Part Ii. the Ethics of Buddhism: an Ideal of Self-Conquest

AND UNIVERSAL BENEVOLENCE 106

I. THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF THE SYSTEM 106

II. THE IDEAL 110

III. SOME EXPRESSIONS OF THE ETHICAL SPIRIT OF BUDDHISM 115

VIII. THE ETHICS OF ZOROASTRIANISM: AN IDEAL OF COMBAT 123

I. PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS IDEAS WHICH CREATED THE ETHICAL TYPE 123

II. THE IDEAL 126

III. THE PRACTICE 131

IX. THE MORAL EVOLUTION IN ISRAEL: AN IDEAL OF OBEDIENCE TO A REVEALED LAW 135

I. THE RELIGIOUS BASIS OF HEBREW MORALITY 135

II. THE EVOLUTION OF THE MORAL IDEAL 140

1. The Development up to the Exile 140

2. The Morality of the Prophets of the Exile 157

3. The Moral Life in the Postexilic Age 162

X. THE MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF HELLAS: AN IDEAL OF SELF-REALIZATION 169

I. INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS DETERMINING THE MORAL TYPE 169

II. THE IDEAL 174

III. LIMITATIONS AND DEFECTS OF THE IDEAL 179

IV. THE MORAL EVOLUTION 185

XI. ROMAN MORALS: AN IDEAL OF CIVIC DUTY 212

I. INSTITUTIONS AND CONDITIONS OF LIFE DETERMINING THE EARLY MORAL TYPE 212

II. THE PRIMITIVE MORAL TYPE 214

III. THE MORAL EVOLUTION UNDER THE REPUBLIC 218

IV. THE MORAL EVOLUTION UNDER THE PAGAN EMPIRE 231

XII. THE ETHICS OF DOCTRINAL CHRISTIANITY: AN IDEAL OF RIGHT BELIEF 255

I. RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND THEOLOGICAL DOGMAS MOLDING THE IDEAL 256

II. THE MORAL IDEAL 261

XIII. MORAL HISTORY OF THE AGE OF CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM 267

I. CONCEPTIONS OF LIFE AND HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAT PRODUCED THE ASCETIC IDEAL 267

II. THE IDEAL AND ITS CHIEF TYPES 270

III. THE CHIEF MORAL FACTS OF THE PERIOD 272

XIV. THE ETHICS OF ISLAM: A MARTIAL IDEAL 288

I. RELIGIOUS BASIS OF THE MORAL SYSTEM 288

II. THE MORAL CODE 289

III. THE MORAL LIFE 293

XV. THE MORAL LIFE OF EUROPE DURING THE AGE OF CHIVALRY 300

I. THE CHURCH CONSECRATES THE MARTIAL IDEAL OF KNIGHTHOOD 300

II. THE COMPOSITE IDEAL OF KNIGHTHOOD 306

III. THE CHIEF MORAL PHENOMENA OF THE PERIOD 309

XVI. RENAISSANCE ETHICS: REVIVAL OF NATURALISM IN MORALS 320

I. DETERMINING INFLUENCES 320

II. SOME ESSENTIAL FACTS IN THE MORAL HISTORY OF THE AGE 322

XVII. ETHICS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 333

I. PRINCIPLES OF THE REFORMATION OF ETHICAL IMPORT 333

II. SOME IMPORTANT MORAL OUTCOMES OF THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS REFORM 334

XVIII. THE MORAL EVOLUTION SINCE THE INCOMING OF DEMOCRACY: THE NEW SOCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONSCIENCE 340

I. FORCES DETERMINING THE TREND OF THE ETHICAL MOVEMENT 340

II. EXPRESSIONS OF THE NEW MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN DIFFERENT DOMAINS OF LIFE AND THOUGHT 344

1. The Ethics of Democracy 344

2. The Ethics of Industrialism 347

3. The Ethics of Modern Science 353

4. The Ethics of Theology 360

5. Social Ethics: the New Social Conscience 364

6. International Ethics: the New International Conscience 371

INDEX 383

HISTORY AS PAST ETHICS