Lecture Xv.--Page 124

Of benefices conceded by great landowners to men dependent upon them:

First, benefices conceded for all kinds of services, and as a mode of paying salary;

Secondly, larger proprietors usurp the lands adjoining their own, and bestow them as benefices on their subordinates;

Thirdly, the conversion of a great number of allodial lands into benefices, by the practice of recommendation.

Origin and meaning of this practice.

Permanence of freeholds, especially in certain parts of the Frankish monarchy.

Tributary lands.

Their origin and nature.

Their rapid extension: its causes.

General view of the condition of territorial property, from the sixth to the eleventh century:

First, different conditions of territorial property;

Secondly, the individual dependence of territorial property;

Thirdly, the stationary condition of territorial wealth.

Why the system of beneficiary property, that is to say, the feudal system, was necessary to the formation of modern society and of powerful states.