History of the Inductive Sciences, From the Earliest to the Present Time

Chapter Iv.--Sequel to the Epoch of Newton, Continued. Verification

AND COMPLETION OF THE NEWTONIAN THEORY.

Sect. 1. Division of the Subject. 433 Sect. 2. Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Moon. 434 Sect. 3. " " " " Planets, Satellites, and Earth. 438 Sect. 4. Application of the Newtonian Theory to Secular Inequalities. 444 Sect. 5. " " " " to the new Planets.446 Sect. 6. " " " " to Comets. 449 Sect. 7. " " " " to the Figure of the Earth. 452 Sect. 8. Confirmation of the Newtonian Theory by Experiments on Attraction. 456 Sect. 9. Application of the Newtonian Theory to the Tides. 457

Chapter V.--Discoveries Added to the Newtonian Theory.

Sect. 1. Tables of Astronomical Refraction. 462 Sect. 2. Discovery of the Velocity of Light.--Römer. 463 {20} Sect. 3. Discovery of Aberration.--Bradley. 464 Sect. 4. Discovery of Nutation. 465 Sect. 5. Discovery of the Laws of Double Stars.--The Two Herschels. 467

Chapter Vi.--the Instruments and Aids of Astronomy During the

NEWTONIAN PERIOD.

Sect. 1. Instruments. 470 Sect. 2. Observatories. 476 Sect. 3. Scientific Societies. 478 Sect. 4. Patrons of Astronomy. 479 Sect. 5. Astronomical Expeditions. 480 Sect. 6. Present State of Astronomy. 481

ADDITIONS TO THE THIRD EDITION.

INTRODUCTION 489

Book I.--the Greek School Philosophy.

THE GREEK SCHOOLS.

The Platonic Doctrine of Ideas. 491

FAILURE OF THE GREEK PHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY.

Bacon's Remarks on the Greeks. 494 Aristotle's Account of the Rainbow. 495

Book Ii.--the Physical Sciences in Ancient Greece.

Plato's Timæus and Republic. 497 Hero of Alexandria. 501

BOOK III.--THE GREEK ASTRONOMY.

Introduction. 503

EARLIEST STAGES OF ASTRONOMY.

The Globular Form of the Earth. 505 The Heliocentric System among the Ancients. 506 The Eclipse of Thales. 508 {21}

Book Iv.--Physical Science in the Middle Ages.

General Remarks. 511

PROGRESS IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

Thomas Aquinas. 512 Roger Bacon. 512

BOOK V.--FORMAL ASTRONOMY.

PRELUDE TO COPERNICUS.

Nicolas of Cus. 523

THE COPERNICAN THEORY.

The Moon's Rotation. 524 M. Foucault's Experiments. 525

SEQUEL TO COPERNICUS.

English Copernicans. 526 Giordano Bruno. 530 Did Francis Bacon reject the Copernican Doctrine? 530 Kepler persecuted. 532 The Papal Edicts against the Copernican System repealed. 534

Book Vi.--Mechanics.

PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS.

Significance of Analytical Mechanics. 536 Strength of Materials. 538 Roofs--Arches--Vaults. 541

BOOK VII.--PHYSICAL ASTRONOMY.

PRELUDE TO NEWTON.

The Ancients. 544 Jeremiah Horrox. 545 Newton's Discovery of Gravitation. 546 {22}

THE PRINCIPIA.

Reception of the Principia. 548 Is Gravitation proportional to Quantity of Matter? 549

VERIFICATION AND COMPLETION OF THE NEWTONIAN THEORY.

Tables of the Moon and Planets. 550 The Discovery of Neptune. 554 The Minor Planets. 557 Anomalies in the Action of Gravitation. 560 The Earth's Density. 561 Tides. 562 Double Stars. 563

INSTRUMENTS.

Clocks. 565

{{23}} INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

The letters a, b, indicate vol. I., vol. II., respectively.

Abdollatif, b. 443. Aboazen, a. 222. Aboul Wefa, a. 180. Achard, b. 174. Achillini, b. 445. Adam Marsh, a. 198. Adanson, b. 404, 405. Adelbold, a. 198. Adelhard Goth, a. 198. Adet, b. 279. Achilles Tatius, a. 127. Æpinus, b. 197, 203, 209. Agassiz, b. 429, 521, 540. Agatharchus, b. 53. Airy, a. 372, 442, 477; b. 67, 120. Albategnius, a. 177, 178. Albertus Magnus, a. 229, 237; b. 367. Albumasar, a. 222. Alexander Aphrodisiensis, a. 206. Alexander the Great, a. 144. Alfarabi, a. 209. Alfred, a. 198. Algazel, a. 194. Alhazen, a. 243; b. 54. Alis-ben-Isa, a. 169. Alkindi, a. 211, 226. Almansor, a. 177. Almeric, a. 236. Alpetragius, a. 179 Alphonso X., a. 151, 178. Amauri, a. 236. Ammonius Saccas, a. 206, 212. Ampère, b. 183, 243, 244, 246, 284. Anaxagoras, a. 78; b. 53. Anaximander, a. 130, 132, 135. Anaximenes, a. 56. Anderson, a. 342. Anna Comnena, a. 207. Anselm, a. 229. Arago, b. 72, 81, 100, 114, 254. Aratus, a. 167. Archimedes, a. 96, 99, 312, 316. Arduino, b. 514. Aristarchus, a. 137, 259. Aristyllus, a. 144. Aristophanes, a. 120. Aristotle, a. 57, 334; b. 24, 58, 361, 412, 417, 420, 438, 444, 455, 583. Arnold de Villâ Novâ, a. 228. Arriaga, a. 335. Artedi, b. 423. Artephius, a. 226. Aryabatta, a. 260. Arzachel, a. 178. Asclepiades, b. 439. Asclepigenia, a. 215. Aselli, b. 453. Avecibron, a. 232. Averroes, a. 194, 210. Avicenna, a. 209. Avienus, a. 169. Aubriet, b. 387. Audouin, b. 483. Augustine, a. 197, 220, 232. Autolycus, a. 130, 131. Auzout, a. 474.

Babbage, Mr. b. 254, 555. Bachman, b. 386. Bacon, Francis, a. 278, 383, 412; b. 25, 32, 165. Bacon, Roger, b. 55. Bailly, a. 199, 445. Baliani, a. 326, 347. Banister, b. 380. Barlow, b. 67, 223, 245, 254. {24} Bartholin, b. 70. Barton, b. 125. Bauhin, John, b. 381. Bauhin, Gaspard, b. 381. Beaumont, Elie de, b. 527, 532, 533, 539, 583, 588. Beccaria, b. 199. Beccher, b. 268. Bede, a. 198, 232. Bell, Sir Charles, b. 463. Bélon, b. 421, 476. Benedetti, a. 314, 321, 324, 336. Bentley, a. 422, 424. Berard, b. 154. Bergman, b. 266, 281, 321. Bernard of Chartres, a. 229. Bernoulli, Daniel, a. 375, 378, 379, 380, 430; b. 32, 37, 39. Bernoulli, James, a. 358. Bernoulli, James, the younger, b. 42. Bernoulli, John, a. 359, 361, 363, 366, 375, 393, 430; b. 32. Bernoulli, John, the younger, b. 32. Berthollet, b. 267, 278, 281. Berzelius, b. 284, 289, 304, 335, 347, 348. Bessel, a. 272. Betancourt, b. 173. Beudant, b. 348. Bichat, b. 463. Bidone, a. 350. Biela, a. 452. Biker, b. 174. Biot, b. 75, 76, 81, 223, 249. Black, b. 160, 272, 281. Blair, b. 67. Bloch, b. 425. Blondel, a. 342. Bock, b. 371. Boëthius, a. 197, 208. Boileau, a. 390. Bonaparte, b. 241, 296. Bonaventura, a. 233. Bontius, b. 422. Borelli, a. 323, 387, 393, 405, 406. Bossut, a. 350. Boué, Ami, b. 523. Bouguer, a. 377. Bouillet, b. 166. Bourdon, b. 461. Bournon, b. 326. Bouvard, a. 443. Boyle, a. 395; b. 80, 163, 263. Boze, b. 198. Bradley, a. 438, 441, 456, 463, 465. Brander, b. 508, 516. Brassavola, b. 368. Brewster, Sir David, b. 65, 75, 81, 113, 119, 123, 331, 332. Briggs, a. 276. Brisbane, Sir Thomas, a. 478. Brocchi, b. 519, 576, 589. Brochant de Villiers, b. 527, 532. Broderip, b. 562. Brongniart, Alexandre, b. 516, 530. Brongniart, Adolphe, b. 539. Brook, Taylor, a. 359, 375; b. 31. Brooke, Mr., b. 325. Brougham, Lord, b. 80, 112. Brown, Robert, b. 409, 474. Brunfels, b. 368. Bruno, Giordano, a. 272. Buat, a. 350. Buch, Leopold von, b. 523, 527, 539, 557. Buckland, Dr., b. 534. Budæus, a. 74. Buffon, b. 317, 460, 476. Bullfinger, a. 361. Bullialdus, a. 172, 397. Burckhardt, a. 442, 448. Burg, b. 443. Burkard, b. 459. Burnet, b. 559, 584.

Cabanis, b. 489. Cæsalpinus, b. 316, 371, 373. Calceolarius, b. 508. Calippus, a. 123, 140. Callisthenes, a. 144. Camerarius, Joachim, b. 372. Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob, b. 458, 459. Campanella, a. 224, 237. Campani, a. 474. Camper, b. 476. Canton, b. 197, 198, 219. Capelli, a. 435. Cappeller, b. 318. {25} Cardan, a. 313, 319, 330, 335. Carlini, a. 456. Carne, b. 538. Caroline, Queen, a. 422. Carpa, b. 445. Casræus, a. 326. Cassini, Dominic, a. 454, 462, 479; b. 33. Cassini, J., a. 439, 463. Castelli, a. 340, 342, 346, 348. Catelan, a. 358. Cavallieri, a. 430. Cavendish, a. 456; b. 204, 273, 278. Cauchy, a. 379; b. 43, 127. Caus, Solomon de, a. 332. Cesare Cesariano, a. 249. Chalid ben Abdolmalic, a. 169. Chatelet, Marquise du, a. 361. Chaussier, b. 463. Chladni, b. 40, 41. Christie, b. 254. Christina, a. 390. Chrompré, b. 304. Cicero, a. 119. Cigna, a. 376; b. 202. Clairaut, a. 367, 377, 410, 437, 451, 454; b. 67. Clarke, a. 361, 424. Cleomedes, a. 161, 167. Clusius, b. 378. Cobo, b. 379. Colombe, Ludovico delle, a. 346. Colombus, Realdus, b. 446, 450. Columna, Fabius, b. 381. Commandinus, a. 316. Comparetti, b. 79. Condamine, a. 453. Constantine of Africa, b. 367. Conti, Abbé de, a. 360. Conybeare, b. 519, 525. Copernicus, a. 257. Cosmas Indicopleustes, a. 196. Cotes, a. 366, 425. Coulomb, b. 204, 207, 209, 221. Crabtree, a. 276, 302, 304. Cramer, b. 35. Cronstedt, b. 341. **Cruickshank, b. 240. Cumming, Prof., b. 252. Cunæus, b. 196. Cuvier, b. 421, 422, 466, 478, 481, 487, 492, 516, 517, 520, 522.

D'Alembert, a. 361, 365, 367, 372, 374, 376, 378, 446; b. 33, 37. D'Alibard, b. 198. Dalton, Dr. John, b. 157, 169, 174, 285 &c., 288, &c. Daniell, b. 178, 554. Dante, a. 200. D'Arcy, a. 380. Davy, b. 291, 293, 295, 301. Daubenton, b. 476. Daubeny, Dr., b. 550. Daussy, a. 459. De Candolle, Prof., b. 408, 473. Dechen, M. von, b. 533. Defrance, b. 516, 518. Degerando, a. 194, 228. De la Beche, Sir H., b. 519. Delambre, a. 442, 447. De la Rive, Prof., b. 187. Delisle, a. 431. De Luc, b. 167, 177. Démeste, b. 319. Democritus, a. 78; b. 360. Derham, b. 165. Desaguliers, b. 193. Descartes, a. 323, 328, 338, 343, 354, 387, 423; b. 56, 59, 220. Des Hayes, b. 519. Desmarest, b. 512, 515. Dexippus, a. 208. Digges, a. 331. Dillenius, b. 402. Diogenes Laërtius, a. 187. Dioscorides, b. 364, 367. Dollond, a.475; b. 67. Dominis, Antonio de, b. 59. Dubois, b. 445. Dufay, b. 194, &c., 201. Du Four, b. 79. Dufrénoy, b. 527, 532. Dulong, b. 150, 187. Duns Scotus, a. 233, 237. Dunthorne, a. 435. Dupuis, a. 125. Durret, a. 288. {26} Dutens, a. 82. Duvernay, b. 475.

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