History of the Rise of the Huguenots, Vol. 1

CHAPTER I. Page

Page FRANCE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 3 Extent at the Accession of Francis I. 3 Gradual Territorial Growth 4 Subdivision in the Tenth Century 5 Destruction of the Feudal System 5 The Foremost Kingdom of Christendom 6 Assimilation of Manners and Language 8 Growth and Importance of Paris 9 Military Strength 10 The Rights of the People overlooked 11 The States General not convoked 12 Unmurmuring Endurance of the Tiers Etat 13 Absolutism of the Crown 14 Partial Checks 15 The Parliament of Paris 16 Other Parliaments 17 The Parliaments claim the Right of Remonstrance 17 Abuses in the Parliament of Bordeaux 19 Origin and Growth of the University 20 Faculty of Theology, or Sorbonne 22 Its Authority and Narrowness 23 Multitude of Students 24 Credit of the Clergy 25 Liberties of the Gallican Church 25 Pragmatic Sanction of. St. Louis (1268) 26 Conflict of Philip the Fair with Boniface VIII. 27 The "Babylonish Captivity" 28 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) 29 Rejoicing at the Council of Basle 31 Louis XI. undertakes to abrogate the Pragmatic Sanction 32 But subsequently re-enacts it in part 33 Louis XII. publishes it anew 35 Francis I. sacrifices the Interests of the Gallican Church 35 Concordat between Leo X. and the French King 36 Dissatisfaction of the Clergy 37 Struggle with the Parliament of Paris 37 Opposition of the University 39 Patronage of the King 41 The "Renaissance" 41 Francis's Acquirements overrated 42 His Munificent Patronage of Art 42 The College Royal, or "Trilingue" 43 An Age of Blood 44 Barbarous Punishment for Crime 45 And not less for Heresy 46 Belief in Judicial Astrology 47 Predictions of Nostradamus 47 Reverence for Relics 49 For the Consecrated Wafer 50 Internal Condition of the Clergy 51 Number and Wealth of the Cardinals 51 Non-residence of Prelates 52 Revenues of the Clergy 52 Vice and Hypocrisy 53 Brantome's Account of the Clergy before the Concordat 54 Aversion to the Use of the French Language 56 Indecent Processions--"Processions Blanches" 59 The Monastic Orders held in Contempt 60 Protests against prevailing Corruption 61 The "Cathari," or Albigenses 61 Nicholas de Clemangis 63 John Gerson 64 Jean Bouchet's "Deploration of the Church" 65

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Changes in the Boundaries of France during the 16th Century 66

CHAPTER II.. 1512-1525.

1512-1525.

THE REFORMATION IN MEAUX 67 Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples 67 Restores Letters to France 68 Wide Range of his Studies 68 Guillaume Farel, his Pupil 68 Devotion of Teacher and Scholar 69 Lefevre publishes a Latin Commentary on the Pauline Epistles (1512) 70 Enters into Controversy with Natalis Beda (1518) 71 The Sorbonne's Declaration (Nov. 9, 1521) 71 Briconnet, Bishop of Meaux 72 His First Reformatory Efforts 72 Invites Lefevre and Farel to Meaux 73 Effects of the Preaching of Roussel and others 74 De Roma's Threat 76 Lefevre publishes a Translation of the New Testament (1523) 77 The Results surpass Expectation 79 Bishop Briconnet's Weakness 80 Forbids the "Lutheran" Doctors to preach 81 Lefevre and Roussel take Refuge in Strasbourg 84 Jean Leclerc whipped and branded 87 His barbarous Execution at Metz 88 Pauvan burned on the Place de Greve 89 The Hermit of Livry 92 Briconnet becomes a Jailer of "Lutherans" 92 Lefevre's Writings condemned by the Sorbonne (1525) 93 He becomes Tutor of Prince Charles 94 Librarian at Blois 94 Ends his Days at Nerac 95 His Mental Anguish 95 Michel d'Arande and Gerard Roussel 96

CHAPTER III.. 1523-1525.

1523-1525.

FRANCIS I. AND MARGARET OF ANGOULEME--EARLY REFORMATORY MOVEMENTS AND STRUGGLES 99 Francis I. and Margaret of Angouleme 99 The King's Chivalrous Disposition 100 Appreciates Literary Excellence 101 Contrast with Charles V. 101 His Religious Convictions 102 His Fear of Innovation 102 His Loose Morality 103 Margaret's Scholarly Attainments 104 Her Personal Appearance 105 Her Participation in Public Affairs 106 Her First Marriage to the Duke of Alencon 106 Obtains a Safe-Conduct to visit her Brother 106 Her Second Marriage, to Henry, King of Navarre 107 Bishop Briconnet's Mystic Correspondence 108 Luther's Teachings solemnly condemned by the University 108 Melanchthon's Defence 109 Regency of Louise de Savoie 109 The Sorbonne suggests Means of extirpating the "Lutheran Doctrines" (Oct. 7, 1523) 110 Wide Circulation of Luther's Treatises 112 Francois Lambert, of Avignon 112 Life among the Franciscans 113 Lambert, the first French Monk to embrace the Reformation 113 He is also the First to Marry 114 Jean Chatellain at Metz 114 Wolfgang Schuch at St. Hippolyte 115 Farel at Montbeliard 117 Pierre Caroli lectures on the Psalms 118

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The Heptameron of the Queen of Navarre 119

CHAPTER IV.. 1525-1533.

1525-1533.

INCREASED SEVERITY--LOUIS DE BERQUIN 122 Captivity of Francis I. 122 Change in the Religious Policy of Louise 123 A Commission appointed to try "Lutherans" 124 The Inquisition heretofore jealously watched 125 The Commission indorsed by Clement VII. 126 Its Powers enlarged by the Bull 128 Character of Louis de Berquin 128 He becomes a warm Partisan of the Reformation 129 First Imprisonment (1523) 130 Released by Order of the King 130 Advice of Erasmus 131 Second Imprisonment (1526) 131 Francis from Madrid again orders his Release 132 Dilatory Measures of Parliament 132 Margaret of Angouleme's Hopes 133 Francis violates his Pledges to Charles V. 134 Must conciliate the Pope and Clergy 135 Promises to prove himself "Very Christian" 137 The Council of Sens (1528) 138 Cardinal Duprat 138 Vigorous Measures to suppress Reformation 139 The Councils of Bourges and Lyons 139 Financial Help bought by Persecution 140 Insult to an Image and an Expiatory Procession 141 Other Iconoclastic Excesses 143 Berquin's Third Arrest 143 His Condemnation to Penance, Branding, and Perpetual Imprisonment 145 He Appeals 145 Is suddenly Sentenced to Death and Executed 146 Francis Treats with the Germans 147 And with Henry VIII. of England 148 Francis meets Clement at Marseilles 148 Marriage of Henry of Orleans to Catharine de' Medici 148 Francis Refuses to join in a general Scheme for the Extermination of Heresy 149 Execution of Jean de Caturce, at Toulouse 150 Le Coq's Evangelical Sermon 151 Margaret attacked at College of Navarre 152 Her "Miroir de l'Ame Pecheresse" condemned 152 Rector Cop's Address to the University 153 Calvin, the real Author, seeks Safety in Flight 154 Rough Answer of Francis to the Bernese 155 Royal Letter to the Bishop of Paris 156

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Elegies on Louis de Berquin 157

CHAPTER V.. 1534-1535.

1534-1535.

MELANCHTHON'S ATTEMPT AT CONCILIATION, AND THE YEAR OF THE PLACARDS 159 Hopes of Reunion in the Church 159 Melanchthon and Du Bellay 160 A Plan of Reconciliation 160 Its Extreme Concessions 161 Makes a Favorable Impression on Francis 162 Indiscreet Partisans of Reform 162 Placards and Pasquinades 163 Feret's Mission to Switzerland 164 The Placard against the Mass 164 Excitement produced in Paris (Oct. 18, 1534) 167 A Copy posted on the Door of the Royal Bedchamber 167 Anger of Francis at the Insult 167 Political Considerations 168 Margaret of Navarre's Entreaties 168 Francis Abolishes the Art of Printing (Jan. 13, 1535) 169 The Rash and Shameful Edict Recalled 170 Rigid Investigation and many Victims 171 The Expiatory Procession (Jan. 21, 1535) 173 The King's Speech at the Episcopal Palace 176 Constancy of the Victims 177 The Estrapade 177 Flight of Clement Marot and others 179 Royal Declaration of Coucy (July 16, 1535) 179 Alleged Intercession of Pope Paul III. 180 Clemency again dictated by Policy 181 Francis's Letter to the German Princes 182 Sturm and Vore beg Melanchthon to come 182 Melanchthon's Perplexity 183 He is formally invited by the King 184 Applies to the Elector for Permission to go 184 But is roughly refused 185 The Proposed Conference reprobated by the Sorbonne 187 Du Bellay at Smalcald 188 He makes for Francis a Protestant Confession 189 Efforts of French Protestants in Switzerland and Germany 191 Intercession of Strasbourg, Basle, etc. 191 Unsatisfactory Reply by Anne de Montmorency 193

CHAPTER VI.. 1535-1545.

1535-1545.

CALVIN AND GENEVA--MORE SYSTEMATIC PERSECUTION BY THE KING 193 Changed Attitude of Francis 193 Occasioned by the "Placards" 194 Margaret of Navarre and Roussel 195 The French Reformation becomes a Popular Movement 196 Independence of Geneva secured by Francis 197 John Calvin's Childhood 198 He studies in Paris and Orleans 199 Change of Religious Views at Bourges 199 His Commentary on Seneca's "De Clementia" 200 Escapes from Paris to Angouleme 201 Leaves France 202 The "Christian Institutes" 202 Address to Francis the First 203 Calvin wins instant Celebrity 204 The Court of Renee of Ferrara 205 Her History and Character 206 Calvin's alleged Visit to Aosta 207 He visits Geneva 208 Farel's Vehemence 209 Calvin consents to remain 210 His Code of Laws for Geneva 210 His View of the Functions of the State 210 Heretics to be constrained by the Sword 211 Calvin's View that of the other Reformers 212 And even of Protestant Martyrs 212 Calvin longs for Scholarly Quiet 213 His Mental Constitution 214 Ill-health and Prodigious Labors 214 Friendly and Inimical Estimates 214 Violent Persecutions throughout France 216 Royal Edict of Fontainebleau (June 1, 1540) 218 Increased Severity, and Appeal cut off 218 Exceptional Fairness of President Caillaud 219 Letters-Patent from Lyons (Aug. 30, 1542) 220 The King and the Sacramentarians 221 Ordinance of Paris (July 23, 1543) 221 Heresy to be punished as Sedition 222 Repression proves a Failure 222 The Sorbonne publishes Twenty-five Articles 223 Francis gives them the Force of Law (March 10, 1543) 224 More Systematic Persecution 224 The Inquisitor Mathieu Ory 224 The Nicodemites and Libertines 225 Margaret of Navarre at Bordeaux 226 Francis's Negotiations in Germany 227 Hypocritical Representations made by Charles, Duke of Orleans 228

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