Part 58

Associational optimum, 94

Associational relation, of pollination, 141, 142

Associational study, of birds, Illinois, 146 of lake fauna, 140 of sand prairies of Illinois, 139 of sea beach, 136 of shore animals, 139

Associational unit, and individual ecology, 131

Associations, amphibian, 148 animal, 137, 138 animal, local, 134 ants, 149 as agent, 5 biotic, 29 biotic, of sand areas, 146 cave, 143 climax biotic, 30 dynamic relations of, 130 fish, of Illinois, 140 fish, in lake, 147 human, 10, 11 lake fish, 147 making to order, 33 mammal, 145 marine animals, 135, 136 methods of studying local, 14 mollusks, 137, 138 natural or normal, 34 reptiles, 148 resemble plays, 47 sand flats, 136, 137 short-horned grasshoppers, 148 succession, 91

Asterias Forbesi, direction of locomotion, 110

Asterias Forreri De Loriol, behavior, 105

Atmospheric conditions about woodlands, 91

Atta sexdens, colonies founded by, 128

Authors, guide, 68 suggestions to, 68

Australasia, cryptozoic fauna, 144

Balance of nature, 28, 29, 123

Bark beetles, 76 and fungi, 127

Bark of trees, fauna under, 144

Baseleveling, 86 faunal significance, 86

Bass, black, as a microcosmic center, 49

Bats, habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting, 112

Beach, associational study of a sea, 136 beetles of an Oregon, 149

Beach flea, habits, 119 life history, 119

Beach, sea, as animal habitat, 136

Bee, burrowing, 134 community of Epinomia triangulifera Vachal, 139 community, parasitic interrelations, 139 fauna of dunes, 139 humble, 119

Bees, and flowers, 141 as reflex machines, 109

Beetles, Ambrosia, 127 bark, 76 evolution in Chrysomelid, 119 food of predaceous, 126, 130 habitats, 145 hymenopterous hosts, 139 hypermetamorphic, 139 immature stages, 75 longicorn, food habits, 77 of an Oregon beach, 149 predaceous, food, 126, 130 seasonal succession of, 140 snout, 76 succession of, 145

Behavior, 92, 93 Amphioxus, 116 and natural environment, 110 animal, 167 animal. See also Animal behavior animal, as a process, 102 ants, 120 birds, 121 Bombus, 120 Collembola, 136 cuckoo, 113 fixed and changeable responses, 104 human, 133 Hydroides Dianthus V., modifiability, 106 ideals and conclusions, 114 Isopods, surface and subterranean, 108 laws, 103 leech, 121 Leptinotarsa, 119 Limulus, 105 lizard, 116 lobster, immature stages, 105 lower organisms, 96, 105, 107 method of regulation, 105 modifiability, 93, 105, 106 mud snail, 111 nature, study of in, 39 Necturus, 121 orderly sequence, 113 organisms, 115 physiology, 107 Planarians, fresh-water, 116, 120 pond snail, 120 social wasps, 111 sponges, 116 squirrels, 121 terns, noddy and sooty, 120 tree frogs, 112 tubicolous annelids, 112 Turbellarian, marine, 127 “walking stick,” 119

Belostoma (= Zaitha) flumineum Say, death-feigning, 118

Bibliography, 71 animals and pollination, 141, 142 ants, 120 bark beetles, 76 caterpillars, 74 ecological succession of birds, 124 economic entomology (American), 71, 75 environmental influences upon insects, 96, 97 flowers and insects, 141, 142 food of birds, 130 forest insects, 74 fresh-water biology, 78 Hymenoptera of N. America, 73 insects, 74, 75 mammals, North American, 107 medical zoölogy, 129 plant ecology, 89 snout beetles, 76 veterinary zoölogy, 129

Biocœnose, 18 or community, 7

Biocœnosis, 6, 7, 29