Part 19

1830-1832. Lyell's Principles of Geology.

1835. Cell-division in plants observed by Mohl.

1837. Caignard-Latour's demonstration that alcoholic fermentation is due to living organisms.

1839. Schwann and Schleiden's cell-theory.

1840-1849. Joule's determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat.

1841. Faraday's discovery of electric induction.

1846. Discovery of Neptune by Leverrier and Adams. Agassiz and Buckland's announcement of extensive glaciation in Scotland.

1848. Discovery of the antheridia of ferns by Suminsky.

1849-151. Hofmeister's comparative studies of the higher cryptogams and the flowering plants.

1809-1851. Charles Darwin.

1822-1895. Louis Pasteur.

THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGY

Morphology: Anatomy. Minute Anatomy. Comparative Anatomy.

Embryology.

Physiology (including adaptations to the conditions of life).

Psychology of Animals.

Classification.

Geographical Distribution.

Palæontology.

All these divisions, except Psychology, apply both to plants and animals. Many other modes of division have been proposed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

History of Biology or its Sub-Divisions.

Carus, V. Geschichte der Zoologie. 1864 foll.

The French translation by Hagenmuller and Schneider (1880) will be preferred by some.

Cuvier, G. Histoire des Sciences Naturelles. Publiée par M. de Saint-Agy. Two vols., 1841. Taken down from Cuvier's lectures, but not revised by him.

Though far from trustworthy (the first volume especially), this history mentions many interesting facts, and suggests inquiries which may be pursued with advantage.

Foster, Sir M. Lectures on the History of Physiology. Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1901.

Green, J. R. History of Botany, 1860-1900. A continuation of Sachs's History. Clarendon Press, 1909.