civilization, 41; philosophy of this, 42; Companionship in (Essay IV.), 44-62; life-journey, 44; alienations for the sake of intellectual companionship, 45; illustrations, 46, 47; mistakes not surprising, 48; Byron, 49, 50; Goethe, 51, 52; Mill, 53, 54; difficulty in finding true mates, 55; exceptional cases not discouraging, 56; easier for ordinary people, 57; inequality, 58; hopeless tranquillity, 59; youthful dreams dispelled, 60; Nature's promises, how fulfilled, 61; "I thee worship," 62; wife's relations, 73; filial obedience, 94-97; destroying friendship, 115; affecting personal wealth, 119; social treatment, 120; of children, 123; effect of royal religion, 166; and of lower-class, 171; civil and religious, 184, 185; clerical, 196, 198-201; of absent friends, 338; French customs, 339; Montaigne's sentiments, 351, 352; slanderous attempts to prevent, 371-375; household cares, 381; breakfasts, 385, 386. (See Women, etc.)

Mask, a simile, 370.

Mediocrity, dead level of, 236.

Mediterranean Sea, allusion, 399.

Meissonier, Jean Ernest Louis, his talent, 284.

Melbourne, Bishop of, 221.

Men, choose for themselves, 197. (See Marriage, Sons, Women, etc.)

Mephistopheles, allusion, 235.

Merchants, connection with national peace, 149, 150.

Mérimée, Prosper, Correspondence, 321.

Metallurgy, under fixed law, 228.

Methodists, the: in England, 170; hymns, 257.

Michelet, Jules: on the Church, 189, 190; on the confessional, 202, 203.

Middle Classes: Dickens's descriptions, 20; rank of some authors, 56; domestic rudeness, 75; table customs, 103; religious freedom, 170; clerical inferences, 183. (See Classes, Lower Class, etc.)

Mignet, François Auguste Marie: friendship with Thiers, 120; condition, 121.

Military Life: illustration, 21; filial obedience, 80; religion, 123; religious conformity, 169; antagonistic to toleration, 173, 174; French, 272; allusion, 300, 307.

Mill, John Stuart: social affinities, 20; aversion to unintellectual society, 27, 28; relations to women, 53-55; social rank, 56; education by his father, 81-84; on friendship, 112, 113; on sneering depreciation, 237; on English conduct towards strangers, 245; on social stupidity, 263.

Milnes, Richard Monckton. (See Lord Houghton.)

Milton, John, Palmer's constant interest, 313.

Mind, weakened by concession, 147.

Misanthropy, appearance of, 27.

Montaigne, Michel: marriage, 59; letter to wife, 351, 352.

Montesquieu, Baron, allusion, 147.

Months, trade terms for, 365.

Morris, Lewis, A Cynic's Day-dream, 393.

Mothers, "loud-tongued," 75. (See Children, Women, etc.)

Mountains: climbing affected by railways, 14; quotation from Byron, 30; in pictures, 43; glory in England and France, 270, 271; Mont Blanc, where situated, 271.

Mozart, Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus, allusion, 289.

Muloch, Dinah Maria, confounded with George Eliot, 290.

Music: detached from religion, xii, xiii; voice of love, 42; affecting fraternity, 64; connection with religion, 191; illustration of harmony, 389.

Nagging, by parents, 76.

Napoleon I.: and the Universe, 273, 274; privations, 308; mot of the Pope, 341; Rémusat letters, 350.

Napoleon III.: death, son, 225; ignorance of German power, 278; losing Sedan, 308.

Nationality: prejudices, 7; to be respected at table, 106, 107; different languages an obstacle to intercourse (Essay XI.), 148-160; mutual ignorance (Essay XIX.), 264-279 passim.

National Gallery, London, 291.

Nature: compensations, iv; causes, xii; laws not deducible from single cases, 4; inestimable gifts, 26; beauty an alleviation of solitude, loyalty, 30, 31; opposed to civilization in love-matters, 41; universality of love, 42, 43; promises fulfilled, 60-62; revival of study, 212; laws fixed (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; De Saussure's study, 230, 231; expressed in painting, 232, 233; nearness, 303-314 passim; her destroyers, 393.

Navarre, King Henry of, 224.

Navy, a young officer's acquaintance, 25, 26.

Neglect, destroys friendship, 116.

Nelson, Lord: the navy in his time, 279; letter in battle, 327, 328.

Nerves, affected by rudeness, 128, 129.

New England, a blond native, 240.

Newspapers: on nature and the supernatural, xii; adultery reports in English, 41; personal interest, 124; regard for titles, 137; quarrels between English and American, 150; reading, 156; on royalty, 166, 167; deaths in, 225; English and French subservience to rank, 248; a bourgeois complaint, 286; crossing the seas, 337, 338.

New Year's, French customs, 339.

Niagara Rapids, 290.

Night, Palmer's watches, 312.

Nikias, a military leader, his superstition, 215-217, 229.

Nineteenth Century, earlier half, 205, 206.

Nobility: the English have two churches to choose from, 169-171, 173; opposition to Dissent, 256, 257.

Nonconformity, English, 256, 257. (See Dissent, etc.)

Normans, influence of the Conquest, 251, 252.

Oaths, no obstacle to hypocrisy, 162.

Obedience, filial (Essay VI.), 78-98.

Observation, cultivated, 290, 291.

Obstacles: of Language, between nations (Essay XI.), 148-160; of Religion (Essay XII.), 161-174.

Occupations, easily confused, 288, 289.

Oil, mineral, 288.

Old Maids, defence, 379-382.

Olympus, unbelief in its gods, 162.

Oman, sea of, 226.

Opinions: not the result of volition, xiii; of guests to be respected, 105, 106; changes affecting friendship, 112, 113.

Orange, William of, correspondence, 344, 345.

Oratory, connection with religion, xii, 191-195.

Order of the Universe, to be trusted, iii.

Originality: seen in authorship, 12; how hindered and helped, 13, 14; French estimate, 15.

Orthodoxy, placed on a level with hypocrisy, 162, 163.

Ostentation, to be shunned in amusements, 401.

Oxford: opinion of a learned doctor about Christ's divinity, 6; Shelley's expulsion, 96; its antiquity, 275, 276.

Paganism: hypocrisy, and preferment, 162; gods and wars, 224.

Paget, Lady Florence, curt letter, 321.

Pain, feminine indifference to, 180.

Painters: taste in travel, 14; deterioration of a, 28; discovering new beauties, 60; Corot, 310, 311; Palmer, 312; one in adversity, 314; gayety not in pictures, 341; sketches in letters, 345; of boats, 359; lack of business in French painter, 367, 368; idle sketches, 400; Leloir, 401.

Painter's Camp in the Highlands, 379.

Painting: fondness for it a cause of discord, 6; French excellence, 8; interdependence, 13; high aims, 28; palpitating with love, 43; affecting fraternity, 64; none in heaven, 191; not necessarily religious, 198; copies, 203; two methods, 232, 233; convenient building, 261; ignorance about English, 265-267; not merely an amusement, 400. (See Art, etc.)

Paleontology, allusion, 206.

Palgrave, Gifford, saved from shipwreck, 226-228.

Palmer, George, a speech, 223.

Palmer, Samuel, his Bohemianism, 312, 313.

Palmer, William, in Russia, 257, 258.

Paper, used in correspondence, 328.

Paradise: the arts in, 191; affecting pulpit oratory, 193. (See Priests.)

Paris: an artistic centre, 8; incivility at a dinner, 107; effect of wealth, 121; elegant house, 142; English residents, 150; a lady's reply about English knowledge of French language, 152; Notre Dame, 190; Jardin des Plantes, 209; hotel incident, 240-242; not a desert, 242; light of the world, 266, 267, 274; resting after déjeûner, 273; confusion about buildings, 291; an illiterate tradesman, 360, 361; the Salon, 367.

Parliament: illustration of heredity, 93; indebtedness of members to trade, 135; infidelity in, 162; superiority of pulpit, 191; George Palmer, 223; questions in, 241; Houses, 291.

Parsimony: affecting family ties, 70; in hospitality, 104, 105.

Patriotism: obligations, 12; Littré's, 210; Patriotic Ignorance (Essay XIX.), 264-279; places people in a dilemma, 264; anecdotes of French and English errors, about art, literature, mountains, landscapes, fuel, ore, schools, language, 265-277; ignorance leading to war, 277-279; suspected of lacking, 287-288.

Peace, affected by knowledge of, languages, 148-150, 160.

Peculiarity, of English people towards each other (Essay XVII.), 239-252.

Pedagogues, their narrowness, 154.

Pedestrianism: as affected by railways, 14; in France, 272, 273; not enjoyed, 302.

Peel, Arthur, his indebtedness to trade, 135.

Pencil, use, when permissible, 333.

Periodicals, akin to correspondence, 30.

Persecution, feminine sympathy with, 80, 181.

Perseverance, Buffon's and Littré's, 209, 210.

Personality: its "abysmal deeps," 11; repressed by conventionality, 15; accompanies independence, 17; affecting family ties, 63-77 passim; paternal and filial differences, 78-98 passim; its frank recognition, 98; confused, anecdotes, 289, 290.

Persuasion, feminine trust in, 175.

Pestilence, God's anger in, 222.

Peter the Great, sad relations to his son, 95, 96.

Philistinism: illustrative stories, 285, 286; defined, 297; passion for comfort, 298; asceticism and indulgence, 299, 300; a life-portrait, 300-303; estimate of life, 303; an English lady's parlor, 304, 305; contrast, 306; avoidance of needless exposure, 313.

Philology: a rival of literature, 154; favorable to progress in language, 155.

Philosophy: detached from religion, xii; rational tone, 193.

Photography: a French experience, 24; under fixed law, 228.

Physicians: compared with priests, 186; rational, 193; Littré's service, 210.

Picturesque, regard for the, 7.

Piety: and law (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; shipwreck, 226, 227.

Pitt, William, foreign disturbances in his day, 150.

Pius VII., on Napoleon, 341.

Play, boyish friendship in, 111.

Pleasures, three in amusements, 399, 400.

Plebeians, in England, 251, 252.

Plumpton Correspondence, 318-323, 331.

Poetry: detached from religion, xii; of love, 42; dulness to, 47; Shelley's, 47; Byron's, 50, 345-349; Goethe's, 51; and science, 57; Tennyson on Brotherhood, 67; lament, 73; art, 154; music in heaven, 191; Keble, 198; Battle of Ivry, 224; French, 268, 269; Latin, loyalty of Tennyson, 289; French couplet, 304; in a library, 305; "If I be dear," 325; Horace, 361; Palace of Art, 386; quotation from Morris, 393; line about anticipation, 399.

Poets: ideas about the harmlessness of love, 36; avoidance of practical difficulties, 39; love in natural scenery, 43.

Politics: conventional, 15; French narrowness, 18, 19; coffee-house, 28; inherited opinions, 93; opinions of guests to be respected, 105, 106; affecting friendship, 113-115; affected by ignorance of language, 148, 150, 160; adaptation of Greek language, 158; disabilities arising from religion, 161-174; divine government, 229; genteel ignorance, 254-256; votes sought, 257; affected by national ignorance, 277-279; distinctions confounded, 280-284; verses on letter-writing, 335.

Ponsard, François, quotations, 304, 335.

Popes: their infidelity, 162; temporal power, 255, 256. (See Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Popular Notions, often wrong, 292.

Postage, cheap, 336.

Postal Union, a forerunner, 159.

Post-cards, affecting correspondence, 329, 330, 335.

Poverty: allied with shrewdness, 22; affecting friendship (Essay IX.), 116, 119-129; priestly visits, 183; Littré's service, 210; ignorance about, 258-260; French rhyme, 304; not always the concomitant of Bohemianism, 309; not despised, 314; in epistolary forms, 317.

Prayers: reading in French, 158; averting calamities, 220-231 passim.

Prejudices: about great men, 4; national, 7; of English gentlewomen, 382.

Pride: of a wife, 59; in family wealth, 66; refusal of gifts, 68; in shooting, 390.

Priesthood: Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204; meeting feminine dependence, 178; affectionate interest, 179; representing God, 182; sympathy, 183; marriages and burials, 184; baptism and confirmation, 185; death, 186; Queen Victoria's reflections, 186, 187; æsthetic interest, 188; vestments, 189; architecture, 190; music, 191; oratory and dignity, 192; heaven and hell, 193; partisanship, 194; association in benevolence, 195; influence of leisure, 196; custom and ceremony, 197; holy seasons, 198; celibacy, 199; marriage in former times, 200; sceptical sons, 201; confessional, 202; assumption of superiority, 203; perfunctory goodness, 204.

Primogeniture, affecting family ties, 66.

Privacy: of a host, to be respected, 109; in letters, 350, 357.

Procrastination: in correspondence, 318, 319, 356; anecdotes, 366-369.

Profanity, definition, 208.

Professions, contrasted with trades, 132, 133.

Progress, five stages in the study of language, 153-157.

Promptness: in correspondence, 316, 317, 329; in business, 368.

Propriety, cloak for vice, 297.

Prose: an art, 154; eschewed by Tennyson, 289.

Prosody, rival of literature, 154.

Protestantism: in France, 19, 165, 256; Prussian tyranny, 173; exclusion of music, 191; clerical marriages, 200, 201; auricular confession, 201-203; liberty infringed, 281.

Providence and Law (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim.

Prussia: Protestant tyranny, 173; a soldier's cloak, 189; military strength, 278.

Public Men, wrong judgment about, 4.

Punch's Almanack, quoted, 133.

Pursuits, similarity in, 10.

Puseyism, despised, 284, 285.

Puzzle, language regarded as a, 153, 154.

Rabelais, quotation, 165.

Racehorses, illustration, 65.

Radicalism, definition, 282, 283.

Railways: affecting independence, 13-15; meditations in a French, 17; story in illustration of rudeness, 108, 109; distance from, 116; French accident, 218-220; moving huts, 261, 262; Stephenson's locomotive, 293; allusion, 309; journeys saved, 360; compared to sailing, 395.

Rain: cause of accident, 219; prayers for, 221.

Rank: a power for good, 5; conversation of French people of, 16; pursuit of, 27; discrimination in hospitality, 104; affecting friendship, 116; Differences (Essay X.), 130-147; social precedence, 130; land and money, 131; trades and professions, 132-135; unreal distinctions, 135; to be ignored, 136; English and Continental views, 136, 137; family without title, 138; affecting hospitality, 139-145; price, deference, 145-147; English admiration, 241, 242, 248, 249-252; connection with amusement, 383-401 passim.

Rapidity, in letter-writing, 324, 325.

Reading, in a foreign language, 154-158.

Reading, Eng., speech, 223, 224.

Reasoning, in letters, 384, 385.

Rebels, contrasted with reformers, 280.

Recreation, the purpose of amusement, 389.

Reeve, Henry, knowledge of French, 152.

Reformers, and rebels, 280, 281.

Refinement: affecting family harmony, 64; companionship, 71; enhanced by wealth, 125, 126.

Religion: affecting human intercourse, xi-xiii; detached from the arts, xii; affecting friendship, 5, 6; conventional, 15; Cheltenham prejudice, 19; formal in England, 63; affecting fraternity, 64; affecting family regard, 74; clergyman's son, 90, 91; family differences, 93, 94; to be respected in guests, 105, 106; destroying friendship, 113; Evangelical, 123; personal deterioration, 124; mercenary motives, 132, 133; title-worship, 137; an Obstacle (Essay XII.), 161-174; the dominant, 161; a hindrance to honest people, 162; dissimulation, 163; apparent liberty, 164; social penalties, 165; no liberty for princes, 166; French illustration, 167; royal liberty in morals, 168; official conformity, 169; greater freedom in the lower ranks, 170; less in small communities, 171; liberty of rejection and dissent, 172; false position, 173; enforced conformity, 174; Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204; of love, 178, 179; Why we are Apparently becoming Less Religious (Essay XIV.), 205-214; meditations of ladies of former generation, 205; trust in Bible, 206; idealization, 207; Nineteenth Century inquiries, 208; Buffon as an illustration, 209; Littré, 210; compared with Bible characters, 211; the Renaissance, 212; boundaries outgrown, 213; less theology, 214; How we are Really becoming Less Religious (Essay XV.), 215-231; superstition, 215; supernatural interference, 216, 217; idea of law diminishes emotion, 218; railway accident, 219; prayers and accidents, 220; future definition, 221; penitence and punishment, 222; war and God, 223; natural order, 224; Providence, 225; salvation from shipwreck, 226; un hazard providentiel, 227; irreligion, 228; less piety, 229; devotion and science, 230; wise expenditure of time, 231; feuds, 240; genteel ignorance of established churches, 255-258; French ignorance of English Church, 275; distinctions confounded, 281, 282; intolerance mixed with social contempt, 284, 285; activity limited to religion and riches, 301; in old letters, 320, 321, 323; female interest in the author's welfare, 377, 378; in theology, 379, 380. (See Church of England, Methodism, Protestantism, etc.)

Rémusat, Mme. de, letters, 350.

Renaissance, expansion of study in the, 212.

Renan, Ernest, one objection to trade, 132.

Republic, French, 254, 283, 284.

Residence, affecting friendship, 116.

Respect: the road to filial love, 98; why liked, 122; in correspondence, 316.

Restraints, of marriage and love, 36, 37.

Retrospection, pleasures of, 400.

Revolution, French, 209, 246, 283. (See France.)

Riding, Lever's difficulties, 260.

Rifles: in hunting, 391-393; names, 392.

Rights. (See different heads, such as Hospitality, Sons, etc.)

Robinson Crusoe, illustration, 21.

Rock, simile, 251.

Roland, his sword Durindal, 391.

Roman Camp, site, 14.

Roman Catholicism: its effect on companionship, 6; seen in rural France, 19; illustration of the Pope, 87; infidel sons, 93; wisdom of celibacy, 120; infidel dignitaries, 162; liberty in Spain, 164; royalty hearing Mass, 167; military salute to the Host, 169; recognition in England, 169, 170, 173; Continental intolerance, 172, 173; a conscientious traveller, 173; oppression in Prussia, 173; tradesmen compelled to hear Mass, 174; Madonna's influence, 176; priestly consolation, 183; use of art, 188-190; Dominican dress, 189; cathedrals, the Host, 190; astuteness, celibacy, 199; female allies, 200; confessional, 201, 202; feudal tenacity, 255; Protestantism ignored, 256; Romanism ignored by the Greek Church, 258; compulsory attendance, 282. (See Priesthood, Religion, etc.)

Romance: like or dislike for, 7; glamour of love, 42.

Rome: people not subjected to the papacy, 255, 256; Byron's letter, 347.

Rossetti, on Mrs. Harriett Shelley, 46.

Rouen Cathedral, 190.

Royal Academy, London, 266, 276.

Royal Society, London, 274.

Royalty, its religious bondage, 166-169, 171.

Rugby, residence of a father, 84.

Ruolz, the inventor, his bituminous paper, 358, 359.

Russell, Lord Arthur, his knowledge of French, 152.

Russia: religious position of the Czar, 168; orthodoxy, 257, 258; war with Turkey, 278. (See Greek Church.)

Sabbath, its observance, 123.

Sacredness, definition of, 208.

Sacrifices: demanded by courtesy, 315, 316; in letter-writing, 329-331; to indolence, 368.

Sahara, love-simile, 60.

Saint Bernard, qualities, 230, 231.

Saint Hubert's Day, carousal, 345.

Saints, in every occupation, 209.

Salon, French, 266, 276, 367.

Sarcasm: lasting effects, 66; brutal and paternal, 97.

Satire. (See Sarcasm.)

Savagery, return to, 298. (See Barbarism, Civilization.)

Saxons, influence in England, 251, 252.

Scepticism: and religious rites, 184, 185; in clergymen's sons, 201. (See Heresy.)

Schools, prejudice against French, 106.

Schuyler's Life of Peter the Great, 96.

Science: study affected by isolation, 29; and poetry, 57; superiority to mercenary motives, 132; in language, 154; adaptation of Greek language to, 158; illustration, 166; cold, 176, 178, 190; disconnected with religion, 198; affecting Bible study, 206; connection with religion (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim.

Scolding, 75, 76.

Scotland: a chance acquaintance, 25, 26; gentleman's sacrifice for his son, 84; incident in a country-house, 131; religious incident in travel, 173; a painter's hint, 232; the Highlands, 271; scenery, 379; cricket impossible, 398.

Scott, Sir Walter: indebtedness to the poor, 22; Lucy of Lammermoor, 39, 143, 144; Jeanie Deans, 175; supposed American ignorance of, 277; quotation from Waverley, 327; Provost's letter, 365.

Sculpture: warmed by love, 42, 43; none in heaven, 191; ignorance about English, 265. (See Art, etc.)

Seals on letters, 326-328.

Secularists: in England, 171; tame oratory, 193.

Sedan, cause of lost battle, 308.

Seduction, how restrained, 38.

Self-control, grim, 397.

Self-esteem, effect of benevolence in developing, 196.

Self-examination, induced by letters, 380.

Self-indulgence, of opposite kinds, 299, 300.

Self-interest: affecting friendship, 116; at the confessional, 202.

Selfishness: affected by marriage, 26; desire for comfort, 27; affecting passion, 38; in hosts, 101, 102; in a letter, 334; in amusements, 397.

Sensuality, connection with Bohemianism, 296.

Sentences, reading, 156.

Sentiment, none in business, 353, 364.

Separations: between friends, 111-118; letter-writing during, 338; Tasso family, 350, 351.

Sepulchre, whited, 297.

Sermons: one-sided, 29; in library, 302.

Servants: marriage to priests, 200; often needful, 259; concomitants of wealth, 297, 298; none, 307; in letters, 324; anonymous letter, 376; hired to wait, 397.

Severn River, 270.

Sexes: pleasure in association, 3; passionate love, 34; relations socially limited, 36, 37; antagonism of nature and civilization, 41; in natural scenery, 43; inharmony in marriages, 44-62 passim; sisters and brothers, 65; connection with confession, 201-204; lack of analysis, 280; Bohemian relations, 296, 297.

Shakspeare: indebtedness to the poor, 22; Juliet, 39; portraiture of youthful nonsense, 88; allusion by Grant White, 277; Macbeth and Hamlet confused, 290; Polonius's advice applied to Goldsmith, 310.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe: his study of past literature, 13; passionate love, 34; marriages, 35, 46-48, 55, 56; quotation, 43; disagreement with his father, 96, 97.

Ships: passing the Suez canal, xii; interest of Peter the Great, and dislike of his son, 85; at siege of Syracuse, 215; of war, 277, 278; as affecting correspondence, 337; drifting, 378; fondness for details, 394.

Shoeblack, illustration, 335.

Shyness, English, 245.

Siamese Twins, allusion, 290.

Silence, golden, 85.

Sin, affecting pulpit oratory, 193.

Sir, the title, 137.

Sisters: affection, 63-77 passim; jealousy of admiration, 65; pecuniary obligations, how regarded, 69.

Slander: by rich people, 146, 147; in anonymous letters, 370-377.

Slang, commercial, 365.

Slovenliness, part of Bohemianism, 296.

Smith, an imaginary gentleman, 130.

Smith, Jane, an imaginary character, 178.

Smoking: affecting friendship, 115; Bohemian practice, 305.

Snobbery, among English travellers, 240-242.

Sociability: affecting the appetite, 102; English want of (Essay XVII.), 239-252; in amusements, 383, 384.

Society: good, in France, 15, 16; eccentricity no barrier in London, 16-18; exclusion, 21, 22; unexpectedly found, 23-26; alienation from common pursuits, 27, 28; aid to study, 29-31; restraints upon love, 36, 37; laws set aside by George Eliot, 45, 46, 55; Goethe's defiance, 52, 56, 57; rights of hospitality, illustrated (Essay VII.), 99-109; aristocratic, 124; affected by rank and wealth (Essay X.), 130-147 passim; and by religion (Essay XII.), 161-174 passim; ruled by women, 176; tyranny, 181; clerical leisure, 196, 197; inimical to Littré, 210; absent air in, 237; affected by Gentility (Essay XVIII.), 253-263; secession of thinkers, 262, 263; intellectual, 303; usages, 304; outside of, 307.

Socrates, allusion, 204.

Solicitors, their industry, 196.

Solitude: social, 19; dread, 21; pleasant reliefs, 22-26; serious evil, 27; sometimes demoralizing, 28; affecting study, 29; mitigations, 29-31; preferred, 31; forgotten in labor, 31, 32; picture of, 43; Shelley's fondness, 47; free space necessary, 77; dislike prompting to hospitality (q. v.), 143.

Sons: separated from fathers by incompatibility, 10; escape from paternal brutality, 76; Fathers and (Essay VI.), 78-98; change of circumstances, 78; former obedience, 79; orders out of fashion, 80; outside education, 81; education by the father, 82-85; rapidity of youth, 86, 87; lack of paternal resemblance, 88; differing tastes, 89; fathers outgrown, 90; changes in culture, 91; reservations, 92; differing opinions, 93; oldtime divisions, 94; an imperial son, 95; other painful instances, 96; wounded by satire, 97; right basis of sonship, 98. (See Family, Fathers, etc.)

Sorbonne, the, professorship of English, 152.

Southey, Robert, Life of Nelson, 327.

Spain: religious freedom, 164; heretics burned, 180.

Speculation, compared with experience, 30.

Speech, silvern, 85.

Spelling, inaccurate, 360. (See Languages, etc.)

Spencer, Herbert: made the cover for an assault upon a guest's opinions, 106; on display of wealth, 145; confidence in nature's laws, 227.

Spenser, Edmund, his poetic stanza, 384.

Sports: often comparatively unrestrained, 36; affecting fraternity, 64; youth fitted for, 86; roughening influence, 100; affecting friendship, 115; aristocratic, 124; among the rich, 143; ignorance about English, 267, 268; concomitant of wealth, 297; not enjoyed, 302; William of Orange's, 345; connection with amusement, 385-401 passim.

Springtime of love, 34.

Stanford's London Atlas, 274.

Stars, illustration of crowds, 77.

Steam, no help to friendship, 337.

Stein, Baroness von, relations to Goethe, 51-53.

Stephenson, George, his locomotive not a failure, 293.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, her works confounded with George Eliot's, 290.

Strangers, treatment of by the English and others (Essay XVII.), 239-252 passim.

Stream, illustration from the impossibility of upward flow, 98.

Strength, accompanied with exercise, 302.

Studies: affecting friendship, 111; literary and artistic, 400, 401.

Subjugation, the motive of display of wealth, 145.

Suez Canal, and superstition, xii.

Sunbeam, yacht, 138, 139.

Sunday: French incident, 128, 129; allusion, 198; supposed law, 281. (See Sabbath.)

Sunset, allusion, 31.

Supernaturalism (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim; doubts about, 377, 378.

Superstition and religion (Essay XV.), 215-231 passim.

Surgeon, an artistic, 289.

Sweden, king of, 308.

Swedenborgianism, commended to the author, 378.

Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver's box, 261.

Swimming: affected by railways, 14; in France, 272.

Switzerland: epithets applied to, 235; tourists, 240; Alps, 271; Goldsmith's travels, 309; Doré's travels, 345.

Sympathy: with an author, 9; one of two great powers deciding human intercourse, 11; of a married man with a single, 25, 26; between parents and children (Essay VI.), 78-98 passim; between Priests and Women (Essay XIII. part I.), 175-186 passim.

Symposium, antique, allusion, 29.

Syracuse, siege, 215-217, 229.

Table: its pleasures comparatively unrestrained, 36; former tyranny of hospitality, 101, 102; modern customs, appetite affected by sociability, 102; excess not required by hospitality, 103; French fashion, 105; instances of bad manners, 106, 107, 126-128; rules of precedence, 130, 131; matrons occupied with cares, 140, 141; among the rich, 143; tyranny, 172; English manners towards strangers contrasted with those of other nations (Essay XVII.), 239-252; déjeûner, 273; among the rich, 297; talk about hunting, 398, 399.

Talking, contrasted with writing, 354-357.

Tasso, Bernardo, father of the poet, his letters, 350, 351.

Taylor, Mrs., relations to Mill, 53-55.

Telegraphy: under fixed law, 228; affecting letters, 324, 325, 331, 361; anecdote, 326.

Telephone, illustration, 336.

Temper, destroys friendship, 112, 118.

Temperance, sometimes at war with hospitality, 102-104.

Tenderness, in letters, 320, 322.

Tennyson: study of past literature, 13; line about brotherhood, 67; religious sentiment of In Memoriam, 198; loyalty to verse, 289; Palace of Art, 386, 400.

Thackeray, William Makepeace: Rev. Honeyman in The Newcomes, 203; Book of Snobs, 242.

Thames River, 270, 335.

Theatre: avoidance, 123; English travellers like actors, 242; gifts of a painter, 341.

Thélème, Abbaye de, its motto, 165.

Thierry, Augustin, History of Norman Conquest, 251, 252.

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, friendship with Mignet, 120, 121.

Time, forgotten in labor, 31, 32.

Timidity, taking refuge in correspondence, 356, 357.

Titles: table precedence, 130; estimate in England and on the Continent, 136, 137; British regard, 241, 242, 248-252 passim; French disregard, 248.

Tolerance: induced by hospitality, 99; of amusements, 389.

Towneley Hall, library, 318.

Trade: English and social exclusion, 19; foolish distinctions, 132-135; connection with national peace, 150; adaptation of Greek language, 158; interference of religion, 171, 174; ignorance about English, 265, 266, 268; Lancashire, 288; careless tradesmen, 360, 361; slang, 365.

Translations: disliked, 154; of Hamerton into French, 267.

Transubstantiation: private opinion and outward form, 169; poetic, 190. (See Roman Catholicism, etc.)

Trappist, freedom of an earnest, 164, 165.

Travel: railway illustration, 13-15; marriage simile, 44; affecting fraternity, 64; affecting friendship, 111; facilitated, 160; in Arabia, 226; unsociability (Essay XVII.), 239-252; in vans, 261, 262; confusion of places, 291; dispensing with luxury, 300; an untravelled man, 301; not cared for, 302; cheap conveyances, 304; books of, 305; Goldsmith's, 309.

Trees, and Radicals, 282, 283.

Trinity, denial of, 257.

Truth, violations (Essay XVI.), 232-238.

Tudor Family: Mary's reign, 164; criminality, 168; Mary's persecution, 180.

Turkey, war with Russia, 278.

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, aided by Claude, 13.

Type-writers, effect on correspondence, 333.

Tyranny: of religion (Essay XII.), 161-174; meanest form, 172, 174; of majorities, 398.

Ulysses: literary simile, 29; Bow of, 392.

Understatement. (See Untruth.)

Union of languages and peoples, 148-150.

Unitarianism: no European sovereign dare profess, 167, 168; difficulty with creeds, 172; ignorance about, 257.

United States, advantage of having the same language as England, 150.

Universe, univers, 273-275.

Universities: degrees, 91; French and English, 275, 276; Radical members, 284.

Untruth: an Unrecognized Form of (Essay XVI.), 232-238; two methods in painting, 232; exaggeration and diminution, 233; self-misrepresentation, 234; overstatement and understatement illustrated in travelling epithets, 235; dead mediocrity in conversation, 236; inadequacy, 237; illustration, 238.

Vanity: national (Essay XIX.), 264-279 passim; taking offence, 279; absence, 301.

Vice: of classes, 124, 125; devilish, 195; part of Bohemianism, 295, 296; of best society, 297.

Victoria, Queen: quotation from her diary, 186, 187; her oldest son, 385.

Violin, illustration, 389.

Viollet-le-Duc, anecdote, 364.

Virgil, Palmer's constant companion, 313. (See Latin.)

Virgin Mary, her influence, 176. (See Eugénie, etc.)

Virtue: of classes, 124, 125; priestly adherence, 195; definition, 208; Buffon's and Littré's, 211.

Visiting, with rich and poor, 139-144.

Vitriol, in letters, 371.

Vituperation, priestly, 194.

Vivisection, feminine dislike, 180.

Voltaire: quotation about Columbus, 274; Goldsmith's interview, 309.

Vulpius, Christiane, relations to Goethe, 52, 53.

Wagner, Richard, his Tannhaüser, 388.

Wales, Prince of, laborious amusements, 385-387.

Warcopp, Robert, in Plumpton letters, 323, 331.

Wars: affected by study of languages, 148-150, 151, 160; Eugénie's influence, 176; divine connection, 215-224; caused by national ignorance, 277, 278.

Waterloo, battle, 153.

Wave, simile, 251.

Wealth: affecting fraternity, 66; affecting domestic harmony, 77; destroying friendship, 114, 116; Flux of (Essay IX.), 119-129; property variable, influence of changes, 119; access of bachelors and the married to society, 120; instances of friendship affected by poverty, 121; false friends, 122; imprudent marriages, 123; middle-class instances of contentment, 124; aid to refinement, 125; dress, 126; cards, and other forms of courtesy, superfluities, 127; discipline of courtesy, 128; rural manners in France, 129; Differences (Essay X.), 130-147; social precedence, 130; land-ownership, 131; trade, 132-134; nouveau riche and ancestry, 135; titles, 136, 137; varied enjoyments, 138, 139; hospitality, 140-144; English appreciation, 144-146; undue deference, 146, 147; overstatement and understatement, 234; assumption, 242; plutocracy, 246, 247; American inequalities, 248; genteel ignorance, 258-260; two great advantages, 297, 298; small measure, 298; connection with Philistinism and Bohemianism, 299-314; employs better agents, 359, 360; connection with amusements, 383-401. (See Poverty, etc.)

Webb, Captain, lost at Niagara, 290.

Weeds, illustration of Radicalism, 282.

Weimar: Goethe's home, 52, 57; Duke of, 57.

Wenderholme, Hamerton's story, 378.

Wesley, John, choice in religion, 173. (See Methodism.)

Westbrook, Harriett, relation to Shelley, 46, 47, 97.

Westminster Abbey, mistaken for another building, 291.

White, Richard Grant, story, 277.

Whist, selfishness in, 397.

William, emperor of Germany, table customs, 103.

Wine: connection with hospitality, 101-103, 121; traders in considered superior, 133; ignorance about English use, 268, 269, 270; port, 273; concomitant of wealth, 297, 298; simile, 367. (See Table, etc.)

Wives: a pitiful confession, 41; George Eliot's position, 45, 46; relations to noted husbands, 47-62; dread of a wife's kindred, 73; unions made by parents, 94-98; destroying friendship, 115, 116; tired, 144; regard of Napoleon III., 225; old letters, 322; gain from post-cards, 329, 330; privacy of letters, 350; Montaigne's letter, 251, 252. (See Marriage, Women, etc.)

Wolf, priestly, 203.

Wolseley, Sir Garnet, victory, 222, 223, 229.

Wood, French use of, 272.

Women: friendship between two, viii, ix; absorption in one, 33; beauty's attraction, 33, 38, 39; passion long preserved, 40; relations to certain noted men, 44-62 passim; sisterly jealousy, 65; governed by sentiment, 69; adding to home discomfort, 75, 76; English incivility, 106; French incivility to English, and defence, 106; social acuteness, 130; Priests and Women (Essay XIII.), 175-204; dislike of fixed rules, 175; persuasive powers, ruling society, 176; dependence, advisers, 177; love, 178; gentleness, 179; sympathy with persecution, 180; harm of both frivolity and seriousness, 181; injustice of female sex, anxiety for sympathy, 182; sensitiveness, 183; services desired at special times, 184; motherhood, 185; consolation, 186; æsthetic nature, 187; fondness for show, 188; dress, 189; churches, 190; worship in music, 191; eloquence, 192; eager for the right, 194; obstinacy, 195; association in benevolence, 196; love of ceremony, 197; festivals, 198; confidence in a clergyman, 199; marriage formerly disapproved, clergywomen, 200; relief in confession, 201, 202; gentlewomen's letters, 205, 206; French, among strangers, 242, 243; want of analysis, 280; strong theological interest, 377-380; old maids, 379-382; gentlewomen, 381, 382; not interested in sporting talk, 399. (See Marriage, Wives, etc.)

Word, power of a, 118.

Wordsworth: indebtedness to the poor, 22; on Nature's loyalty, 30; instance of his uncleanness, 311.

Work, softens solitude, 31, 32.

Working-men. (See Lower Classes.)

World, possible enjoyment of, 303.

Worship: word in wedding-service, 62; limited by locality, 171-174; musical, 191; expressions in letters, 321.

Writing, a new discovery supposed, 336.

Wryghame, message by, 320.

Wycherley, William, his ribaldry, 181.

Yachting, 258, 259, 292, 358. (See Boating.)

York: Minster, 190; archbishop, 222; diocese, 275.

Yorkshire, letter to, 320.

Youth: contrasted with age, 87-89; nonsense reproduced by Shakspeare, 89; insult, 107; in friendship, 111, 112; acceptance of kindness, 117; semblance caused by ignorance of a language, 151.

Zeus, a hunter compared to, 391.

THE END.

University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge.

FOOTNOTES:

An expression used to me by a learned Doctor of Oxford.

The causes of this curious repulsion are inquired into elsewhere in this volume.

The exact degree of blame due to Shelley is very difficult to determine. He had nothing to do with the suicide, though the separation was the first in a train of circumstances that led to it. It seems clear that Harriett did not desire the separation, and clear also that she did nothing to assert her rights. Shelley ought not to have left her, but he had not the patience to accept as permanent the consequences of a mistaken marriage.

Lewes's "Life of Goethe."

Only a poet can write of his private sorrows. In prose one cannot sing,--

"A dirge for her, the doubly dead, in that she died so young."

Schuyler's "Peter the Great."

That valiant enemy of false pretensions, Mr. Punch, has often done good service in throwing ridicule on unreal distinctions. In "Punch's Almanack" for 1882 I find the following exquisite conversation beneath one of George Du Maurier's inimitable drawings:

Grigsby. Do you know the Joneses?

Mrs. Brown. No, we--er--don't care to know Business people, as a rule, although my husband's in business; but then he's in the Coffee business,--and they're all GENTLEMEN in the Coffee business, you know!

Grigsby (who always suits himself to his company). Really, now! Why, that's more than can be said of the Army, the Navy, the Church, the Bar, or even the House of Lords! I don't wonder at your being rather exclusive!

I am often amused by the indignant feelings of English journalists on this matter. Some French newspaper calls an Englishman a lord when he is not a lord, and our journalists are amazed at the incorrigible ignorance of the French. If Englishmen cared as little about titles they would be equally ignorant, and two or three other things are to be said in defence of the French journalist that English critics never take into account. They suppose that because Gladstone is commonly called Mr. a Frenchman ought to know that he cannot be a lord. That does not follow. In France a man may be called Monsieur and be a baron at the same time. A Frenchman may answer, "If Gladstone is not a lord, why do you call him one? English almanacs not only say that Gladstone is a lord, but that he is the very First Lord of the Treasury. Again, why am I not to speak of Sir Chamberlain? I have seen a printed letter to him beginning with 'Sir,' which is plain evidence that your 'Sir' is the equivalent of our Monsieur." A Frenchman is surely not to be severely blamed if he is not aware that the First Lord of the Treasury is not a lord at all, and that a man who is called a "Sir" inside every letter addressed to him has no right to that title on the envelope.

That of M. Léopold Double.

I need hardly say that this is not intended as a description of poor men's hospitality generally, but only of the effects of poverty on hospitality in certain cases. The point of the contrast lies in the difference between this uncomfortable hospitality, which a lover of pleasant human intercourse avoids, with the easy and agreeable hospitality that the very same people would probably have offered if they had possessed the conveniences of wealth.

Italian, to me, seems Latin made natural.

So far as the State and society generally are concerned; but there are private situations in which even a member of the State Church does not enjoy perfect religious liberty. Suppose the case (I am describing a real case) of a lady left a widow and in poverty. Her relations are wealthy Dissenters. They offer to provide for her handsomely if she will renounce the Church of England and join their own sect. Does she enjoy religious liberty? The answer depends upon the question whether she is able to earn her own living or not. If she is, she can secure religious freedom by incessant labor; if she is unable to earn her living she will have no religious freedom, although she belongs, in conscience, to the most powerful religion in the State. In the case I am thinking of, the lady had the honorable courage to open a little shop, and so remained a member of the Church of England; but her freedom was bought by labor and was therefore not the same thing as the best freedom, which is unembittered by sacrifice.

The phrase adopted by Court journalists in speaking of such a conversion is, "The Princess has received instruction in the religion which she will adopt on her marriage," or words to that effect, just as if different and mutually hostile religions were not more contradictory of each other than sciences, and as if a person could pass from one religion to another with no more twisting and wrenching of previous beliefs than he would incur in passing from botany to geology.

The word "generally" is inserted here because women do apparently sometimes enjoy the infliction of undeserved pain on other creatures. They grace bull-fights with their presence, and will see horses disembowelled with apparent satisfaction. It may be doubted, too, whether the Empress of Austria has any compassion for the sufferings of a fox.

I have purposely omitted from the text another cause for feminine indifference to the work of persecutors, but it may be mentioned incidentally. At certain times those women whose influence on persons in authority might have been effectively employed in favor of the oppressed were too frivolous or even too licentious for their thoughts to turn themselves to any such serious matter. This was the case in England under Charles II. The contrast between the occupations of such women as these and the sufferings of an earnest man has been aptly presented by Macaulay:--

"The ribaldry of Etherege and Wycherley was, in the presence and under the special sanction of the head of the Church, publicly recited by female lips in female ears, while the author of the 'Pilgrim's Progress' languished in a dungeon, for the crime of proclaiming the gospel to the poor."

This is deplorable enough; but on the whole I do not think that the frivolity of light-minded women has been so harmful to noble causes as the readiness with which serious women place their immense influence at the service of constituted authorities, however wrongfully those authorities may act. Ecclesiastical authorities especially may quietly count upon this kind of support, and they always do so.

Since this Essay was written I have met with the following passage in Her Majesty's diary, which so accurately describes the consolatory influence of clergymen, and the natural desire of women for the consolation given by them, that I cannot refrain from quoting it. The Queen is speaking of her last interview with Dr. Norman Macleod:--

"He dwelt then, as always, on the love and goodness of God, and on his conviction that God would give us, in another life, the means to perfect ourselves and to improve gradually. No one ever felt so convinced, and so anxious as he to convince others, that God was a loving Father who wished all to come to Him, and to preach of a living personal Saviour, One who loved us as a brother and a friend, to whom all could and should come with trust and confidence. No one ever raised and strengthened one's faith more than Dr. Macleod. His own faith was so strong, his heart so large, that all--high and low, weak and strong, the erring and the good--could alike find sympathy, help, and consolation from him."

"How I loved to talk to him, to ask his advice, to speak to him of my sorrows and anxieties."

A little farther on in the same diary Her Majesty speaks of Dr. Macleod's beneficial influence upon another lady:--

"He had likewise a marvellous power of winning people of all kinds, and of sympathizing with the highest and with the humblest, and of soothing and comforting the sick, the dying, the afflicted, the erring, and the doubting. A friend of mine told me that if she were in great trouble, or sorrow, or anxiety, Dr. Norman Macleod was the person she would wish to go to."

The two points to be noted in these extracts are: first, the faith in a loving God who cares for each of His creatures individually (not acting only by general laws); and, secondly, the way in which the woman goes to the clergyman (whether in formal confession or confidential conversation) to hear consolatory doctrine from his lips in application to her own personal needs. The faith and the tendency are both so natural in women that they could only cease in consequence of the general and most improbable acceptance by women of the scientific doctrine that the Eternal Energy is invariably regular in its operations and inexorable, and that the priest has no clearer knowledge of its inscrutable nature than the layman.

These quotations (I need hardly say) are from Macaulay's History,