Chapter Xvi. (p. 427)

CONCLUSION.

So died and so was buried the most remarkable man who ever sat on the English throne. His reign, like his character, seems to be divided into two inconsistent halves. In 1519 his rule is pronounced more suave and gentle than the greatest liberty anywhere else; twenty years later terror is said to reign supreme. It is tempting to sum up his life in one sweeping generalisation, and to say that it exhibits a continuous development of Henry's intellect and deterioration of his character. Yet it is difficult to read the King's speech in Parliament at the close of 1545, without crediting him with some sort of ethical ideas and aims; his life was at least as free from vice during the last, as during the first, seven years of his reign; in seriousness of purpose and steadfastness of aim it was immeasurably superior; and at no time did Henry's moral standard vary greatly from that of many whom the world is content to regard as its heroes. His besetting sin was egotism, a sin which princes can hardly, and Tudors could nowise, avoid. Of egotism Henry had his full share from the beginning; at first it moved in a limited, personal sphere, but gradually it extended its scope till it comprised the whole realm of national religion and policy. The obstacles which he encountered in (p. 428) prosecuting his suit for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon were the first check he experienced in the gratification of a personal whim, and the effort to remove those impediments drew him on to the world-wide stage of the conflict with Rome. He was ever proceeding from the particular to the general, from an attack on a special dispensation to an attack on the dispensing power of the Pope, and thence to an assault on the whole edifice of papal claims. He started with no desire to separate England from Rome, or to reform the Anglican Church; those aims he adopted, little by little, as subsidiary to the attainment of his one great personal purpose. He arrived at his principles by a process of deduction from his own particular case.

As Henry went on, his "quick and penetrable eyes," as More described them, were more and more opened to the extent of what he could do; and he realised, as he said, how small was the power of the Pope. Papal authority had always depended on moral influence and not on material resources. That moral influence had long been impaired; the sack of Rome in 1527 afforded further demonstration of its impotence; and, when Clement condoned that outrage, and formed a close alliance with the chief offender, the Papacy suffered a blow from which it never recovered. Temporal princes might continue to recognise the Pope's authority, but it was only because they chose, and not because they were compelled so to do; they supported him, not as the divinely commissioned Vicar of Christ, but as a useful instrument in the prosecution of their own and their people's desires. It is called a theological age, but it was also irreligious, and its principal (p. 429) feature was secularisation. National interests had already become the dominant factor in European politics; they were no longer to be made subservient to the behests of the universal Church. The change was tacitly or explicitly recognised everywhere; and cujus regio, ejus religio was the principle upon which German ecclesiastical politics were based at the Peace of Augsburg. It was assumed that each prince could do what he liked in his own country; they might combine to make war on an excommunicate king, but only if war suited their secular policy; and the rivalry between Francis and Charles was so keen, that each set greater store upon Henry's help than upon his destruction.

Thus the breach with Rome was made a possible, though not an easy, task; and Henry was left to settle the matter at home with little to fear from abroad, except threats which he knew to be empty. England was the key of the situation, and in England must be sought the chief causes of Henry's success. If we are to believe that Henry's policy was at variance with the national will, his reign must remain a political mystery, and we can offer no explanation of the facts that Henry was permitted to do his work at all, and that it has stood so long the test of time. He had, no doubt, exceptional facilities for getting his way. His dictatorship was the child of the Wars of the Roses, and his people, conscious of the fact that Henry was their only bulwark against the recurrence of civil strife, and bound up as they were in commercial and industrial pursuits, were willing to bear with a much more arbitrary government than they would have been in less perilous times. The alternatives may have been evil, but the choice was freely made. No government, whatever its form, whatever its (p. 430) resources, can permanently resist the national will; every nation has, roughly speaking, the government it deserves and desires, and a popular vote would never in Henry's reign have decreed his deposition. The popular mind may be ill-informed, distorted by passion and prejudice, and formed on selfish motives. Temporarily, too, the popular will may be neutralised by skilful management on the part of the government, by dividing its enemies and counterworking their plans; and of all those arts Henry was a past master. But such expedients cannot prevail in the end; in 1553 the Duke of Northumberland had a subtle intellect and all the machinery of Tudor government at his disposal; Queen Mary had not a man, nor a shilling. Yet Mary, by popular favour, prevailed without shedding a drop of blood. Henry himself was often compelled to yield to his people. Abject self-abasement on their part and stupendous power of will on Henry's, together provide no adequate solution for the history of his reign.

With all his self-will, Henry was never blind to the distinction between what he could and what he could not do. Strictly speaking, he was a constitutional king; he neither attempted to break up Parliament, nor to evade the law. He combined in his royal person the parts of despot and demagogue, and both he clothed in Tudor grace and majesty. He led his people in the way they wanted to go, he tempted them with the baits they coveted most, he humoured their prejudices against the clergy and against the pretensions of Rome, and he used every concession to extract some fresh material for building up his own authority. He owed his strength to the skill with which he (p. 431) appealed to the weaknesses of a people, whose prevailing characteristics were a passion for material prosperity and an absolute indifference to human suffering. "We," wrote one of Henry's Secretaries of State, "we, which talk much of Christ and His Holy Word, have, I fear me, used a much contrary way; for we leave fishing of men, and fish again in the tempestuous seas of this world for gain and wicked Mammon." A few noble examples, Catholic and Protestant, redeemed, by their blood, the age from complete condemnation, but, in the mass of his subjects, the finer feelings seem to have been lost in the pursuit of wealth. There is no sign that the hideous tortures inflicted on men condemned for treason, or the equally horrible sufferings of heretics burnt at the stake, excited the least qualm of compassion in the breast of the multitude; the Act of Six Articles seems to have been rather a popular measure, and the multiplication of treasons evoked no national protest.

Henry, indeed, was the typical embodiment of an age that was at once callous and full of national vigour, and his failings were as much a source of strength as his virtues. His defiance of the conscience of Europe did him no harm in England, where the splendid isolation of Athanasius contra mundum is always a popular attitude; and even his bitterest foes could scarce forbear to admire the dauntless front he presented to every peril. National pride was the highest motive to which he appealed. For the rest, he based his power on his people's material interests, and not on their moral instincts. He took no such hold of the ethical nature of men as did Oliver Cromwell, but he (p. 432) was liked none the less for that; for the nation regarded Cromwell, the man of God, with much less favour than Charles II., the man of sin; and statesmen who try to rule on exclusively moral principles are seldom successful and seldom beloved. Henry's successor, Protector Somerset, made a fine effort to introduce some elements of humanity into the spirit of government; but he perished on the scaffold, while his colleagues denounced his gentleness and love of liberty, and declared that his repeal of Henry's savage treason-laws was the worst deed done in their generation.

The King avoided the error of the Protector; he was neither behind nor before the average man of the time; he appealed to the mob, and the mob applauded. Salus populi, he said in effect, suprema lex, and the people agreed; for that is a principle which suits demagogues no less than despots, though they rarely possess Henry's skill in working it out. Henry, it is true, modified the maxim slightly by substituting prince for people, and by practising, before it was preached, Louis XIV.'s doctrine that L'Etat, c'est moi. But the assumption that the welfare of the people was bound up with that of their King was no idle pretence; it was based on solid facts, the force of which the people themselves admitted. They endorsed the tyrant's plea of necessity. The pressure of foreign rivalries, and the fear of domestic disruption, convinced Englishmen of the need for despotic rule, and no consideration whatever was allowed to interfere with the stability of government; individual rights and even the laws themselves must be overridden, if they conflicted with the interests of the State. Torture was illegal in England, and men were proud of the fact, yet, in cases of (p. 433) treason, when the national security was thought to be involved, torture was freely used, and it was used by the very men who boasted of England's immunity. They were conscious of no inconsistency; the common law was very well as a general rule, but the highest law of all was the welfare of the State.

This was the real tyranny of Tudor times; men were dominated by the idea that the State was the be-all and end-all of human existence. In its early days the State is a child; it has no will and no ideas of its own, and its first utterances are merely imitation and repetition. But by Henry VIII.'s reign the State in England had grown to lusty manhood; it dismissed its governess, the Church, and laid claim to that omnipotence and absolute sovereignty which Hobbes regretfully expounded in his Leviathan. The idea supplied an excuse to despots and an inspiration to noble minds. "Surely," wrote a genuine patriot in 1548, "every honest man ought to refuse no pains, no travail, no study, he ought to care for no reports, no slanders, no displeasure, no envy, no malice, so that he might profit the commonwealth of his country, for whom next after God he is created." The service of the State tended, indeed, to encroach on the service of God, and to obliterate altogether respect for individual liberty. Wolsey on his death-bed was visited by qualms of conscience, but, as a rule, victims to the principle afford, by their dying words, the most striking (p. 434) illustrations of the omnipotence of the idea. Condemned traitors are concerned on the scaffold, not to assert their innocence, but to proclaim their readiness to die as an example of obedience to the law. However unfair the judicial methods of Tudor times may seem to us, the sufferers always thank the King for granting them free trial. Their guilt or innocence is a matter of little moment; the one thing needful is that no doubt should be thrown on the inviolability of the will of the State; and the audience commend them. They are not expected to confess or to express contrition, but merely to submit to the decrees of the nation; if they do that, they are said to make a charitable and godly end, and they deserve the respect and sympathy of men; if not, they die uncharitably, and are held up to reprobation. To an age like that there was nothing strange in the union of State and (p. 435) Church and the supremacy of the King over both; men professed Christianity in various forms, but to all men alike the State was their real religion, and the King was their great High Priest. The sixteenth century, and especially the reign of Henry VIII., supplies the most vivid illustration of the working, both for good and for evil, of the theory that the individual should be subordinate in goods, in life and in conscience to the supreme dictates of the national will. This theory was put into practice by Henry VIII. long before it was made the basis of any political philosophy, just as he practised Erastianism before Erastus gave it a name.

"I bear the law no malice for my death ... my vows and prayers Yet are the King's; and till my soul forsake Shall cry for blessings on him."]

The devotion paid to the State in Tudor times inevitably made expediency, and not justice or morality, the supreme test of public acts. The dictates of expediency were, indeed, clothed in legal forms, but laws are primarily intended to secure neither justice nor morality, but the interests of the State; and the highest penalty known to the law is inflicted for high treason, a legal and political crime which does not necessarily involve any breach whatever of the code of morals. Traitors are not executed because they are immoral, but because they are dangerous. Never did a more innocent head fall on the scaffold than that of Lady Jane Grey; never was an execution more fully justified by the law. The contrast was almost as flagrant in many a State trial in the reign of Henry VIII.; no king was so careful of law, but he was not so careful of justice. Therein lay his safety, for the law takes no cognisance of injustice, unless the injustice is also a breach of the law, and Henry rarely, if ever, (p. 436) broke the law. Not only did he keep the law, but he contrived that the nation should always proclaim the legality of his conduct. Acts of attainder, his favourite weapon, are erroneously supposed to have been the method to which he resorted for removing opponents whose conviction he could not obtain by a legal trial. But acts of attainder were, as a rule, supplements to, not substitutes for, trials by jury; many were passed against the dead, whose goods had already been forfeited to the King as the result of judicial verdicts. Moreover, convictions were always easier to obtain from juries than acts of attainder from Parliament. It was simplicity itself to pack a jury of twelve, and even a jury of peers; but it was a much more serious matter to pack both Houses of Parliament. What then was the meaning and use of acts of attainder? They were acts of indemnity for the King. People might cavil at the verdict of juries; for they were only the decisions of a handful of men; but who should impugn the voice of the whole body politic expressed in its most solemn, complete and legal form? There is no way, said Francis to Henry in 1532, so safe as by Parliament, and one of Henry's invariable methods was to make the whole (p. 437) nation, so far as he could, his accomplice. For pardons and acts of grace the King was ready to assume the responsibility; but the nation itself must answer for rigorous deeds. And acts of attainder were neither more nor less than deliberate pronouncements, on the part of the people, that it was expedient that one man should die rather than that the whole nation should perish or run any risk of danger.

History, in a democratic age, tends to become a series of popular apologies, and is inclined to assume that the people can do no wrong; some one must be the scapegoat for the people's sins, and the national sins of Henry's reign are all laid on Henry's shoulders. But the nation in the sixteenth century deliberately condoned injustice, when injustice made for its peace. It has done so before and after, and may possibly do so again. It is easy in England to-day to denounce the cruel sacrifices imposed on individuals in the time of Henry VIII. by their subordination in everything to the interests of the State; but, whenever and wherever like dangers have threatened, recourse has been had to similar methods, to government by proclamation, to martial law, and to verdicts based on political expediency.

The contrast between morals and politics, which comes out in Henry's reign as a terrible contradiction, is inherent in all forms of human society. Politics, the action of men in the mass, are akin to the operation of natural forces; and, as such, they are neither moral nor immoral; they are simply non-moral. Political movements are often as resistless as the tides of the ocean; they carry to fortune, and they bear to ruin, the just and the unjust with heedless impartiality. Cato and Brutus striving against the torrent of Roman imperialism, (p. 438) Fisher and More seeking to stem the secularisation of the Church, are like those who would save men's lives from the avalanche by preaching to the mountain on the text of the sixth commandment. The efforts of good men to avert a sure but cruel fate are the truest theme of the Tragic Muse; and it is possible to represent Henry's reign as one long nightmare of "truth for ever on the scaffold, wrong for ever on the throne"; for Henry VIII. embodied an inevitable movement of politics, while Fisher and More stood only for individual conscience.

That is the secret of Henry's success. He directed the storm of a revolution which was doomed to come, which was certain to break those who refused to bend, and which may be explained by natural causes, but cannot be judged by moral considerations. The storm cleared the air and dissipated many a pestilent vapour, but it left a trail of wreck and ruin over the land. The nation purchased political salvation at the price of moral debasement; the individual was sacrificed on the altar of the State; and popular subservience proved the impossibility of saving a people from itself. Constitutional guarantees are worthless without the national will to maintain them; men lightly abandon what they lightly hold; and, in Henry's reign, the English spirit of independence burned low in its socket, and love of freedom grew cold. The indifference of his subjects to political issues tempted Henry along the path to tyranny, and despotic power developed in him features, the repulsiveness of which cannot be concealed by the most exquisite art, appealing to the most deep-rooted prejudice. He turned to his own profit the needs and the faults of his people, as well as their national spirit. He sought the greatness of England, (p. 439) and he spared no toil in the quest; but his labours were spent for no ethical purpose. His aims were selfish; his realm must be strong, because he must be great. He had the strength of a lion, and like a lion he used it.

Yet it is probable that Henry's personal influence and personal action averted greater evils than those they provoked. Without him, the storm of the Reformation would still have burst over England; without him, it might have been far more terrible. Every drop of blood shed under Henry VIII. might have been a river under a feebler king. Instead of a stray execution here and there, conducted always with a scrupulous regard for legal forms, wars of religion might have desolated the land and swept away thousands of lives. London saw many a hideous sight in Henry's reign, but it had no cause to envy the Catholic capitals which witnessed the sack of Rome and the massacre of St. Bartholomew; for all Henry's iniquities, multiplied manifold, would not equal the volume of murder and sacrilege wrought at Rome in May, 1527, or at Paris in August, 1572. From such orgies of violence and crime, England was saved by the strong right arm and the iron will of her Tudor king. "He is," said Wolsey after his fall, "a prince of royal courage, and he hath a princely heart; and rather than he (p. 440) will miss or want part of his appetite he will hazard the loss of one-half of his kingdom." But Henry discerned more clearly than Wolsey the nature of the ground on which he stood; by accident, or by design, his appetite conformed to potent and permanent forces; and, wherein it did not, he was, in spite of Wolsey's remark, content to forgo its gratification. It was not he, but the Reformation, which put the kingdoms of Europe to the hazard. The Sphinx propounded her riddle to all nations alike, and all were required to answer. Should they cleave to the old, or should they embrace the new? Some pressed forward, others held back, and some, to their own confusion, replied in dubious tones. Surrounded by faint hearts and fearful minds, Henry VIII. neither faltered nor failed. He ruled in a ruthless age with a ruthless hand, he dealt with a violent crisis by methods of blood and iron, and his measures were crowned with whatever sanction worldly success can give. He is Machiavelli's Prince in action. He took his stand on efficiency rather than principle, and symbolised the prevailing of the gates of Hell. The spiritual welfare of England entered into his thoughts, if at all, as a minor consideration; but, for her peace and material comfort it was well that she had as her King, in her hour of need, a man, and a man who counted the cost, who faced the risk, and who did with his might whatsoever his hand found to do.

INDEX. (p. 441)

Abbeville, 142. Abergavenny, Baron. See Neville, George. Abingdon, 128. Acts of Succession. See Succession. Adrian VI., Pope, 155, 156 n, 161, 162. Agnadello, battle of, 52, 53. Agostini, Augustine, 247, 248 n. Albany, Duke of. See Stewart, John. Albret, Jean d', 85, 93, 136, 144. Aless, Alexander, 347. Alexander VI., Pope, 212, 229. Amicable Loan, 165, 243. Ampthill, 354. Ancona, Peter, Cardinal of, 212. Ancrum Moor, battle of, 413, 415. Andre, Bernard, 20 and note, 21. Angus, Earl of. See Douglas, Archibald. Annates, 290 and note, 297, 302, 320. See also First-fruits. Anne Boleyn. See Boleyn. ---- of Brittany, wife of Louis XII., 74, 212, 217. ---- of Cleves, suggested marriage of, 383, 384; arrival in England and marriage, 385, 386; repudiation of, 210, 392, 395, 397, 404. ---- of Hungary, 51. Antigone, 333. Antwerp, 396. Apparel, Act of, 128. Appeals, Acts of, 298, 299, 319. Aquinas, St. Thomas, 123, 334. Aragon, 26, 28, 31, 51, 93, 104, 313. ------ Catherine of. See Catherine. ------ Ferdinand of. See Ferdinand. Arc, Jeanne d', 65. Ardres, 64, 141, 143. Armada, Spanish, 249, 307, 376. Army, Henry VIII.'s, 3, 109, 313, 315, 354; wages of, 57, 58; commissariat difficulties, 68, 69; invasions of France, 64, 80, 160, 161. Arthur, King, 14. ------ Prince of Wales, 11, 14, 38, 48, 283, 284. Artois, 93, 157. Ashton, Christopher, 11. Aske, Robert, 354, 356, 357. Athequa, George, Bishop of Llandaff, 319. Attainder, use and meaning of, 36, 37, 390, 404, 423, 436. Audley, Edmund, Bishop of Salisbury, 338. ------ Sir Thomas, Speaker and Lord Audley of Walden, 273, 278, 330 n, 393. Augmentations, Court of. See Court. Augsburg, Peace of, 429. Austria, 26, 30, 51, 104, 382. Auxerre, Bishop of. See Dinteville, Francois de.

Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, 44. Badajos, Bishop of, 73. Badoer, Piero, 49, 53, 67, 78, 109. Bagnal, Sir Henry, 253 n. Bainbridge, Christopher, Cardinal and Archbishop of York, 1 n, 53, 55, 89, 229. Bangor, Bishopric of, 318. ------ Bishop of. See Skeffington, Thomas. Barbarossa, 311. Barcelona, Treaty of, 225, 226. Barnes, Robert, 193, 394. Barton, Elizabeth, 305, 324, 374. Bath and Wells, Bishops of. See Clerk, John; Hadrian de Castello; Stillington, Robert. Bavaria, Albert of, 28. Bayard, Chevalier, 54. Beaton, David, Cardinal, 373, 405, 409, 415. Beaufort, Edmund, second Duke of Somerset, 6. -------- Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 6. -------- John, Earl of Somerset, 6. -------- John, first Duke of Somerset, 6. -------- Lady Margaret, 6, 8, 10, 20, 24. -------- Thomas, Duke of Exeter, 6, 272 n. Beauforts, the, 6, 8. Beaulieu, 11, 375. Becket, Thomas a, Archbishop of Canterbury, 106, 270, 271, 372, 377. Bedford, Earl of. See Russell, John. Belgrade, surrender of, 164. Bembridge, 414. Bennet, Dr. William, 207. Berlin, 68. Bermondsey Abbey, 5, 10. Berwick, 368, 375. Biez, Marechal Oudart du, 413. Bilney, Thomas, 272. Bishops' Book, or Institution of a Christian Man, 379, 417. Blackheath, Cornishmen defeated at, 11. Bloody Assize, 357. Blount, Elizabeth, 47, 183, 185, 210. ------ William, fourth Baron Mountjoy, 22-24, 183. Boerio, Dr. Baptista, 22. Boleyn, Anne, Henry's passion for, 173, 186-192, 209; her "Lutheranism," 203-205, 237, 274, 347, 349, 397, 399; canonical obstacles to her marriage with Henry VIII., 206, 208; her unpopularity, 250, 314; accompanies Henry to France, 294, 295; her marriage, 281, 300, 319, 398; coronation, 300; unkindness to Princess Mary, 304 and note; her issue, 300, 315 n, 321, 342, 343, 348, 360; nullity of her marriage, 210, 344, 345; her trial and death, 233, 344-346, 404, 434 n. ------ George, Viscount Rochford, 344, 434 n. ------ Mary, 185, 188, 208, 344. ------ Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire, 138, 188, 203, 273. Bologna, 55, 86, 88, 283, 297 n. Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, 237. Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 316. ------ Humphrey, 234 n. Bordeaux, 131, 156. Borough, Edward, Lord, 410. Bosworth, battle of, 3, 7, 9, 11, 49, 79. Boulogne, 68, 294; besieged, 133, 160, 412-415. Bourbon, Charles, Duc de, 151, 158 and note, 159, 160, 162, 163, 171, 176. Bourges, 283. Boxley, Rood of, 380. Bradshaw, Thomas, 259 n. Brandenburg, Margrave of, 100. Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, his family, 79; promotion and suggested marriage, 80; his previous wives, 80, 81, 199, 205; embassy to France, 81, 85, 86; marriage to Mary Tudor, 3, 15, 37, 82, 83; Henry's displeasure, 82, 83; his favour with Henry, 84; tilts with the King, 41, 95; army under, 159, 160, 162, 354, 412; claim to the throne, 181; objects to legatine courts, 223; other references, 2 n, 111, 116, 246, 385. ------- William, 79. Bray, 160. Brereton, William, 344. Brescia, 61. Brest, blockade of, 63. Brewer, John Sherren, 84 n, 189 n, 192 n, 197 n, 234 n, 249 n, 252 n, 261 n, 270 n. Brian, Sir Francis, 203. Brinkelow, Henry, 256, 257 n. Bristol, 401. Brittany, 30, 31. Browne, Ann, 199. Bruges, 111, 145, 146, 155, 281. Brussels, 94. Brydges, John, 260 n. Buckingham, Duke of. See Stafford, Edward. Bullinger, Henry, 380. Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, 44. Burgundy, 26, 27, 30, 51, 104, 136, 168. See also Netherlands. Butler, Piers, Earl of Ormond, 189. ------ Thomas, Earl of Ormond, 187. Byzantinism, 180 n, 370 n.

Cadwallader, 5.

Caistor, 353.

Calais, 63-65, 74, 83, 93, 97, 112, 114, 129, 131, 139, 140, 142-146, 154, 159, 160, 203, 224, 254 n, 308-310, 315, 370, 375, 384; parliamentary representation of, 368. Calshot Castle, 375. Cambrai, 94, 296. ------ League of (1508), 29, 52, 53, 90, 98. ------ Peace of (1529), 224, 246, 250, 309. Cambridge, 20, 49, 77, 283, 334, 354. Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal, 97, 112, 155, 184, 185 n, 186, 190, 204, 206 n, 211, 215-218, 219 n, 220 n, 222, 223, 225, 237, 238, 247, 270, 311 n, 318. Canon Law, 6, 117, 200, 336, 337, 349. Canterbury, 106, 140, 143, 260 n, 372. ---------- Archbishopric of, 16, 296, 298, 318, 329, 417. ---------- Archbishops of. See Becket, Thomas a; Cranmer, Thomas; Langton, Stephen; Pole, Reginald; Warham, William. Capua, Archbishop of, 225. Carroz, Luis, 49, 59, 61 n, 62, 67, 70, 76 and note, 132, 192. Casale, Giovanni, 170, 207, 211, 224, 226. Castello, Hadrian de. See Hadrian. Castile, 26-29, 51, 52, 72, 75, 92, 104, 167, 176, 313. ------- Isabella of. See Isabella. ------- See also Philip of Burgundy and Juana. Castillon, Louis de Perreau, Sieur de, 370. Catherine of Aragon, marriage to Prince Arthur, 11, 14, 48, 283; proposals for second marriage of, 26, 27; betrothed to Henry VIII., 27; possibly taught Henry Spanish, 22; marriage deferred, 28; marriage to Henry VIII., 45, 46; coronation, 46; commissioned as Ferdinand's ambassador, 51; regent in England, 65; ally of Charles V., 137; attends Field of Cloth of Gold, 141, 142; legality of her marriage questioned, 173, 174, 281; premature death of her children, 174-177; divorce threatened, 76, 176; ceases to bear children, 178-181; her conscience, 178; purity and courage of, 192, 193; divorce unjust to her, 193, 212; proceedings against her, 202; correspondence with Charles, 220; protests in person against the Legates' Court, 221; her popularity, 250, 314; championed by Charles, 226, 294; alleged nullity of her marriage, 296, 319; sentence by Cranmer, 300; her treatment by Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, 303, 304, 309, 310, 311 n; dissuaded by Charles V. from leaving England, 311; Pope pronounces her marriage valid, 321; her death, 335, 336, 342; other references to, 51 n, 70, 106, 200, 208, 210, 216, 251, 259, 265, 275, 282, 289, 304 n, 305, 312, 313, 327, 347-350, 364, 428. --------- of France, Queen of Henry V., 5. --------- sister of Charles V., Queen of Portugal, 100. --------- Howard, character before her marriage, 397; her marriage, 398, 399; misconduct, 403; death, 404; her fall impairs Duke of Norfolk's influence, 416. --------- Parr, her previous marriages, 410; marriage to Henry, 410; her tact, 411; favour towards New Learning, 416. Caxton, William, 20. Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 38. Cervia, 224, 226. Chancery, See Courts. Chapuys, Eustace, 114 n, 132, 185, 192 n, 194, 197 n, 247, 248 n, 262, 268, 271 n, 273 n, 274, 275, 284 sqq., 285 n, 295, 298, 300, 303, 304 and note, 305-308, 311, 313-315 and note, 319, 321, 332, 335, 339 n, 342 n, 343, 345 n, 350, 352, 359, 362 n, 364, 366, 373, 374, 403, 405. Charlemagne, 52, 76. Charles I. of England, 25 n, 258, 259. ------- II., 186, 432. ------- V., Emperor, suggested marriage to Mary Tudor, 26, 28, 45, 48, 65, 72-81, 83; heir to both grandfathers, 51 and note; assumes government of the Netherlands, 85; succeeds Ferdinand, 73, 92, 93; enters into Treaty of Noyon, 93; difficulties in Spain, 96; election as Emperor, 100-105; treated by Wolsey as an equal, 111; pensions to Wolsey, 115, 116; his foreign possessions, 136; reasons for peace with England, 137; invitation to visit England, 139; second meeting with Henry, 143; war with France, 144, 148; Wolsey's mediation between Francis and Charles, 145-147; proposed marriage to Mary of England, 143, 146, 156; Wolsey sides with Charles, 148-152; battle of Pavia, 154; influence on papal elections, 154, 155; promises to aid Wolsey's candidature for the Papacy, 161, 162; joins England against France, 159; his supremacy in Europe, 163, 164; marriage with Isabella of Portugal, 167; plans for deposing Henry, 180; his morals, 186; champions his aunt's cause, 202, 225, 294; peace with Henry, 224; Treaty of Barcelona, 226; appeal to a general council, 230 n; appealed to by Wolsey, 247; alliance with Clement, 249, 295, 297; alliance with Francis, 250, 371, 381, 382, 392; objects to carry out the papal sentence, 309, 310; rivalry with Francis, 108, 312, 429; anxious for Henry's friendship, 322, 359; engaged in conquering Tunis, 334; meeting with Francis and Paul III., 372; breach with Francis, 404, 405; intrigues with James V. of Scotland, 406; secret treaty with Henry, 410; peace with Francis, 412; other references to, 76, 78, 88, 98, 108, 118, 132, 158, 193-196, 197 n, 201, 204, 206, 207, 212, 216, 223, 251, 261, 275, 283, 295, 301, 302 n, 304, 308, 311 n, 314, 332, 349, 361, 366, 370, 373, 376, 377, 383, 386, 393, 396, 398. ------- VIII. of France, 10, 30. ------- the Bold, 30, 51 n, 136. Charlotte, daughter of Francis I., 93, 143. Chester, Bishopric of, 318, 401. Chichester, Bishop of. See Sampson, Richard. ---------- Bishopric of, 319. Chieregati, 95, 96, 113, 121, 135. Chievres, William de Croy, Lord of, 85, 183. Chobham, 421. Christina of Milan, 370, 371 and note, 384. Cinque Ports, 16. Civil Law, 38, 334, 362 n. Clarence, Duke of. See George. Clarendon, Constitutions of, 271. Claude, Queen of France, 188. Clement VII., Pope, his policy as Cardinal de Medici, 148, 152-154, 230; proclaimed Pope, 162 n; forms the Holy League, 168; his imperial interests, 169; confirmed Suffolk's divorce, 199; his captivity, 201; gives Wolsey legatine powers, 202; warned by Wolsey that his fall means ruin to the Church in England, 204-206, 211, 212, 237; suggests two wives for Henry, 207; anxious to avoid responsibility, 213; urges Catherine to enter a nunnery, 213 and note, 214; commission to Campeggio and Wolsey to try the divorce, 214, 215, 221; his indecision, 216, 224-227, 280, 294; instructs Campeggio to procrastinate, 216, 222; refuses to declare the brief a forgery, 220; his motives for siding against Henry VIII., 224, 225; his treaty with the Emperor, 225, 226; revokes his commission to Campeggio and Wolsey, 226, 227; bull of 1530, 281, 282; interviews Charles, 295; apparent friendship with Henry VIII., 296, 297; delays in the divorce suit, 298; prepares the final ban of the Church against Henry VIII., 302, 303, 316; pronounces Catherine's marriage valid, 321; his dispensation for the marriage of Anne Boleyn, 208-210, 344; his death, 322; other references to, 187 n, 210, 218, 230 n, 247, 276, 309, 319, 428. Clerk, John, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 154, 155, 161, 197 n, 318, 338. Cleves, Anne of. See Anne. ------ Duke John of, father of Anne of Cleves, 382, 383. ------ Duke William of, brother of Anne, 383, 386, 393. Coinage, debasement of, 418. Coire, 99. Colet, John, Dean of St. Paul's, 134. Commons, House of. See also Parliament. ------- ----- More pleads its privileges, 165, 259; throws out attainder against Wolsey, 246; packing of, 252 sqq.; free speech in, 259, 288, 289; powers of, 259 n; feared by the Church, 270, 280; Audley chosen Speaker, 278; refuses to remit Henry's loan, 279; attacks abuses, 291; passes Act of Appeals, 299; waits on Henry, 320; passes attainder against Cromwell, 390; opposition to Cromwell, 391. Conquet, 63. Constable, Sir Robert, 357. Constantine, the Emperor, 363 n. Contarini, Cardinal, 153, 318, 359. Copley, Sir Roger, 253. Cork, 10. Corneto, 215. Cornwall, Dukes of. See Arthur, Prince, and Henry VIII. Coron, 312. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 49, 206 n. Council, Ordinary, 364 n. ------- government by, 364 n. ------- Privy, 288, 289, 356, 365, 403, 416. ------- of the North, 358, 366. ------- of Wales, 364 n, 365, 366. ------- of Trent, 299. Court of Augmentations, 337. ----- Chancery, 319, 320, 327. ----- Requests, 38, 368. ----- Star Chamber, 35, 38, 119, 120, 368. ----- Wards and Liveries, 368. Courtenay, Henry, Marquis of Exeter, 183, 305, 374, 375. --------- Sir William, 374. Coventry and Lichfield, Bishopric of, 318. Coverdale, Miles, 379. Cowes, 57. Cradock, Sir Matthew, 11. Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, suggests an appeal to the Universities, 282; appointed Archbishop, 296; expedition of his bulls, 296-298; his court made final, 299; declares Catherine's marriage void and Anne's valid, 300, 302; crowns Anne as queen, 300; declares Anne's marriage invalid, 344; licenses Henry to marry a third wife, 346; informs Henry of Catherine Howard's misconduct, 403; his hold on Henry, 416; discusses the King's Book with Henry, 417; is attacked, 418; sent for in Henry's illness, 424, 425; other references to, 191, 197 n, 230 n, 282 and note, 325 n, 327 and note, 354, 379, 385, 391 n, 393, 401 n. Croke, Richard, 282 n. Crome, Edward, 274. Cromwell, Oliver, 368, 432. -------- Thomas, Earl of Essex, humble birth, 38, 42; rising to notice, 159; opposes Wolsey's attainder in the Commons, 246, 278; his agents, 254; his interference in elections, 260 and note, 261, 317; reports on Parliament to the King, 263 n; becomes secretary, 273, 323; prepares bills for Parliament, 289 n, 291; said to "rule everything," 318; anxious to make Henry despotic, 323 and note, 329; anxious to make Henry rich, 341; never in Wolsey's position, 350; anxious for government by council, 364; appointed vicar-general, 378; vicegerent, 379; induces Henry to marry Anne of Cleves, 384, 385; packs Parliament in favour of his own policy, 392; his fall, 397, 416; created Earl of Essex; his death, 2, 394; other references to, 290, 325 n, 339 n, 349, 354, 366 n, 381, 399, 400, 434 n, 436 n. Crowley, Robert, 257 n. Crown, succession to the. See Succession. Culpepper, Thomas, 398, 403.

Dacre, Thomas, Lord Dacre of the North, 156, 157, 247 n. Dante, 29. Darcy, Thomas, Baron Darcy, 305, 353-355, 357. Deal, 385. Denmark, 312. Denny, Sir Anthony, 424. Deptford, 126. Derby, Earl of. See Stanley, Thomas. Dereham, Francis, 398, 403. Derknall, Robert, 260 n. D'Ewes, Giles, 20 and note, 21. Dinteville, Francois de, Bishop of Auxerre, 280. Dispensation, papal power of, 173, 174, 176, 193, 207-209, 212, 213, 218, 219, 284, 344; transferred to Cranmer, 320, 346. Divorce, the law of, 173 n, 208, 218, 219, 344, 345, 395. ------- of Catherine of Aragon, first suggestion of, 76, 173, 176, 197 and note; origin of, 173; causes of, 179, 183, 186; motives for, 177-179, 189; Wolsey's attitude towards, 204, 205; commission to try, 214 sqq., 214 n; its influence on the Reformation, 232, 238, 428; disliked by the people, 250, 251; decision of the Universities, 283, 284, 296, 358; its injustice to Catherine, 192, 193; sentence of divorce, 187. ------- of Anne Boleyn, 344. ------- of Anne of Cleves, 395. ------- other instances of, 199, 200, 209 n, 212. Dodieu, Claude, 196. Doncaster, 356. Doria, 216. Dorset, Marquis of. See Grey, Sir Thomas. Douglas, Archibald, sixth Earl of Angus, 88, 200. Dourlens, 157. Dover, 139, 140, 375. ----- Castle, 16, 375. Drogheda, Parliament of, 18. Du Bellay, John, Bishop of Bayonne, 185 n, 196, 197, 203 n, 223-225, 237, 244, 246, 273, 282 n, 284, 295 n, 319. Dublin, 9, 367. Dubois, Pierre, 329. Dudley, Edmund, 2 n, 44, 48. ------ John, Viscount Lisle, afterwards Duke of Northumberland, 261, 408, 414, 430. Dunkirk, 281. Dunstable, 300, 302. Du Prat, Cardinal Antoine, 145. Durham, Bishopric of, 318. ------ Bishops of. See Ruthal, Thomas; Tunstall, Cuthbert. Dymock, Sir Robert, 46.

Edinburgh, 69, 413. --------- Duke of, 18 n. Education under Henry VII., 19, 20. Edward I., 37, 187. ------ III., 180, 182, 346. ------ IV., beheads Owen Tudor, 5; his right to the throne, 7; his descendants and their claims, 8, 9, 181, 183, 305, 314; his daughter Elizabeth marries Henry VII., 13; his tastes, 15, 39; his marriage pronounced void, 306. ------ VI., birth at Greenwich, 16, 360, 361; forward as a pupil, 19, 267; proposed marriage of, 348, 362, 408, 409, 415; his claim to the throne, 349; his early death, 12; homilies printed in his reign, 417. ------ Earl of Warwick, 9, 11, 179. Eleanor, daughter of Philip of Burgundy, Queen of Portugal, 26, 168, 196, 197 n. Elizabeth, Queen, born at Greenwich, 16, 300, 301; forward as a pupil, 19; foundress of Jesus College, Oxford, 21 n; contended for the supremacy of the State, 233; arbitrary with Parliament, 263, 329; pronounced illegitimate, 343 and note, 348 and note; claim to the throne, 348 n; other references to, 35, 191, 267, 304, 411. --------- of York, married to Henry VII., 13; described by Erasmus, 20. Ely, Bishop of. See West, Nicholas. --- Bishopric of, 318. Embrun, 86. Emmanuel, King of Portugal, 167. Emperors. See Maximilian I. and Charles V. Empire, Holy Roman, 32, 101, 108. Empson, Sir Richard, 2 n, 44, 48. Enclosure movement, 119, 120, 256, 352. Erasmus, Desiderius, his description of Elizabeth of York, 20 and note; of Henry VIII., 22, 23, 40, 106, 122, 123, 125; other references to, 19 and note, 89, 115 n, 134, 183, 236. Essex, Earl of. See Cromwell, Thomas. Este, Alfonso d', 153. ---- Isabella d', 135. Estrada, Duke of, 26. Etaples, Treaty of, 48, 75. Eton College, 426. Evers, William, Lord, 413. Exeter, Marquis of. See Courtenay, Henry. ------ Bishops of. See Fox, Richard; Coverdale, Miles.

Falier, Ludovico, 179. Farnham, 370. Ferdinand of Aragon, his negotiations for Catherine's marriage, 11, 14, 26, 45, 47; claims Castile, 27; his methods of government, 37; advises Henry VIII., 43, 50; his schemes for the aggrandisement of his family, 50-52, 60; attacks the Moors, 55; makes peace with them and attacks France, 56; conquers Navarre, 57, 58; betrays Henry, 59-62; his duplicity, 61, 70, 72, 73; his death, 92; other references to, 28-30, 51 n, 52-54, 67, 75-77, 85, 88, 100, 105, 107, 145, 174-176, 179, 284, 351. --------- Archduke and Emperor, 51 and note, 52-54, 61 n, 71, 76, 94, 101. Ferrara, 100, 153, 159, 283. Ferrers, Sir Edward, 252 n. Ferrers' case, 258, 259. Fidei Defensor, 107, 126, 325. Field of Cloth of Gold, 141-143, 151, 294. First-fruits and Tenths, 324, 327, 336, 368. Fisher, John, Cardinal Bishop of Rochester, preaches Henry VII.'s funeral sermon, 43, 44; denounces Luther's books, 125; defends the validity of Catherine's marriage, 222, 236, 282; his treasonable practices, 282, 305; sent to the Tower, 324; attainted, 331-333; created Cardinal, 332; death, 333; other references to, 1 n, 50, 150, 279, 280, 287, 289, 319, 331 n, 350, 438. Fitzgerald, Gerald, eighth Earl of Kildare, 9, 11, 149, 305, 366, 367. Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, 183-185, 197, 213, 348. Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Earl of Southampton, 144, 146, 147, 157, 203, 254 n, 385, 389 n, 390, 393. Flanders, 52, 93, 140, 144, 223, 224, 308-311, 358, 359, 373. See also Burgundy and Netherlands. Flodden Field, 49, 66, 80, 87, 200, 408. Florence, 51, 86, 226. Floyd's case, 259 n. Foix, Germaine de, 29, 100. ---- Odet de. See Lautrec. Fox, Richard, Bishop of Exeter, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, baptises Henry VIII., 16; his fortunes linked with the Tudors, 48; chancellor of Cambridge, 49; founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 49; an intimate counsellor of Henry VIII., 49; retires to his diocese, 92; debates the legality of Henry's marriage, 174, 198; death, 117; other references to, 62, 98, 109, 114, 158, 159, 273. Foxe, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, 211, 214. ---- John, martyrologist, 191. France, unity of, 30, 31; Roman law in, 32; English antipathy to, 53; invasion of, 57, 60, 62-66; friendship with Venice, 61; truce with Venice, 60; war against, 64, 65; campaigns in, 68, 69; Suffolk's embassy to, 85; Wolsey's embassy to, 112, 144-146; treaty with England, 138; Henry's visit to, 140-143; war with Spain, 144; English pretence to the crown of, 149, 150, 158; suggested assembly of cardinals in, 201; alliance with England, 223; threatens Italy from the North, 51, 228, 229; other references to, 29, 108, 181, 204, 220, 370, 373, 393. ------ Catherine of. See Catherine. ------ Kings of. See Charles VIII., Francis I., Louis XI., Louis XII. Francis, Duke of Angouleme, afterwards Francis I. of France, description of, 39, 78; relations with Mary Tudor, 78-83; designs on Milan, 85, 86; omnipotence in Italy, 93; joins second League of Cambrai, 94; is deceived by Charles V., 96; his efforts to be elected Emperor, 98-104; rivalry with Charles V., 108, 312, 429; his pensions to Wolsey, 115, 116; his claim to Naples, 136; Wolsey's opposition to, 137 and note; is anxious for a personal interview with Henry VIII., 138, 139; meets Henry VIII. at the Field of Cloth of Gold, 141-143; his war with Charles V., 144-148; his immorality, 150, 186; his influence on the papal election, 154, 155; is convinced of English hostility, 156; English make war on, 157, 158; his defeat at Pavia, 30, 163, 164; signs Treaty of Madrid, 168; suggested marriage to Princess Mary, 195-197 n; his defeat at Landriano, 226; is appealed to by Wolsey, 247; his alliance with Charles V., 250; his meeting with Henry at Boulogne (1532), 294; disapproves of Henry's breach with the Church, 306; meditates fresh Italian schemes, 310, 351; his meeting with Clement at Marseilles (1533), 316; orders Pole to leave France, 359; his friendship with Charles V., 371, 381, 382, 392; his meeting with Charles V. and Paul III. (1538), 372; his breach with Charles V., 404, 405; intrigues with James V., 406, 409; his peace with Henry (1546), 412; his advice about Parliament, 436; other references to, 81, 88, 94, 97, 127, 129 n, 137, 151, 162, 163 n, 169, 173, 193, 216, 225, 280, 297, 302 n, 311, 315, 334, 349, 361, 369, 370, 376, 377, 383, 386, 393, 396. ------ Dauphin of France, 138, 143, 148. Frederick II., Emperor, 329. Frith, John, 272. Fuentarabia, 160.

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, goes to Rome to obtain a commission to try the divorce case in England, 214, 220; would be more powerful if he abandoned his order, 237, 273; his pocket-boroughs, 254 and note, 317, 390; secretary, 273; led the bishops in the House of Lords to reject the concessions made to the King by the Church, 293; retires to Winchester, 294; his opposition to the divorce, 306; on parliamentary liberties, 259; on the limits of Henry's power, 323 n, 330; encounters Barnes in a theological discussion, 394; patron of Catherine Howard, 397, 399; champion of the Catholic faith, 416, 418; other references to, 211, 259, 290, 316, 327 n, 336, 435 n. Gattinara, Mercurio, 147. Gatton, 253 and note. Gaunt, John of, 6, 180. Genoa, 51, 70, 71, 76, 147, 168. George, Duke of Clarence, 8, 18, 305, 314, 358, 373. Germany, 30-32, 69, 101, 104, 124, 139, 272, 311, 381, 382, 393, 418. Ghinucci, Girolamo, Bishop of Worcester, 202, 206, 207, 218, 318, 338. Giglis, Silvester de, Bishop of Worcester, 86, 229. Giustinian, Sebastian, Venetian ambassador, 67, 72, 77 n, 87, 88, 92, 97, 98, 102, 106, 108, 109 and note, 110-115, 118, 121, 127, 129, 132, 177, 181, 240. Gloucester, 40. Gordon, Lady Catherine, 11 and note. Grammont, Gabriel de, Bishop of Tarbes, 173, 195-197, 280, 281. Gravelines, 143. Greenwich, 15, 16, 22, 46, 83, 86, 134, 239, 300, 324, 385. Grey, Lady Jane, 19, 435. ---- Lord Leonard, 366, 367. ---- Thomas, second Marquis of Dorset, 37 n, 57. Guelders, 54, 144, 168, 383, 393. Guienne, 57, 58, 61, 62. Guildford, 389, 421. Guinegate, 64, 65. Guipuscoa, 57. Guisnes, 129, 140, 141, 375. Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 238.

Hadrian de Castello, Cardinal Bishop of Bath and Wells, 97, 112, 115. Hailes, Blood of, 380. Hales, John, 433 n. Halidon Rig, 407. Hamburg, 311. Hampton Court, 140, 239, 398, 410, 421. Harwich, 375. Henry II., 4, 271 and note, 275. ----- IV., 4, 6, 15, 180, 232. ----- IV. of Castile, 207. ----- V., 53, 66. ----- VI., 5, 7. ----- VII., his descent, 5-8; his birth, 7; His claim to the throne recognised by Parliament, 8, 13; Yorkist rivals to, 9; his sons and daughters, 13; marriage, 13; bestows Greenwich on his wife, 15; sends Arthur and Catherine to Ludlow Castle, 14; centralising policy, 17; Irish policy, 18; Renaissance under, 20; praised by Erasmus, 23; his theological conservatism, 24; proposes marriages for his children, 26; discusses Catherine's dower, 26; suggests marrying her himself, 27; entertains Philip of Burgundy, 27; designs on Castile, 28, 29; his suggested marriage with Margaret of Savoy, 28, 48; his methods of government, 36-38; last advice to his son, 43; death, 43; funeral and tomb, 44; his treasure, 149, 245, 246; other references to, 79, 80, 173, 178, 180, 182, 183, 232, 284, 374, 409, 426. ----- VIII., his descent and parentage, 5; birth, 15; baptised and said to have been destined for a clerical career, 16; offices and titles, 16, 17; his tutors, 20-22; his handwriting, 21; studies languages, 22; is visited by Erasmus, 22, 23; corresponds with Erasmus, 23; studies theology, 24; is devoted to music, 24; his minstrels, 24; his choristers and compositions, 25, 47; becomes heir-apparent and Duke of Cornwall, 25; created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 25; suggested matrimonial alliances, 26; is betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, 27; protests against the marriage, 28; methods of government, 36; decay of the peerage under, 37; the ministers of, 38, 48-50; peaceful accession, 43; executes Dudley and Empson, 44; marriage to Catherine, 45, 46; coronation, 46, 48; intervenes in favour of Venice, 53; renews his father's treaties, 54; his first crusade, 55; joins Ferdinand against France, 56; unsuccessfully attacks Guienne, 57, 58; his league with Maximilian, 61 and note; his desertion by Ferdinand, 61-63; his success in France, 64-66; the pacific character of his reign, 67, 68; makes the Treaty of Lille, 69; his honesty, 72, 73; discovers duplicity of his allies, 73, 74; makes peace with France, 74, 75; his promotion of Charles Brandon, 80; anger at Brandon's marriage to Mary Tudor exaggerated, 82-84; rivalry with Francis I., 86, 87; claims title of "Protector of Scotland," 87, 88; is suggested as Emperor, 99, 102-104; allows Wolsey much power, 109 sqq.; his services to the Papacy, 107; his book against Luther, 123-126; receives title of Fidei Defensor, 126; his political activity, 128-131; his meeting with Charles, 139, 140; his meeting with Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold, 141-143; his second meeting with Charles, 143; his rights to the crown of France, 149, 158; his recourse to war loans, 164, 165; doubts the legality of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, 173, 174, 195-199, 219; the premature death of his children, 174-177, 182; his passion for Anne Boleyn, 189-192; his conscience, 193, 194, 209, 218; his first steps towards divorce, 198-201; his justification for expecting divorce, 199, 200; licence to commit bigamy, 206; ceases to work in harmony with Wolsey, 203, 204; his canonical affinity to Anne Boleyn, 206-208, 344; is urged by Clement to settle the divorce for himself, 213; attends the Legates' Court in person, 221; praises Catherine, 221, 222; finds the impossibility of obtaining a favourable verdict at Rome, 226; breaks with Rome, 228, 231, 428, 429; appeals to a General Council, 230; contends for the supremacy of the State, 233; his support necessary to the Church, 238; makes peace with Charles, 224; reproves Wolsey, 242, 243; the difference between the results of his policy and Wolsey's, 244, 245; the difficulty of his position, 250; his divorce interwoven with the question of papal jurisdiction in England, 251; he summons Parliament, 251 sqq.; his harmony with Parliament, 256, 261 sqq.; his observance of the constitution and parliamentary privileges, 258, 430, 435, 436; his interest in Parliament, 263; encourages the Commons to bring complaints to him, 266; his recognition as "Supreme Head," 268, 286, 325, 328, 330 n, 331; is compared to Henry II., 271 and note; his anti-clerical bias, 272, 273, 285; his position between two parties, 276; decisions of the Universities, 283, 284, 288; his influence with Parliament, 284, 285, 287 sqq.; meets Francis at Boulogne, 294; his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 295, 296, 300; Cranmer pronounces the divorce, 296, 300, 302; sentence of greater excommunication drawn up against him, 303; his treatment of Catherine, 303, 304; his position abroad, 305 sqq.; closes the Staple at Calais, 308; his position at home, 313; his episcopal appointments, 318; his marriage to Catherine pronounced valid by Clement, 321; becomes more despotic, 322, 323; sends Fisher and More to the Tower, and the Friars Observants to the block, 324; position as Supreme Head of the Church, 325-330; executes Fisher and More, 331-334; rejoices at Catherine's death, 335; obtains the Statute of Uses, 336; orders a general visitation of the monasteries, 337-339; dissolves the monasteries and divides monastic spoils with the laity, 341; dislikes, divorces, and beheads Anne Boleyn, 343-346; marries Jane Seymour, 346, 347; power to bequeath the crown given him by Parliament (see Acts of Succession), 348; his position strengthened by the death of Catherine and of Anne Boleyn, 349, 350; refuses to side against Francis I., 350, 351; deals with the Pilgrimage of Grace, 355; his answer to the rebels, 356; conference with Aske, 357; establishes Council of the North, 358; his relations with Cardinal Pole, 358, 359; his good fortune culminates in the birth of Edward VI., 360, 361; development of his intellect, 363, 364; completes the Union of England and Wales, 365, 366; establishes peace in Ireland, 367; thinks of marrying a French princess, 369, 370; and then of Christina of Milan, 370, 371; desecrates the shrine of St. Thomas, 372; is excommunicated by the Pope, 373; removes possible claimants to the throne, 374, 375; and takes other measures for defence, 375-377; issues the Ten Articles, 378, and The Bishops' Book, 379; permits the Bible in English and destroys images, 379, 380; and dissolves the greater monasteries, 381; issues a manifesto against the Pope's authority to summon a General Council, and enters into negotiations with the German princes, 381, 382; marries Anne of Cleves, 382-386; but remains a Catholic at heart, 387-389; and presses the Six Articles, 390; repudiates the German alliance, 393; ruins Cromwell, 394; and divorces Anne, 395; marries Catherine Howard, 398, 399; renews his alliance with Charles V. and represses heresy, 400; erects new bishoprics and endows new professorships, 401; executes the Countess of Salisbury and Catherine Howard, 403, 404; makes war on Scotland, renewing his feudal claims to that kingdom, 406 sqq.; joins Charles V. against France, 409, 410; marries Catherine Parr, 410; invades France and captures Boulogne, 412; is deserted by Charles, and left to face alone the French invasion, 413; on its failure makes peace with France, 415; issues various religious proclamations and The King's Book, 416, 417; debases the coinage and appropriates the lands of chantries, 418, 419; his last speech to Parliament, 419, 420; his illness, 424; and death, 425; will and burial, 426. ----- ---- descriptions of, as a child, 19; on his accession, 39; by Mountjoy, 40; by Sir Thomas More, 48, 428; by Falier in 1529, 240; in 1541, 402. ----- ---- his popularity, 35, 38; his accomplishments, 22, 25, 39, 40, 239; his athletic prowess, 39-41, 95, 239; his display of wealth, 96; his love of pleasure in the beginning of his reign, 46-48; his morality, 185-187; his love of gambling, 241; his hasty temper, 132, 133; his hardening of character, 240, 323, 402; his affection for Mary, 304; his egotism, 427; his imperial ideas, 362-364; his piety, 105, 106, 274; his illnesses, 240 and note, 402, 424. ----- ---- gradual evolution of his character, 427, 428; causes of his dictatorship, 429; a constitutional king, 430; the typical embodiment of his age, 431; careful of law, but careless of justice, 435; use of Acts of Attainder, 436; imitates Tiberius, 436 n; illustrates the contrast between morals and politics, 437, 438; character of his aims, 439; comparison of the good and evil that he did, 439, 440. "Henry VIII." by Shakespeare, 110, 116 n, 197 n, 434 n. Henry of Navarre, 186. Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 16. Hereford, Bishops of. See Foxe, Edward, and Bonner, Edmund. Hertford, Earl of. See Seymour, Edward. Hildebrand, 233. Hobbes, Thomas, 433. Holbein, Hans, 140, 371, 384 and note. Holy League (of 1511), 55, 64, 88, 107. ---- ----- (of 1526), 168-170, 225. ---- Roman Empire. See Empire. Horsey, Dr. William, Chancellor of London, 236 and note. Houghton, John, 331. Howard, Admiral Sir Edmund, 63. ------ Catherine. See Catherine. ------ Henry, Earl of Surrey, poet, 21, 422, 423. ------ Thomas I., Earl of Surrey, afterwards second Duke of Norfolk, one of the four dukes in Henry VIII.'s reign, 2 n; Lord High Treasurer, 49; wins Flodden and is made Duke of Norfolk, 68, 80; his opinions on the imperial election, 102; his pensions, 116. ------ Thomas II., Earl of Surrey, afterwards third Duke of Norfolk, was one of the four dukes in Henry VIII.'s reign, 2 n; his military campaigns, 157, 413, 422; his relationship to Anne Boleyn, 203, 343 n; takes the seal from Wolsey, 246; his pocket-boroughs, 253; speaks of the "infinite clamours" against the Church, 271, 291; sent to the papal nuncio, 282; talks to Sir Thomas More of the fickleness of princes, 248; presides at Anne Boleyn's trial, 344; is sent to the North, 355, 357, 358 n, 407; mouthpiece of the King in Parliament, 391; his relationship to Catherine Howard, 397, 399, 416; possibility of ruling during Edward VI.'s minority, 421; is attainted, 423, 424. Hull, 357. Hungary, 51, 226 n. Hunne, Richard, 236 n. Hurst Castle, 375. Hussey, Sir John, Baron Hussey, 353. Hutton, John, 370.

Imperialism, Henry VIII.'s, 362, 363. Indies, the, 51, 104. Innocent III., 334. Inquisition, the, 292. Institution of a Christian Man. See Bishops' Book. Intercursus Magnus, 48. Ireland, Yorkist influence in, 9; rebellions in, 10, 11, 305, 306, 366, 367; Henry VIII. made Lord-Lieutenant of, 17; Henry VII.'s policy in, 18; English hold over, 245, 250; tributary to the Pope, 275; English rule firmly established in, 367; other references to, 131, 150, 373. Irish Parliament. See Parliament. Isabella of Castile, 11, 14, 26, 27, 30, 51 n, 370. Isabella of Portugal, 96, 167. Italy, 29-31, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 66, 67, 69-71, 76, 90, 93, 94, 100, 104, 105, 114, 144, 148, 154, 159, 164, 168, 170, 215, 216, 224, 225, 227, 228, 251, 294, 358, 376, 382.

James II., 186. ----- IV. of Scotland, 11, 12, 22, 48, 65, 66, 87, 88, 105, 200, 229, 234. ----- V. of Scotland, 13, 180, 305, 314, 315 n, 357, 369, 373, 402-403, 406. Jane Seymour, Henry's attentions to, 343 n, 346-348; her marriage to Henry, 346; birth of her son, 360; her death and burial, 360, 361; other references to, 379, 384 n, 426. Jesus College, Oxford, 21 n. John, King, 275. Juana, Queen of Castile, 27, 28, 51 and note, 52, 93 n. Julius II., his warlike tendencies, 1 n, 52, 53, 228; grants the dispensation for Henry VIII. to marry his brother's widow, 26, 45, 173, 193, 316 n; joins the League of Cambrai, 29; renews his treaties with Henry VIII., 54; is besieged by Louis at Bologna, 55, 56, 106, 107; Ferdinand's relations with, 59, 60; supposed existence of a brief of, 218; is succeeded by the peaceful Leo, 69; other reference to, 176.

Keilway, Robert, 234 n. Kelso, 407. Kent, 11, 252. Kildare, Earl of. See Fitzgerald, Gerald. Kimbolton, 335. "King John," Shakespeare's, 35, 308. King's Book, The, 417, 418. Knight, Dr. William, 94, 189, 206 and note, 207, 208, 210, 214.

Ladislaus of Hungary, 90. Lambeth, 120. Lancastrian claim to the throne, 7, 8, 32, 180 n. ----------- rule, 32, 33. Landriano, battle of, 226. Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, 270. Lark, Peter, prebendary of St. Stephen's, 117, 118 n. Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, 273, 354, 401. Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Sieur de, 215, 216, 224. Lawson, Sir George, 407. Lee, Edward, Archbishop of York, sent to Spain to examine the forged brief, 218; opposition to the divorce, 306; letter to Cromwell, 366 n. Leicester, 248. Leith, 413. Leo X., his election as Pope, 229; styles Henry defender of the faith, 3, 126; gives Henry permission to bury James IV. who was excommunicate, 66; becomes Pope, 69; makes Wolsey a cardinal, 77 and note; interview with Francis, 86; forms a Holy League, 88, 107; sends Campeggio to England, 97; desires neither Francis nor Charles as Emperor, 101, 102, 104; refuses preferment to Spanish inquisitors, 105; intercedes for Polydore Vergil, 112; issues bull against Luther, 124; receives Henry's book, 126; negotiates with Charles, 147; is anxious for family aggrandisement, 153; death, 154; supposed attempt to poison, 230; efforts at reform, 234 n, 268; other references to, 70, 100, 108, 121, 146, 234 n. Leviathan, The, by Hobbes, 433. Lewis the Bavarian, 329. Lewisham, 15. Leyva, Antonio de, 163. Lichfield, Bishopric of, 318. Lille, 65, 69, 80. Lincoln, 353. ------- Earl of. See Pole, John de la. ------- Bishops of. See Longland, John; Wolsey, Thomas. Lisle, Viscount. See Dudley, John. Llandaff, Bishop of. See Athequa, George. Lollardy, 232. London, 11, 52, 128, 129, 147, 165, 166, 177, 187, 221, 225, 236, 247, 253, 260, 298, 313, 318, 319, 353, 358, 366, 388, 421, 439. ------ Bishops of. See Bonner, Edmund; Stokesley, John; and Tunstall, Cuthbert. ------ Treaty of (1518), 110, 138, 144, 147. Longland, John, Bishop of Lincoln, confessor to Henry VIII., 198 n, 306, 403; defends the divorce in the House of Lords, 259 n, 318; for a time is in confinement, 402. Longueville, Duc de, 64, 74. Lords, House of. See also Parliament. ----- ----- passes attainder against Wolsey, 246; freedom of speech in, 259 n; clerical representation in, 287, 318; is anxious to abolish the Pope's authority, 319; Henry's last address to, 419-421; passes bills of Wills and Uses, 293. Louis XI., 30, 136. ----- XII., joins in League of Cambrai, 29; anxious to prevent Catherine's marriage to Henry, 45; at peace with Henry, 47; besieges the Pope in Bologna, 55, 106, 107; his impiety denounced, 56; his secret negotiations with Ferdinand, 59, 60; rumours of his intention to proclaim the White Rose King of England, 64; agrees to Ferdinand's Italian plans, 70, 71; makes peace with Henry, 74; marries Mary Tudor, 74; anxious to attack Spain, 75; his death, 78, 79; other references to, 52, 53, 62, 81, 87, 176, 212, 297 n. ----- XIV., 432. Louise of Savoy, 138, 150, 167, 201, 224. Lovell, Francis, first Viscount Lovell, 9, 10, 50. Luebeck, 311. Ludlow Castle, 14. Luke, Ann, 16. Luther, Martin, Henry's book against, 24, 123, 124, 126; his books burned in St. Paul's Churchyard, 125; his books, 272, 388; Pope's bull against, 124; other references to, 193 n, 351. Lydgate, John, 21.

Macerata, Dr., 161. Machiavelli, Nicholas, 69, 276, 436 n, 440. Madrid, 68. ------ Treaty of, 168. Magna Carta, 35 and note, 271. Maidstone, 380. Mainz, Archbishop of, 100. Manners, Edward, third Earl of Rutland, 253 n. Mannock, Henry, 398, 403. Mantua, Marquis of, 86. Manuel, Don Juan, 154. Marck, Robert de la, 144, 168. Margaret of Burgundy, 9, 10, 51 n. -------- of Navarre, 370. -------- of Savoy, 27, 28, 45, 48, 65, 73, 80, 81, 89, 139, 224. -------- Tudor, Queen of Scotland, her children, 12, 13; visited as a child by Erasmus, 22; increases English influence in Scotland, 87, 88; divorce granted to, 200, 212; is lectured on her sinfulness by Henry, 209, 210; Mary's issue preferred to her's, 84, 348. Marguerite de Valois, 28, 146. Marignano, battle of, 86, 89, 132. Marillac, Charles de, 393-395, 397, 398, 403. Marny, Harry, Lord Marny, 50, 355. Marseilles, 162, 316. Marsiglio of Padua, 329 and note. Martyr, Peter, of Angera, 66, 176. Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, 30, 51 n. ---- of Guise, 369. ---- Queen of England, her birth, 176; her claim to the throne, 179, 180, 309, 310, 312, 344, 348 n; proposed marriages for, 97, 138, 143, 146, 148, 156, 167, 168, 173, 177, 185, 195-197, 213, 305, 422; her legitimacy, 273, 300 n, 348; Henry's affection for, 304 and note; treatment of, 304, 347, 349; accession, 430; conscience of, 194; persecutions of, 401; childlessness 12; other references to, 261, 342. ---- Queen of Scots, 348, 362, 407-409, 415. ---- Regent of the Netherlands (sister of Charles V.), 344 n, 370. ---- Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., is visited as a child by Erasmus, 22; proposed marriages for, 26, 28, 29, 45, 65, 71-74; marriage to Louis XII., 74, 107, 188; her appearance, 78; her marriage to Suffolk, 78-85, 83 n; her children to succeed to the crown by Henry's will, before those of her elder sister Margaret, 84, 348; other reference to, 212. Mason, Sir John, 402, 432 n. Matilda, Empress, 179, 180. Matthew's Bible, 379. Maximilian I., Emperor, his designs on Castile, 28, 29; marries Mary of Burgundy, 30; the lands of, 51; his alliance with Henry, 61 and note; serves as a private soldier, 64, 65; signs the Treaty of Lille, 69; his intended attack on Venice, 70, 71; renews his truce with France, 70, 71; makes a secret treaty with Ferdinand, 72; his perfidy, 74; joins the Holy League, 88; his Milan expedition, 89-91, 93; shifts for money, 89-91; joins second League of Cambrai, 94; failing health, 98; death, 99; other references to, 51 n, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 69, 72, 73, 75, 77, 81, 101, 105, 108, 133. May Day Riots, 119, 135. Medici, Cardinal de. See Clement VII. ------ Lorenzo de, 86. Melancthon, Philip, 396. Melfi, 215. Membrilla, 50. Memo, Dionysius, 25. Mendoza, Inigo de, Bishop of Burgos, imperial ambassador, 114 n, 132, 202, 203, 220. Michelet, Jules, 32, 36, 142 n. Milan, 51, 52, 61, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 85, 86, 89-91, 93, 99, 101, 107, 108, 115, 116 n, 136, 147, 154, 155, 163, 168, 310, 351, 393, 404, 412. Military science in the sixteenth century, 68, 69. Modena, 153. Mohacz, battle of, 164, 312. Monarchy, mediaeval and modern, 29-32. Monasteries, condition of, 338-340; visitation of, 337 sqq.; dissolution of, 339, 341, 342. Moncada, Hugo de, 170, 171, 215. Montdidier, 160. Montmorenci, Anne de, grand master of France, 203 n, 247 n. More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor, 2, 273; visits Henry with Erasmus, 22, 23, 42; a friend of Richard Pace, 89; opposes the divorce, 293 n; resigns chancellorship, 294; anxious for peace, 158, 159; as Speaker, defends the liberty of the House of Commons, 165; his persecution of heretics, 194 and note; denounces Wolsey, 278; is sent to the Tower, 324; attainted, 331; refuses to acknowledge the royal supremacy, 332; death, 333; other references to, 110, 133, 150 and note, 236, 248, 293, 328, 331 n, 350, 428, 438. Morlaix, 157. Mortimer, Margaret, 199, 200. Mortimer's Cross, 5. Morton's fork, 49. Mountjoy, Lord. See Blount, William. Muxetula, J.A., Spanish ambassador, 215.

Najera, Abbot of, 163. Naples, 29, 51, 52, 71, 93, 100, 101, 104, 136, 147, 168, 215, 216, 225, 230 n, 380. Napoleon Bonaparte, 154. Nassau, Henry, Count of, 144. Navarre, 29, 57-59, 75, 85, 93, 96, 136, 144, 147, 148, 168. Navy, the, 57, 63, 109, 122, 126, 127, 157, 315, 369, 375. ---- the French, 145, 413. Necessary Doctrine, The. See King's Book. Nero, Henry VIII. compared to, 172. Netherlands, the, commercial treaty with, 27; Margaret of Savoy regent of, 27, 28, 65; joined to Austria, 30; aided by Henry, 54; armies in, 69; Charles assumes government of, 85; Maximilian joins Charles in, 93; wool-market of, 137, 299; protection of, 156; union with Spain, 181; executioners in, 344 n; other references to, 96, 104, 272, 370, 383, 393. See also Burgundy and Flanders. Neville, George, third Baron Abergavenny, 305. ------- Sir John, 402. ------- John, Baron Latimer, 410. Newgate Prison, 5. Nice, 295, 372. Nix, Richard, Bishop of Norwich, 273, 319. Nonsuch Palace, 239. Norfolk, Dukes of. See Howard. Normandy, 148, 150. Norris, Henry, 343, 345. Northumberland, Duke of. See Dudley, John. -------------- Earl of. See Percy, Henry. Norwich, Bishop of. See Nix, Richard. Nottingham, 248. Novara, French defeat at, 66. Noyon, Treaty of, 93, 94, 147.

Oatlands, 398, 421. Orleans, Louis d'. See Longueville, Duc de. ------- Charles, Duc d', son of Francis I., 168. ------- 283. Ortiz, Dr. Pedro, Imperial ambassador, 305. Oxford, 9, 49, 123, 243, 254, 255, 274, 283, 334, 401. ------ Earl of. See Vere.

Pace, Richard, Dean of St. Paul's, his mission to Maximilian, 90, 91, 99; mission to the Electors, 102, 103; his treatment by Wolsey, 114 and note, 116, 129, 130, 155, 161; other references to, 77 n, 89, 121, 123, 124, 128, 152, 159, 230, 236, 237. Padua, 283, 329. Paget, William, first Baron Paget of Beaudesert, 194, 424. Papacy, the, its triumph over general councils, 174, 328; its corruption in sixteenth century, 154, 229; becomes increasingly Italian, 153, 226, 229, 230; Englishmen excluded from, 230; confusion of temporal and spiritual interests, 153, 228-231; its subservience to Charles V., 153, 169, 216, 224, 225. Papal Curia, 230, 294, 300. ----- powers of dispensation. See Dispensation. Paris, 65, 68, 83 and note, 127, 141, 283, 358, 386, 411, 439. Parlement, the French, 436 n. Parliament, discredited by failure of Lancastrian experiment, 32-34; distrusted by Wolsey, 120, 235, 258; revived by Henry VIII. as an instrument of government, 236, 257, 264; Henry's treatment of, 258, 260, 262, 263 and note, 264-266; how far packed (in 1529, 1534, 1536, 1539), 252 sqq., 252 n, 260 and note, 261, 389, 390; elections and royal nominations to, 252, 261, 368, 389, 390; extensive powers of, 259 n; freedom of speech in, 235, 259, 260, 288; Strode and Ferrers' cases, 259; resists Wolsey's demands (1523), 165; independence under Henry VIII., 259 and note, 262, 264; refuses to grant taxes, 260; rejects Statutes of Wills and Uses, 262, 289, 293; rejects bill against Wolsey, 246, 278; rejects first draft of Proclamations Act, 391; refuses taxes, 246, 260, 289; criticises Henry's divorce, 259, 260, 289; modifies Government measures, 263 n; but supports Henry against the Church and the Papacy, 266, 267; complains of clerical exactions and jurisdiction, 235; and passes measures against them, 279, 289, 293; passes the Act of Annates, 289, 290; Act of Appeals, 298, 299, 319; Act of Supremacy, 325; Acts of Succession (see Succession); other references to, 2, 8, 13, 35, 159, 166, 234, 238, 250, 257, 270, 272, 273, 284, 286, 313, 315 n, 329, 336, 337, 341, 348 and note, 392, 400, 401, 419-421, 427, 430. See also Lords, House of, and Commons, House of. ---------- of Drogheda, 18. ---------- Irish, 367. Parr, Catherine. See Catherine. Pasqualigo, 66, 73, 79, 86, 240. Passages, 57. Paston, John, 253 n. Paul III. publishes bull against Henry, 302; creates Fisher a cardinal, 332, 350; finds himself powerless to deprive Henry of his kingdom, 334; sends Pole to Flanders, 358, 372; other references to, 339, 361. Pavia, 154, 163, 169, 216, 283, 351. Peerage, decay of the, 37. Percy, Henry, Lord Percy, afterwards Earl of Northumberland, 188, 344. Pescara, Marquis de, 163. Peter's pence, 320. Peterborough, 335, 401. Petit, John, M.P. for London, 260. Peto, Cardinal William, 338. Petre, Dr. William, 378, 431 n. Philip of Burgundy, King of Castile, 23, 26, 27, 38, 51 and note, 93 n, 137. ------ of Hesse, 311. ------ IV., 329. Philippa, granddaughter of Edward III., 180. Physicians, College of, 401. Piedmont, 351. Pilgrimage of Grace, 357, 358, 369, 406. Pisa, 55, 69. Plantagenets, the, 4. Plymouth, 14, 55. Pole, Edmund de la, Earl of Suffolk, the White Rose, 27, 38, 43, 44, 64. ---- Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 358, 373, 403, 436 n. ---- Sir Geoffrey, 373, 374. ---- Sir Henry, Baron Montague, 374. ---- John de la, Earl of Lincoln, 10, 44. ---- Reginald, Cardinal, 1, 305, 332 n, 358-360, 369, 372-374, 376. ---- Richard de la, 44. Pommeraye, Giles de la, 291 n. Pontefract, 248, 355. Popes. See Adrian VI.; Alexander VI.; Clement VII.; Julius II.; Leo X.; Paul III. Portsmouth, 413, 414. Portugal, King of. See Emmanuel. -------- Queens of. See Catherine, Eleanor, Isabella. Poynings, Sir Edward, 18, 50. Poynings' Law, 18. Praemunire, 35 n, 120, 234, 246, 284, 285, 349, 381. Praet, Louis de Flandre, Sieur de, 113. Prester John, 229. Privy Council. See Council. Proclamations, Act of, 391. Protestantism, 194, 232, 272, 326, 380-382, 387, 416. Provence, 30, 162. Provisors, Statute of, 282.

Quignon, Cardinal, 202.

Ravenna, 224, 226. Reading, Prior of, 273. Reformation, the, partly due to the divorce, 232, 233; partly due to the anti-ecclesiastical bias of the laity, 267 sqq., 272; different aspects of, 325-329; not due to Henry VIII., 439, 440; other references to, 275, 348. Reggio, 153. Reigate, 253 n. Renaissance, the, under Henry VII., 20, 31. Renard, Simon, 261. Renee, daughter of Louis XII., 61 n, 71, 85, 100, 202, 205, 206. Rhodes, 164, 312. Rich, Sir Richard, first Baron Rich, 332, 354. Richard III., 4, 7, 10, 49, 80, 158, 165, 305, 306. ------- Duke of York, 9, 18, 19. Richmond, 20 n, 43, 44. -------- Duke of. See Fitzroy, Henry. -------- Earl of. See Henry VII. and Tudor, Edmund. Rochester, 385. --------- Bishop of. See Fisher, John. Rogers, John, 379. Roman Empire, Holy. See Empire. ----- law, 3, 32, 38, 323 n, 362. Rome, 1, 12, 17, 69, 74, 89, 93, 99, 115, 119, 126, 132, 162, 186, 191, 197 n, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 211, 238, 249, 251, 267, 269, 276, 282, 287, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297, 305, 315, 316, 319, 320-323, 349, 350, 351, 359, 364, 372, 381, 387, 402, 428-430, 439. Rose, Red and White, union of, 13. ---- the White. See Pole, Edmund de la, and Courtenay, Henry. Roses, Wars of the, 5, 6, 181, 429. Rovere, Francis Maria della, Duke of Urbino, 153. Royal marriages, 37. Roye, 160. Russell, John, first Earl of Bedford, 307. Ruthal, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, one of Henry's ministers, 49, 127; appointed privy seal, 92, 273; death, 116, 117. Rutland, Earl of. See Manners, Edward.

Sack of Rome, 171, 172, 178, 200, 212, 216, 226, 230, 316, 428, 439. Sadleir, Sir Ralph, 394, 402. Sagudino, 95. St. Albans, 6, 117. --- Andrews, 88, 248, 415. --- Angelo, 170, 171. --- Asaph, Bishop of. See Standish, Henry. --- Bartholomew Massacre, 439. --- Januarius, 380. --- John, 172. --- ---- Knights of, 164, 381. --- Leger, Sir Anthony, 367. --- Mathias, 163. --- Omer, 344 and note. --- Paul, 194, 296, 326. --- Paul's Cathedral, 14, 43, 66, 125. --- Peter's, 170, 171. --- Pol, Francis de Bourbon, Count of, 225. Salisbury, Bishopric of, 318. --------- Bishops of. See Audley, Edmund; Shaxton, Nicholas. --------- Countess of. See Pole, Margaret. Sampson, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 394. Sandwich, 140. Sandys, Sir William, 131. Sanga, Gio. Batt., 206, 213 n, 216, 225. Sarpi, Paolo, 16 n. Sarum Use, The, 417. Savoy, Louise of. See Louise. ----- Margaret of. See Margaret. Saxony, Duke of, 103, 383. Scarborough, 357. Schwartz, Martin, 10. Scotland, Henry VIII.'s claim to suzerainty over, 406 n, 408, 409; war with, 11, 405-408; Roman law in, 32; infant king of, 69; English influence in, 88; Albany leaves, 97; English interests in, 149, 150; Albany again in, 156; peace with, 315, 324; other references to, 159, 250, 369, 375, 383, 399. Scottish borders, 11, 17, 66, 157, 315, 362, 364, 375. Scotus, Duns, 123, 334. Selim, Sultan, 164. Sessa, Duke of, 169. Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset, Scottish expeditions, 69, 411, 413, 415; rises in Henry's favour, 346, 416, 422; commands in France, 413; speech at his execution, 434 n. ------- Queen Jane. See Jane. ------- Sir John of Wolf Hall, 346. ------- Sir Thomas, 410. Sforza, Francesco Maria, 66, 76, 89. Shakespeare, William, 21, 35, 110, 114, 116 n, 197 n, 308, 434 n. Shanklin Chine, 414. Shaxton, Nicholas, Bishop of Salisbury, 401. Sheen, 43. Sheffield, Sir Robert, 113. Ships:-- Great Harry or Henry Grace a Dieu, 140. Henry Imperial, 63, 363. Katherine Pleasaunce, 140. Mary Rose, 157, 414. Princess Mary, 127. Royal George, 414. Shoreham, 414. Shrewsbury, 252 n. ---------- Earl of. See Talbot, George. Sibylla of Cleves, 383. Sicily, 230 n. Simnel, Lambert, 9, 10, 18. Sinclair, Oliver, 407. Sittingbourne, 385. Six Articles, The, 390, 392, 400, 401, 411, 415, 418, 431. Skeffington, Thomas, Bishop of Bangor, 114 n. ----------- Sir William, 366. Skelton, John, 19, 21 and note, 66, 338. Smeaton, Mark, 344, 345. Smithfield, 400. Solway Moss, 407, 408. Somerset, Charles, Lord Herbert, afterwards Earl of Worcester, 50, 110, 122. -------- Duke of. See Seymour, Edward. Southampton, 52, 57, 127, 390. ----------- Earls of. See Fitzwilliam, Sir William; Wriothesley, Sir Thomas. Southwell, Sir Richard, 423. Spain, 31, 32, 57, 69, 73, 75, 78, 94, 95, 101, 104, 108, 137, 139, 143, 156, 159, 162, 166, 167, 178, 181, 201, 218, 223, 228, 292, 301, 309, 312, 316, 370, 382. Spanish alliance, 26, 143, 410. Spithead, 414. Spurs, battle of, 64, 65, 74. Stafford, Edward, third Duke of Buckingham, 9, 37 n, 38, 50, 111, 118, 179, 181, 182, 248, 434 n. -------- Henry, Earl of Wiltshire, 50. Stafileo, Dean of the Rota, 197 n. Standish, Henry, Bishop of St. Asaph, 130, 234-236, 259 n, 269. Stanley, Thomas, first Earl of Derby, 8. ------- Sir William, 10. Star Chamber. See Court. Stephen, King, 180. Stewart, Henry, first Lord Methven, 200. ------- John, Duke of Albany, 87, 88, 97, 156, 157. Stile, John, 37 n. Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 306. Stirling, 88. Stoke-on-Trent, 10. Stokesley, John, Bishop of London, 259 n, 282 n, 300, 327 n. Strode's case, 259. Stuarts, the, 8, 32, 35 and note, 233, 261, 341, 366. Succession to the Crown, 179-184, 348 n; denied to women, 179, 180. ---------- Acts of, 321, 324, 348. Suffolk, Countess of. See Pole, Margaret. ------- Duke of. See Brandon, Charles. ------- Earl of. See Pole, Edmund de la. Supreme Head, Henry VIII. as, 268, 286, 325, 328, 330 n, 331, 377, 378, 421. Surgeons, College of, 401. Surrey, Earl of. See Howard, Henry. Switzerland, 272. Swynford, Catherine, 6.

Talbot, George, fourth Earl of Shrewsbury, 50, 355 n. Tarbes, Bishop of. See Grammont, Gabriel de. Taunton, 255. Taylor, Dr. John, 64 n, 235, 236. Ten Articles, The, 378. Thames, 63. Therouanne, 64, 65. Thomas, St. See Aquinas. Torregiano, Pietro, 44. Torture, use of, 432. Toulouse, 283. Tournay, 10, 65, 68, 73, 74, 77, 80, 115, 181. Tower of London, 2, 10, 19, 38, 44, 50, 112, 114 and note, 272, 324, 332, 345, 367, 374, 394, 402-404, 422-424. Trinity House, 126. Tudors, the, pedigree of, 5, 7, 8, 14; infant mortality of, 12, 174-177, 342, 343; education of, 19; orthodoxy of, 24; courage of, 63; liveries of, 21; adulation paid to, 32, 35, 36, 239, 248; autocracy, characteristics of, 38, 233, 433, 435; government of, 30, 34, 36, 134, 270, 279 n, 329, 366, 368, 430, 434; discontent under, 256, 313. Tudor, Edmund, Earl of Richmond, 5, 6. ----- ------ Duke of Somerset, son of Henry VII., 22, 38. ----- Jasper, 5. ----- Owen, 5, 6. Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of London and Durham, his opinions on foreign policy, 92, 94; present at the burning of Luther's books, 125; wide discretion allowed him by Henry, 133; sent to Spain, 166; is Lord Privy Seal, 273; is not summoned to Parliament (1532), 289; in opposition to the divorce, 306; president of the Council of the North, 358; other references to, 102, 289, 297 n, 386, 394. Tyndale, William, 272, 274.

Uniformity, Act of, 391, 417. Urbino, the Pope's seizure of, 376. ------ Duke of. See Rovere.

Vaux, John Joachim, 247 n. Vendome, Duc de, 160. Venice, 25, 29, 51-54, 61, 69-71, 76, 89, 90, 99, 112, 114, 118, 159, 168, 224. Vere, John de, thirteenth Earl of Oxford, 355 n. Vergil, Polydore, 77, 111, 112, 182. Vinci, Leonardo da, 140. Vinea, Peter de, 329.

Wales, 315, 364 and note. ----- Prince of. See Arthur, Prince; also Henry VIII. ----- Statute of, 365-367. Wallop, Sir John, 402, 410. Walsingham, Sir Edmund, Lieutenant of the Tower, 272. ---------- Sir Francis, 38. Warbeck, Perkin, 10, 11, 18, 19. Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, marries Henry VIII. to Catherine of Aragon, and crowns them, 46, 48; is diplomatist, Lord Chancellor and Archbishop, 48, 92, 258; is Chancellor of Oxford University, 49; is present at the burning of Luther's books, 125; debates the legality of Henry's marriage, 174; his views on papal authority, 269; compares Henry VIII. with Henry II., 271; but admits that Ira principis mors est, 270; death, 296; other references to, 120, 248, 286. Warwick, Earl of. See Edward. Waterford, 11. Welz, 99. West, Nicholas, Bishop of Ely, 110, 122, 338. Westminster, 2, 278, 421, 424. ----------- Abbey, 5, 44, 46, 175, 300, 395, 426. ----------- Bishopric of, 401. Weston, Sir Francis, 344. Whitehall Palace, 239, 421. Wight, Isle of, 375. William the Conqueror, 3. ------- III., 186. Wills and Uses, Statute of, 262, 289, 293, 336. Wilton, 242. Wiltshire, Earls of. See Boleyn, Thomas; Stafford, Henry. Winchcombe, Abbot of, 234, 235. Winchester, 14, 198, 247, 254, 255, 294, 318. ---------- Bishops of. See Beaufort, Henry; Fox, Richard; Gardiner, Stephen. Windsor, 156, 157, 167, 361, 421, 425, 426. ------- Sir Andrew, 119. Wingfield, Sir Richard, 166. --------- Sir Robert, 91. Woking, 421. Wolf, John, 259 n. Wolman, Dr. Richard, 198, 199. Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal Archbishop of York, his birth, 38; becomes Henry's almoner and member of council, 56; his industry and many preferments, 177 and note; is made cardinal, 77 and note; is made legate, 97; his domestic policy, peacefulness of, 119; his distrust of parliaments, 120, 235, 258; his partnership with the King, 121, 122, 129-132; his neglect of the navy, 127; his demands for money, 164, 165; his results contrasted with Henry's, 244; his foreign policy, 56, 62, 77, 78, 89, 98, 108-110, 137 and note, 144-147, 160, 166, 167; opposition to his foreign policy, 92; results of his foreign policy, 163, 164, 224, 245, 246; his alliances with Charles V., 148-152, 156, 157; his alliances with Francis I., 141, 142, 195; conducts the conference at Calais, 144-147; is a candidate for the Papacy, 146, 154, 155, 230; his projects for ecclesiastical reform, 268, 269, 338; suppresses monasteries, 338; his educational endowments, 243, 338; his wealth, 97, 115, 209; his pensions, 115, 116; his arrogance, 109 sqq.; his jealousy of others, 82, 83, 112-114, 182 and note; his mistress and children, 117, 118; his impatient temper, 132, 133; his genius for diplomacy, 135, 136; his character by Giustinian, 118; his unpopularity, 203; his first steps towards the divorce, 198, 200; visits France in connection with the divorce, 201, 202; his commission with Campeggio to try, and the trial of, the divorce, 214, 221-223; his fall precipitated by his failure to obtain the divorce, 154, 204, 223, 239; his fall involves the ruin of the Church, 211, 237, 238; his real attitude towards the divorce, 205, 206; his attainder passed in the House of Lords, but rejected in the House of Commons, 246, 247; devotes his last days to his archiepiscopal duties, 247; accused of treason and arrested, 247; his remarks on the fickleness of royal favour; and his death, 248; other references to, 66, 81, 94, 119, 123, 138, 141, 142, 177, 235, 242, 248 n, 251, 272, 273, 278, 350, 399, 401, 410, 426, 439. Woodstock, 177. Woodville, Elizabeth, 15. Woolwich, 126. Worcester, 254 n. --------- Bishopric of, 318. --------- Bishops of. See Ghinucci, Girolamo; Giglis, Sylvester de; Latimer, Hugh; Pace, Richard. --------- Cathedral, 14. --------- Earl of. See Somerset, Charles. Worsley, Sir James, 259 n. Wotton, Dr. Nicholas, 384. Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, afterwards Earl of Southampton, 390, 394, 402, 411, 423. Wulford, Ralf, 11. Wuertemberg, 311. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 188 and note, 189, 402. Wycliffe, John, 232, 270, 274. Wynter, Thomas, 118.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 73.

York, 9, 39, 114, 247, 358, 403, 406. ---- Archbishopric of, 88, 117, 298, 318, 329. York, Archbishops of. See Bainbridge, Christopher; Lee, Edward; Wolsey, Thomas. ---- Dukes of. See Richard; Henry VIII.; Charles I. of England. ---- House, 239. Yorkist claimants, 9-11, 13. ------- plots, 9-11, 15.

Zapolya, John, 226 n. Zurich, 89.

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