Part 5

1899. The Foundations of Zoölogy. pp. 339. New York.

Introductory, pp. 1-29; Huxley, and the Problem of the Naturalist, pp. 33-46; Nature and Nurture, pp. 49-79.

1906. Heredity and Variation; Logical and Biological. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. XLV, pp. 70-76.

An extremely suggestive paper which should be read by every ecological student.

GANONG, W. F.

1907. The Organization of the Ecological Investigation of the Physiological Life-Histories of Plants. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XLIII, pp. 341-344.

1904. The Cardinal Principles of Ecology. Science, N. S., Vol. XIX, pp. 493-498.

BURDON-SANDERSON, J. S.

1894. Biology in Relation to Other Natural Sciences. Smithsonian Report for 1893, pp. 435-463.

MÖBIUS, K.

1877. Die Auster und die Austernwirthschaft. pp. 126. Berlin.

On page 72 he proposes the term “biocœnose” for the group of animals which live together in the same habitat. Not seen by writer.

1883. The Oyster and Oyster-Culture. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1880, Part VIII, pp. 683-751.

Translation of preceding paper. On pp. 721-729 he discusses “An Oyster-Bank as a Biocönose, or a Social Community”; on page 723 he proposes the word “biocœnosis.” An illuminating paper.

DAHL, F.

1902. Die Ziele der vergleichenden “Ethologie” (d. i. Biologie im älteren engeren Sinne). Verh. V. Inter. Zoöl.-Cong. 1901, pp. 296-300.

1908. Grundsätze und Grundbegriffe der biocönotischen Forschung. Zool. Anz., Bd. XXXIII, pp. 349-353.

1898. Experimentell-statistische Ethologie. Verh. der Deutsch. Zool. Gesell. Bd., 1898, pp. 121-131.

1901. Was ist ein Experiment, was Statistik in der Ethologie? Biol. Centralbl., Bd. XXI, pp. 675-681.

WASMANN, E.

1901. Biologie oder Ethologie? Biol. Centralbl., Bd. XXI, pp. 391-400.

WHEELER, W. M.

1902. ‘Natural History,’ ‘Œcology’ or ‘Ethology’? Science, N. S., Vol. XV, pp. 971-976.

Advocates the use of the term ethology.

ST. HILAIRE, I. GEOFFRAY.

1859. Histoire Générale des Règnes Organiques, Vol. II.

Not seen by writer. Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Harvard University, has kindly sent me the following note from p. 285. “‘It is to ethology therefore that the fourth part of this work is devoted, to which belongs the study of the relations of organisms within the family and the society in the aggregate and in the community.’ In a volume of the same work, page xx, St. Hilaire gives his program and speaks of the general facts belonging to ethological laws. These are defined as ‘relating to the instincts, habits and more generally to the external vital manifestations of organisms.’” About the preceding Dr. Wheeler remarks: “You see this covers precisely the field which was a few years later called ‘ecology’ by Haeckel. Apparently the part of the work in which St. Hilaire wished to give a detailed account of the ethological phenomena of animals was not published. Only three volumes of the work exist. He died November 10, 1861, without having completed the work.”

Thus ethology has priority over ecology, but to my mind this fact carries no special weight, particularly since the word has become current in botany. To use a different name for the same subject or process in botany and zoölogy is as undesirable as to use a different term for heredity in plants and in animals.