History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1880. Vol. 2

CHAPTER I.. Restriction and Extension. 1800-1825.

RESTRICTION AND EXTENSION. 1800-1825.

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Commencement of the Nineteenth Century.--Slave Population of 1800.--Memorial presented to Congress calling Attention to the Slave-trade to the Coast of Guinea.--Georgia cedes the Territory lying West of her to become a State.--Ohio adopts a State Constitution.--William Henry Harrison appointed Governor of the Territory of Indiana.--An Act of Congress prohibiting the Importation of Slaves into the United States or Territories.--Slave Population of 1810.--Mississippi applies for Admission into the Union with a Slave Constitution.--Congress besieged by Memorials urging more Specific Legislation against the Slave-trade.--Premium offered to the Informer of every illegally imported African seized within the United States.--Circular-letters sent to the Naval Officers on the Sea-coast of the Slave-holding States.--President Monroe's Message to Congress on the Question of Slavery.--Petition presented by the Missouri Delegates for the Admission of that State into the Union.--The Organization of the Arkansas Territory.--Resolutions passed for the Restriction of Slavery in New States.--The Missouri Controversy.--The Organization of the Anti-slavery Societies.--An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in New Jersey.--Its Provisions.--The Attitude of the Northern Press on the Slavery Question.--Slave Population of 1820.--Anti-slavery Sentiment at the North 1

CHAPTER II.. Negro Troops in the War of 1812.

NEGRO TROOPS IN THE WAR OF 1812.

Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the War of 1812.--The New York Legislature authorizes the Enlistment of a Regiment of Colored Soldiers.--Gen. Andrew Jackson's Proclamation to the Free Colored Inhabitants of Louisiana calling them to Arms.--Stirring Address to the Colored Troops the Sunday before the Battle of New Orleans.--Gen. Jackson anticipates the Valor of his Colored Soldiers.--Terms of Peace at the Close of the War by the Commissioners at Ghent.--Negroes placed as Chattel Property.--Their Valor in War secures them no Immunity in Peace 23

CHAPTER III.. Negroes in the Navy.

NEGROES IN THE NAVY.

No Proscription against Negroes as Sailors.--They are carried upon the Rolls in the Navy without Regard to their Nationality.--Their Treatment as Sailors.--Commodore Perry's Letter to Commodore Chauncey in Regard to the Men sent him.--Commodore Chauncey's Spirited Reply.--The Heroism of the Negro set forth in the Picture of Perry's Victory on Lake Erie.--Extract of a Letter from Nathaniel Shaler, Commander of a Private Vessel.--He cites Several Instances of the Heroic Conduct of Negro Sailors 28

PART 5.. _anti-Slavery Agitation._

ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION.

CHAPTER IV.

RETROSPECTION AND REFLECTION. 1825-1850.

The Security of the Institution of Slavery at the South.--The Right to hold Slaves questioned.--Rapid Increase of the Slave Population.--Anti-slavery Speeches in the Legislature of Virginia.--The Quakers of Maryland and Delaware emancipate their Slaves.--The Evil Effect of Slavery upon Society.--The Conscience and Heart of the South did not respond to the Voice of Reason or the Dictates of Humanity 31

CHAPTER V.. Anti-Slavery Methods.

ANTI-SLAVERY METHODS.

The Antiquity of Anti-slavery Sentiment.--Benjamin Lundy's Opposition to Slavery in the South and at the North.--He establishes the "Genius of Universal Emancipation."--His Great Sacrifices and Marvellous Work in the Cause of Emancipation.--William Lloyd Garrison edits a Paper at Bennington, Vermont.--He pens a Petition to Congress for the Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia.--Garrison the Peerless Leader of the Anti-slavery Agitation.--Extract from a Speech delivered by Daniel O'Connell at Cork, Ireland.--Increase of Anti-slavery Societies in the Country.--Charles Sumner delivers a Speech on the "Anti-slavery Duties of the Whig Party."--Marked Events of 1846.--Sumner the Leader of the Political Abolition Party.--Heterodox Anti-slavery Party.--Its Sentiments.--Horace Greeley the Leader of the Economic Anti-slavery Party.--The Aggressive Anti-slavery Party.--Its Leaders.--The Colonization Anti-slavery Society.--American Colonization Society.--Manumitted Negroes colonize on the West Coast of Africa.--A Bill establishing a Line of Mail Steamers to the Coast of Africa.--It provides for the Suppression of the Slave-trade, the Promotion of Commerce, and the Colonization of Free Negroes.--Extracts from the Press warmly urging the Passage of the Bill.--The Underground Railroad Organization.--Its Efficiency in freeing Slaves.--Anti-Slavery Literature.--It exposes the True Character of Slavery.--"Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet Beecher Stowe, pleaded the Cause of the Slave in Twenty Different Languages.--The Influence of "Impending Crisis." 37

CHAPTER VI.. Anti-Slavery Efforts of Free Negroes.

ANTI-SLAVERY EFFORTS OF FREE NEGROES.

Intelligent Interest of Free Negroes in the Agitation Movement.--"First Annual Convention of the People of Color" held at Philadelphia.--Report of the Committee on the Establishment of a College for Young Men of Color.--Provisional Committee appointed in each City.--Conventional Address.--Second Convention held at Benezet Hall, Philadelphia.--Resolutions of the Meeting.--Conventional Address.--The Massachusetts General Colored Association.--Convention of Anti-slavery Women of America at New York.--Prejudice against admitting Negroes into White Societies.--Colored Orators.--Their Eloquent Pleas for their Enslaved Race 61

CHAPTER VII.. Negro Insurrections.

NEGRO INSURRECTIONS.

The Negro not so Docile as supposed.--The Reason why he was kept in Bondage.--Negroes possessed Courage but lacked Leaders.--Insurrection of Slaves.--Gen. Gabriel as a Leader.--Negro Insurrection planned in South Carolina.--Evils of, revealed.--The "Nat. Turner" Insurrection in South Hampton County, Virginia.--The Whites arm themselves to repel the Insurrectionists.--Capture and Trial of "Nat. Turner."--His Execution.--Effect of the Insurrection upon Slaves and Slave-holders 82

CHAPTER VIII.. The "amistad" Captives.

THE "AMISTAD" CAPTIVES.

The Spanish Slaver "Amistad" sails from Havana, Cuba, for Porto Principe.--Fifty-four Native Africans on Board.--Joseph Cinquez, the Son of an African Prince.--The "Amistad" captured and taken into New London, Conn.--Trial and Release of the Slaves.--Tour through the United States.--Return to their Native Country in Company with Missionaries.--The Anti-slavery Cause benefited by their Stay in the United States.--Their Appreciation of Christian Civilization 93

Part 6.. _the Period of Preparation._

THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION.

CHAPTER IX.

NORTHERN SYMPATHY AND SOUTHERN SUBTERFUGES. 1850-1860.

Violent Treatment of Anti-slavery Orators.--The South misinterprets the Mobocratic Spirit of the North.--The "Garrisonians" and "Calhounites."--Slave Population of 1830-1850.--The Thirty-first Congress.--Motion for the Admission of New Mexico and California.--The Democratic and Whig Parties on the Treatment of the Slave Question.--Convention of the Democratic Party at Baltimore, Maryland.--Nomination of Franklin Pierce for President.--Whig Party Convention.--Nomination of Gen. Winfield Scott for the Presidency by the Whigs.--Mr. Pierce elected President in 1853.--A Bill introduced to repeal the "Missouri Compromise."--Speech by Stephen A. Douglass.--Mr. Chase's Reply.--An Act to organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska.--State Militia in the South make Preparations for War.--President Buchanan in Sympathy with the South. 97

CHAPTER X.. The "black Laws" of "border States."

THE "BLACK LAWS" OF "BORDER STATES."

Stringent Laws enacted against Free Negroes and Mulattoes.--Fugitive-slave Law respected in Ohio.--A Law to prevent Kidnapping.--The First Constitution of Ohio.--History of the Dred Scott case.--Judge Taney's Opinion in this Case.--Ohio Constitution of 1851 denied Free Negroes the Right to vote.--The Establishment of Colored Schools.--Law in Indiana Territory in Reference to Executions.--An Act for the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into the Territory.--First Constitution of Indiana.--The Illinois Constitution of 1818.--Criminal Code enacted.--Illinois Legislature passes an Act to prevent the Emigration of Free Negroes into the State.--Free Negroes of the Northern States endure Restriction and Proscription 111

CHAPTER XI.. The Northern Negroes.

THE NORTHERN NEGROES.

Nominal Rights of Free Negroes in the Slave States.--Fugitive Slaves seek Refuge in Canada.--Negroes petition against Taxation without Representation.--A Law preventing Negroes from other States from settling in Massachusetts.--Notice to Blacks, Indians, and Mulattoes, warning them to leave the Commonwealth.--The Rights and Privileges of the Negro restricted.--Colored Men turn their Attention to the Education of their own Race.--John V. De Grasse, the first Colored Man admitted to the Massachusetts Medical Society.--Prominent Colored Men of New York and Philadelphia.--The Organization of the African Methodist Episcopal and Colored Baptist Churches.--Colored Men distinguish themselves in the Pulpit.--Report to the Ohio Anti-slavery Society of Colored People in Cincinnati in 1835.--Many purchase their Freedom.--Henry Boyd, the Mechanic and Builder.--He becomes a Successful Manufacturer in Cincinnati.--Samuel T. Wilcox, the Grocer.--His Success in Business in Cincinnati.--Ball & Thomas, the Photographers.--Colored People of Cincinnati evince a Desire to take Care of themselves.--Lydia P. Mott establishes a Home for Colored Orphans.--The Organization effected in 1844.--Its Success.--Formation of a Colored Military Company called "The Attucks Guards."--Emigration of Negroes to Liberia.--The Colored People live down much Prejudice 125

CHAPTER XII.. Negro School Laws. 1619-1860.

NEGRO SCHOOL LAWS. 1619-1860.

The Possibilities of the Human Intellect.--Ignorance Favorable to Slavery.--An Act by the Legislature of Alabama imposing a Penalty on any one instructing a Colored Person.--Educational Privileges of the Creoles in the City of Mobile.--Prejudice against Colored Schools in Connecticut.--The Attempt of Miss Prudence Crandall to admit Colored Girls into her School at Canterbury.--The Indignation of the Citizens at this Attempt to mix the Races in Education.--The Legislature of Connecticut passes a Law abolishing the School.--The Building assaulted by a Mob.--Miss Crandall arrested and imprisoned for teaching Colored Children against the Law.--Great Excitement.--The Law finally repealed.--An Act by the Legislature of Delaware taxing Persons who brought into, or sold Slaves out of, the State.--Under Act of 1829 Money received for the Sale of Slaves in Florida was added to the School Fund in that State.--Georgia prohibits the Education of Colored Persons under Heavy Penalty.--Illinois establishes Separate Schools for Colored Children.--The "Free Mission Institute" at Quincy, Illinois, destroyed by a Missouri Mob.--Numerous and Cruel Slave Laws in Kentucky retard the Education of the Negroes.--An Act passed in Louisiana preventing the Negroes in any Way from being instructed.--Maine gives Equal School Privileges to Whites and Blacks.--St. Francis Academy for Colored Girls founded in Baltimore in 1831.--The Wells School.--The First School for Colored Children established in Boston by Intelligent Colored Men in 1798.--A School-house for the Colored Children built and paid for out of a Fund left by Abiel Smith for that Purpose.--John B. Russworm one of the Teachers and afterward Governor of the Colony of Cape Palmas, Liberia.--First Primary School for Colored Children established in 1820.--Missouri passes Stringent Laws against the Instruction of Negroes.--New York provides for the Education of Negroes.--Elias Neau opens a School in New York City for Negro Slaves in 1704.--"New York African Free School" in 1786.--Visit of Lafayette to the African Schools in 1824.--His Address.--Public Schools for Colored Children in New York.--Colored Schools in Ohio.--"Cincinnati High School" for Colored Youths founded in 1844.--Oberlin College opens its Doors to Colored Students.--The Establishment of Colored Schools in Pennsylvania by Anthony Benezet in 1750.--His Will.--"Institute for Colored Youths" established in 1837.--"Avery College" at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, founded in 1849.--Ashmun Institute, or Lincoln University, founded in October, 1856.--South Carolina takes Definite Action against the Education or Promotion of the Colored Race in 1800-1803-1834.--Tennessee makes no Discrimination against Color in the School Law of 1840.--Little Opportunity afforded in Virginia for the Colored Man to be enlightened.--Stringent Laws enacted.--History of Schools for the Colored Population in the District of Columbia 147

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