CHAPTER XII. Hominoxious Arthropods

HOMINOXIOUS ARTHROPODS

The following synoptic tables are presented in the hope that they may be of service in giving the reader a perspective of the relationships of the Arthropoda in general and enabling him to identify the more important species which have been found noxious to man. Though applicable chiefly to the arthropods found in the United States, exotic genera and species which are concerned in the transmission of disease are also included. For this reason the keys to the genera of the Muscids of the world are given. As will be seen, the tables embrace a number of groups of species which are not injurious. This was found necessary in order that the student might not be lead to an erroneous determination which would result were he to attempt to identify a species which heretofore had not been considered noxious, by means of a key containing only the noxious forms. The names printed in BOLD FACED TYPE indicate the hominoxious arthropods which have been most commonly mentioned in literature.

CRUSTACEA

Arthropods having two pairs of antennae which are sometimes modified for grasping, and usually with more than five pairs of legs. With but few exceptions they are aquatic creatures. Representatives are: Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, water-fleas, and woodlice. To this class belongs the CYCLOPS (fig. 122) a genus of minute aquatic crustaceans of which at least one species harbors Dracunculus medinensis, the Guinea worm (fig. 121).

MYRIAPODA

Elongate, usually vermiform, wingless, terrestrial creatures having one pair of antennae, legs attached to each of the many intermediate body segments. This group is divided into two sections, now usually given class rank: the DIPLOPODA or millipedes (fig. 13), commonly known as thousand legs, characterized by having two pairs of legs attached to each intermediate body segment, and the CHILOPODA or centipedes (fig. 14) having only one pair of legs to each body segment.

ARACHNIDA

In this class the antennae are apparently wanting, wings are never present, and the adults are usually provided with four pairs of legs. Scorpions, harvest-men, spiders, mites, etc.

HEXAPODA (Insects)

True insects have a single pair of antennae, which is rarely vestigial, and usually one or two pairs of wings in the adult stage. Familiar examples are cockroaches, crickets, grasshoppers, bugs, dragon-flies, butterflies, moths, mosquitoes, flies, beetles, ants, bees and wasps.

ORDERS OF THE ARACHNIDA

a. Abdomen distinctly segmented. A group of orders including scorpions, (fig. 11), whip-scorpions (fig. 10), pseudo-scorpions, solpugids (fig. 12) harvest-men (daddy-long-legs or harvestmen), etc. ARTHROGASTRA

aa. Abdomen unsegmented, though sometimes with numerous annulations SPHAEROGASTRA

b. A constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen (fig. 7). True Spiders ARANEIDA

bb. No deep constriction between these parts.

c. Legs usually well developed, body more or less depressed (fig. 49). Mites ACARINA

cc. Legs stumpy or absent, body more or less elongate or vermiform, or if shorter, the species is aquatic or semi-aquatic in habit.

d. Four pairs of short legs; species inhabiting moss or water. Water-bears. TARDIGRADA

dd. Two pairs of clasping organs near the mouth, instead of legs, in the adult; worm-like creatures parasitic within the nasal passages, lungs, etc. of mammals and reptiles (fig. 148). Tongue worms. LINGUATULINA

ACARINA

a. Abdomen annulate, elongate; very minute forms, often with but four legs (fig. 62). DEMODICOIDEA

b. With but four legs of five segments each. Living on plants, often forming galls. ERIOPHYIDAE

bb. With eight legs, of three segments each. Living in the skin of mammals. DEMODICIDAE

To this family belongs the genus DEMODEX found in the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of various mammals, including man. D. phylloides Csokor has been found in Canada on swine, causing white tubercles on the skin. D. bovis Stiles has been reported from the United States on cattle, upon the skin of which they form swellings. D. FOLLICULORUM Simon is the species found on man. See page 78.

aa. Abdomen not annulate nor prolonged behind; eight legs in the adult stage.

b. With a distinct spiracle upon a stigmal plate on each side of the body (usually ventral) above the third or fourth coxae or a little behind (fig. 50); palpi free; skin often coriaceous or leathery; tarsi often with a sucker.

c. Hypostome large (fig. 50), furnished below with many recurved teeth; venter with furrows, skin leathery; large forms, usually parasitic. IXODOIDEA

d. Without scutum but covered by a more or less uniform leathery integument; festoons absent; coxae unarmed, tarsi without ventral spurs; pulvilli absent or vestigial in the adults; palpi cylindrical; sexual dimorphism slight. ARGASIDAE

e. Body flattened, oval or rounded, with a distinct flattened margin differing in structure from the general integument; this margin gives the body a sharp edge which is not entirely obliterated even when the tick is full fed. Capitulum (in adults and nymphs) entirely invisible dorsally, distant in the adult by about its own length from the anterior border. Eyes absent. ARGUS Latr.

f. Body oblong; margin with quadrangular cells; anterior tibiae and metatarsi each about three times as long as broad. On poultry, southwest United States. A. PERSICUS MINIATUS

A. brevipes Banks, a species with proportionately shorter legs has been recorded from Arizona.

ff. With another combination of characters. About six other species of Argas from various parts of the world, parasitic on birds and mammals.

ee. Body flattened when unfed, but usually becoming very convex on distention; anterior end more or less pointed and hoodlike; margin thick and not clearly defined, similar in structure to the rest of the integument and generally disappearing on distention; capitulum subterminal, its anterior portions often visible dorsally in the adult; eyes present in some species.

f. Integument pitted, without rounded tubercles; body provided with many short stiff bristles; eyes absent. On horses, cattle and man (fig. 48). OTIOBIUS Banks.

O. MEGNINI, a widely distributed species, is the type of this genus.

ff. Integument with rounded tubercles or granules; body without stiff bristles. ORNITHODOROS Koch.

g. Two pairs of eyes; tarsi IV with a prominent subterminal spur above; leg I strongly roughened. On cattle and man. O. CORIACEUS

gg. No eyes; no such spur on the hind tarsi.

h. Tarsi I without humps above. O. talaje.

hh. Tarsi I with humps above.

i. Tarsi IV without distinct humps above. On hogs, cattle and man. O. TURICATA

ii. Tarsi IV with humps nearly equidistant (fig. 142). Africa. O. MOUBATA

dd. With scutum or shield (fig. 50); festoons usually present; coxae usually armed with spurs, tarsi generally with one or two ventral spurs; pulvilli present in the adults; sexual dimorphism pronounced. IXODIDAE

e. With anal grooves surrounding anus in front; inornate; without eyes; no posterior marginal festoons; venter of the male with non-salient plates. Numerous species, 14 from the United States, among them I. RICINUS (fig. 49 and 50), SCAPULARIS, COOKEI, hexagonus, bicornis. IXODES Latr. (including Ceratixodes).

ee. With anal groove contouring anus behind, or groove faint or obsolete.

f. With short palpi (fig. 149).

g. Without eyes, inornate, with posterior marginal festoons; male without ventral plates. Numerous species. H. chordeilis and leporis-palustris from the United States. Haemaphysalis Koch.

gg. With eyes.

h. Anal groove distinct; posterior marginal festoons present.

i. Base of the capitulum (fig. 150c) rectangular dorsally; usually ornate. DERMACENTOR Koch.

j. Adults with four longitudinal rows of large denticles on each half of hypostome; stigmal plate nearly circular, without dorso-lateral prolongation, goblets very large, attaining 43u to 115u in diameter; not over 40 per plate, each plate surrounded by an elevated row of regularly arranged supporting cells; white rust wanting; base of capitulum distinctly broader than long, its postero-lateral angles prolonged slightly, if at all; coxae T with short spurs; trochanter I with small dorso-terminal blade. Texas, Arizona, etc. D. nitens

jj. Adults with three longitudinal rows of large denticles on each half of hypostome; goblet cells always more than 40 per plate; whitish rust usually present.

k. Dorso-lateral prolongation of stigmal plate small or absent; plates of the adults distinctly longer than broad; goblet cells large, usually 30u to 85u in diameter, appearing as very coarse punctations on untreated specimens, but on specimens treated with caustic potash they appear very distinct in outline; base of capitulum distinctly (usually about twice) broader than long, the postero-lateral angles distinctly produced caudad; spurs of coxae I long, lateral spur slightly longer than median; trochanter I with dorso-terminal spur. D. albipictus, (= variegatus), salmoni, nigrolineatus.

kk. Dorso-lateral prolongation of stigmal plate distinct.

l. Body of plate distinctly longer than broad; goblet cells of medium size, usually 17.5u to 35u or 40u in diameter, appearing as medium sized punctuations on untreated specimens, but on the specimens treated with caustic potash they appear very distinct in outline, which is not circular; base of capitulum usually less than twice as broad as long, the postero-lateral angles always distinctly prolonged caudad.

m. Trochanter I with distinct dorso-subterminal retrograde sharp, digitate spur; postero-lateral angles of capitulum pronouncedly prolonged caudal, 112u to 160u long; goblet cells attain 13u to 40u in diameter; type locality California. D. OCCIDENTALIS

mm. Trochanter I with dorso-terminal blade; postero-lateral angles of capitulum with rather short prolongations.

n. Stigmal plate small, goblet cells not exceeding 45 in the male or 100 in the female; scutum with little rust, coxa I with short spurs, the inner distinctly shorter than the outer. D. parumapertus-marginatus

nn. Stigmal plate larger; goblet cells over 70 in the male and over 100 in the female; coxa I with longer spurs, inner slightly shorter than the outer; scutum with considerable rust. D. VENUSTUS

ll. Goblet cells small, rarely exceeding 17.6u, occasionally reaching 19u in diameter; on untreated specimens they appear as very fine granulations, and on specimens treated with caustic potash they may be difficult to see, but their large number can be determined from the prominent stems of the goblets; surface of outline of the goblets distinctly circular; base of the capitulum usually less than twice as broad as long, the postero-lateral angle distinctly prolonged caudad; spurs of coxae I long. D. reticulatus and electus (= variabilis?)

ii. Base of the capitulum (fig. 151) usually hexagonal (except in the male of puchellus); and usually inornate.

j. No ventral plate or shield in either sex (fig. 153). R. BICORNIS from the United States. RHIPICENTOR Nuttall

jj. Males with a pair of adanal shields, and usually a pair of accessory adanal shields. Numerous species, among them R. sanguineus (fig. 154) and texanus, the latter from the United States. Rhipicephalus Koch

hh. Anal grooves faint or obsolete; no marginal festoons.

i. Short palpi; highly chitinized; unfed adults of large size; coxae conical; male with a median plate prolonged in two long spines projecting caudad; segments of leg pair IV greatly swollen (fig. 155, 156). M. winthemi Margaropus Karsch

ii. Very short palpi, ridged dorsally and laterally; slightly chitinized; unfed adults of smaller size; coxae I bifid; male with adanal and accessory adanal shields (fig. 139). B. ANNULATUS. BOOPHILUS Curtis

ff. Palpi longer than broad (fig. 157).

g. Male with pair of adanal shields, and two posterior abdominal protrusions capped by chitinized points; festoons present or absent. Several species, among them H. AEGYPTICUM (fig. 140) from the old world. HYALOMMA Koch

gg. Male without adanal shields but small ventral plaques are occasionally present close to the festoons. Many species, a few from the United States (fig. 157). AMBLYOMMA Koch

h. Coxa I with but one spine; metatarsi (except I) with two thickened spurs at tips. A. maculatum

hh. Coxa I with two spines; metatarsi without stout spurs at tips, only slender hairs.

i. Projections of coxa I blunt and short. Large species on the gopher tortoise in Florida. A. tuberculatum

ii. Projections of coxa I longer, and at least one of them sharp pointed; second segment of palpus twice as long as the third; coxa IV of the male with a long spine.

j. Porose areas nearly circular; shield of both sexes pale yellowish, with some silvery streaks and marks, and some reddish spots; shield of female as broad as long. A. CAJENNENSE (= MIXTUM).

jj. Porose areas elongate, shield brown, in the female with an apical silvery mark, in the male with two small and two or four other silvery spots; shield of the female longer than broad (fig 158 e). A. AMERICANUM.

cc. Hypostome small, without teeth, venter without furrows; body often with coriaceous shields, posterior margin of the body never crenulate (i.e. without festoons); no eyes. GAMASOIDEA.

d. Parasitic on vertebrates; mandibles fitted for piercing; body sometimes constricted. DERMANYSSIDAE.

e. Anal plate present. DERMANYSSINAE.

f. Body short; legs stout, hind pair reaching much beyond the tip of the body. On bats. Pteroptus Dufour.

ff. Body long; hind legs not reaching beyond the tip of the body.

g. Peritreme on the dorsum, very short; body distinctly constricted. Ptilonyssus Berl.

gg. Peritreme on the venter, longer; body not distinctly constricted.

h. Mandibles in both sexes chelate. Parasitic on bats, mice and birds (fig. 150, h). LIPONYSSUS Kol.

The species L. (= LEIOGNATHUS) SYLVIARUM frequents the nests of warblers. An instance is on record of these mites attacking man, causing a pruritis.

hh. Mandibles in the male chelate (fig. 158 j), in the female long, styliform. Parasitic on birds. DERMANYSSUS Dug. Two species of importance may be noted, D. hirundinus and D. GALLINAE. The latter (fig. 51) is a serious pest of poultry, sometimes attacking man, causing itching and soreness.

ee. Anal plate absent. In lungs and air passages of some mammals. HALARACHNINAE.

dd. Free or attached to insects, rarely on vertebrates.

e. First pair of legs inserted within the same body opening as the oral tube; genital apertures surrounded by the sternum. On insects. UROPODIDAE.

ee. First pair of legs inserted at one side of the mouth opening; male genital aperture usually on the anterior margin of the sternal plate. GAMASIDAE.

This family contains a number of genera, some of which are found upon mammals, though the majority affect only other arthropods. One species, LAELAPS STABULARIS, frequents the bedding in stables, and in one instance at least, has occasioned irritation and itching, in man.

bb. No distinct spiracle in the stigmal plate on each side of the body.

c. Body usually coriaceous, with few hairs, with a specialized seta arising from a pore near each posterior corner of the cephalothorax; no eyes; mouth parts and palpi very small; ventral openings of the abdomen large; tarsi without sucker. Not parasitic. ORIBATOIDEA.

cc. Body softer; without such specialized seta.

d. Aquatic species. HYDRACHNOIDEA.

dd. Not aquatic.

e. Palpi small, three segmented, adhering for some distance to the lip; ventral suckers at genital opening or near anal opening usually present; no eyes; tarsi often end in suckers; beneath the skin on the venter are seen rod-like epimera that support the legs; body often entire. Adults frequently parasitic. SARCOPTOIDEA.

f. With tracheae; no ventral suckers; legs ending in claws; body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; the female with a clavate hair between legs I and II. Usually not parasitic on birds and mammals. TARSONEMIDAE

g. Hind legs of female ending in claw and sucker as in the other pairs. PEDICULOIDINAE

To this sub-family belongs the genus PEDICULOIDES

P. ventricosus is described on page 69.

gg. Hind legs of the female end in long hairs. TARSONEMINAE

TARSONEMUS INTECTUS Karpelles, normally found upon grain, is said to attack man in Hungary and Russia. Other species of the genus affect various plants (c.f. fig. 150, g).

ff. Without tracheae; no such clavate hair.

g. Genital suckers usually present; integument usually without fine parallel lines.

h. Legs short, without clavate hair on tarsi I and II. On insects. CANESTRINIDAE.

hh. Legs longer, with a clavate hair on tarsi I and II. Not normally parasitic except on bees. TYROGLYPHIDAE

i. Dorsal integument more or less granulate; claws very weak, almost invisible; some hairs of the body plainly feathered; ventral apertures large. GLYCIPHAGUS Her.

This genus occurs in the United States. In Europe the mites have been found feeding on all sorts of substances. They are known as sugar mites and cause the disease known as grocer's itch. G. DOMESTICUS and G. PRUNORUM are old world species (fig. 150, d).

ii. Dorsal integument not granulate; claws distinct; no prominent feathered hairs; ventral aperture small.

j. Mandibles not chelate; elongate, and toothed below; body without long hairs; palpi enlarged at tip and provided with two divergent bristles. Species feed on decaying substances. Histiostoma Kram.

jj. Mandibles chelate; palpi not enlarged at the tip, nor with two bristles.

k. No clavate hair on the base of tarsi I and II; no suture between cephalothorax and abdomen. Live on bees or in their nests. Trichotarsus Can.

kk. A clavate or thickened hair at the base of tarsi I and II.

l. The bristle on the penultimate segment of the legs arises from near the middle; no suture between the cephalothorax and abdomen. The species, some of which occur in the United States, feed on dried fruit, etc. Carpoglyphus Robin.

ll. The bristle on the penultimate segment of the legs arise from near the tip; a suture between cephalothorax and abdomen.

m. Cephalothorax with four distinct and long bristles in a transverse row; tarsi I and II about twice as long as the preceding segment (fig. 150 f). TYROGLYPHUS Latr.

n. Some bristles on tarsi I and II near middle, distinctly spine-like; the sense hair about its length from the base of the segment. Several species in the United States belong to this group.

nn. No spine-like bristles near the middle of the tarsi; sense hair not its length from the base of the segment.

o. Of the terminal abdominal bristles, only two are about as long as the abdomen; leg I of the male greatly thickened and with a spine at apex of the femur below. T. FARINAE.

oo. Of the terminal abdominal bristles at least six or more are very long, nearly as long as the body.

p. Bristles of the body distinctly plumose or pectinate; tarsi very long. T. LONGIOR.

pp. Bristles of the body not pectinate.

q. In mills, stored foods, grains, etc. Third and fourth joints of hind legs scarcely twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles not unusually long; legs I and II of the male not unusually stout. T. AMERICANUS.

qq. With other characters and habits. T. lintneri (fig. 150 f) the mushroom mite, and several other species.

mm. Cephalothorax with but two long distinct bristles (besides the frontal pair), but sometimes a very minute intermediate pair; tarsi I and II unusually short and not twice as long as the preceding segment.

n. Tarsi with some stout spines. RHIZOGLYPHUS Clap.

The species of this genus are vegetable feeders. Several occur in the United States. R. PARASITICUS and R. SPINITARSUS have been recorded from the old world, attacking human beings who handle affected plants.

nn. Tarsi with only fine hairs. MONIEZIELLA Berl.

The species of this genus, as far as known, are predaceous or feed on recently killed animal matter. Several species occur in the United States. M. (= HISTIOGASTER) ENTOMOPHAGA (fig. 152) from the old world has been recorded as injurious to man.

gg. Genital suckers absent; integument with fine parallel lines. Parasitic on birds and mammals.

h. Possessing a specially developed apparatus for clinging to hairs of mammals. LISTROPHORIDAE.

hh. Without such apparatus.

i. Living on the plumage of birds. ANALGESIDAE.

ii. In the living tissues of birds and mammals.

j. Vulva longitudinal. In the skin and cellular tissues of birds. CYTOLEICHIDAE.

This family contains two species, both occurring in the United States on the common fowl. Laminosioptes cysticola occurs on the skin and also bores into the subcutaneous tissue where it gives rise to a calcareous cyst. Cytoleichus nudus is most commonly found in the air passages and air cells.

jj. Vulva transverse. In the skin of mammals and birds. SARCOPTIDAE

k. Anal opening on the dorsum.

l. Third pair of legs in the male without apical suckers. On cats and rabbits. NOTOEDRES Rail.

The itch mite of the cat, N. CATI (fig. 61) has been recorded on man.

ll. Third leg in the male with suckers. On bats Prosopodectes Can.

kk. Anal opening below.

l. Pedicel of the suckers jointed; mandibles styliform and serrate near the tip. PSOROPTES Gerv. P. COMMUNIS OVIS is the cause of sheep scab.

ll. Pedicel of the suckers not jointed; mandibles chelate.

m. No suckers on the legs of the females; parasitic on birds, including chickens. C. mutans is itch mite of chickens. Cnemidocoptes Furst.

mm. Suckers at least on legs I and II; parasitic on mammals.

n. Legs very short; in the male the hind pairs equal in size; body usually short. SARCOPTES Latr.

S. SCABIEI is the itch mite of man (fig. 56).

nn. Legs more slender; in the male the third pair is much larger than the fourth; body more elongate.

o. Female with suckers on the fourth pair of legs. Species do not burrow in the skin, but produce a scab similar to sheep scab. They occur in the ox, horse, sheep and goat. CHORIOPTES Gerv. C. SYMBIOTES BOVIS of the ox has been recorded a few times on man.

oo. Female without suckers to the fourth legs.

p. Hind part of the male abdomen with two lobes. On a few wild animals. Caparinia Can.

pp. Hind part of the male abdomen without lobes. Live in ears of dogs and cats. Otodectes Canestr.

O. cynotis Hering (fig. 150 e) has been taken in the United States.

ee. Palpi usually of four or five segments, free; rarely with ventral suckers near genital or anal openings; eyes often present; tarsi never end in suckers; body usually divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; rod-like epimera rarely visible; adults rarely parasitic.

f. Last segment of the palpi never forms a thumb to the preceding segment; palpi simple, or rarely formed to hold prey; body with but few hairs. EUPODOIDEA.

g. Palpi often geniculate, or else fitted for grasping prey; mandibles large and snout like; cephalothorax with four long bristles above, two in front, two behind; last segment of leg I longer than the preceding segment, often twice as long. BDELLIDAE.

gg. Palpi never geniculate (fig. 158a), nor fitted for grasping prey: beak small; cephalothorax with bristles in different arrangement; last segment of leg I shorter or but little longer than the preceding joint; eyes when present near posterior border. EUPODIDAE

Moniez has described a species from Belgium (TYDEUS MOLESTUS) which attacks man. It is rose colored; eyeless; its legs are scarcely as long as its body, the hind femur is not thickened; the mandibles are small and the anal opening is on the venter. The female attains a length of about 0.3 mm.

ff. Last segment of the palpus forms a thumb to the preceding, which ends in a claw (with few exceptions); body often with many hairs (fig. 158 k). TROMBIDOIDEA.

g. Legs I and II with processes bearing spines; skin with several shields; coxae contiguous. CAECULIDAE.

gg. Legs I and II without such processes; few if any shields.

h. Palpi much thickened on the base, moving laterally, last joint often with two pectinate bristles; no eyes; legs I ending in several long hairs; adult sometimes parasitic. CHEYLETIDAE

CHEYLETUS ERUDITUS, which frequents old books, has once been found in pus discharged from the ear of man.

hh. Palpi less thickened, moving vertically; eyes usually present; leg I not ending in long hairs.

i. Coxae contiguous, radiate; legs slender, bristly; body with few hairs; no dorsal groove; tarsi not swollen. ERYTHRAEIDAE.

ii. Coxae more or less in two groups; legs less bristly.

j. Body with fewer, longer hairs; often spinning threads; no dorsal groove; tarsi never swollen; mandibles styliform (for piercing). TETRANYCHIDAE

The genus TETRANYCHUS may be distinguished from the other genera occurring in the United States by the following characters: No scale-like projections on the front of the cephalothorax; legs I as long or longer than the body; palp ends in a distinct thumb; the body is about 1.5 times as long as broad. T. MOLESTISSIMUS Weyenb. from South America, and T. TELARIUS from Europe and America ordinarily infesting plants, are said also to molest man.

jj. Body with many fine hairs or short spines; not spinning threads; often with dorsal groove; tarsi often swollen.

k. Mandibles styliform for piercing. RHYCHOLOPHIDAE.

kk. Mandibles chelate, for biting. TROMBIDIDAE

The genus TROMBIDIUM has recently been subdivided by Berlese into a number of smaller ones, of which some five or six occur in the United States. The mature mite is not parasitic but the larvae which are very numerous in certain localities will cause intense itching, soreness, and even more serious complications. They burrow beneath the skin and produce inflamed spots. They have received the popular name of "RED BUG." The names LEPTUS AMERICANUS and L. IRRITANS have been applied to them, although they are now known to be immature stages. (Fig. 44.)

HEXAPODA (Insecta)

The Thysanura (springtails and bristletails), the Neuropteroids (may-flies, stone-flies, dragon-flies, caddis-flies, etc.), Mallophaga (bird lice), Physopoda (thrips), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, roaches), are of no special interest from our viewpoint. The remaining orders are briefly characterized below.

SIPHUNCULATA (page 275)

Mouth parts suctorial; beak fleshy, not jointed; insect wingless; parasitic upon mammals. Metamorphosis incomplete. Lice.

HEMIPTERA (page 275)

Mouth parts suctorial; beak or the sheath of the beak jointed; in the mature state usually with four wings. In external appearance the immature insect resembles the adult except that the immature form (i.e. nymph) never has wings, the successive instars during the process of growth, therefore, are quite similar; and the metamorphosis is thus incomplete. To this order belong the true bugs, the plant lice, leaf hoppers, frog hoppers, cicadas, etc.

LEPIDOPTERA

The adult insect has the body covered with scales and (with the rare exception of the females of a few species) with four wings also covered with scales. Proboscis, when present, coiled, not segmented, adapted for sucking. Metamorphosis complete, i.e. the young which hatches from the egg is quite unlike the adult, and after undergoing several molts transforms into a quiescent pupa which is frequently enclosed in a cocoon from which the adult later emerges. The larvae are known as caterpillars. Butterflies and moths.

DIPTERA (page 285)

The adult insect is provided with two, usually transparent, wings, the second pair of wings of other insects being replaced by a pair of halteres or balancers. In a few rare species the wings, or halteres, or both, are wanting. The mouth parts, which are not segmented, are adapted for sucking. The tarsi are five-segmented. Metamorphosis complete. The larvae, which are never provided with jointed legs, are variously known as maggots, or grubs, or wrigglers. Flies, midges, mosquitoes.

SIPHONAPTERA (page 316)

Mouth parts adapted for sucking; body naked or with bristles and spines; prothorax well developed; body compressed; tarsi with five segments; wings absent. Metamorphosis complete. The larva is a wormlike creature. Fleas.

COLEOPTERA

Adult with four wings (rarely wanting), the first pair horny or leathery, veinless, forming wing covers which meet in a line along the middle of the back. Mouth parts of both immature stages and adults adapted for biting and chewing. Metamorphosis complete. The larvae of many species are known as grubs. Beetles.

HYMENOPTERA

Adult insect with four, usually transparent, wings, wanting in some species. Mouth parts adapted for biting and sucking; palpi small; tarsi four or five-segmented. Metamorphosis complete. Parasitic four-winged flies, ants, bees, and wasps.

SIPHUNCULATA AND HEMIPTERA

a. Legs with claws fitted for clinging to hairs; wings wanting; spiracles of the abdomen on the dorsal surface. (= ANOPLURA = PARASITICA) SIPHUNCULATA.

b. Legs not modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus very long and slender; tibia without thumb-like process; antennae five-segmented. HAEMATOMYZIDAE Endr.

Haematomyzus elephantis on the elephant.

bb. Legs modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus usually short and stout; tibia with a thumb-like process; head not anteriorly prolonged, tube-like.

c. Body depressed; a pair of stigmata on the mesothorax, and abdominal segments three to eight; antennae three to five-segmented.

d. Eyes large, projecting, distinctly pigmented; pharynx short and broad; fulturae (inner skeleton of head) very strong and broad, with broad arms; proboscis short, scarcely attaining the thorax. PEDICULIDAE

e. Antennae three-segmented. A few species occurring upon old world monkeys. Pedicinis Gerv.

ee. Antennae five-segmented.

f. All legs stout; thumb-like process of the tibia very long and slender, beset with strong spines, fore legs stouter than the others; abdomen elongate, segments without lateral processes; the divided telson with a conical process posteriorly upon the ventral side. PEDICULUS L.

g. Upon man.

h. Each abdominal segment dorsally with from one to three more or less regular transverse rows of small setae; antenna about as long as the width of the head. Head louse (fig. 65). P. HUMANUS.

hh. "No transverse rows of abdominal setae; antenna longer than the width of the head; species larger." Piaget. Body louse of man. P. CORPORIS.

gg. Upon apes and other mammals. P. pusitatus (?).

ff. Fore legs delicate, with very long and slender claws; other legs very stout with short and stout claws; thumb-like process of the tibia short and stout; abdomen very short and broad; segment one to five closely crowded, thus the stigmata of segments three to five apparently lying in one segment; segments five to eight with lateral processes; telson without lateral conical appendages (fig. 69). Crab louse of man. PHTHIRUS PUBIS.

dd. Eyes indistinct or wanting; pharynx long and slender, fulturae very slender and closely applied to the pharynx; proboscis very long. Several genera found upon various mammals. HAEMATOPINIDAE.

cc. Body swollen; meso- and metathorax, and abdominal segments two to eight each with a pair of stigmata; eyes wanting; antennae four or five-segmented; body covered with stout spines. Three genera found upon marine mammals. ECHINOPHTHIRIIDAE

aa. Legs fitted for walking or jumping; spiracles of abdomen usually ventral; beak segmented.

b. Apex of head usually directed anteriorly; beak arising from its apex; sides of the face remote from the front coxae; first pair of wings when present thickened at base, with thinner margins. HETEROPTERA

c. Front tarsi of one segment, spade-form (palaeformes); beak short, at most two-segmented; intermediate legs long, slender; posterior pair adapted for swimming. CORIXIDAE

cc. Front tarsi rarely one-segmented, never spade-form; beak free, at least three-segmented.

d. Pulvilli wanting.

e. Hemelytra usually with a distinct clavus (fig. 159), clavus always ends behind the apex of the scutellum, forming the commissure. (Species having the wings much reduced or wanting should be sought for in both sections.)

f. Antennae very short; meso- and metasternum composite; eyes always present.

g. Ocelli present; beak four-segmented. OCHTERIDAE and NERTHRIDAE.

gg. Ocelli wanting; antennae more or less hidden in a groove.

h. Anterior coxae inserted at or near anterior margin of the prosternum; front legs raptorial; beak three-segmented BELOSTOMIDAE (with swimming legs), NEPIDAE, NAUCORIDAE.

i. Metasternum without a median longitudinal keel; antennae always four-segmented.

j. Beak short, robust, conical; the hairy fleck on the corium elongate, large, lying in the middle between the inner angle of the membrane and the outer vein parallel to the membrane margin; membrane margin S-shaped.

k. The thick fore femur with a relatively deep longitudinal furrow to receive the tibia. Several American species (fig. 19f.). BELOSTOMA (= Lethocerus Mayer)

kk. The less thickened fore femur without such a furrow. B. GRISEUS. BENACUS Stal.

jj. Beak slender, cylindrical; the hairy spot on the corium rounded lying next to the inner angle of the membrane.

k. Membrane large, furrow of the embolium broadened. Z. aurantiacum, fluminea, etc. Zaitha

kk. Membrane very short; furrow of embolium not broadened. Western genus. Pedinocoris

ii. Metasternum with a long median longitudinal keel. Southwestern forms. Abedus ovatus and Deniostoma dilatato

hh. Anterior coxae inserted at the posterior margin of the prosternum; legs natatorial. Back swimmers (fig. 19 b.). NOTONECTIDAE

i. Apices of the hemelytra entire; the three pairs of legs similar in shape; beak three-segmented; abdomen not keeled or hairy. Plea Leach

ii. Apices of hemelytra notched; legs dissimilar; beak four-segmented; abdomen keeled and hairy.

j. Hemelytra usually much longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna longer than the third segment; hind tarsi with claws. Bueno Kirk.

jj. Hemelytra but little longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna shorter than the third segment; hind tarsi without claws (fig. 19b). NOTONECTA L.

ff. Antennae longer than the head; or if shorter, then the eyes and ocelli absent.

g. Eyes, ocelli, and scutellum wanting; beak three-segmented; head short; hemelytra always short; membrane wanting. Insects parasitic on bats. POLYCTENIDAE

gg. Eyes present.

h. First two antennal segments very short, last two long, pilose, third thickened at the base; ocelli present, veins of the hemelytra forming cells. DIPSOCORIDAE (= CERATOCOMBIDAE) including SCHIZOPTERIDAE.

hh. Third segment of the antenna not thickened at the base, second as long or longer than the third, rarely shorter.

i. Posterior coxae hinged (cardinate), if rarely rotating, the cuneus is severed, the membrane is one or two-celled, and the meso- and metasternum are composite.

j. Ocelli absent, clypeus dilated toward the apex; hemelytra always short, membrane wanting. Species parasitic. Bed bugs, etc. CIMICIDAE

k. Beak short, reaching to about the anterior coxae; scutellum acuminate at the apex; lateral margin of the elytra but little reflexed, apical margin more or less rounded; intermediate and posterior coxae very remote.

l. Body covered with short hairs, only the sides of the pronotum and the hemelytra fringed with longer hairs; antennae with the third and fourth segments very much more slender than the first and second; pronotum with the anterior margin very deeply sinuate. CIMEX L.

m. Sides of the pronotum widely dilated, broader than the breadth of one eye, and densely fringed with backward curved hairs; apical margin of the hemelytra nearly straight, rounded toward the interior or exterior angles.

n. Body covered with very short hairs; second segment of the antenna shorter than the third; sides of the pronotum feebly reflexed, fringed with shorter hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural (inner) margin rounded and shorter than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the interior angle. The common bed bug (fig. 19h). C. LECTULARIUS Linn

nn. Body covered with longer hairs; second and third segments of the antenna of equal length; side of the pronotum narrowly, but distinctly, reflexed, fringed with longer hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural margin straight and longer than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the exterior angle. Species found on bats in various parts of the United States. C. pillosellus Hov.

mm. Sides of the pronotum neither dilated, nor reflexed, fringed with less dense and nearly straight hairs; hemelytra with the apical margin distinctly rounded. Parasitic on man, birds and bats. Occurs in the old world, Brazil and the West Indies. C. HEMIPTERUS Fabr. (= rotundatus)

ll. Body clothed with rather longer silky hairs; third and fourth segments of the antenna somewhat more slender than the first and second; anterior margin of the pronotum very slightly sinuate or nearly straight in the middle, produced at the lateral angles. This is the species which in American collections is known as C. hirundinis, the latter being an old world form. It is found in swallows nests. O. VICARIUS. OECIACUS Stal

kk. Beak long, reaching to the posterior coxae; scutellum rounded at the apex; lateral margins of the elytra strongly reflexed, apical margin slightly sinuate toward the middle; intermediate and posterior coxae sub-contiguous. This species infests poultry in southwest United States and in Mexico. H. INODORUS. HAEMATOSIPHON Champ.

jj. Ocelli present, if rarely absent in the female, then the tarsus has two segments; or if with three tarsal segments, the wing membrane with one or two cells.

k. Beak four-segmented, or with two-segmented tarsi. ISOMETOPIDAE, MICROPHYSIDAE, and some CAPSIDAE.

kk. Beak three-segmented.

l. Hemelytra with embolium; head horizontal, more or less conical; membrane with one to four veins, rarely wanting. ANTHOCORIDAE

Several species of this family affecting man have been noted, ANTHOCORIS KINGI and CONGOLENSE, from Africa and LYCTOCORIS CAMPESTRIS from various parts of the world. LYCTOCORIS FITCHII Reuter (fig. 19 j), later considered by Reuter as a variety of L. CAMPESTRIS, occurs in the United States.

ll. Hemelytra without embolium. Superfamily ACANTHIOIDEA (= SALDAE Fieber and LEPTOPODAE Fieber)

ii. Posterior coxae rotating.

j. Claws preapical; aquatic forms. GERRIDAE and VELIADAE

jj. Claws apical.

k. Prosternum without stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak).

l. Tarsus with three segments; membrane with two or three longitudinal cells from which veins radiate; rarely with free longitudinal veins (Arachnocoris) or veins nearly obsolete (Arbela); clavus and corium coriaceous; ocelli rarely absent. NABIDAE

REDUVIOLUS (= CORISCUS) SUBCOLEOPTRATUS (fig. 19 g), a species belonging to this family, occurring in the United States, has been accused of biting man. This insect is flat, of a jet black color, bordered with yellow on the sides of the abdomen, and with yellowish legs. It is predaceous, feeding on other insects.

ll. With other combinations of characters. HYDROMETRIDAE, HENICOCEPHALIDAE, NAEOGEIDAE, MESOVELIADAE, JOPPEICIDAE

kk. Prosternum with stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak); with three segments, short, strong.

l. Antennae filiform or sometimes more slender apically, geniculate; wing membrane with two or three large basal cells; scutellum small or moderate/ REDUVIIDAE

For a key to the genera and species see next page.

ll. Last antennal segment clavate or fusiform; win membrane with the veins often forked and anastomosing; scutellum large; tarsi each with two segments; fore legs strong. (= PHYMATIDAE) MACROCEPHALIDAE

ee. Clavus noticeably narrowed towards the apex, never extending beyond the scutellum, the two not meeting to form a commissure; head horizontal, much prolonged between the antennae, on each side with an antennal tubercle, sometimes acute; ocelli absent; meso- and metasternum simple; tarsi each with two segments; body flattened (fig. 19c). ARADIDAE, including DYSODIIDAE.

dd. Pulvilli present (absent in one Australian family THAUMATOCORIDAE in which case there is a membranous appendage at the tip of the tibia). CAPSIDAE (= MIRIDAE), Eotrechus (in family GERRIDAE), NAEOGAIDAE, TINGITIDAE, PIESMIDAE, MYODOCHIDAE, CORIZIDAE, COREIDAE, ALYDIDAE, PENTATOMIDAE, SCUTELLERIDAE, etc.

bb. Apex of head directed ventrally, beak arising from the hinder part of the lower side of the head; sides of face contiguous to the front coxae; first pair of wings, when present, of uniform thickness. Cicadas, scale insects, plant lice (Aphids), spittle-insects, leaf hoppers, etc. HOMOPTERA

REDUVIIDAE OF THE UNITED STATES

(Adapted from a key given by Fracker).

a. Ocelli none; wings and hemelytra always present in the adults; no discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus. Orthometrops decorata, Oncerotrachelus acuminatus, etc., Pennsylvania and south. Sarcinae

aa. Ocelli present in the winged individuals; anterior coxae not as long as the femora.

b. Hemelytra without a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus.

c. Ocelli not farther cephalad than the caudal margins of the eyes; segment two of the antenna single.

d. Thorax usually constricted caudad of the middle; anterior coxae externally flat or concave. PIRATINAE

e. Middle tibiae without spongy fossa, head long, no lateral tubercle on neck. S. stria, Carolina, Ill., Cal. Sirthenia Spinola

ee. Middle tibiae with spongy fossa; fore tibiae convex above; neck with a small tubercle on each side.

f. Apical portion of anterior tibiae angularly dilated beneath, the spongy fossa being preceded by a small prominence. MELANOLESTES Stal

g. Black, with piceous legs and antennae. N. E. States (fig. 19a) M. PICIPES

gg. Sides, and sometimes the whole dorsal surface of the abdomen red. Ill., and southward. M. ABDOMINALIS

ff. Tibiae not dilated as in "f"; spongy fossa elongate; metapleural sulci close to the margin. R. BIGUTTATUS (fig. 22). South RASAHUS A. and S.

dd. Thorax constricted in the middle or cephalad of the middle; anterior tarsi each three-segmented.

e. Apex of the scutellum narrow, without spines or with a single spine REDUVIINAE

f. Antennae inserted in the lateral or dorso-lateral margins of the head; antenniferous tubercles slightly projecting from the sides of the head; head produced strongly cephalad; ocelli at least as far apart as the eyes.

g. Antennae inserted very near the apex of the head; segments one and three of the beak short, segment two nearly four times as long as segment one. R. PROLIXUS. W. I. RHODNIUS Stal

gg. Antennae inserted remote from the vertex of the head.

h. Body slightly hairy; pronotum distinctly constricted; angles distinct; anterior lobe four-tuberculate, with the middle tubercles large and conical. M. phyllosoma, large species from the southwest. Meccus Stal

hh. Body smooth, margin of the pronotum sinuous, scarcely constricted; anterior lobe lined with little tubercles. CONORHINUS Lap.

i. Surface of the pronotum and prosternum more or less granular.

j. Eyes small, head black; body very narrow, a fifth as wide as long; beak reaches the middle of the prosternum. California. C. PROTRACTUS

jj. Eyes large, head fuscous; body at least a fourth as wide as long. Southern species. C. rubrofasciatus

ii. Pronotum and prosternum destitute of granules.

j. Border of abdomen entirely black except for a narrow yellowish spot at the apex of one segment. Texas. C. gerstaeckeri

jj. Border of abdomen otherwise marked.

k. Beak slender, joints one and two slightly pilose, two more than twice as long as one; tubercles at the apical angles of the pronotum slightly acute, conical. Md. to Ill. and south. The masked bed bug hunter (fig. 71). C. SANGUISUGUS

kk. Beak entirely pilose, joint two a third longer than joint one; joint one much longer than three; tubercles at the apical angles of pronotum slightly elevated, obtuse. Ga., Ill., Tex., Cal. C. variegatus

ff. Antenna inserted on top of the head between margins, close to the eyes; antenniferous tubercles not projecting from the side of the head.

g. Anterior lobe of the pronotum with a bispinous or bituberculate disc; femora unarmed. S. arizonica, S. bicolor. Southwestern species. Spiniger Burm.

gg. Disc of pronotum unarmed; apex of scutellum produced into a spine; ocelli close to the eyes; eyes large and close together. REDUVIUS Lamarck

h. Color piceous. Widely distributed in the United States. (Fig. 20). R. PERSONATUS

hh. More or less testaceous in color. Southwestern states. R. SENILIS

ee. Apex of scutellum broad, with two or three spines. ECTRICHODIINAE

f. First segment of the antenna about as long as the head. E. cruciata Pa. and south; E. cinctiventris, Tex. and Mex. Ectrichodia L. et S.

ff. First segment of the antennae short. P. aeneo-nitens. South. Pothea A. et S.

cc. Ocelli cephalad of the hind margins of the eyes; first segment of the antennae stout, second segment divided into many smaller segments. South and west. Homalocoris maculicollis, and Hammatocerus purcis. HAMMATOCERINAE

bb. Hemelytra with a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus (fig. 159e).

c. Anal areole of the membrane not extending as far proximad as the costal areole; basal segment of the antenna thickened, porrect; the other segments slender, folding back beneath the head and the first segment STENOPODINAE

d. Head armed with a ramous or furcate spine below each side, caudad of the eyes.

e. First segment of the antenna thickened, apex produced in a spine beyond the insertion of the second segment. Species from Va., Ill. and south. Pnirontis Stal.

ee. First segment of the antenna not produced beyond the insertion of the second segment. Pygolampis, N. E. states and south; Gnathobleda, S. W. and Mex.

dd. Head unarmed below or armed with a simple spine; rarely with a subfurcate spine at the side of the base. Carolina, Missouri and south. Stenopoda, Schumannia, Diaditus, Narvesus, Oncocephalus

cc. Anal areole of membrane extending farther proximad than the costal areole.

d. Ocelli farther apart than the eyes. A. crassipes, widely distributed in the United States; other species occur in the southwest. Apiomerus Hahn.

dd. Ocelli not so far apart as the eyes. ZELINAE

e. Sides of mesosternum without a tubercle or fold in front.

f. Fore femur as long as or longer than the hind femur; first segment of the beak much shorter than the second. Z. audax, in the north eastern states; other species south and west. Zelus Fabr.

ff. Fore femur shorter than the hind femur, rarely of equal length, in this case the first segment of the beak as long or longer than the second.

g. First segment of the beak shorter than the second; fore femur a little shorter than the hind femur; the first segment of the beak distinctly longer than the head before the eyes. P. cinctus a widely distributed species (fig. 160). P. punctipes, P. spinicollis, Cal., Mex. (= Milyas) Pselliopus Berg.

gg. First segment of the beak as long or longer than the second.

h. Pronotum armed with spines on the disc.

i. Juga distinctly prominent at the apex and often acute or subacute; fore femur distinctly thickened; hemelytra usually not reaching the apex of the abdomen. Fitchia aptera, N. Y., south and west; F. spinosula, South; Rocconata annulicornis, Texas, etc.

ii. Juga when prominent, obtuse at apex; eyes full width of the head; fore femur not thickened; pronotum with four spines on posterior lobe. R. taurus, Pa., south and west. Repipta Stal.

hh. Pronotum unarmed on the disc.

i. Spines on each apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment. A. cinereus, Pa., and south. Atrachelus A. et S.

ii. Apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment unarmed. Fitchia (in part); Castolus ferox, Arizona.

ee. Sides of the mesosternum with a tubercle or fold in front at the hind angles of the prosternum; first segment of the beak longer than the part of the head cephalad of the eyes.

f. Fore femur thickened, densely granulated; hind femur unarmed.

g. Fore tibiae each with three long spines on the ventral side. S. diadema (fig. 159e), a widely distributed species; and several southwestern species. Sinea A. et S.

gg. Fore tibiae unarmed. A. multispinosa, widely distributed; A. tabida, Cal. Acholla Stal.

ff. Fore femur unarmed, rarely a little thickened, a little granulated.

g. Pronotum produced caudad over the scutellum, with a high mesal tuberculate ridge (fig. 19e). A. CRISTATUS. N. Y. to Cal. and south. ARILUS Hahn.

gg. Caudal lobe of the pronotum six sided, neither elevated nor produced caudad. H. americanus, Southwest; also several W. I. and Mexican genera. HARPACTOR Lap.

DIPTERA (Mosquitoes, Midges, Flies)

a. Integument leathery, abdominal segments indistinct; wings often wanting; parasitic forms. PUPIPARA

b. Head folding back on the dorsum of the thorax; wingless flies parasitic on bats. Genus Nycteribia. NYCTERIBIIDAE

bb. Head not folding back upon the dorsum of the thorax; flies either winged or wingless; parasitic on birds and on bats and other mammals.

c. Antennae reduced, wings when present, with distinct parallel veins and outer crossveins; claws simple; palpi leaf-like, projecting in front of the head. Flies chiefly found on bats. Several genera occur in North America. STREBLIDAE

cc. Antennae more elongate, segments more or less distinctly separated; head sunk into an emargination of the thorax; wings when present with the veins crowded toward the anterior margin; palpi not leaf-like. HIPPOBOSCIDAE

d. Wings absent or reduced and not adapted for flight.

e. Wings and halteres (balancers) absent. M. ovinus, the sheep tick. Melophagus Latr.

ee. Wing reduced (or cast off), halteres present.

f. Claw bidentate; ocelli present. On deer after the wings are cast off. L. depressa. Lipoptena Nitsch

ff. Claw tridentate (fig. 161 f). On Macropis. B. femorata. Brachypteromyia Will.

dd. Wings present and adapted for flight.

e. Claws bidentate.

f. Ocelli present; head flat; wings frequently cast off. On birds before casting of the wing. Lipoptena Nitsch.

ff. Ocelli absent; head round; wings present. The horse tick H. EQUINA may attack man (fig. 162). HIPPOBOSCA L.

ee. Claws tridentate (fig. 161 f.).

f. Anal cell closed at apical margin by the anal crossvein.

g. Ocelli absent. Stilbometopa Coq.

gg. Ocelli present.

h. R_{4+5} does not form an angle at the crossvein. On birds. There is a record of one species of this genus attacking man. ORNITHOMYIA Latr.

hh. R{4+5} makes an angle at the crossvein. O. confluens. Ornithoica_ Rdi.

ff. Anal cell not closed by an anal crossvein. Lynchia, Pseudolfersia, and Olfersia are chiefly bird parasites. The first mentioned genus is said to be the intermediate host of Haemoproteus columbae.

aa. Abdominal segments chitinous; not parasitic in the adult stage.

b. Antennae with six or more segments and empodium not developed pulvilliform; palpi often with four segments.

c. Ocelli present. BLEPHAROCERIDAE, RHYPHIDAE, BIBIONIDAE, MYCETOPHILIDAE, besides some isolated genera of other families.

cc. Ocelli absent.

d. Dorsum of the thorax with a V-shaped suture; wings usually with numerous veins; legs often very long and slender. Crane flies. TIPULIDAE

dd. Dorsum of the thorax without a V-shaped suture.

e. Not more than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin; wing usually hairy: antennae slender; coxae not long; tibiae: without spurs, legs long and slender. Small, delicate flies often called Gall gnats. CECIDOMYIIDAE.

ee. More than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin.

f. The costal vein is not produced beyond the tip of the wing; radius with not more than three branches.

g. Antennae short, composed of ten or eleven closely united segments; legs stout; body stout; abdomen oval; anterior veins stout, posterior ones weak (fig. 163 b); eyes of the male contiguous over the antennae. Black flies, buffalo flies, turkey gnats. Many North American species, several of them notorious for their blood sucking propensities. SIMULIIDAE

h. Second joint of the hind tarsus with basal scale-like process and dorsal excision (fig. 161 h); radial sector not forked; no small cell at the base of the wing. S. forbesi, jenningsi, johannseni, meridionale, piscicidium, VENUSTUM, VITTATUM, etc. Widely distributed species (= EUSIMULIUM) SIMULIUM Latr.

hh. No basal scale-like process on the second joint of the hind tarsus; radial sector usually forked (fig. 163 b).

i. Face broad, small basal cell of the wing present. P. fulvum, HIRTIPES, mutatum, PECUARUM, pleurale. PROSIMULIUM Roub.

ii. Face linear; small basal cell of the wing absent. One species, P. furcatum, from California. Parasimulium Malloch

gg. Flies of a different structure.

h. Antennae composed of apparently two segments and a terminal arista formed of a number of closely united segments. Rare flies with aquatic larvae. ORPHNEPHILIDAE

hh. Antennae of six to fifteen segments, those of the male usually plumose; legs frequently slender and wings narrow. CHIRONOMIDAE

i. Media forked (except in the European genus Brachypogon); thorax without longitudinal fissure and not produced over the head (except in four exotic genera); antennae usually fourteen-jointed in both sexes; fore tibia with a simple comb of setulae, hind tibia with two unequal combs, middle tibia without comb. CERATOPOGONINAE

j. Thorax produced cap-like over the head, wing narrow and very long. Jenkinsia, Macroptilum and Calyptopogon, eastern hemisphere; Paryphoconus, Brazil.

jj. Thorax not produced over the head.

k. Eyes pubescent, empodium well developed, or if short then R{2+3} distinct and crossvein-like or the branches of R coalescent; r-m crossvein present; fore femora not thickened; wing either with appressed hairs or with microscopic erect setulae. Dasyhelea_ Kieff.

kk. Eyes bare, or otherwise differing from the foregoing.

l. Empodium well developed, nearly as long as the claws and with long hairs at the base; femora and fifth tarsal segments unarmed, i.e. without spines or stout setae; fourth tarsal segment cylindrical.

m. Wing with erect and microscopic setulae. Widely distributed. (= Atrichopogon) Ceratopogon Meig.

mm. Wing with long and depressed hairs. Widely distributed. Forcipomyia

n. Hind metatarsus shorter or not longer than the following (i.e. the second tarsal) segment. Subgenus Prohelea Kieff

nn. Hind metatarsus longer than the following segment. Subgenus Forcipomyia Meig.

ll. Empodium short, scarcely reaching the middle of the claws, or vestigial.

m. R-m crossvein wanting.

n. Palpi four segmented; inferior fork of the media obliterated at the base. Australia. Leptoconops Skuse

nn. Palpi three-segmented.

o. Legs spinulose, tarsal claws of the female with a basal tooth or strong bristle, those of the male unequal, the anterior with a long sinuous tooth, the posterior with a short arcuate tooth. Italy. MYCTEROTYPUS Noe

oo. Legs unarmed; no crossvein between the branches of the radius (fig. 163e). New Mexico. TERSESTHES Townsend

mm. R-m crossvein present.

n. Fore femora very much swollen, armed with spines below, fore tibia arcuate and applied closely to the inferior margin of the femur.

o. R{2+3} present, therefore cell R1 and R2 both present; wing usually fasciate. United States Heteromyia_ Say.

oo. R{2+3} not distinct from R{4+5}, hence cell R3 obliterated. South America Pachyleptus_ Arrib. (Walker)

nn. Fore femur not distinctly swollen.

o. R{2+3} present therefore cells R1 and R_3 both present, or if not, then the branches of the radius more or less coalescent, obliterating the cells.

p. At least the tip of the wing with erect setulae; tip of R_{4+5} scarcely attaining the middle of the wing, empodium rather indistinct, not reaching the middle of the claws, the claws not toothed, equal, with long basal bristle; legs without stout setae. Widely distributed. CULICOIDES Latr.

HAEMATOMYIDIUM and OECACTA are probable synonyms of this.

pp. Wings bare, if rarely with hair, then the radius reaches beyond two-thirds the length of the wing, or the femur or fifth tarsal segment with stout black spines.

q. Media unbranched. Europe. Brachypogon Kieff

qq. Media branched.

r. Hind femur much swollen and spined. America and Europe. Serromyia Meg.

rr. Hind femur not distinctly swollen.

s. Cell R1 not longer than high; fork of the media distad of the crossvein; wing with microscopic setulae. Stilobezzia_ Kieff

ss. Cell R_1 elongate.

t. Femora unarmed. Widely distributed. (= Sphaeromias Kieff. 1913 not Curtis?). JOHANNSENIELLA Will.

tt. Femora, at least in part, with strong black spines. Widely distributed. Palpomyia Megerle

oo. R{2+3} coalescent with R{4+5} hence cell R_3 is obliterated.

p. In the female the lower branch of the media with an elbow near its base projecting proximad, the petiole of the media coalescent with the basal section of the radius, wing long and narrow, radial sector ending near the tip of the wing; venation of the male as in Bezzia; front concave. United States. Stenoxenus Coq.

pp. Venation otherwise, front not concave.

q. Subcosta and R1 more or less coalescent with the costa; wing pointed at the apex, much longer than the body; antennae fourteen segmented, not plumose. India. Haasiella_ Kieff.

qq. Subcosta and radius distinct from the costa.

r. Abdomen petiolate. Dibezzia Kieff.

rr. Abdomen not petiolate.

s. Head semi-globose; hind tarsi unusually elongate in the female; antennae of the male not plumose. Europe. Macropeza Meigen.

ss. Head not globose, more or less flattened in front; antennae of the male plumose. Widely distributed. Bezzia Kieff.

t. Fore femora, at least, armed with stout spines below. Subgenus Bezzia Kieff.

tt. Femora unarmed. Subgenus Probezzia Kieff.

ii. Media of the wing simple, and otherwise not as in "i". To this group belong numerous Chironomid genera, none of which are known to be noxious to man.

ff. The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches.

g. Wing ovate pointed, with numerous veins; crossveins, if evident, before the basal third of the wing; veins very hairy; very small moth-like flies. PSYCHODIDAE

h. With elongate biting proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell of the wing (R_2) arises at or beyond the middle of the wing (fig. 163d). PHLEBOTOMUS Rdi.

hh. With shorter proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell arises near the base of the wing. Psychoda, Pericoma, etc.

gg. The r-m crossvein placed at or beyond the center of the wing; wings not folded roof-like over the abdomen.

h. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; wings bare (DIXIDAE); or wings scaled (CULICIDAE, Subf. CORETHRINAE).

hh. Proboscis elongate, adapted for piercing; wings scaled, fringed on the hind margin; antennae of the male bushy plumose. Mosquitoes. CULICIDAE (exclusive of CORETHRINAE)

i. Metanotum without setae.

j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad, appressed, metalescent scales; cell R2 less than half as long as its petiole; claws of female simple, some of the claws of the male toothed. Several large southern species believed to feed only on nectar of flowers. Megarhinus_ R. D.

jj. Proboscis straight or nearly so, or otherwise different.

k. Scutellum evenly rounded, not lobed; claws simple in both sexes. ANOPHELES Meig.

l. Abdomen with clusters of broad outstanding scales along the sides; outstanding scales on the veins of the wing rather narrow, lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate scales. Florida and southward (CELLIA).

m. Hind feet from the middle of the second segment largely or wholly snow white.

n. With a black band at the base of the last segment of each hind foot. A. ALBIMANUS* and TARSIMACULATA*

nn. Without such a band A. ARGYRITARSIS*

mm. Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and with bands of the same color at the sutures of the segments. W. I. A. MACULIPES

ll. Abdomen without such a cluster of scales; outstanding scales of the wing veins rather narrow, lanceolate; tarsi wholly black.

m. Deep black, thorax obscurely lined with violaceous, especially posteriorly; head, abdomen and legs black; no markings on the pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform, not forming spots, though little thicker at the usual points indicating the spottings. Florida. A. ATROPUS

mm. Otherwise marked when the wings are unspotted.

n. Wings unspotted.

o. Petiole of the first forked cell (R_2) more than a third the length of the cell. Mississippi valley. A. WALKERI

oo. Petiole of the first forked cell a third the length of the cell. Md. A. BARBERI

nn. Wings spotted.

o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of whitish and yellow scales at a point about two-thirds or three-fourths of the way from base to apex of wing.

p. Veins of the wing with many broad obovate outstanding scales; thorax with a black dot near the middle of each side. W. I. A. GRABHAMI*

pp. The outstanding scales of the wings rather narrow, lanceolate.

q. Scales of the last vein of the wings white, those at each end black; R_{4+5} black scaled, the extreme apex white scaled. Widely distributed north and south (fig. 131). A. PUNCTIPENNIS

A dark variety from Pennsylvania has been named A. PERPLEXENS.

qq. Scales of the last vein of the wing white, those at its apex black; R_{4+5} white scaled and with two patches of black scales. South and the tropics. A. FRANCISCANUS and PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS*

oo. Front margin of the wings wholly black scaled.

p. Last (anal) vein of the wings white scaled with three patches of black scales (fig. 132). New Jersey to Texas. A. CRUCIANS*

pp. Last vein of the wings wholly black scaled.

q. Widely distributed north and south (fig. 130), (= MACULIPENNIS). A. QUADRIMACULATUS*

qq. Distributed from Rocky Mountains westward. A. OCCIDENTALIS

kk. Scutellum distinctly trilobed.

l. Cell R_2 less than half as long as its petiole; thorax with metallic blue scales; median lobe of the scutellum not tuberculate; few small species which are not common. URANOTAENIA Arrib.

ll. Cell R_2 nearly or quite as long as its petiole, or otherwise distinct.

m. Femora with erect outstanding scales; occiput broad and exposed. Large species. P. CILIATA. P. HOWARDI PSOROPHORA R. D.

mm. Femora without erect scales.

n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs, scutellum with broad scales only; back of head with broad scales; scales along the sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the claws toothed; thorax marked with a pair of silvery scaled curved stripes; legs black with white bands at the bases of some of the segments (fig. 134). Yellow Fever mosquito. AEDES (= STEGOMYIA) CALOPUS.

nn. With another combination of characters. Numerous species of mosquitoes belonging to several closely related genera, widely distributed over the country. (Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, etc.). CULEX in the wide sense.

ii. Metanotum with setae. Wyeomyia (found in the United States); and related tropic genera.

bb. Antennae composed of three segments with a differentiated style or bristle; third segment sometimes complex or annulate, in which case the empodium is usually developed like the pulvilli, i.e., pad-like (fig. 161 g).

c. Empodium developed pad-like (pulvilliform) i.e., three nearly equal membranous appendages on the underside of the claw (fig. 161g).

d. Squamae, head, and eyes large; occiput flattened or concave; third segment of the antennae with four to eight annuli or segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing venation as figured (fig. 163f); marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. Horse flies, greenheads, deer flies, gad flies TABANIDAE

e. Hind tibia with spurs at tip; ocelli usually present (PANGONINAE)

f. Third joint of the antennae with seven or eight segments; proboscis usually prolonged.

g. Each section the third antennal segment branched. Central American species, P. festae. Pityocera G. T.

gg. Sections of the third antennal segment not branched.

h. Upper corner of the eyes in the female terminating in an acute angle; wings of both sexes dark anteriorly. G. chrysocoma, a species from the eastern states. Goniops Ald.

hh. Upper corner of the eye in the female not so terminating; wings nearly uniform in color, or hyaline.

i. Proboscis scarcely extending beyond the palpi; front of the female wide; much wider below than above. S. W. States. Apatolestes Will.

ii. Proboscis extending beyond the palpi.

j. Wing with cell M3 closed. Tropic America. (= Diclisa) Scione_ Wlk.

jj. Cell M_3 open; ocelli present or absent. Two or three eastern species; many south and west PANGONIA Rdi.

ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions; ocelli present.

g. First and second segments of the antenna short, the second only half as long as the first, three western species. SILVIUS Rdi.

gg. First and second segments of the antenna long, the second distinctly over half as long as the first. Deer flies. Many species, widely distributed. CHRYSOPS Meig.

ee. Hind tibia without spurs; ocelli absent.

f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely distributed. H. americana, H. punctulata. HAEMATOPOTA Meig.

ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions (fig. 161b).

g. Third segment of the antenna not furnished with a tooth or distinct angular projection.

h. Body covered with metallic scales; front of female of normal width; front and middle tibiae greatly dilated. L. lepidota. Lepidoselaga Macq.

hh. Body without metallic scales; antennae not very long, the third segment not cylindrical, not situated on a projecting tubercle; front of the female narrow. South. D. ferrugatus. (= Diabasis) Diachlorus O. S.

gg. Third segment of the antenna furnished with a tooth or a distinct angular projection.

h. Hind tibiae ciliate with long hairs. S. W. and tropics. Snowiella and Stibasoma.

hh. Hind tibiae not ciliate.

i. Species of slender build, usually with a banded thorax and abdomen; third segment of the antenna slender, the basal prominence long; wings mostly with brownish markings. Tropic America. Dichelacera Macq.

ii. Species of a stouter build; third segment of the antenna stout, its basal process short (fig. 161b). Many species, widely distributed TABANUS L.

dd. With another group of characters.

e. Squamae small, antennae variable, thinly pilose or nearly bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not crowded anteriorly, R4 and R5 both present, basal cells large; middle tibiae at least with spurs. LEPTIDAE

f. Flagellum of the antenna more or less elongated, composed of numerous more or less distinct divisions. XYLOPHAGINAE and ARTHROCERATINAE.

ff. Antennae short, third segment simple, with arista or style; face small, proboscis short LEPTINAE

g. Front tibiae each with one or two spurs, or if absent, then no discal cell. Triptotricha, Pheneus, Dialysis, Hilarimorpha.

gg. Front tibiae without terminal spurs, discal cell present.

h. Hind tibiae each with a single spur.

i. Anal cell open (fig. 163g); third antennal segment kidney-shaped with dorsal or subdorsal arista; first antennal segment elongate and thickened. About a dozen species have been described from the United States, of which at least one (S. PACHYCERAS) is known to be a vicious blood sucker. SYMPHOROMYIA Frauenf.

ii. Anal cell closed; third antennal segment not kidney-shaped. Chrysopila, Ptiolina, Spania.

hh. Hind tibiae each with two spurs.

i. Third segment kidney-shaped, the arista subdorsal; anal cell closed. Atherix Meig.

ii. Third segment of the antenna short and with terminal arista; anal cell open Leptis Fabr. Two European species of this genus have been accused of blood sucking habits, but the record seems to have been based upon error in observation.

ee. With another combination of characters. STRATIOMYIIDAE, CYRTIDAE, etc.

cc. Empodium bristlelike or absent.

d. Antennae apparently two segmented, with three-segmented arista, wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly, the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing (fig. 163h); small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Several genera; APHIOCHAETA, PHORA, TRINEURA, etc. PHORIDAE

dd. Flies with other characters.

e. No frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; both R4 and R5 often present; third segment of the antenna often with a terminal bristle. ASILIDAE, MYDAIDAE, APIOCERIDAE, THEREVIDAE, SCENOPINIDAE, BOMBYLIIDAE, EMPIDIDAE, DOLICHOPODIDAE, LONCHOPTERIDAE.

ee. A frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; third segment of the antenna always simple, i.e., not ringed, usually with a dorsal arista; R4 and R5 coalesced into a simple vein.

f. A spurious vein or fold between the radius and the media, rarely absent; the cell R{4+5} closed at the apex by vein M1; few or no bristles on the body, none on the head; flies frequently with yellow markings. ERISTALIS (fig. 163i), HELOPHILUS, and many other genera. SYRPHIDAE

ff. No spurious vein present.

g. Body without bristles; proboscis elongate and slender, often folding; front of both male and female broad. CONOPIDAE

gg. Bristles almost always present on head, thorax, abdomen and legs.

h. Arista terminal; hind metatarsus enlarged, sometimes ornamented, hind tarsus more or less flattened beneath. PLATYPEZIDAE

hh. Flies having a different combination of characters.

i. Head large, eyes occupying nearly the entire head; cell R_{4+5} narrowed in the margin; small flies. PIPUNCULIDAE

ii. Head and eyes not unusually large.

j. Squamae (tegulae, or calyptrae, or alulae) not large, often quite small, the lower one lacking, or at most barely projecting from below the upper one (antisquama); front of both male and female broad, the eyes therefore widely separated; posthumeral and intraalar macrochaeta not simultaneously present; thorax usually without a complete transverse suture; postalar callus usually absent; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites always visible; hypopleural macrochaetae absent; last section of R{4+5} and M{1+2} with but few exceptions nearly parallel; subcostal vein often wanting or vestigial or closely approximated to R_1; the latter often short, basal cells small, the posterior ones often indistinct or wanting; vibrissae present or absent. ACALYPTRATE MUSCOIDEA

k. Subcosta present, distinctly separated from R1 at the tip; R1 usually ends distad of the middle of the wing; the small basal cells of the wing distinct.

l. A bristle (vibrissa) on each side of the face near the margin of the mouth. CORDYLURIDAE, SEPSIDAE, PHYCODROMIDAE, HETERONEURIDAE, HELOMYZIDAE.

ll. No vibrissae present.

m. Head nearly spherical, cheeks broad and retreating; proboscis short; the cell R_5 closed or narrowed in the margin; legs very long; tarsi shorter than the tibiae. CALOBATA and other genera. MICROPEZIDAE

mm. Flies with another combination of characters. RHOPALOMERIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, ORTALIDAE, SCIOMYZIDAE.

kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present, then apparently ending in the costa at the point where R1 joins it; R1 usually ends in the costa at or before the middle of the wing.

l. Arista long plumose, or pectinate above; oral vibrissae present; anal cell complete; costa broken at the apex of R_1. DROSOPHILA, PHORTICA, and other genera. DROSOPHILIDAE

ll. With another combination of characters.

m. The cell M and first M_2 not separated by a crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or only bristly above; usually light colored flies. HIPPELATES, OSCINUS, and other genera. (See also m m m.) OSCINIDAE

mm. Cell M and cell first M_2 often separated by a crossvein; anal cell present, complete, though frequently small; scutellum without spines or protuberances; oral vibrissae present; arista bare or short plumose; front bristly at vertex only; small dark flies. PIOPHILA (fig. 99), SEPSIS and other genera. SEPSIDAE

mmm. The GEOMYZIDAE, AGROMYZIDAE, PSILIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, RHOPALOMERIDAE, BORBORIDAE and DIOPSIDAE differ in various particulars from either the OSCINIDAE and the SEPSIDAE noted above.

jj. Squamae well developed, usually large, the lower one frequently projecting from below the upper one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochaetae present; thorax with a complete transverse suture; postalar callus present and separated by a distinct suture from the dorsum of the thorax; front of the female broad, of the male frequently narrow, the eyes then nearly or quite contiguous; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites either visible or not; hypopleural macrochaetae present or absent; subcosta always distinct in its whole course, R_1 never short. CALYPTRATE MUSCOIDEA

k. Oral opening small, mouth parts usually much reduced or vestigial. This family is undoubtedly of polyphyletic origin but for convenience it is here considered as a single family. OESTRIDAE.

l. The costal vein ends at the tip of R{4+5}, M{1+2} straight, not reaching the wing margin, hence cell R_5 wide open (fig. 163j); squamae small; arista bare; ovipositor of the female elongate. Larvae in the alimentary canal of horses, etc. GASTROPHILUS

m. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) wanting; wings smoky or with clouds. Europe. G. PECORUM

mm. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) present, at least in part.

n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band, and two or three spots; posterior trochanters with hook in the male and a prominence in the female. World wide distribution. G. EQUI.

nn. Wings without spots.

o. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) distad of the anterior crossvein (r-m); legs, particularly the femora, blackish brown. Europe and North America. G. HAEMORRHOIDALIS

oo. Posterior crossvein opposite or proximad of the anterior crossvein. Europe and North America. G. NASALIS

ll. The costal vein ends at the tip of M{1+2}, M{1+2} with a bend, the cell R_5 hence much narrowed in the margin, or closed.

m. Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep slit; female without extricate ovipositor; arista either bare or plumose; squamae large; facial grooves approximated below.

n. Arista bare, short. Larvae in rodents. Tropic America. B. princeps. Bogeria Austen

nn. Arista pectinate above.

o. Tarsi broadened and flattened, hairy, anal lobe of the wing large. Larvae in rodents. A number of American species. Cuterebra.

oo. Tarsi slender, not hairy; anal lobe of the wing moderate. Larvae in man and other mammals. Tropic America. D. CYANIVENTRIS. DERMATOBIA Br.

mm. Mouth parts very small, vestigial; arista bare.

n. Facial grooves approximated below, leaving a narrow median depression or groove.

o. Cell R_5 closed and petiolate, body nearly bare. Larvae in the nasal cavities of the smaller Ungulates. The sheep bot fly. O. OVIS. Widely distributed OESTRUS L.

oo. Cell R5 narrowly open, body hairy. Larvae parasitic on deer. Europe and America. Cephenomyia_ Latr.

nn. Facial grooves far apart, enclosing between them a broad shield-shaped surface; squamae large; female with elongate ovipositor. Larvae hypodermatic on Ungulates HYPODERMA Clark

o. Palpi wanting; tibiae thickened in the middle.

p. Hair at apex of the abdomen yellow; legs including femora yellowish brown. H. DIANA

pp. Hair at the apex of the abdomen reddish yellow. Europe and America.

q. Tibiae and tarsi yellow; femora black. H. LINEATA

qq. Legs black with black hair; tips of hind tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. H. BOVIS

oo. Palpi small, globular; tibiae cylindrical, straight. On reindeer. O. tarandi Oedemagena Latr.

kk. Oral opening of the usual size; mouth parts not vestigial.

l. Hypopleurals wanting; if three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 1:2; conjunctiva (fig. 161c) of the venter usually present; if the terminal section of M_{1+2} is bent it has neither fold nor appendage (ANTHOMYIIDAE of Girschner).

m. Sternopleurals wanting; M{1+2} straight toward the apex, costa ends at or slightly beyond the tip of R{4+5}; mouth parts vestigial. GASTROPHILINAE. See OESTRIDAE

mm. Sternopleurals present, if rarely absent then differing in other characters.

n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male deeply notched on the median line usually to beyond the middle; abdomen often cylindrical or linear; abdomen often with four to eight spots; eyes of the male usually widely separated; sternopleurals three, arranged in an equilateral triangle; subapical seta of the hind tibia placed very low; M{1+2} straight; anal vein abbreviated; wings not rilled. Caenosia, Caricea, Dexiopsis, Hoplogaster, Schoenomyia_, etc. (COENOSINAE). ANTHOMYIIDAE in part

nn. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male incurved, rarely deeply cleft, rarely entire, in a few genera deeply two or three notched; M_{1+2} straight or curved; abdomen usually short or elongate oval; sternopleurals, if three are present, arranged in the order 1:2 in a right triangle. (MUSCINAE-ANTHOMYIINAE of Girschner)

o. M{1+2} straight, hence cell R5 not narrowed in the margin. ANTHOMYIIDAE in part

p. Underside of the scutellum more or less sparsely covered with fine hairs; anal vein nearly always reaches the hind margin of the wing; extensor surface of the hind tibiae with a number of stout setae; squamae often small and equal. ANTHOMYIA, Chortophila, Eustalomyia, Hammomyia, Hylemyia, Prosalpia, Pegomyia, etc. HYLEMYINAE-PEGOMYINAE

pp. Underside of the scutellum bare; anal vein does not reach the wing margin.

q. First anal vein short, second anal suddenly flexed upwards; hind tibiae each with one or two strong setae on the extensor surface. FANNIA (= HOMALOMYIA), Coelomyia, Choristoma, Euryomma, Azelia, etc. FANNINAE-AZELINAE

qq. Anal veins parallel or divergent.

r. Setae on the exterior surface of the hind tibiae wanting (except in Limnaricia and Coenosites), lower squama not broadened to the margin of the scutellum. Leucomelina, Limnophora, Limnospila, Lispa, Mydaea, Spilogaster, etc. MYDAEINAE-LIMNOPHORINAE

rr. One (rarely more) seta on the extensor surface of the hind tibia; squamae usually large and unequal. HYDROTAEA, Aricia, Drymeia, Ophyra, Phaonia (= Hyetodesia), Pogonomyia, Trichophthicus, etc. ARICINAE

oo. M{1+2} curved or bent, hence the cell R5 more or less narrowed in the margin. (MUSCINAE). MUSCIDAE in part. See page 303 for generic synopsis.

ll. Hypopleurals present; when three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 2:1 or 1:1:1. (TACHINIDAE of Girschner)

m. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites of the abdomen present, frequently well developed, surrounding the sclerites.

n. Mouth parts vestigial. OESTRIDAE. See page 297 for generic synopsis.

nn. Mouth parts well developed.

o. M{1+2} straight, hence cell R5 wide open in the margin; costa ending at the tip of R5; three sternopleurals present; antennal arista plumose. Syllegoptera_. Europe. (SYLLEGOPTERINAE). DEXIIDAE in part

oo. M{1+2} bent, hence cell R5 narrowed in the margin; sternopleurals rarely wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial plate strongly produced below vibrissal angle like the bridge of the nose; antennal arista bare. Parasitic on Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Allophora, Cistogaster, Clytia, Phasia, etc. (PHASIINAE) TACHINIDAE in part.

mm. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites invisible (fig. 161a).

n. Second ventral sclerite of the abdomen lying with its edges either upon or in contact with the ventral edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerite.

o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower (more ventrad) in position than the presutural macrochaeta; fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft beyond the middle, often strongly developed; body color very frequently metallic green or blue, or yellow; arista plumose. (CALLIPHORINAE) MUSCIDAE in part.

See page 303 for generic synopsis.

oo. Outermost posthumeral macrochaeta on level or higher (more dorsad) than the presutural macrochaeta; arista bare, pubescent, or plumose only on the basal two-thirds; body coloring usually grayish (fig. 106). SARCOPHAGIDAE

p. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male either wanting or with the caudal margin straight; presutural intraalar rarely present. (SARCOPHAGINAE)

q. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male much reduced, the remaining segments with straight posterior margin, overlapping scale-like; in the female only segment one and two scale-like, the others wholly or in part covered; sternopleurals usually three or more. SARCOPHAGA and related genera.

qq. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male plainly visible; sternopleurals usually two. SARCOPHILA, WOHLFAHRTIA, Brachycoma, Hilarella, Miltogramma, Metopia, Macronychia, Nyctia, Paramacronychia, Pachyphthalmus, etc.

pp. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft to beyond the middle; ventral sclerites usually visible, shield-like. Rhinophora, Phyto, Melanophora RHINOPHORINAE

nn. Second ventral abdominal sclerite as well as the others more or less covered, sometimes wholly, by the edges of the dorsal sclerite.

o. The presutural intraalar wanting; ventral sclerites two to five nearly or quite covered by the edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerites; base of the antennae usually at or below the middle of the eye; arista usually plumose; legs usually elongate; abdominal segments with marginal and often discal macrochaetae. DEXIIDAE

oo. Presutural intraalar present, if absent, then the ventral sclerites broadly exposed or the fifth ventral sclerite vestigial; base of the antennae usually above the middle of the eye; arista bare; at least two posthumerals and three posterior intraalars present. Parasitic on caterpillars, etc. TACHINIDAE

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF THE MUSCIDAE OF THE WORLD

a. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing, or oral margin much produced, snout-like.

b. Oral margin produced snout-like; vibrissa placed high above the oral margin; antennal arista either pectinate or more or less plumose.

c. Antennal arista short or long-plumose; neither sex with distinct orbital bristles.

d. No facial carina between the antennae. RHYNCHOMYIINAE

e. Arista short-plumose. R. speciosa. Europe. Rhynchomyia R. D.

ee. Arista long-plumose. I. phasina. Europe and Egypt. Idiopsis. B. B.

dd. With flattened carina, the bases of the antennae separated; no abdominal macrochaetae. COSMININAE C. fuscipennis. South Africa. Cosmina

cc. Antennal arista pectinate; bases of the antennae separated by a flattened carina. RHINIINAE R. D.

d. Cell R_5 open, or closed at the margin.

e. Third segment of the antenna twice as long as the second; claws of both sexes short; cell R5 open. I. lunata. Eastern Hemisphere. Idia_ Meigen

ee. Third segment of the antenna three times as long as the second; cell R5 open or closed; claws of the male long and slender, of the female shorter than the last tarsal joint. I. mandarina, China. Idiella_ B. B.

dd. Cell R5 petiolate. Rhinia; and Beccarimyia_ Rdi.

bb. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing. STOMOXINAE

c. Arista flat, pectinate above with plumose rays; sternopleurals 1:2; bases of the veins R1 and R{4+5} without setae; base of the media bowed down; apical cell opens before the apex of the wing. African species. GLOSSINA Wied.

d. Species measuring over twelve mm. in length. G. longipennis and FUSCA.

dd. Species less than twelve mm. in length.

e. All segments of the hind tarsi black.

f. The fourth and fifth segments of the fore tarsi black; antennae black (fig. 164). G. PALPALIS R. D.

ff. Otherwise marked. G. bocagei, tachinoides, pallicera.

ee. First three segments of the hind tarsi are yellow, the fourth and fifth segments are black.

f. Fourth and fifth segments of the first and second pair of tarsi are black.

g. The yellow bands of the abdominal segments occupy a third of the segment (fig. 165). G. MORSITANS Westw.

gg. The yellow band on each segment of the abdomen occupies a sixth of the segment. G. LONGIPALPIS Wied.

ff. Tarsi of the first and second pairs of legs wholly yellow. G. pallidipes Austen

cc. Rays of the arista not plumose; only one or two sternopleurals; base of the media not strongly bowed down; apical cell opens at or very near the apex of the wing.

d. Vein R_{4+5} without setae at the base; palpi about as long as the proboscis.

e. Arista pectinate (i.e. rays on one side only), the rays often undulate; two yellow sternopleurals often difficult to detect; vein M{1+2} only slightly bent, the apical cell hence wide open. The horn fly, H. IRRITANS (= Lyperosia serrata_) and related species. Widely distributed (figs. 167, 168). HAEMATOBIA R. D. not B. B.

ee. Arista also with rays below; vein M_{1+2} more strongly bent, the apical cell hence less widely open.

f. Palpi strongly spatulate at the tips, lower rays of the arista about six in number, B. SANGUINOLENTUS. South Asia. BDELLOLARYNX Austen

ff. Palpi feebly spatulate; apical cell of the wing narrowly open slightly before the tip; sternopleurals black, anterior bristle sometimes absent. H. ATRIPALPIS. Europe. HAEMATOBOSCA Bezzi

dd. Vein R_{4+5} with setae at the base.

e. Veins R1 and R{4+5} with setae at the base; two equally prominent sternopleural macrochaetae; arista with rays both above and below; palpi as long as the proboscis; apical cell of the wing wide open. L. TIBIALIS. (Haematobia B. B. not R. D.). LYPEROSIOPS Town.

ee. Only vein R_{4+5} with basal setae; anterior sternopleural macrochaeta wanting; arista pectinate.

f. Palpi as long as the proboscis, the latter stout, with fleshy terminal labellae; apical cell narrowly open; sternopleural macrochaetae black. S. MACULOSA from Africa and related species from Asia. STYGEROMYIA Austen

ff. Palpi much shorter than the proboscis, the latter pointed at the apex, without fleshy labellae; apical cell of the wing wide open. S. CALCITRANS, the stable fly and related species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig. 110). STOMOXYS Geof.

aa. Proboscis neither slender nor elongate, the labellae fleshy and not adapted for piercing.

b. Hypopleurae without a vertical row of macrochaetae. MUSCINAE

c. Arista bare; distal portion of M{1+2} broadly curved at the end; hypopleurae with a sparse cluster of fine hairs. S. braziliana, Southern States and southward. Synthesiomyia_ B. B.

cc. Arista pectinate or plumose.

d. Arista pectinate. H. vittigera, with the posterior half of the abdomen metallic blue. Mexico. Hemichlora V. d. W.

dd. Arista plumose.

e. Middle tibia with one or more prominent setae on the inner (flexor) surface beyond the middle, or inner surface very hairy.

f. R1 ends distad of the m-cu crossvein; M{1+2} with a broad curve near its apical end. (= Neomesembrina Schnabl. = Metamesembrina Town). M. meridiana. Europe. Mesembrina Meigen

ff. R_1 ends proximad of the m-cu crossvein.

g. Eyes pilose, sometimes sparsely in the female.

h. Female with two or three stout orbital setae; the hind metatarsus of the male thickened below at the base and penicillate. D. pratorum. Europe. Dasyphora R. D.

hh. Neither sex with orbital setae.

i. Abdomen without macrochaetae; arista plumose. C. asiatica. Eastern Hemisphere. Cryptolucilia B. B.

ii. Abdomen with strong macrochaetae; arista very short-plumose, nearly bare. B. tachinina. Brazil. Reinwardtia B. B.

gg. Eyes bare.

h. Body densely pilose; thoracic macrochaetae wanting; middle tibiae much elongate and bent; last section of M{1+2} with a gentle curve. H. (Mesembrina) mystacea, et al., Europe and H. solitaria, N. America. Hypodermodes_ Town.

hh. Body not densely pilose.

i. Dorsocentrals six; last section of M_{1+2} with a gentle curve.

j. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") wanting; sternopleurals arranged 1:3. P. cyanicolor, cadaverina, etc. Europe and America Pyrellia R. D.

jj. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") present; sternopleurals arranged 1:2. E. latreillii. North America. Eumesembrina Town.

ii. Dorsocentrals five; inner dorsocentrals present; last section of M{1+2} with a rounded angle; sternopleurals arranged 1:2. P. cornicina Europe and America. (Pseudopyrellia Girsch.) Orthellia_ R. D.

ee. Middle tibia without a prominent bristle on the inner surface beyond the middle.

f. Squamula thoracalis broadened mesad and caudad as far as the scutellum.

g. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in an equilateral triangle; front of both sexes broad; genae bare; dorsocentrals six, small; wing not rilled. (To COENOSINAE). Atherigona Rdi.

gg. Sternopleural macrochaetae when three are present, arranged in a right triangle.

h. Last section of M_{1+2} with a more or less rounded angle (fig. 163l).

i. Eyes of the male pilose or pubescent, of the female nearly bare; m-cu crossvein usually at or proximad of the mid-distance between the r-m crossvein and the bend of M{1+2}. P. (= Placomyia R. D.) vitripennis. Plaxemyia_ R. D.

ii. Eyes bare; the m-cu crossvein always nearer to the bend of M_{1+2} than to the r-m crossvein.

j. Apex of the proboscis when extended reveals a circlet of stout chitinous teeth. P. INSIGNIS Austen, of India, bites both man and animals. (= Pristirhynchomyia.) PHILAEMATOMYIA Austen

jj. Apex of the proboscis without black teeth.

k. Eyes of male separated by a distance equal to a fourth the width of the head. House or typhoid fly. M. DOMESTICA L. Widely distributed. MUSCA L.

kk. Eyes of the male contiguous. E. CORVINA. Europe. EUMUSCA Town

hh. Last section of M_{1+2} with a gentle curve (fig. 102).

i. Eyes pilose.

j. Claws in the male somewhat elongated; no orbitals in either sex; antennae separated at the base by a flat carina; abdomen marked with red or yellow. G. maculata. Europe and America. Graphomyia R. D.

jj. Claws short and equal in the two sexes; two or three stout orbital macrochaetae in the female; R1 scarcely produced beyond the r-m crossvein; eyes contiguous in the male. P. obsoleta. Brazil. Phasiophana_ Br.

ii. Eyes bare; fronto-orbital macrochaetae in a double row, antennae contiguous at the base.

j. One or more pairs of well developed anterior inner dorsocentral (acrostichal) macrochaetae; seta on extensor surface of hind tibia. M. ASSIMILIS, STABULANS, etc. Europe and America. MUSCINA R. D.

jj. Anterior inner dorsocentrals and the setae; on the extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting. M. micans, etc. Europe and North America. Morellia R. D.

ff. Squamula thoracalis not broadened mesad and caudad, not reaching the margin of the scutellum; macrochaetae on extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting.

g. Eyes pubescent. M. meditabunda. Europe and America. Myiospila Rdi.

gg. Eyes bare; R1 ends before the middle of the wing. A number of species from the tropics of both hemispheres. Clinopera_ V. d. W.

bb. Hypopleurae with a vertical row of macrochaetae.

c. Eyes pubescent.

d. R1 ends about opposite the r-m crossvein; basal section of R{4+5} bristly nearly to the crossvein; S. enigmatica. Africa. Somalia Hough

dd. R_1 ends distad of the r-m crossvein.

e. Eastern hemisphere. Australasia. N. ochracea, dasypthalma. Neocalliphora Br.

ee. Western Hemisphere. T. muscinum. Mexico. Tyreomma V. d. W.

cc. Eyes bare.

d. The vibrissal angle situated at a noticeable distance above the level of the margin of the mouth.

e. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in the order 1:1.

f. Genae with microchaetae.

g. Body grayish, with depressed yellow woolly hair among the macrochaetae; wings folded longitudinally over the body when at rest. Cluster flies. P. rudis and related species, widely distributed. Pollenia R. D.

gg. Body metallic blue or green. Eastern Hemisphere.

h. Vibrissal angle placed very high above the oral margin; a carina between the antennae; outer posthumeral wanting; anterior intraalar present. T. viridaurea. Java. Thelychaeta Br.

hh. Vibrissal angle moderately high above the oral margin; carina small or wanting; no post humeral macrochaeta; lower squamae hairy above. (= Paracompsomyia Hough) (fig. 166). Pycnosoma Br.

ff. Genae bare. S. terminata. Eastern Hemisphere. Strongyloneura Bigot

ee. Sternopleurals arranged 2:1.

f. Body metallic green or blue, with gray stripes; genae hairy to the lower margin; post humerals often wanting; lower squamae bare above. (= Compsomyia Rdi.). CHRYSOMYIA R. D.

g. With one or two orbitals; height of bucca less than half the height of the eye. South and east U. S. (fig. 107). C. MARCELLARIA

gg. No orbitals; height of bucca about a third less than height of eye. West U. S. C. wheeleri Hough

ff. Body black or sordidly metallic greenish gray, usually yellow pollinose or variegate; genae at most hairy above. N. stygia. Eastern Hemisphere. Neopollenia Br.

dd. Vibrissal angle situated nearly on a level of the oral margin.

e. Species wholly blackish, bluish, or greenish metallic in color.

f. First section of R_{4+5} with at most three or four small bristles at the immediate base.

g. The bend of M{1+2} a gentle curve; costal spine present; cell R5 closed, ending before the apex of the wing. S. cuprina. Java. Synamphoneura Bigot

gg. Bend of M{1+2} angular; or the insect differs in other characters; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis hairy (except in Melinda); arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds (except usually in Calliphora and Eucalliphora_).

h. Arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds.

i. Base of the antennae ventrad of the middle of the eye; eyes of the male nearly contiguous; genae hairy; second abdominal segment with median marginal macrochaetae; two, rarely three, postsutural intraalar macrochaetae.

j. Squamula thoracalis dorsally with long black hairs; male hypopygium two-segmented, large, projecting; claws and pulvilli of the male elongate; three strong sternopleural macrochaetae; genae at least half the width of the eye; buccae (cheeks) half the height of the eyes; oviviparous. O. sepulcralis. Europe. Onesia R. D.

jj. Dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis bare; male hypopygium small, scarcely projecting below; claws and pulvilli not elongate; two stout sternopleural macrochaetae, sometimes with a delicate one below the anterior; genae nearly linear in the male; buccae about a third of the eye height; oviparous. M. caerulea. Europe. Melinda. R. D.

ii. Base of the antennae dorsad of the middle of the eye; eyes of both sexes distinctly separated; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis with black hairs; two postsutural intraalar macrochaetae.

j. Hypopygium of the male large, with a pair of slightly curved forceps whose ends are concealed in a longitudinal slit in the fifth ventral sclerite; third posterior inner dorso-central (acrostichal) macrochaetae absent; anterior intraalar rarely present; abdomen usually not pollinose; the second segment without median marginal macrochaetae; face yellow. C. mortuorum, cadaverina, and related species. Both hemispheres. Cynomyia R. D.

jj. Three pairs of posterior inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) present; second abdominal segment with a row of marginal macrochaetae; genae hairy, at least above.

k. Hypopygium of the male with a projecting style. S. stylifera. Europe. Steringomyia Pok.

kk. Hypopygium of the male without style. A. stelviana B. B. Acrophaga B. B.

hh. Arista usually plumose nearly to the tip; posterior dorsocentrals and inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) well developed; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis hairy; abdomen metallic and usually pollinose; genae hairy.

i. With one pair of ocellar macrochaetae. C. VOMITORIA, ERYTHROCEPHALA, VIRIDESCENS, and related species. Both hemispheres. CALLIPHORA R. D.

ii. With two strong pairs of ocellar macrochaetae. E. latifrons. Pacific slope of the U. S. Eucalliphora Town.

ff. First section of R_{4+5} bristly near or quite half way to the small crossvein; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis is bare; the hypopygium of the male is inconspicuous.

g. Genae bare; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals distinct and well developed. L. caesar, sericata, sylvarum, and related species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig. 103). LUCILIA R. D.

gg. Genae with microchaetae, at least down to the level of the base of the arista.

h. Mesonotum flattened behind the transverse suture.

i. Posterior dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally developed; one pair of posterior inner dorsocentrals. P. terraenovae. North America. Protophormia Town.

ii. Posterior dorsocentrals well developed, the inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) unequally developed. P. azurea, chrysorrhoea, etc. Europe and America. Protocalliphora Hough

hh. Mesonotum not flattened behind the transverse suture; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally developed. P. regina. Europe and America. Phormia R. D.

ee. Species more or less rufous or yellow in color.

f. Anterior dorsocentrals wanting; first section of the R{4+5} at most only bristly at the base, bend near apex of M{1+2} rectangular, R1 ends over the crossvein; fronto-orbital macrochaeta absent; eyes of the male contiguous. C. semiviridis. Mexico. Chloroprocta_ V. d. W

ff. With another combination of characters.

g. Body robust, of large size, abdomen elongate, not round; genae with several ranges of microchaetae; vibrissal ridges strongly convergent; abdomen with well developed macrochaetae; costal spine usually absent; eyes of the male widely separated.

h. Peristome broad, pteropleural macrochaetae distinct; one or two sternopleurals; in the female a single orbital macrochaeta; last abdominal segment without discal macrochaetae; hypopygial processes of the male with a long stylet; second abdominal segment of the female sometimes much elongate. A. LUTEOLA (fig. 86). Africa. The sub-genus Choeromyia Roub. is included here. AUCHMEROMYIA B. B.

hh. Peristome narrow; no pteropleurals, two sternopleurals; two orbitals in the female; second segment not elongate; the fourth with two well developed discal macrochaetae. B. DEPRESSA. Africa. BENGALIA R. D

gg. With another combination of characters.

h. Costal spine present; body in part black; antennae noticeably shorter than the epistome, inserted above the middle of the eye and separated from each other by a carina; abdominal segments with marginal macrochaetae; sternopleurals 2:1 or 1:1. Paratricyclea Villen.

hh. Costal spine not distinct, or if present, insect otherwise different.

i. Genae with several ranges of microchaetae; vibrissal ridges strongly converging; peristome broad; arista moderately plumose; sternopleurals usually 1:1; color entirely testaceous. C. ANTHROPOPHAGA (fig. 87) and GRUNBERGI. Africa. CORDYLOBIA Grunb.

ii. Genae bare or with but one range of setae; vibrissal ridges less converging; peristome narrow; arista long plumose.

j. Genae with a single row of microchaetae.

k. Sternopleurals 2:1; color entirely testaceous. Ochromyia Macq.

kk. Sternopleurals 1:1. P. varia Hough. Africa. Parochromyia Hough

jj. Genae bare.

k. Basal section of R{4+5} bristly only at the immediate base, distally M{1+2} with a broad curve; distal portion of the abdomen metallic; sternopleurals usually 1:1, rarely 2:1. M. aeneiventris Wd. Tropic America. Mesembrinella. G. T.

kk. R_{4+5} bristly at least nearly half way to the small crossvein; sternopleurals 1:1.

l. Macrochaetae of the abdomen marginal; neither sex with orbitals; no carina between the base of the antennae; three pairs of presutural inner dorsocentrals. Eastern hemisphere. T. ferruginea. Tricyclea V. d. W. (= Zonochroa B. B. according to Villeneuve 1914).

ll. Abdomen without macrochaetae; wing usually with a marginal streak and gray markings. Brazil. Hemilucilia B. B.

SIPHONAPTERA. Fleas

Adapted from a table published by Oudemans.

a. Elongated fleas, with jointed (articulated) head, with combs (ctenidia) on head and thorax; with long, oval, free-jointed flagellum of the antenna (fig. 92d). Suborder FRACTICIPATA

b. With ctenidia in front of the antennae and on the genae (cheeks); maxillae with acute apices; labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes poorly developed or wanting. On rodents. HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE

c. Abdominal segments without ctenidia.

d. Post-tibial spines in pairs and not in a very close set row; head with ctenidia. Ctenophthalmus Kol.

dd. Post-tibial spines mostly single and in a close set row. Ctenopsyllus and Leptopsyllus. The last genus has recently been erected for L. musculi, a widely distributed species occurring on rats and mice.

cc. Abdominal segments with one or more ctenidia; post-tibial spines in numerous, short, close-set transverse rows on posterior border with about four spines in each row. H. americana. Hystrichopsylla Taschenb.

bb. With only two pairs of subfrontal ctenidia; labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes vestigial or wanting. On bats. (= ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE). NYCTERIDIPSYLLIDAE

With more or less blunt maxilla; all tibiae with notch; a single antepygidial bristle; metepimeron without ctenidium. N. crosbyi from Missouri was found on bats. Rothschild suggests that this is probably the same as N. insignis. (= Ischnopsyllus = Ceratopsyllus), Nycteridiphilus

aa. Head not jointed, i.e. the segments coalescent, traces of the segmentation still being visible in the presence of the vertex tubercle, the falx (sickle-shaped process), and a suture. Suborder INTEGRICIPITA

b. Flagellum of the antennae long and oval.

c. Usually elongate fleas, with a free-segmented flagellum of the antenna; thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite.

d. Genae of the head and the pronotum with ctenidia. NEOPSYLLIDAE

e. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; symmetrical; hind coxae with patch of spines inside; row of six spatulate spines on each side in front of the antennae. C. ornate found on a California mole. Corypsylla

ee. Labial palpi two-segmented, transparent, membranous. On hares. Spilopsyllus Baker

dd. No ctenidium on the head.

e. Pronotum with ctenidium. DOLICHOPSYLLIDAE

f. Labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical.

g. Antepygidial bristles one to three; eyes present.

h. Inner side of hind coxae distally with a comb of minute teeth; falx present. On rodents and carnivores. Odontopsyllus Baker

hh. Inner side of hind coxae without comb or teeth. Many North American species on rodents. CERATOPHYLLUS Curtis

gg. Antepygidial bristles five on each side; eyes absent; suture white. D. stylosus on rodents. Dolichopsyllus Baker

ff. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; asymmetrical (membranous behind), apex acute. Hoplopsyllus anomalus found on Spermophiles in Colorado. HOPLOPSYLLIDAE

ee. Pronotum without ctenidium. Anomiopsyllus californicus and nudatus on rodents. ANOMIOPSYLLIDAE

cc. Very short fleas; flagellum of the antenna with pseudo-segments coalescent; thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite. HECTOPSYLLIDAE

Flagellum of the antenna with six coalescent pseudo-segments; maxilla blunt. The chigger on man (fig. 93). D. PENETRANS. (= RHYNCHOPRION = SARCOPSYLLA) DERMATOPHILUS Guerin

bb. Flagellum short, round, free portion of the first segment shaped like a mandolin.

c. Thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite; flagellum either with free segments or in part with the segments coalescent.

d. Head and pronotum with ctenidium; labial palpi asymmetrical. ARCHAEOPSYLLIDAE

With four subfrontal, four genal, and one angular ctenidia. Widely distributed. CTENOCEPHALUS Kol.

e. Head rounded in front (fig. 92a). Dog flea. C. CANIS

ee. Head long and flat (fig. 92b). Cat flea. C. FELIS

dd. Neither head nor pronotum with ctenidium. Labial palpi asymmetrical, membranous behind. PULICIDAE

e. Mesosternite narrow, without internal rod-like thickening from the insertion of the coxae upwards. Human flea, etc. PULEX L.

ee. Mesosternite broad with a rod-like internal thickening from the insertion of the coxae upwards (fig. 89). X. (LOEMOPSYLLA) CHEOPIS, plague or rat flea. XENOPSYLLA

cc. Thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite. ECHIDNOPHAGIDAE. E. GALLINACEA, the hen flea also attacks man (fig. 96). (= ARGOPSYLLA = XESTOPSYLLA) ECHIDNOPHAGA Olliff.

FOOTNOTES:

Adapted from Banks, Nuttall, Warburton, Stiles, et al.

Dr. C. W. Stiles considers the species which is responsible for spotted fever distinct from the venustus of Banks, separating it as follows:

Goblet cells about 75 in the male or 105 in the female. Texas. D. venustus.

Goblet cells 157 in the male, or 120 in the female; stigmal plate shaped as shown in the figure (figs. 150 a, b). Montana, etc. D. ANDERSONI.

Professor C. R. Crosby who has been working upon certain capsids states that he and his assistant have been bitten by LYGUS PRATENSIS, the tarnished plant bug, by CHLAMYDATUS ASSOCIATUS and by ORTHOTYLUS FLAVOSPARSUS, though without serious results.

Species marked with an * are known to transmit malaria. Species found only in tropical North America and not known to carry malaria have been omitted from this table, but all found in the United States are included.

This table to the North American genera of the Tabanidae is adapted from one given by Miss Ricardo.

The classification of the Muscoidea as set forth by Schiner and other earlier writers has long been followed, although it is not satisfactory, being admittedly more or less artificial. Within the last two or three decades several schemes have been advanced, that of Brauer and Bergenstamm and of Girschner, with the modifications of Schnabl and Dziedzicki having obtained most favor in Europe. Townsend, in 1908, proposed a system which differs from Girschner's in some respects, but unfortunately it has not yet been published in sufficient detail to permit us to adopt it. From considerations of expediency we use here the arrangement given in Aldrich's Catalogue of North American Diptera, though we have drawn very freely upon Girschner's most excellent paper for taxonomic characters to separate the various groups.

It may sometimes be found that a species does not agree in all the characters with the synopsis; in this case it must be placed in the group with which it has the most characters in common.

There are several genera of flies of the family Cordyluridae; (i.e. Acalyptratae) which might be placed with the Anthomyiidae (i.e. Calyptratae), owing to the relatively large size of their squamae. As there is no single character which will satisfactorily separate all doubtful genera of these two groups we must arbitrarily fix the limits. In general those forms on the border line having a costal spine, or lower squama larger than the upper, or the lower surface of the scutellum more or less pubescent, or the eyes of the male nearly or quite contiguous, or the eyes hairy, or the frontal setae decussate in the female; or any combination of these characters may at once be placed with the Anthomyiidae. Those forms which lack these characteristics and have at least six abdominal segments (the first and second segments usually being more or less coalescent) are placed with the Acalyptrates. There are other acalyptrates with squamae of moderate size which have either no vibrissae, or have the subcosta either wholly lacking or coalescent in large part with R_1 or have spotted wings; they, therefore will not be confused with the calyptrates.

Pachymyia Macq. is closely related to Stomoxys. It differs in having the arista rayed both above and below. P. vexans, Brazil.

The genus Eudasyphora Town. has recently been erected to contain D. lasiophthalma.

Nitellia, usually included in this genus has the apical cell petiolate. Apollenia Bezzi, has recently been separated from Pollenia to contain the species P. nudiuscula. Both genera belong to the Eastern hemisphere.

The following three genera are not sufficiently well defined to place in this synopsis. In color and structural characters they are closely related to Cynomyia from which they may be distinguished as follows. Catapicephala Macq., represented by the species C. splendens from Java, has the setae on the facial ridges rising to the base of the antennae and has median marginal macrochaetae on the abdominal segments two to four: Blepharicnema Macq., represented by B. splendens from Venezuela has bare genae, oral setae not ascending; tibiae villose; claws short in both sexes; Sarconesia Bigot with the species S. chlorogaster from Chile, setose genae; legs slender, not villose; claws of the male elongate.

Plinthomyia Rdi. and Hemigymnochaeta Corti are related to Ochromyia, though too briefly described to place in the key.

APPENDIX

HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS AGAINST HOUSEHOLD INSECTS

The following directions for fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas are taken from Professor Herrick's circular published by the Cornell Reading Course:

Hydrocyanic acid gas has been used successfully against household insects and will probably be used more and more in the future. It is particularly effective against bed-bugs, and cockroaches, but because it is such a deadly poison it must be used very carefully.

The gas is generated from the salt potassium cyanid, by treating it with sulfuric acid diluted with water. Potassium cyanid is a most poisonous substance and the gas emanating from it is also deadly to most, if not all, forms of animal life. The greatest care must always be exercised in fumigating houses or rooms in buildings that are occupied. Before fumigation a house should be vacated. It is not necessary to move furniture or belongings except brass or nickel objects, which may be somewhat tarnished, and butter, milk, and other larder supplies that are likely to absorb gas. If the nickel and brass fixtures or objects are carefully covered with blankets they will usually be sufficiently protected.

There may be danger in fumigating one house in a solid row of houses if there is a crack in the walls through which the gas may find its way. It also follows that the fumigation of one room in a house may endanger the occupants of an adjoining room if the walls between the two rooms are not perfectly tight. It is necessary to keep all these points in mind and to do the work deliberately and thoughtfully. The writer has fumigated a large college dormitory of 253 rooms, once a year for several years, without the slightest accident of any kind. In order to fumigate this building about 340 pounds of cyanid and the same amount of sulfuric acid were used each time. In addition to this, the writer has fumigated single rooms and smaller houses with the gas. In one instance the generating jars were too small; the liquid boiled over and injured the floors and the rugs. Such an accident should be avoided by the use of large jars and by placing old rugs or a quantity of newspapers beneath the jars.

THE PROPORTIONS OF INGREDIENTS

Experiments and experience have shown that the potassium cyanid should be ninety-eight per cent pure in order to give satisfactory results. The purchaser should insist on the cyanid being of at least that purity, and it should be procurable at not more than forty cents per pound. The crude form of sulfuric acid may be used. It is a thickish, brown liquid and should not cost more than four or five cents a pound. If a room is made tight, one ounce of cyanid for every one hundred cubic feet of space has been shown to be sufficient. It is combined with the acid and water in the following proportions:

Potassium cyanid 1 ounce Commercial sulfuric acid 1 fluid ounce Water 3 fluid ounces

A SINGLE ROOM AS AN EXAMPLE

Suppose a room to be 12 by 15 by 8 feet. It will contain 12 x 15 x 8, or 1440 cubic feet. For convenience the writer always works on the basis of complete hundreds; in this case he would work on the basis of 1500 cubic feet, and thus be sure to have enough. The foregoing room, then, would require 15 ounces of cyanid, 15 ounces of sulfuric acid, and 45 ounces of water. The room should be made as tight as possible by stopping all the larger openings, such as fireplaces and chimney flues, with old rags or blankets. Cracks about windows or in other places should be sealed with narrow strips of newspaper well soaked in water. Strips of newspaper two or three inches wide that have been thoroughly soaked in water may be applied quickly and effectively over the cracks around the window sash and elsewhere. Such strips will stick closely for several hours and may be easily removed at the conclusion of the work.

While the room is being made tight, the ingredients should be measured according to the formula already given. The water should be measured and poured first into a stone jar for holding at least two gallons. The jar should be placed in the middle of the room, with an old rug or several newspapers under it in order to protect the floor.

The required amount of sulfuric acid should then be poured rather slowly into the water. This process must never be reversed; that is, the acid must never be poured into the jar first. The cyanid should be weighed and put into a paper bag beside the jar. All hats, coats, or other articles that will be needed before the work is over should be removed from the room. When everything is ready the operator should drop the bag of cyanid gently into the jar, holding his breath, and should walk quickly out of the room. The steam-like gas does not rise immediately under these conditions, and ample time is given for the operator to walk out and shut the door. If preferred, however, the paper bag may be suspended by a string passing through a screw eye in the ceiling and then through the keyhole of the door. In this case the bag may be lowered from the outside after the operator has left the room and closed the door.

The writer has most often started the fumigation toward evening and left it going all night, opening the doors in the morning. The work can be done, however, at any time during the day and should extend over a period of five or six hours at least. It is said that better results will be obtained in a temperature of 70^o F., or above, than at a lower degree.

At the close of the operation the windows and doors may be opened from the outside. In the course of two or three hours the gas should be dissipated enough to allow a person to enter the room without danger. The odor of the gas is like that of peach kernels and is easily recognized. The room should not be occupied until the odor has disappeared.

FUMIGATING A LARGE HOUSE

The fumigation of a large house is merely a repetition, in each room and hall, of the operations already described for a single room. All the rooms should be made tight, and the proper quantities of water and sulfuric acid should be measured and poured into jars placed in each room with the cyanid in bags besides the jars. When all is ready, the operator should go to the top floor and work downward because the gas is lighter than air and tends to rise.

PRECAUTIONS

The cyanid should be broken up into small pieces not larger than small eggs. This can best be done on a cement or brick pavement. It would be advantageous to wear gloves in order to protect the hands, although the writer has broken many pounds of cyanid without any protection on the hands. Wash the hands thoroughly at frequent intervals in order to remove the cyanid.

The operations of the work must be carried out according to directions.

The work should be done by a calm, thoughtful and careful person--best by one who has had some experience.

Conspicuous notices of what has been done should be placed on the doors, and the doors should be locked so that no one can stray into the rooms.

The gas is lighter than air, therefore one should always begin in the rooms at the top of the house and work down.

After fumigation is over the contents of the jar should be emptied into the sewer or some other safe place. The jars should be washed thoroughly before they are used again.

It must be remembered that cyanid is a deadly poison; but it is very efficient against household insects, if carefully used, and is not particularly dangerous when properly handled.

LESIONS PRODUCED BY THE BITE OF THE BLACK-FLY

While this text was in press there came to hand an important paper presenting a phase of the subject of black fly injury so different from others heretofore given that we deem it expedient to reproduce here the author's summary. The paper was published in The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases, for November and December, 1914, under the title of "A Clinical, Pathological and Experimental Study of the Lesions Produced by the Bite of the Black Fly (Simulium venustum)," by Dr. John Hinchman Stokes, of the University of Michigan.

RESUME AND DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS

The principal positive result of the work has been the experimental reproduction of the lesion produced by the black-fly in characteristic histological detail by the use of preserved flies. The experimental lesions not only reproduced the pathological pictures, but followed a clinical course, which in local symptomatology especially, tallied closely with that of the bite. This the writer interprets as satisfactory evidence that the lesion is not produced by any living infective agent. The experiments performed do not identify the nature of the toxic agent. Tentatively they seem to bring out, however, the following characteristics.

1. The product of alcoholic extraction of flies do not contain the toxic agent.

2. The toxic agent is not inactivated by alcohol.

3. The toxic agent is not destroyed by drying fixed flies.

4. The toxic agent is not affected by glycerin, but is, if anything, more active in pastes made from the ground fly and glycerin, than in the ground flies as such.

5. The toxic agent is rendered inactive or destroyed by hydrochloric acid in a concentration of 0.25%.

6. The toxic agent is most abundant in the region of the anatomical structures connected with the biting and salivary apparatus (head and thorax).

7. The toxic agent is not affected by a 0.5% solution of sodium bicarbonate.

8. The toxic agent is not affected by exposure to dry heat at 100^o C. for two hours.

9. The toxic agent is destroyed or rendered inactive in alkaline solution by a typical hydrolytic ferment, pancreatin.

10. Incomplete experimental evidence suggests that the activity of the toxic agent may be heightened by a possible lytic action of the blood serum of a sensitive individual, and that the sensitive serum itself may contain the toxic agent in solution.

These results, as far as they go (omitting No. 10), accord with Langer's except on the point of alcoholic solubility and the effect of acids. The actual nature of the toxic agent in the black-fly is left a matter of speculation.

The following working theories have suggested themselves to the writer. First, the toxin may be, as Langer believes in the case of the bee, an alkaloidal base, toxic as such, and neutralized after injection by antibodies produced for the occasion by the body. In such a case the view that a partial local fixation of the toxin occurs, which prevents its immediate diffusion, is acceptable. Through chemotactic action, special cells capable of breaking up the toxin into harmless elements are attracted to the scene. Their function may be, on the other hand, to neutralize directly, not by lysis. This would explain the role of the eosinophiles in the black-fly lesion. If their activities be essential to the destruction or neutralization of the toxin, one would expect them to be most numerous where there was least reaction. This would be at the site of a bite in an immune individual. A point of special interest for further investigation, would be the study of such a lesion.

Second, it is conceivable that the injected saliva of the fly does not contain an agent toxic as such. It is possible, that like many foreign proteins, it only becomes toxic when broken down. The completeness and rapidity of the breaking down depends on the number of eosinophiles present. In such a case immunity should again be marked by intense eosinophilia.

Third, lytic agents in the blood serum may play the chief role in the liberation of the toxic agent from its non-toxic combination. An immune individual would then be one whose immunity was not the positive one of antibody formation, but the negative immunity of failure to metabolize. An immune lesion in such a case might be conceived as presenting no eosinophilia, since no toxin is liberated. If the liberation of the toxin is dependent upon lytic agents present in the serum rather than in any cellular elements, a rational explanation would be available for the apparent results (subject to confirmation) of the experiment with sensitive and immune sera. In this experiment it will be recalled that the sensitive serum seemed to bring out the toxicity of the ground flies, and the serum itself seemed even to contain some of the dissolved or liberated toxin. The slowness with which a lesion develops in the case of the black-fly bite supports the view of the initial lack of toxicity of the injected material. The entire absence of early subjective symptoms, such as pain, burning, etc., is further evidence for this view. It would appear as if no reaction occurred until lysis of an originally non-toxic substance had begun. Regarding the toxin itself as the chemotactic agent which attracts eosinophiles, its liberation in the lytic process and diffusion through the blood stream attracts the cells in question to the point at which it is being liberated. Arriving upon the scene, these cells assist in its neutralization.

The last view presented is the one to which the author inclines as the one which most adequately explains the phenomena.

A fourth view is that the initial injection of a foreign protein by the fly (i.e., with the first bite) sensitizes the body to that protein. Its subsequent injection at any point in the skin gives rise to a local expression of systematic sensitization. Such local sensitization reactions have been described by Arthus and Breton, by Hamburger and Pollack and by Cowie. The description of such a lesion given by the first named authors, in the rabbit, however, does not suggest, histopathologically at least, a strong resemblance to that of the black-fly. Such an explanation of many insect urticariae deserves further investigation, however, and may align them under cutaneous expressions of anaphylaxis to a foreign protein injected by the insect. Depending on the chemical nature of the protein injected, a specific chemotactic reaction like eosinophilia may or may not occur. Viewed in this light the development of immunity to insect bites assumes a place in the larger problem of anaphylaxis.

SUMMARY

In order to bring the results of the foregoing studies together, the author appends the following resume of the clinical data presented in the first paper.

The black-fly, Simulium venustum, inflicts a painless bite, with ecchymosis and haemorrhage at the site of puncture. A papulo-vesicular lesion upon an urticarial base slowly develops, the full course of the lesion occupying several days to several weeks. Marked differences in individual reaction occur, but the typical course involves four stages. These are, in chronological order, the papular stage, the vesicular or pseudovesicular, the mature vesico-papular or weeping papular stage and the stage of involution terminating in a scar. The papule develops in from 3 to 24 hours. The early pseudovesicle develops in 24 to 48 hours. The mature vesico-papular lesion develops by the third to fifth day and may last from a few days to three weeks. Involution is marked by cessation of oozing, subsidence of the papule and scar-like changes at the site of the lesion. The symptoms accompanying this cycle consist of severe localized or diffused pruritus, with some heat and burning in the earlier stages if the oedema is marked. The pruritus appears with the pseudovesicular stage and exhibits extraordinary persistence and a marked tendency to periodic spontaneous exacerbation. The flies tend to group their bites and confluence of the developing lesions in such cases may result in extensive oedema with the formation of oozing and crusted plaques. A special tendency on the part of the flies to attack the skin about the cheeks, eyes and the neck along the hair line and behind the ears, is noted. In these sites inflammation and oedema may be extreme.

A distinctive satellite adenopathy of the cervical glands develops in the majority of susceptible persons within 48 hours after being bitten in the typical sites. This adenopathy is marked, discrete and painful, the glands often exquisitely tender on pressure. It subsides without suppuration.

Immunity may be developed to all except the earliest manifestations, by repeated exposures. Such an immunity in natives of an infested locality is usually highly developed. There are also apparently seasonal variations in the virulence of the fly and variations in the reaction of the same individual to different bites.

Constitutional effects were not observed but have been reported.

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HINDLE, E. 1911 a. The relapsing fever of tropical Africa. A Review. Parasitology, iv, p. 183-203.

---- 1911 b. On the life cycle of Spirochaeta gallinarum. ibid., iv. p. 463-477.

HINDLE, E. and MERRIMAN, G. 1914. The range of flight of Musca domestica. Journ. of Hygiene, xiv. p. 23-45.

HINE, J. S. 1903. Tabanidae of Ohio. Papers Ohio Acad. Sci. No. 5, 55 p.

---- 1906. Habits and life-histories of some flies of the family Tabanidae. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. tech. bul. 12, p. 19-38.

---- 1907. Second report upon the horse-flies of Louisiana. La. Stat. Exp. Bul. 93, p. 1-59.

HODGE, C. F. 1910. A practical point in the study of the typhoid, or filth-fly. Nature Study Review, vi, p. 195-199.

---- 1913. The distance house-flies, blue-bottles, and stable flies may travel over water. Science, n. s. xxxviii, p. 513.

HONEIJ, J. A. and PARKER, R. R. 1914. Leprosy: flies in relation to the transmission of the disease. Journ. Med. Research, Boston, xxx, p. 127-130.

HOOKER, W. A. 1908 a. Life history, habits, and methods of study of the Ixodoidea. Jour. Econ. Ent. i, p. 34-51.

---- 1908 b. A review of the present knowledge of the role of ticks in the transmission of disease. ibid., i, p. 65-76.

HOPE, F. W. 1837. On insects and their larvae occasionally found in the human body. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, ii, p. 256-271.

HOUGH, G. DE N. 1899 a. Synopsis of the Calliphorinae of the United States. Zoological Bulletin, ii, p. 283-290.

---- 1899 b. Some Muscinae of North America, Biological Bulletin i, p. 19-33.

---- 1899 c. Some North American Genera of Calliphorinae. Entom. News, x, p. 62-66.

HOVARTH, G. 1912. Revision of the American Cimicidae. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, x, p. 257-262.

HOWARD, C. W. 1908. A list of the ticks of South Africa, with descriptions and keys to all the forms known. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 1, p. 73-170.

HOWARD, C. W. and CLARK, P. F. 1912. Experiments on insect transmission of the virus of poliomyelitis. Journ. Exper. Med. xvi, p. 805-859.

HOWARD, L. O. 1899. Spider bites and kissing bugs. Pop. Sci. Mo. lv, p. 31-42.

---- 1900. A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excrement. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 541-604.

---- 1901. Mosquitoes, how they live, how they carry disease, how they are classified, how they may be destroyed. 8vo. New York, Doubleday, Page & Co. (xv + 241 p.)

---- 1909. Economic loss to the people of the United States, through insects that carry disease. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. of Ent. Bul. 78, p. 1-40.

HOWARD, L. O., DYAR, H. G. and KNAB, F. 1913-. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. I. A general consideration of mosquitoes, their habits, and their relations to the human species. 4^o. Carnegie Institution of Washington (vii + 520 p.).

HOWARD, L. O. and MARLATT, C. L. 1902. The principal household insects of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 4.

HUEBNER, W. 1907. Ueber das Pfeilgift der Kalahari. Arch. exper. Path. und Pharm., lvii, p. 358-366.

HUNTER, S. J. 1913. Pellagra and the sand-fly. Jour. econ. Ent. vi, p. 96-99.

HUNTER, W. D. 1913. American interest in medical entomology. Jour. econ. Ent. vi, p. 27-39.

HUNTER, W. D. and BISHOPP, F. C. 1910. Some of the more important ticks of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. Yearbook 1910, p. 219-230, pls. xv-xvi.

---- 1911. The Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. With special reference to the problem of its control in the Bitter Root Valley in Montana. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 105, p. 1-47.

HUTCHISON, R. H. 1914. The migratory habit of housefly larvae as indicating a favorable remedial measure. An account of progress. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bul. 14, p. 1-11.

JENNINGS, A. H. 1914. Summary of two years' study of insects in relation to pellagra. Journ. of Parasitology, i, p. 10-21.

JENNINGS, A. H. and KING, W. V. 1913. One of the possible factors in the causation of pellagra. Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., lx, p. 271-274.

JEPSON, F. P. 1909. Notes on colouring flies for purposes of identification. Rep't to the Local Gov't Board on Publ. Health, n. s. 16, p. 4-9.

JOHANNSEN, O. A. 1903. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera. N. Y. State Mus. Bul., 68, p. 328-448, pls. 32-50.

---- 1905. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera II. (Chironomidae). ibid. 86, p. 76-330, pls. 16-37.

---- 1908. North America Chironomidae. ibid., 124, p. 264-285.

---- 1911. The typhoid fly and its allies. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul., 401, p. 1-7.

---- 1911. Simulium and pellagra. Insect Notes for 1910. Maine Agr. Exper. Station. Bul. 187, p. 4.

KELLOGG, V. L. 1915. Spider poison. Jour. of Parasitology, i, p. 107+

KELLY, H. A. 1907. Walter Reed and yellow fever. 8vo. New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. (xix + 310 p.).

KEPHART, CORNELIA F. 1914. The poison glands of the larva of the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.). Journ. Parasit., i, p.

KIEFFER, J. J. 1906. Chironomidae. Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 42, p. 1-78.

---- 1913. Nouv. etude sur les Chironomides de l'Indien Museum de Calcutta. Records of the Indian Mus., ix, p. 119-197.

KING, A. F. A. 1883. Insects and disease--mosquitoes and malaria. Pop. Sci. Mo. xxiii, p. 644-658.

KIRKLAND, A. H. 1907. Second annual report of the Superintendent for suppressing the gypsy and browntail moths. 8vo. Boston. 170 p.

KLEINE, E. 1909. Postive Infektionsversuche mit Trypanosoma brucei durch Glossina palpalis. Deutsche med. Wochenschr., xxxv, p. 469-470.

Weitere wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen uber die Entwicklung von Trypanosomen in Glossinen. ibid. p. 924-925.

Weitere Untersuchungen uber die Aetiologie der Schlafkrankheit. ibid., p. 1257-1260.

Weitere Beobachtungen uber Tsetsefliegen und Trypanosomen. ibid., p. 1956-1958.

KLING, C. and LEVADITI, C. 1913. Etudes sur la poliomyelite aigue epidemique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, p. 718-749, 739-855.

KNAB, F. 1912. Unconsidered factors in disease-transmission by blood-sucking insects. Journ. Econ. Ent., v, p. 196-200.

---- 1913 a. The species of Anopheles that transmit human malaria. Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Preventive Med., i, p. 24-43.

---- 1913 b. Anopheles and malaria. ibid., i, p. 217.

---- 1913 c. The life history of Dermatobia hominis. ibid., i, p. 464-468.

KNAB, F. See Howard, Dyar, and Knab.

KOBERT, R. 1893. Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen. 4^o. Stuttgart, Enke. (xxii + 816 p.). 2d ed. in 2 vols., 1906.

---- 1901. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Giftspinnen. 8^o. Stuttgart, Enke. (viii + 191 p.).

KOLBE, H. J. 1894. Der Pfeilgiftkafer der Kalahari-Wuste, Diamphidia simplex. Stett. Ent. Zeitg., iv, p. 79-86.

KRAUSE, M. 1907. Untersuchungen uber Pfeilgifte aus unseren africanischen Kolonien. Verhand. deutsche Kolonien kong. 1905. p. 264-288.

LALLIER, P. 1897. Etude sur la myase du tube digestif chez l'homme. Thesis, Paris, 8^o. 120 p.

LANGER, J. 1897. Ueber das Gift unserer Honigbiene. Archiv. exper. Path. und Pharm., xxxviii, p. 381-396.

LAVINDER, C. H. 1911. Pellagra: a precis. U. S. Publ. Health Service Bul. 48, 37 p.

LEIDY, J. 1847. History and anatomy of the hemipterous genus Belostoma. Journ. Acad. Philad. (2), i, p. 57-67.

LEIPER, R. T. 1907. The etiology and prophylaxis of dracontiasis. British Med. Journ. 1907, p. 129-132.

LEISHMAN, W. B. 1910 a. Observations on the mechanism of infection in tick fever and on the hereditary transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni in the tick. Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., iii, p. 77-95. Abstr. in Bul. Inst. Pasteur, viii, p. 312-313.

---- 1910 b. On the hereditary transmission and mechanism of infection in tick fever and on the hereditary transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni in the tick. Lancet., clxxvii, p. 11.

LINNELL, R. McC. 1914. Notes on a case of death following the sting of a scorpion. Lancet, 1914, p. 1608-1609.

LIVINGSTONE, D. 1857. Missionary travels and researches in South Africa.

LUCAS, H. 1843. (note) Latrodectus malmignatus Bul. Soc. Ent., France, 1843, p. viii.

LUDLOW, C. S. 1914. Disease bearing mosquitoes of North and Central America, the West Indies and the Philippine Islands. War Dept., Office of Surgeon General. Bul. No. 4, 1-96.

LUGGER, 1896. Insects injurious in 1896. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48. p. 33 to 270.

MacCALLUM, W. C. 1898. On the haematozoan infection of birds. Journ. Exp. Med. iii, p. 117.

MacGREGOR, M. E. 1914. The posterior stigmata of dipterous larvae as a diagnostic character. Parasitology, vii, p. 176-188.

MacLOSKIE, G. 1888. The poison apparatus of the mosquito. Amer. Naturalist, xxii, p. 884-888.

MALLOCH, J. P. 1913. American black-flies or Buffalo gnats. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bul. 26, p. 1-72.

---- 1914. Notes on North American Diptera. Bul. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., x, p. 213-243.

MANSON, P. 1911. Tropical diseases: a manual of the diseases of warm climates. 8^o. London, Cassell & Co. (xx + 876 p.). 4 ed. (1907). Reprinted.

MARCHOUX, E. and COUVY, L. 1913. Argas et spirochaetes (1 memoire). Les granules de Leishman. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, p. 450-480. 2 memoire. Le virus chez l'acarien. ibid. p. 620-643.

MARCHOUX, E. and SELIMBENI, A. 1903. La spirillose des poules. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xvii, p. 569-580.

MARCHOUX, E. and SIMOND, P. L. 1905. Etudes sur la fievre jaune. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xx, pp. 16-40, 104-148, 161-205.

MARLATT, C. L. 1902. (See Howard, L. O. and Marlatt, C. L.)

---- 1907. The bed-bug (Cimex lectularius L.) U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Circ. No. 47, revised ed., 8 pp.

MARTIN, G. LEBOEUF, and ROUBAUD. 1909. Rapport de la mission d'etudes de la maladie du sommeil au Congo francais. 4^o. Paris, Masson & Cie. (vi + 722 p., 8 pls. and map.).

MAVER, MARIA B. 1911. Transmission of spotted fever by other than Montana and Idaho ticks. Journ. Infec. Dis., viii, p. 322-326.

McCLINTIC, T. B. 1912. Investigations of and tick eradications in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Publ. Health Repts., Washington, xxvii, p. 732-760.

MECKEL, H. 1847. Uber schwarzes Pigment in der Milz und im Blute einer Geisteskranken. Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie, iv, p. 198-226.

MEGNI, P. 1906. Les insectes buveurs de sang. 12mo. Paris, Rudeval. (150 p.).

MELNIKOFF, N. 1869. Ueber die Jugendzustande der Taenia cucumerina. Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv, p. 62-70.

MENSE, C. 1913. Handbuch der Tropenkrankheiten. 1 Band. 4^o. Leipzig, Barth (xv + 295 p.) Entomological parts by A. Eysell, and by Doerr and Russ.

MINCHIN, E. A. 1912. An introduction to the study of the Protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms. 8^o. London. Arnold (xi + 517 p.).

MITCHELL, EVELYN G. 1907. Mosquito life. 8vo. New York, Putmans. (xxii + 281 p.).

MITZMAIN, M. B. 1910. General observations on the bionomics of the rodent and human flies. U. S. Publ. Health Service. Bul., 38, p. 1-34.

---- 1912. The role of Stomoxys calcitrans in the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi. Philippine Journ. Sci., vii, p. 475-519, 5 pls.

---- 1913 a. The biology of Tabanus striatus Fabricius, the horsefly of the Philippines. ibid., vii, B. p. 197-221.

---- 1913 b. The mechanical transmission of surra. ibid., viii, sec. B., p. 223-229.

---- 1914 a. Experimental insect transmission of anthrax. U. S. Public Health Repts. xxix, p. 75-77.

---- 1914 b. I. Collected studies on the insect transmission of Trypanosoma evansi. II. Summary of experiments in the transmission of anthrax by biting flies. U. S. Pub. Health Service, Hyg. Lab. Bul., 94, p. 1-48.

MIYAKE, H. and SCRIBA, J. 1893. Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber einen neuen Parasit des Menschen. Berl. klin. Wochenschr., xxx, p. 374.

MOLLERS, B. 1907. Experimentelle Studien uber die Uebertragung des Ruckfallfiebers durch Zecken. Zeitschr. fur Hyg. u. Infektionskrankheiten, lviii, p. 277-286.

MOTE, D. C. 1914. The cheese-skipper (Piophila casei). Ohio Naturalist xiv, p. 309-310.

NEIVA, A. 1910. Beitrage zur Biologie der Conorhinus megistus Burm. Memorias de Institute Oswaldo Cruz., ii, p. 206-212.

NEVEU-LEMAIRE, M. 1907. Un nouveau cas de parasitisme accidental d'un myriapode dans le tube digestif de l'homme, C. R. Soc. der Biol., lxiii p. 305-308.

---- 1908. Precis de parasitologie humaine. 8vo. Paris, Rudeval. (v + 712 p.).

NEWSTEAD, R. 1911. The papataci flies (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands. Bul. of Ent. Research, ii, p. 47-78, pls. 1-3.

NICOLL, W. 1911. On the part played by flies in the disposal of the eggs of parasitic worms. Repts. to the Local Gov't. Board on Publ. Health and Med. Subjects, n. s. No. 53, p. 13-30.

NICOLLE, C. 1910, Recherches experimentales sur la typhus exanthematique entreprises a l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis pendant l'annee 1909. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxiv, p. 243-275.

---- 1911. Recherches experimentales sur la typhus exanthematique entreprises a l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis pendant l'annee 1910. ibid., xxv, p. 1-55, 97-154.

NICOLLE, C., BLAIZOT, A., and CONSEIL, E. 1912 a. Etiologie de la fievre recurrente. Son mode de transmission par le pou. C. R. Acad. Sci., cliv, p. 1636-1638.

---- 1912 b. Conditions de transmission de la fievre recurrente par le pou. ibid., clv., p. 481-484.

NICOLLE, C. and CATOUILLARD, G. 1905. Sur le venin d'un scorpion commun de Tunisie (Heterometrus maurus). C. R. Soc. Biol. lviii: p. 100-102.

NOE, G. 1901. Sul ciclo evolutivo della Filaria bancrofti e delta Filaria immitis. Ricerche labr. anat. comp. norm. Univ. di Roma., viii, p. 275-353.

NORMAN, W. W. 1896. The effect of the poison of centipedes. Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., i, p. 118-119.

NUTTALL, G. H. F. 1899. On the role of insects, arachnids, and myriapods as carriers in the spread of bacterial and parasitic diseases of man and animals. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Repts., viii, 154 p., 3 pls.

---- 1908 a. On the behavior of Spirochaetae in Acanthia lectularia. Parasitology, i, p. 143-151.

---- 1908 b. The transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by fleas and lice. ibid., i, p. 296-301.

---- 1908 c. The Ixodoidea or ticks, spirochaetosis in man and animals, piroplasmosis. Journ. Roy. Inst. Publ. Health, xvi, p. 385-403, 449-464, 513-526.

---- 1914. Tick paralysis in man and animals. Parasitology, vii, p. 95-104.

NUTTALL, G. H. F. and JEPSON, F. P. 1909. The part played by Musca domestica and allied (non-biting) flies in the spread of infective diseases. A summary of our present knowledge. Rept. to the Local Gov't Board on Publ. Health and Med. Subjects, n. s. 16, p. 13-41.

NUTTALL, G. H. F. and SHIPLEY, E. A. 1901-03. Studies in relation to malaria. The structure and biology of Anopheles. Journ. Hyg., vols. i, ii, and iii.

ORTH, J. 1910. Ueber die Beziehungungen der Haarsackmilbe zu Krebsbildungen in der Mamma. Berliner klin. Wochenschr., xlvii, p. 452-453.

OSBORN, HERBERT. 1896. Insects affecting domestic animals. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. of Ent. Bul., 5, n. s., 302 p.

---- 1902. Poisonous insects. Article in Reference Handbook. Med. Sci., v, p. 158-169.

OSLER, W. 1887. An address on the Haematozoa of malaria. British Med. Jour. i. p. 556.

OSTEN SACKEN, C. R. 1875-78, Prodrome of a Monograph of North American Tabanidae. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 365-397, 421-479, and 555-566.

OUDEMANS, A. C. 1910. Neue Ansichten uber die Morphologie des Flohkopfes, sowie uber die Ontogenie, Phylogenie und Systematik der Flohe. Novit. Zool., xvi, p. 133-158.

PATTON, W. S. 1907. Preliminary report on the development of the Leishman-Donovan body in the bed-bug. Sci. Mem., Med. and Sanitary Dept., Gov't of India, 28, p. 1-19.

PATTON, W. S. and CRAGG, F. W. 1913. A textbook of medical entomology. 4^o. London, Christian Literature Society for India. (xxxiv + 764 p.)

PAWLOWSKY, E. 1906. Ueber den Steck- und Saug-apparat der Pediculiden. Zeitschr. wiss. Insektenbiol., ii, p. 156-162, 198-204.

PAWLOWSKY, E. 1913. Scorpiotomische Mitteilungen. I. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie des Giftdrusen der Skorpione. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., cv., p. 157-177. Taf. x-xi.

PEPPER, W., SCHNAUSS, F. W., and SMITH, A. J. 1908. Transient parasitism in men by a species of Rhizoglyphus. Univ. of Pa. Med. Bul. xxi, p. 274-277.

PETROVSKAIA, MARIA. 1910. Sur les myases produites chez l'homme par les Oestrides (Gastrophilus et Rhinoestrus). These, Fac. de medecine, Paris, 79 p.

PETTIT, A. and KROHN, A. 1905. Sur la structure des glandes salivaires du Notonecte (Notonecta glauca). Arch. anat. micr. Paris, vii, p. 351-368, pl. 13.

PHISALIX, MME. 1900. Un venin volatil. Secretion cutanee du Iulus terrestris. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1900, p. 1033-1036.

---- 1912. Effets physiologiques du venin de la Mygale de Haiti, le Phormictopus cancerides Pocock. Effets physiologiques du venin de la Mygale de Corse (Cteniza sauvaga Rossi); Bul. Mus. Paris, 1912: 134-138.

PORTSCHINSKY, I. A. 1908. Rhinoestrus purpureus, a parasite of horses which deposits its larvae in the eyes of man. Mss. transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., Cornell University.

---- 1910. Biology of Stomoxys calcitrans and other coprophagous flies. Monograph in Russian. Mss. summarized transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in Library of Ent. Dept., C. U.

---- 1911. Gastrophilus intestinalis. Mss. transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., C. U.

---- 1913 a. The sheep gad-fly, Oestrus ovis, its life, habits, methods of combating it, and its relation to man. Russian. Mss. summarized trans. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., C. U.

---- 1913 b. Muscina stabulans. A monograph in Russian. Mss., trans. by J. Millman, in library of Ent. Dept., Cornell Univ.

PROWAZEK, S. 1905. Studien uber Saugetiertrypanosomen. Arb. aus dem kais. Gesundheitsamte xxii, p. 351-395.

PUSEY, W. A. 1911. The principles and practice of dermatology. 2 ed, 8vo. Appleton & Co. (1079 p.)

RABINOWITSCH, L. and KEMPNER, W. 1899. Beitrag zur Kentniss der Blutparasiten, speciell der Ratten trypanosomen. Zeitschr. f. Hyg. xxx, p. 251-291.

RANSOM, B. H. 1904. An account of the tape worms of the genus Hymenolepis parasitic in man. Bul. No. 18, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hosp. Serv., Wash., p. 1-138.

---- 1911. The life history of a parasitic nematode, Hebronema muscae. Science n. s. xxxiv, p. 690-692.

---- 1913. The life history of Habronema muscae, (Carter), a parasite of the horse transmitted by the house-fly. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Animal, Ind. Bul. 163, p. 1-36.

REAUMUR, R. A. F. DE. 1738. Memoires pour servir a l'histoirie des insectes. Histoire des cousins, iv, p. 573-636.

REED, WALTER. 1900. The etiology of yellow fever. Philadelphia Med. Jour. Oct. 27, 1900, vi, p. 790-796.

REED, W. and CARROLL, J. 1901. The prevention of yellow fever. Med. Record, Oct. 26, 1901, p. 441-449.

REUTER, ENZIO. 1910. Acari und Geschwulstatiologie. Centralbl. Bakt. Jena. Abt. 1 lvi.; Originale 339-344.

REUTER, O. M. 1912. Bemerkungen uber mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofv. Finska Vetensk. Soc. Forh., liv. Afd. A. vi, p. 1-62.

RIBAGA, C. 1897. Sopra un organo particolare della Cimici dei letti (Cimex lectularius L.). Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, v, p. 343-352.

RICARDO, GERTRUDE. 1900. Notes on the Pangoninae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. v, p. 97-121.

---- 1901. Further Notes on the Pangoninae. ibid. viii, p. 286-315.

---- 1904. Notes on the smaller genera of the Tabanidae. ibid. xiv, P. 349-373.

RICKETTS, H. T. 1906-1910. Contributions to medical sciences by Howard Taylor Ricketts. 1870-1910. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1911.

---- 1909. A microorganism which apparently has a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A preliminary report. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. iii, p. 373-380.

---- Spotted fever reports 1 and 2. In the 4th Bien. Rept. State Board of Health, Montana, 1909, p. 87-191.

RICKETTS, H. T. and WILDER, R. M. 1910. The transmission of the typhus fever of Mexico (tabardillo) by means of the louse, Pediculus vestimenti. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc. liv. p. 1304.

RILEY, C. V. and HOWARD, L. O. 1889. A contribution to the literature of fatal spider-bites. Insect life, Washington, i. p. 204-211.

RILEY, W. A. 1906. A case of pseudoparasitism by dipterous larvae. Canadian Ent. xxxviii, p. 413.

---- 1910 a. Earlier references to the relation of flies to disease. Science n. s. xxxi, p. 263-4.

---- 1910 b. Dipylidium caninum in an American child. Science n. s. xxxi, p. 349-350.

---- 1911. The relation of insects to disease. Cornell Countryman ix, P. 51-55.

---- 1912 a. Notes on the relation of insects to disease. 8vo. Ithaca, N. Y. 51 p.

---- 1912 b. Notes on animal parasites and parasitism. 8vo. Ithaca, N. Y. 55 p.

---- 1913. Some sources of laboratory material for work on the relations of insects to disease. Ent. News. xxiv, p. 172-175.

---- 1914. Mr. Nott's theory of insect causation of disease. Jour. of Parasitology. i, p. 37-39.

ROSENAU, M. J. and BRUES, C. T. 1912. Some experimental observations on monkeys, concerning the transmission of poliomyelitis through the agency of Stomoxys calcitrans. Monthly Bul. Mass. State Board of Health. Vol. vii, p. 314-317.

ROSS, R. 1904. Researches on Malaria. The Nobel Medical Prize Lecture for 1902, Stockholm, Norstedt & Soner. 89 p. 9 pls. In "Les Prix Nobel en 1902."

---- 1910. The prevention of malaria. 4^o. New York. Dutton & Co. (xx + 669 p.).

ROTHSCHILD, N. C. 1905 a. North American Ceratophyllus. Novitates Zoologicae xii, p. 153-174.

---- 1905 b. Some further notes on Pulex canis and P. felis. ibid. xii, p. 192-193.

ROUBAUD, E. 1911. Les Choeromyies. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, cliii, p. 553.

---- 1913. Recherches sur les Auchmeromyies. Bul. Sci. France et Belg. Paris, p. 105-202.

SACHS, HANS. 1902. Zur Kentniss der Kreuzspinnengiftes. Beitr. Chem. hysiol. ii, p. 125-133. Abstr. Centralbl. Bakter. 1. Abth. xxxi., Referate, p. 788.

SAMBON, L. W. 1908. Report presented at the International Conference on Sleeping Sickness.

---- 1910. Progress report on the investigation of pellagra. Reprinted from the Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg.; London; Bale, Sons and Danielsson, 12^o. 125 p.

SANDERSON, E. D. 1910. Controlling the black-fly in the White Mountains. Jour. Econ. Ent. iii, p. 27-29.

SAUL, E. 1910. Untersuchungen uber Beziehungen der Acari zur Geschwulstatiologie. Centralbl. Bakt. Jena, Abt. 1, lv, Originale, p. 15-18.

SAUL, E. 1913. Beziehungen des Helminthen und Acari zur Geschwulstatiologie. ibid., Abt. 1, lxxi, Originale, p. 59-65.

SAWYER, W. A. and HERMS, W. B. 1913. Attempts to transmit poliomyelitis by means of the stable-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc. lxi, p. 461-466.

SCHAUDINN, F. 1904. Generations- und Wirtwechsel bei Trypanosoma und Spirochaete. Arb. aus dem kais. Gesundheitsamte xx, p. 387-493.

SCHINER, J. R. 1862-64. Fauna Austriaca. Diptera, Vienna, I, lxxx + 674; II, xxiii + 658.

SCHNABL, J. and DZIEDZICKI, H. 1911. Die Anthomyiden 4to. Halle. p. 1-306.

SCHWEINITZ, G. E. DE and SHUMWAY, E. A. 1904. Conjunctivitis nodosa, with histological examination. Univ. of Pa. Med. Bul., Nov. 1904.

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INDEX

Abscess, 178

Acanthia, 87

Acariasis, 58

Acarina, 23, 58, 131, 259

Acarus dysenteriae, 132

Accidental parasites, 131, 132, 134

Aedes, 194, 293

Aedes calopus, 182, 201, 205, 206, 208

Aedes cantator, 101

Aedes sollicitans, 101

Aedes taeniorhynchus, 101

Aerobic bacteria, 152

Aestivo-autumnal, 186

African Relapsing Fever, 230

Akis spinosa, 177

Alternation of Generations, 175

Amblyomma, 264

Amblyomma americanum, 67

Amblyomma cajennense, 67

American dog tick, 228

Amoeboid organism, 189

Anisolabis annulipes, 177

Anterior poliomyelitis, 241

Anopheles, 194, 291

Anopheles crucians, 199

Anopheles maculipennis, 182

Anopheles punctipennis, 198

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 197

Anopheline, 192

Anthocoris, 279

Anthomyiidae, 300

Anthomyia, 138

Anthrax, 165

Antipruritic treatment, 72

Ants, 42

Aphiochaeta, 295

Apis mellifica, 36

Arachnida, 258

Araneida, 6

Argas, 64

Argas persicus, 63, 235, 237

Argasidae, 62

Argopsylla, 317

Argus, 259

Arilus, 284

Arthropods, poisonous, 6

Asopia farinalis, 177

Assassin-bugs, 31, 219

Auchmeromyia, 117

Automeris io, 47

Avicularoidea, 12

Babesia, 226

Babesia bovis, 223

Babesia ovis, 225

Babesiosis, 221-222

Bacilli, 170

Bacillus icteroides, 202, 205

Bacillus pestis, 166

Bacillus typhosus, 153

Back swimmers, 30

Bdellolarynx, 304

Beauperthuy, Louis Daniel, 2

Bed-bug, 86, 88, 90, 173, 219-220

Bed-bug, cone-nosed, 92

Blister beetles, 54

Belostoma, 28, 277

Belostoma americana, 31

Belostomatidae, 30

Bengalia, 314

Bird-spiders, 10

Black death, 1, 166

Black flies, 33, 104, 247

Black heads, 80

Blaps mortisaga, 134

Blepharoceridae, 286

Boophilus, 264

Boophilus annulatus, 67, 223-225

Bot-flies, 112

Blue bottle flies, 140

Brill's disease, 238

Brown-tailed moth, 48

Bruck, 34

Buthus quinquestriatus, 21

Cabbage butterfly, 56

Calliphora, 136, 140, 312

Calliphora erythrocephala, 141

Calobata, 296

Camponotinae, 43

Cancer, 254

Cantharidin, 54

Cantharidin poison, 55

Canthariasis, 134

Capsidae, 280

Carriers, simple, 4, 144

Carriers of disease, 144

Carrion's fever, 253

Caterpillar rash, 45

Cat flea, 172

Cattle ticks, 222

Causative organism, 170

Cellia, 291

Centipedes, 25, 257

Ceratophyllus, 120, 316

Ceratophyllus acutus, 123

Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 122, 172, 213

Ceratopogon, 108

Cheese-fly, 137

Cheyletus eruditus, 271

Chigger, 60, 70

Chigoes, 126

Chilopoda, 25, 257

Chiracanthium nutrix, 18

Chironomidae, 107

Chorioptes, 270

Chrysomelid, 55

Chrysomyia, 136, 308

Chrysomyia macellaria, 117, 140

Chrysops, 294

Chylous dropsy, 179

Chyluria, 178

Cicadidae, 55

Cimex L., 278

Cimex boueti, 92

Cimex columbarius, 92

Cimex hemipterus, 91, 220

Cimex hirundinis, 92

Cimex inodorus, 92

Cimex lectularius, 87, 219

Citheronia regalis, 44

Clinocoris, 87

Coleoptera, 134, 274

Comedons, 80

Complete metamorphosis, 80

Compressor muscle, 20

Compsomyia, 117

Cone-nosed bed-bug, 92

Conjunctivitis, nodular, 52

Conorhinus, 282

Conorhinus megistus, 93, 219-220

Conorhinus rubrofasciatus, 220

Conorhinus sanguisugus, 32, 92

Copra itch, 72

Cordylobia, 118

Coriscus, 280

Coriscus subcoleoptratus, 32

Creeping myasis, 112

Crustacea, 257

Cryptocystis, 176

Cryptotoxic, 54-55

Cteniza sauvagei, 13

Ctenocephalus, 120, 172, 213, 317

Culex, 194, 201, 293

Culex pipiens, 35, 98

Culex quinquefasciatus, 180

Culex sollicitans, 200

Culex territans, 101

Culicidae, 33, 97

Culicin, 34

Culicoides, 109, 288

Cyclops, 183, 257

Cynomyia, 136, 311

Dance, St. Vitus, 8

Dancing mania, 8

Deer-flies, 110

Definitive host, 192

Demodecidae, 78

Demodex, 259

Demodex folliculorum, 78

Dermacentor, 262

Dermacentor andersoni, 67, 228

Dermacentor occidentalis, 227

Dermacentor variabilis, 67

Dermacentor venustus, 24, 228

Dermanyssidae, 68

Dermanyssus, 266

Dermanyssus gallinae, 68

Dermatitis, 72, 77, 85

Dermatobia, 115, 298

Dermatobia cyaniventris, 163

Dermatophilus, 317

Dermatophilus penetrans, 60, 126

Diamphidia simplex, 55

Dimorphism, 65

Direct inoculators, 4

Diplopoda, 25, 257

Diptera, 33, 94, 274

Dipterous Larvae, 135

Dipylidium, 175, 221

Dipylidium caninum, 4, 175-176

Dog flea, 172

Dracunculus, 257

Dracunculus medinensis, 182

Drosophila, 296

Dum-dum fever, 220

Dysentery, 154

Ear-flies, 110

Earwig, 177

Echidnophaga, 317

Echinorhynchus, 185

Elephantiasis, 178-179

Empoasca mali, 33

Empretia, 46

English Plague Commission, 171

Epeira diadema, 18

Epizootic, 170

Eristalis, 137, 295

Essential hosts, 4, 165

Eumusca, 307

European Relapsing Fever, 233

Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 48

Eusimulium, 286

Facultative parasites, 131

Fannia, 136, 138, 145, 300

Federal Health Service, 169

Fever, lenticular, 237 African Relapsing, 230, 234 Carrion's, 253 dum-dum, 154 European Relapsing, 233 pappatici, 96 red water, 220 Rocky Mt. Spotted, 226 three day, 96 Typhus, 237

Filaria, 178, 221 immitis, 182

Filariasis, 178

Flannel-moth larvae, 44

Fleas, 119, 166, 213 cat, 172 dog, 172 human, 172, 176 rodent, 123, 172 rat, 171

Flesope, 125

Formaldehyde, 91

Fomites, 199, 204

Fulgoridae, 28

Fumigation, 320

Gamasid, 68

Gangrene, 129

Gastrophilus, 113, 297

Giant crab spiders, 13

Giant water bugs, 30

Gigantorhynchus, 185

Glossina, 117, 297, 303

Glossina morsitans, 214, 217 palpalis, 215, 217, 218

Glyciphagus, 267

Grain moth, 69

Grocer's itch, 72

Guinea-worm, 182

Habronema muscae, 156, 183

Haematobia, 166, 304 irritans, 146

Haematobosca, 304

Haematomyidium, 288

Haematopinus spinulosus, 213

Haematopota, 294

Haematosiphon, 279

Haemoglobinuria, 222

Haemozoin, 189

Harpactor, 284

Harvest mites, 60 effect of, 59

Head-louse, 173

Helminthiasis, 138

Helophilus, 295

Hemiptera, 27, 86, 273-275

Heteropodidae, 13

Heuchis sanguinea, 55

Hexapod larvae, 58

Hexapoda, 27, 80, 258

Hippelates, 297

Hippobosca, 285

Histiogaster, 269 spermaticus, 132

Homalomyia, 136, 138, 300

Honey bee, 36 poison of, 37

Hornets, 43

Horn-fly, 137, 304, 308

Horse-fly, 110, 165

House-fly, 137-139, 144, 183 control of, 156, 160

Human flea, 124

Host, definitive, 175 intermediate, 175 primary, 175

Hyalomma, 264 aegypticum, 224-225

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, 318

Hydrotaea, 300

Hymenolepis diminuta, 176

Hymenoptera, 36, 275

Hypoderma, 113, 298 diana, 113 lineata, 113

Hypopharynx, 80

Immunity from stings, 39

Incomplete metamorphosis, 80

Infantile paralysis, 162, 241 splenic, 220 Direct inoculation, 164

Insects, 258 blood-sucking, 170

Intermediate host, 192, 203

Intestinal infestation, 112, 133 myasis, 137

Isosoma, 69

Itch, 73-74 mite, 73 Norwegian, 77

Ixodes, 260 ricinus, 66, 225 scapularis, 66

Ixodidae, 64-65

Ixodoidea, 62

Janthinosoma lutzi, 116

Jigger, 60

Johannseniella, 110, 288

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 36

Julus terrestris, 25

June bug, 185

Kala-azar, 220

Karakurte, 14

Katipo, 14

King, A. F. A., 3

Kircher, Athanasius, 1, 8

Kissing-bug, 31

Labium, 29, 80

Labrum, 28, 80

Lachnosterna, 185

Laelaps, 266

Lagoa crispata, 45

Lamblia intestinalis, 154

Langer, Josef, 37

Larder beetles, 135

Latrodectus, 12, 14, 17 mactans, 15

Leishmanioses, 220

Lenticular fever, 237

Lepidoptera, 274

Lepidopterous larvae, 134

Leprosy, 252

Leptidae, 112

Leptis, 295

Leptus, 60, 273

Lice, 80

Linguatulina, 258

Liponyssus, 265

Loemopsylla, 172, 317

Lone star tick, 228

Louse, body, 84 crab, 85 dog, 176 head, 82 pubic, 85

Lucilia, 136, 312

Lycosa tarantula, 10

Lycosidae, 10

Lyctocoris, 279

Lygus pratensis, 33

Lymphangitis, 67

Lymph scrotum, 178

Lyperosia, 304

Lyperosiops, 305

Macloskie, 34

Maggots, rat-tail, 137

Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica, 8

Malaria, 186

Malmigniatte, 14

Mandibles, 28, 80

Mange, 73-75

Margaropus, 237, 264 annulatus, 223

Masked bed-bug hunter, 32

Mastigoproctus giganteus, 19, 80

Maxillae, 28

Meal infesting species, 135

Melanin granules, 189

Melanolestes, 280 picipes, 32

Mena-vodi, 14

Mercurialis, 1

Merozoites, 190

Metamorphosis, 80

Miana bug, 63

Microgametoblast, 192

Midges, 107

Migratory ookinete, 192

Millipedes, 25, 257

Mites, 23, 58

Monieziella, 269

Mosquitoes, 33, 97, 178, 196, 250 treatment for bites of, 34, 36, 102

Musca, 137, 307 domestica, 139, 145, 146, 157, 162

Muscidae, 117

Muscina, 137, 146, 307 stabulans, 140

Mutualism, 57

Myasis, 112, 135 intestinal, 135-140 nasal, 141

Mycterotypus, 287

Myiospila, 146, 307

Myriapoda, 225, 132, 257

Nagana, 165, 214

Nasal infestation, 114, 133

Necrobia, 135

Nematode parasite, 182

Nepa, 28

Nephrophages sanguinarius, 132

Nettling insects, 43 larvae, poison of, 53

Neurasthenia, 89

Nits, 86

North African Relapsing Fever, 234

Norwegian itch, 77

No-see-ums, 109

Notoedres, 269 cati, 78

Notonecta, 28, 277

Notonectidae, 30

Nott, Dr. Josiah, 2

Nuttall, 34

Occipital headaches, 138

Oecacta, 288

Oeciacus, 279

Oesophageal diverticula, 35

Oestridae, 112, 136

Oestris ovis, 113

Oestrus, 298 oocyst, 192 ookinete, 192

Opsicoetes personatus, 32

Opthalmia, 155 nodosa, 52

Oriental sore, 221

Ornithodoros, 65, 260 moubata, 220, 230

Orthotylus flavosparsus, 33

Ornithomyia, 286

Oroya, 253

Oscinus, 297

Otiobius, 259 megnini, 65

Otodectes, 271

Pangonia, 294

Pappatici fever, 96

Parasimulium, 286

Parasite, 3, 57, 131, 134, 182 accidental, 3, 131, 134 facultative, 3, 57, 131 nematode, 182 stationary, 57 temporary, 57 true, 3

Parasitism, accidental, 134

Pathogenic bacteria, 152 organisms, 144, 164

Pawlowsky, 81

Pediculoides, 267 ventricosus, 69, 72

Pediculosis, 81

Pediculus, 275 corporis, 84, 233, 238 humanus, 82, 173

Pellagra, 162, 246

Pernicious fever, 186

Pest, 166

Phidippus audax, 19

Philaematomyia, 306

Phisalix, 13, 43

Phlebotomus, 289 papatasii, 94 verrucarum, 254 vexator, 95

Phora, 295

Phormia, 136

Phormictopus carcerides, 13

Phthirus pubis, 85, 275

Phortica, 296

Pieris brassicae, 56

Piophila, 297

Piophila casei, 136, 137

Piroplasmosis, 222

Plague, 166 bubonic, 166, 169, 170 pneumonic, 167

Plasmodium, 186

Platymetopius acutus, 33

Plica palonica, 83

Pneumonic, 166 plague, 167, 173

Poisoning by nettling larvae, 53

Poison of spiders, 7

Pollenia, 308 rudis, 146, 147

Primary gland, 28

Prionurus citrinus, 20

Prosimulium, 286

Protocalliphora, 136, 312

Protozoan blood parasite, 165

Pseudo-tubercular, 52

Psorophora, 293

Psoroptes, 270

Psychodidae, 94

Pulex, 120, 124, 126, 172, 317 cheopis, 172 irritans, 124 penetrans, 126 serraticeps, 120

Pulvillus, 150

Punkies, 109

Pycnosoma, 308

Rasahus, 280 thoracicus, 32

Rat fleas, 120, 124, 171

Rat louse, 213

Red bugs, 70-72

Reduviidae, 31

Reduviolus, 280

Reduvius, 282 personatus, 32

Redwater fever, 222

Relapsing fever, 230, 233

Rhinoestrus nasalis, 115

Rhipicentor, 264

Rhipicephalus, 264

Rhizoglyphus, 269

Rhodnius, 281

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 226 spotted fever tick, 67

Russian gad-fly, 115

St. Vitus's or St. John's dance, 8

Salivary syringe, 28

Sand-flies, 109, 250

Sanguinetti, 11

Sarcophaga, 136, 142, 143

Sarcophila, 302

Sarcopsylla, 317 penetrans, 126

Sarcoptes, 270 minor, 78 scabiei, 73

Sarcoptidae, 72

Scabies, 72, 73, 74, 75

Scaurus striatus, 177

Schaudinn, 34

Schizont, 189, 190

Scholeciasis, 134

Scolopendra morsitans, 26

Scorpions, 20 poison of, 21

Screw worm fly, 140

Sepsidae, 296

Sepsis, 136, 297

Shipley, 34

Sibine, 46

Silvius, 294

Simple carriers, 4, 144

Simuliidae, 33, 104

Simulium, 247, 249, 286, 321 pictipes, 104

Siphonaptera, 119, 274, 316

Siphunculata, 80, 275

Sitotroga cerealella, 69

Skippers, 137

Sleeping sickness, 166, 215

Snipe-flies, 112

Solpugida, 22

Spanish fly, 54

Spermatozoa, 192

Spinose ear-tick, 65

Spirochaeta, 35 berberi, 234 duttoni, 234

Spirochaetosis, 235

Sporozoite, 189

Spotted fever, 67, 226

Squirrel flea, 123

Stable-fly, 137, 160, 163, 165

Stegomyia, 182, 293 calopus, 206 fasciata, 206

Stomoxys, 137, 305 calcitrans, 117, 146, 160, 161, 165, 242

Straw-worm, 69

Stygeromyia, 305

Sucking stomach, 35

Sulphur ointment, 77

Surra, 165

Symbiosis, 57

Symphoromyia, 112, 295

Tabanidae, 110

Tabanus, 110, 166, 294 striatus, 165

Taenia, 175

Tapeworm, 4, 176

Tarantella, 8

Tarantism, 8

Tarantula, 10

Tarsonemidae, 69

Tarsonemus, 267

Tenebrionid beetles, 127

Tersesthes, 110, 288

Tetanus, 129

Tetranychus, 273

Texas fever, 220-223

Three-day fever, 96

Tick, 23, 226 bites, Treatment of, 68 fever, 230 paralysis, 67

Treatment, Bee stings, 36, 41 Bites of, Bed-bugs, 90, 93 Blackflies, 107 Buffalo flies, 107 Bugs, 31, 33 Centipedes, 26, 27 Chiggers, 127 Chigoes, 127 Fleas, 127 Harvest mites, 61 Jiggers, 129 Lice, 83, 85 Mosquitoes, 34, 36, 102 Phlebotomus flies, 97 Sand flies, 96, 107, 109 Scorpions, 22, 23 Spiders, 19 Ticks, 61, 68, 72 Ticks, ear, 65 Blister beetle poison, 55 Brown-tail moth rash, 45 Cantharidin poison, 55 Caterpillar rash, 45 Ear ticks, 65 House fly control, 156, 160 Itch, 77 Itch, grocer's, 72 Lice, 85 Nasal myasis, 143 Rocky Mt. spotted fever, 228, 229 Rash, caterpillar, 45 Scabies, 77 Sleeping sickness control, 218 Spotted fever, 228, 229 Stings, bee, 36, 41 Typhus fever, prophylaxis, 239

Trichodectes canis, 176

Trichoma, 82

Trineura, 295

Trochosa singoriensis, 11

Trombidium, 60, 273

True insects, 80

Trypanosoma, 35

Trypanosoma, brucei, 165

Trypanosoma cruzi, 219

Trypanosoma lewisi, 213

Trypanosomiases, 212

Trypanosomiasis, 165, 219

Tsetse flies, 117, 166, 214, 219

Tsetse flies disease, 165

Tuberculosis, 155

Tumbu-fly, 118

Tydeus, 271

Typhoid, 155

Typhoid fever, 154

Typhus, 237

Typhus fever, 237

Tyroglyphus, 72, 131, 268

Dr. Tyzzer, 49

Uranotaenia, 292

Vancoho, 14

Varicose groin glands, 178

Verruga peruviana, 253

Vescicating insects, 54

Wanzenspritze, 29

Warble-flies, 112

Wasps, 43

Whip-scorpions, 19

Wohlfahrtia, 143, 302

Wolf-spiders, 10

Wyeomyia smithii, 101, 293

Xenopsylla, 172, 317

Xenopsylla cheopis, 171, 124

Xestopsylla, 317

Yaws, 2

Yellow fever, 196, 203, 205

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

The following discrepancies in the text are as in the original:

The inconsistent hyphenation of the following: assassin-bugs/assassin bugs; bedbug/bed-bug (and bedbugs); beekeeper/bee-keeper (and beekeepers); blackflies/black-flies; blow-flies/blow flies; bluebottles/blue-bottles; bot-flies/bot flies; bristlelike/bristle-like; browntail/brown-tail; coextensive/co-extensive; deer-flies/deer flies; dorsocentral/dorso-central; ectoparasites/ecto-parasites; endoparasites/endo-parasites; flesh-fly/flesh fly (and flesh flies); hotbed/hot-bed; housefly/house-fly (and houseflies); horsefly/horse-fly (and horse flies); horse-manure/horse manure; midsummer/mid-summer; preeminently/pre-eminently; sandfly/sand-fly (and sandflies); screw-worm fly/screw worm fly; stable-fly/stable fly; subequal/sub-equal; subfamily/sub-family; subtropical/sub-tropical; tapeworm/tape-worm (and tapeworms); today/to-day; tsetse-flies/tsetse flies; widespread/wide-spread; wormlike/worm-like.

Inconsistent spelling of the following: defence/defense; disc/disk; hemolysis/haemolysis; hemolytic/haemolytic; hexapod/hexopod; Levaditi/Lavaditi; metalescent/metallescent; Mitzmain/Mitzman; Neveau-Lemaire/Neveau-Lamaire; offence/offense; Phthirus/Phthirius Portschinsky/Portchinsky/Portchinski; travelled/traveled; ventra-/ventro-; Villot/Villet; Wohlfartia/Wohlfahrtia;

toxine, insiduous, efficaceous, cyanid are spelt as in the original

In the first paragraph of chapter XII, "the student might not be lead" is as in the original. Lead perhaps should be led

In the bibliography, the entry for Vaughan without a text specified is as in the original