Part 6

Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm. Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.

L.--Linnaeus, Carolus. L. f.--Linnaeus, fils, Carl von. Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet. Lamb, Aylmer Bourke. Link, Heinrich Friedrich.

Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey. Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Michx.--Michaux, Andre. Michaux, fils.--Francois Andre. Mill.--Miller, Philip. Moench, Konrad. Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.

Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.

Peck, Charles H. Poggenburg, Justus F. Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.

Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.

Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S. Scheele, A. Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A. Spach, Eduard. Sterns, E. E. Sudw.--Sudworth, George B. Sweet, Robert.

T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa. Thomas, David.

Vent.--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Walt.--Walter, Thomas. Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Watson, Sereno. Waugh, Frank A. Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.

PINOIDEAE. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE.

Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like; stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on its surface.

ABIETACEAE.

LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.

Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in Larix), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted, linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases; cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging, especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in Pinus) the first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales; seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance below the surface.

CUPRESSACEAE.

THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.

Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5 pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in Abietaceae.

Larix Americana, Michx.

Larix laricina, Koch.

TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.

=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.

Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth beyond the Arctic circle.

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce; growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet; Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state; reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).

South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to Minnesota.

=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of 1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender; branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull yellow in autumn.