CHAPTER IX.. Classification of Grasses by the “seeds” (grains).

CLASSIFICATION OF GRASSES BY THE “SEEDS” (GRAINS).

+I. “Seed” rounded (Millet-seed type). Caryopsis ovoid or sub-globose, devoid of distinct groove, and distending the awnless paleæ, or falling out free.+

+A. Glumes cuspidate, “fruit” yellowish.+

Phleum pratense.

The student should familiarise himself with the “seed” of Phleum pratense, as a type, and an important grass easily obtained pure, but sometimes with minute round seeds of weeds intermixed.

Phleum pratense, L. (Fig. 45).

Palea 2·3 mm. long, five-ribbed, with a short point, delicate but hard, smooth, with a silvery lustre. Inner pale two-nerved. Closely investing the yellow-brown caryopsis, which easily falls out and is ovoid-acute, about 2 mm. long by 1 broad, and finely punctate.

The much rarer P. arenarium and the very rare P. Bœhmeri and P. asperum also come here.

Phleum is not easily confounded with any other of our grasses, and Briza and Glyceria are almost the only other common grasses of about the same size of which the caryopsis often falls free from the palea (“naked fruits”). Glyceria is longer and corn-shaped, and Briza usually larger. Anthoxanthum and Phalaris are easily distinguished. Agrostis is smaller and “corn-shaped.” Certain species of Panicum present resemblances, but the enveloping paleæ, &c. are very different. Melica also occurs as “naked fruits,” but is rarely seen, and its colour and brilliant lustre distinguish it.

+B. Glumes not cuspidate. “Fruit” not yellow.+

(a) “Fruit” white, owing to the closely investing palea.

Milium effusum.

A common grass, but not often met with in “seed” grasses. It is eagerly eaten by birds.

Milium effusum, L. (Fig. 52).

Palea about 3 mm. long, with few nerves, closely investing the caryopsis: the seed is ellipsoid-acute, slightly compressed, and 2·2-2·7 mm. long. The inner pale becomes hard and shines like porcelain.

(b) “Fruit” dark-brown shining; slightly flattened and grooved.

+Melica.+

Melica is rarely met with as “seed.” When it is, it has to be distinguished from the other “Millet-seed” types which readily fall as naked fruits--see Phleum, Milium, &c. Agrostis, Glyceria and other corn-shaped “seeds” are easily distinguished.

Melica nutans, L. (Fig. 53).

“Seed” coracle-shaped. Palea broad, parchment-like, elliptic convex, 5-6 mm. long, 5-7 nerved and keeled, awnless, loose, purplish. Caryopsis ellipsoid-acute, 2-3 mm. long, and easily separating, wrinkled, dark shining brown as if lacquered.

M. uniflora, Retz. is commoner and very similar, but neither is often met with in “seed” grass, except as impurities among Fescues.

The rare Panicum Crus-galli and allies, and the rice-like Leersia oryzoides as well as Cynodon Dactylon, come here.

Panicums may occur in grass “seed” from America: Burchard describes them in detail.

+II. “Seed” long (Corn and Barley type). Caryopsis oblong or flattened, usually trapped between the boat-shaped paleæ: if otherwise, with an awn.+

+A. “Seed” awnless. There may be a short sharp point to the palea (mucronate), but no prominent hair-or bristle-awn exceeding half the length of the palea.+

(a) A “web” or tuft of hairs at the base or on the rachilla.

(1) Hairs of basal tuft silky and erect.

* Pencil of hairs as long as palea or longer.

Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth.

Palea 3 mm. long, thin, two-toothed and with a short bristle at the apex.

Other species of Calamagrostis are awned. None occurs as an ordinary impurity in “seed.”

Arundo Phragmites, L.

Palea narrow and long, 10-11 mm., delicate, entire, tapering to an acuminate point, violet, three-nerved, smooth. Caryopsis about 2 mm. A pencil of long silky hairs on the rachilla.

The long acuminate point is almost an awn.

Calamagrostis also has long basal hairs: both are useless grasses agriculturally. For Glyceria see note, p. 146. Avena, Aira and Psamma are easily distinguished.

** Pencil of hairs short.

† Palea mucronate, 11-12 mm. long: caryopsis 4·5 mm.

Psamma arenaria.

Digraphis differs in the stout caryopsis, smaller size, double hair-tuft. Arundo has a long pointed palea and long silky basal hairs and is larger.

Psamma arenaria, Beauv.

Palea 11·5 mm. ovate-lanceolate, papery, 4-5 nerved, as rolled round the fruit about 1·3 mm. diameter, yellow, and with a small tuft of stiff fine hairs at the base. Mere trace of awn, sub-terminal. Fruit 4-5 mm. long, obovate, pale-brown.

A shore-grass, not often seen as “seed”: more valuable as a sand-binder than as fodder, though the young shoots are grazed.

†† Palea acuminate, and only about 4 mm. long: caryopsis 1·4 mm.

Digraphis arundinacea.

A Fen-grass, but coarse and not in use except the young growth, and for thatching.

Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.

Paleæ ovate-lanceolate, nerveless and awnless, but silky with double basal hair-tuft, and polished at the base; smooth, hard and shining, and closely investing the caryopsis which has no groove. Dark grey in colour. The glumes are without awns or wings, and are left behind.

The allied Phalaris canariensis has wing-like keels to the glumes.

Triodia also comes into this group, with short basal hairs; but its broad ciliate palea, 6 mm. long, has a short mucronate point between two teeth (Fig. 40).

(2) Hairs at the base forming a fluffy “web.” Paleæ thin, 2-3 mm. long.

Poa pratensis. P. trivialis. P. compressa. P. nemoralis.

The “seeds” of Poa proper are nearly all small--not more than 3-4 mm., more or less lanceolate, with tough, keeled glumes, and when “webbed” tend to adhere together as if stuck with cobweb. The keeled glumes give them an angular appearance--triangular in section--and make them tend to lie on the side. Rachilla evident. Nerves of paleæ distinct.

Poa pratensis, L. (Fig. 55).

“Seed” 2-3 mm. long, brownish: caryopsis about 1-1·5 mm. Outer palea acute, indistinctly 3-5 nerved, edges and keel, silky; margins overlapping the hyaline inner palea.

The “web” looks like hyphæ of a mould.

Caryopsis ellipsoid-acute, with traces of the stigma. It falls easily. No distinct groove, section somewhat triangular. Rachilla truncate.

Poa compressa, L.

Palea obtuse, nearly glabrous and nerveless, or faintly 3-5 nerved and with a faint web. It is close to P. pratensis.

Poa trivialis, L. (Fig. 56).

“Seed” 2-2·5 mm., and with a bluish or bronzed cast. Caryopsis 1-1·5 mm.

Palea acute, distinctly five-ribbed, glabrous, the margin scarcely overlapping. Caryopsis grooved, blunt and more tightly held in the palea.

P. trivialis differs from P. pratensis chiefly in the distinct ribs and smoother palea, grooved caryopsis, and bluer hue.

P. nemoralis, L., hardly differs from P. trivialis, but the paleæ are sub-acute, nerves obsolete, and scarcely hyaline at the margins. The “seed” is shorter and more acute, and the colour less pronounced, and with hardly a trace of hairs (Fig. 54).

When the basal hairs are absent this should go with P. annua, &c. (see p. 146).

It is practically impossible to distinguish these species by the “seed.” Care is necessary to distinguish Kœleria, which is somewhat larger in size, keeled, compressed and nerved similarly, but is more pointed and curved and paler yellowish white in colour. Hard and devoid of web or hairs. Aira is distinguished by the awn: Agrostis by the very different paleæ and caryopsis.

The other Poas are devoid of web, though they may have hairs below, and require very careful examination. The whole group is excessively difficult to deal with in “seed,” and a special study of it is needed, since several species are important, and it forms a type.

b No web or pencil of hairs below the “seed.”

(1) Apex of palea rounded, blunt, notched, or at most bluntly pointed, but with no trace of awn-or bristle-tip.

* Palea inflated, round-backed and somewhat winged, membranous.

Briza media. B. minor.

Briza media, L.

Paleæ blunt, 2·5-3 mm., without lateral projections, markedly convex--almost conduplicate; nerves several. Caryopsis ovoid, 1·5-2·5 mm., dark brown.

Sometimes called a good grass, but meagre and only found in poor meadows in this country.

It should perhaps go with the “Millet-seed” type and should be compared with Phleum, Melica, Panicum, &c. “Seed” seldom met with.

B. minor is smaller.

** Paleæ not inflated or winged.

† Paleæ broad, flat and truncate, prominently three-ribbed. Caryopsis 2 mm. long.

Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv.

Cattle like it, but it only grows in ditches &c. in water-meadows: distinction from Glyceria aquatica easy if the paleæ are examined.

†† Paleæ acute or sub-acute, boat-shaped.

⊙ Paleæ and “seed” at least 6-8 mm. long.

≡ Rachilla flattened or angular, and tapering below.

Lolium perenne.

Occasionally awned, and then less easily distinguished from L. temulentum. One of our most valuable grasses. It forms a distinct type of boat-shaped “seeds.”

Lolium perenne, L. (Fig. 57).

Palea distinctly five-ribbed, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-acute, awnless, about 7 mm. long. Margins membranous. Inner palea nearly as long, delicate, ciliate.

Rachilla short, flattened and angular, tapering below (see Festuca elatior).

Caryopsis about 3·5 mm. long, obovate, yellowish brown.

Although Bromus mollis, Holcus lanatus, &c. occur as impurities, they are easily distinguished: the real difficulties are with Festuca elatior and F. pratensis.

≡≡ Rachilla cylindrical.

Festuca elatior.

This is an important grass, and should be thoroughly mastered as a type of the boat-shaped “seed.”

This, with Lolium, Agropyrum, other Fescues, and even some Bromes and Poas, will give trouble until the student thoroughly masters the importance of the minute characters of size, nervature, of the rachilla, awn, palea, &c.

Festuca elatior, L. (var. pratensis) (Fig. 58).

Palea ovate-lanceolate, five-nerved, slightly scabrid, with a slight membranous margin and cilia, rounded back, and no awn. 6-7·5 mm. long.

Caryopsis oblong-obovate, somewhat flattened, hardly grooved and adhering to the paleæ, about 3-3·5 mm. long.

Rachilla cylindrical, smooth.

The other varieties of F. elatior cannot be distinguished by the “seed” alone: in my samples F. elatior proper is longer than F. pratensis, and both have occasionally a trace of awn. Var. arundinacea has a more acuminate, stiff point. Festuca pratensis has its palea as a rule somewhat more acute than Lolium perenne, and the flatter tapering rachilla of the latter is more closely appressed to the palea. The caryopsis of Festuca also tends to adhere to the paleæ.

⊙⊙ Paleæ and “seed” at most 3-3·5 mm. long.

≡ Palea devoid of hairs or keel, notched or blunt, and with no trace of awn.

Δ Palea hyaline, nerves indistinct. Tips notched or blunt.

Agrostis alba.

There is occasionally a very short basal hair (awn).

Agrostis and Aira will present difficulties to the beginner, not only on account of their small sizes, but also from the variability as regards awns, basal hair-tuft, &c. None are of value, and most of them are weeds.

Agrostis alba, L. (var. stolonifera).

Palea enclosing the fruit 1·8-2 mm. long, white, delicate, membranous, with a blunt notched apex and three (or five) nerves: occasionally there is a fine kneed basal awn, not projecting.

The glumes may remain attached: the outer has a serrulate keel, and often a violet hue. No awn. About 2-3 mm.

Caryopsis about 1·1 mm. long, oblong, yellow, corn-shaped, furrowed, shining through.

A. vulgaris, L., is a variety with slightly smaller fruits, no awn, and usually three nerves to the palea, but they cannot be distinguished with certainty by the “seed.” Rachilla obsolete.

The colour of the glumes may vary considerably and is sometimes yellow.

The absence of awn, rachilla, and basal hairs distinguishes Agrostis from Aira.

ΔΔ Palea membranous, ribbed, tips scarious.

Glyceria aquatica. G. fluitans.

Glyceria aquatica, Sm.

Palea strongly 5-7 ribbed, obtuse and scarious, about 4 mm. long. Green with a purple cast. Caryopsis dark-brown, about 2 mm. long.

Inner palea punctate. Rachilla slender and cylindrical.

Glyceria fluitans, Br., is very similar, but longer (6 mm.) and more slender; the palea scabrid with truncate or ragged tips, and the inner palea not punctate. Yellow. (Fig. 46.)

Glyceria aquatica and G. fluitans are sweet grasses of value in water-meadows only. The “seed” is not often met with.

Not only with the Poas, but also with Catabrosa are there difficulties in determination. Molinia and Kœleria also present difficulties with Glyceria: the former has fewer and feebler nerves. Digraphis and Arundo are easily distinguished by the basal hairs.

≡≡ Palea acute and somewhat compressed and keeled, and with hairs on the ribs. Tips nerved.

Poa annua. P. maritima. P. distans. P. rigida. P. loliacea. P. bulbosa. P. alpina.

Their “seeds” are all small, about 2-3·5 mm. only, and angular, brown, and present many difficulties (see note, p. 141).

Poa annua, L. (Fig. 43).

Palea 3·5 and caryopsis 2 mm. long, so that the “seed” is much larger than P. trivialis, and there is no web. Minutely silky-hairy on the keel, and the ribs are strong for a Poa.

Poa alpina, L., has the palea five-ribbed with stiffish hairs below, but no web. Bronzy green-violet. “Seed” 3-3·5 mm. long. Caryopsis 1·5-2 mm., and slightly grooved. It is rare in England, and is interesting as it becomes viviparous in Alpine situations.

(2) Apex of palea distinctly pointed, acuminate or mucronate, but not giving rise to a true, long, bristle-like awn.

* Palea acuminate--i.e. taper pointed.

† Not compressed or obviously keeled.

Festuca ovina. F. sylvatica. Cynosurus cristatus.

It is doubtful whether these should not be regarded as awned: if so they come near Nardus--see p. 130.

Festuca ovina, L. (Fig. 59).

Palea rounded on the back, narrow, terete-lanceolate and five-nerved, tip scaberulous and drawn out to a stiff scabrid point half as long as the palea, or less. About 3-4 mm. long without the tip-point, 4-5·5 mm. with it. Rachilla obliquely truncate and concave at its apex.

Caryopsis oblong, somewhat flattened, dark-brown.

The numerous varieties of F. ovina cannot be distinguished by the “seed”: the allied varieties F. rubra, F. duriuscula, and F. heterophylla, &c. are sometimes more distinctly awned (see p. 172). But difficulties will be found with the whole group, which needs revision. This group comprises the grasses so valued on downs and dry hill-pastures for sheep-feeding.

Festuca sylvatica, Vill., not a common plant, is also with difficulty separable (Fig. 51).

Cynosurus cristatus, L. (Fig. 60).

Palea canary yellow to light-brown, lanceolate with rounded back and the mid-rib prominent as a slight keel and margins infolded, about 4 mm. long (varies from 3-4·5 × 0·5 to 1 mm. broad), scabrid above, dotted below and acute to acuminate with a scabrid awn-point, often curved. Caryopsis 2-2·3 mm., somewhat flattened. Rachilla short and smooth, dilated above.

A valuable and easily recognised grass. Molinia, Holcus and similar impurities are easily detected: some Fescues are much more like it; e.g. F. tenuifolia (see p. 46) in which the apex tapers suddenly to a point. Dactylis should also be compared.

†† Paleæ compressed or distinctly keeled.

Molinia cærulea. Kœleria cristata.

Unimportant, except as impurities among other grass “seeds.” Molinia is said to occur as such in samples of Cynosurus, Dactylis, Poa trivialis, Fescues, &c., but it should give little difficulty except in comparison with Glyceria (see p. 146).

Molinia cærulea (Mœnch.) (Fig. 61).

“Seed” 3-4 mm. or more, leather coloured or with a bluish tinge. Paleæ divaricating, the lower keeled and compressed, and tapering to a sharp point. Rachilla long, oblique and prominent. Smooth tapering, palea 5·5, fruit 2 mm. long.

Kœleria cristata, Pers. (Fig. 62).

Palea 6 mm., keeled, entire, no awn but stiffly tapering, ribbed, no hairs. Rachilla large. Fruit 4·5 mm.

** Palea not taper pointed, but mucronate, or two-toothed, with a sub-terminal point or spine.

Elymus arenarius. Agropyrum repens. Dactylis glomerata. Sesleria cærulea.

Elymus arenarius, L. (Fig. 63).

Fruiting palea lanceolate, 13-15 × 3 mm., tough and stiffly hairy or velvety: 5-7 ribs. Rachilla stout, hairy. Fruit hairy above, 5-11 mm. × 2·5 × 1·2, somewhat grooved. No keel. Apex of inner palea bifid, outer mucronate. Fruit shelled.

Easily distinguished from Digraphis arundinacea, which has a basal hair-tuft and very different caryopsis; less easily from Agropyrum and Lolium, except in the velvety surface.

Agropyrum repens may have a mucronate awn-point or not. The small palea 10-12, the caryopsis 5-6 mm. (see p. 169 for description).

This troublesome weed (Couch-grass) presents similar difficulties with Lolium perenne that Agropyrum caninum does with Lolium temulentum--see p. 168. It is moreover extremely variable.

Dactylis glomerata, L. (Fig. 64).

Stiff awn-point just below the two teeth of apex of pale. Rachilla dilated above. Paleæ 5-6 mm. long exclusive of point, compressed and inflated, ribbed and ciliate-bristly on keel, the tip incurved. Caryopsis yellow-brown, ellipsoid, 2 mm.

An important grass, said to be adulterated with Lolium, Fescues, Holcus, Molinia, Bromus, &c., most of which should be readily detected. The curved tip is an important distinctive character. Cynosurus and Festuca arundinacea, F. ovina and F. rubra present resemblances. The seed is larger than that of Poa.

F. ovina and F. rubra are smaller, rounded dorsally, and have no keel or cilia: the nerves are less prominent and the rachilla smaller.

Sesleria cærulea, Ard.

Palea distinctly toothed at the apex, making it almost three-lobed and very characteristic; with awn-point; five ribs, serrulate. Fruit grey-yellow, obovate.

It is a mountain-and moor-grass of little value.

+B. “Seed” awned--i.e. the investing palea bears, or tapers into, a distinct bristle or hair at least as long as itself or nearly so.+

(a) Awn not terminal.

(1) Awn stout, either obviously twisted and bent or “kneed.”

(i) “Seed” consisting of the glumes as well as paleæ investing the caryopsis.

⊙ Awn bent but not twisted; glumes free below, ribbed, and with stiff short hairs on the keel.

≡ Awn sub-terminal, shorter than the palea, hooked.

Holcus lanatus.

“Yorkshire Fog,” of little use or importance, except that it is frequently found as an impurity of other hairy grasses--e.g. Alopecurus.

It cannot easily be confounded with any other grass: Anthoxanthum and Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, &c. present superficial resemblances only.

These glumed hairy “seeds” are uncommon and form an easily recognised type.

Holcus lanatus, L. (Fig. 65).

The “seed” consists of the complete spikelet, separated below the compressed and acute, keeled glumes; these have hairs on the keel, and completely enclose the two flowers and their paleæ. Palea ribless, white to grey, shining, obtuse, that of the upper (male) flower with a sub-terminal short hook-like awn. Total length about 4-5 mm. Caryopsis oblong-ovate, grooved. In its palea about 2-3 mm. long and with a few hairs at the base.

≡≡ Awn dorsal, kneed, longer than the palea.

Holcus mollis, L. (Fig. 66).

Palea 2·5 mm., fruit 3·1 mm. long; glumes with stiff hairs or serrulæ on keel.

The seeds of Holcus often fall from the glumes, but may bring them away.

Holcus is of little use. The two-flowered spikelets and peculiar awns sufficiently distinguish it among the smaller forms. It is said to occur as an adulterant in “seed” of Alopecurus.

⊙⊙ Awn bent and twisted, basal or nearly so; glumes very hairy.

Δ Glumes golden brown: one awn straight, one “kneed.”

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

The grass which gives the scent to new-mown hay. The “seed” is often impure, containing a continental species A. Puelii and other hairy forms.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. (Fig. 67).

The one-flowered spikelet has four hairy glumes, the outer pair of which are unequal and awnless: the “seed” consists of the inner pair of golden-brown hairy and dorsally awned glumes, covering the thin, membranous, shining, smooth, blunt paleæ and the caryopsis, to which the inner palea adheres. Total length, without awns, about 3-4 mm. Palea 1·6 mm. Caryopsis 1·5 mm., brown, shiny, and easily separating. One awn is short, stiff and straight and inserted above the middle of its glume; the other longer and sharply bent, inserted about the middle.

Hierochloe, a rare northern grass, also comes here.

ΔΔ Glumes connate below, hairy on the keels.

Alopecurus pratensis. A. geniculatus. A. agrestis.

Alopecurus is very characteristic, and should be carefully examined as a type. A. pratensis is a valuable grass and said to be often adulterated with the undesirable A. agrestis, Holcus, &c. Arrhenatherum and Avena are easily distinguished by the basal hairs, rachilla, &c.

Alopecurus pratensis, L. (Fig. 68).

Inner palea absent. Outer palea 5 mm., caryopsis 3 mm. long, often with remains of the stigma.

The greyish-brown spikelet of Alopecurus easily falls as a whole, included in the glumes; the palea is loose and delicate.

Glumes connate below, silky-hairy on keel and ribs all the way up. The palea has a bent dorsal awn, about 5 mm. long.

Alopecurus geniculatus, L.

Palea 2 mm., fruit 1·3 mm. long.

The glumes hairy on ribs and keel as in A. pratensis: glumes more obtuse.

Alopecurus agrestis, L.

Palea 6 mm., fruit 3 mm. long.

Glumes only ciliate, on ribs and keel, except at the base where the hairs are longer.

Keel slightly winged.

Best distinguished from A. pratensis by the glumes, which are smoother, broader above the middle, harder and with a few basal hairs.

The species A. fulvus, A. bulbosus, and A. alpinus are rare.

(ii) “Seed” consisting of the paleæ investing the caryopsis, freed from the glumes.

* Palea at least 14 or 15 mm. long: caryopsis 5-7 mm. [Oat type.]

Avena fatua. A. pratensis.

Avena fatua, L.

Palea parchment-like, lanceolate-terete, acuminate and bifid at the apex, rounded on the back and with yellow hairs on the lower part. 15 × 3 mm. Awn brown, twisted and bent, arising from the middle, about 30 mm. long. Caryopsis 7 mm. long, hairy at the top and distinctly grooved. Rachilla with fine bristles.

Avena pratensis, L.

Palea very similar to A. fatua, apex 2--4-toothed or bifid, rachilla with stiffer hairs. Caryopsis about 5 mm. long.

Avena pubescens, Huds. is a variety of A. pratensis found on dry calcareous soils. The caryopsis is very narrow, and the rachilla long and feathered with hairs. “Seed” shorter than A. pratensis, 10-13 mm., and darker in colour.

A. fatua is an excellent type of the grasses with dorsal twisted and bent awns, and easily examined on account of its size. The student will find difficulties with other species of Avena and Arrhenatherum.

Harz says the stiff hairs of Avena bring about the formation of intestinal concretions (phytobezoars) and are therefore dangerous to domestic animals.

** Palea not more than 7-10 mm. long.

† Caryopsis 4-5 mm. long.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. (Fig. 47).

Paleæ papery, ribbed. Awn 13-15 mm., twisted below; paleæ, with a tuft of hairs below and a ciliate keel, investing the fruit: the whole being cylindrical, 8-10 mm. × 1·5.

Caryopsis 4-5 mm. × 1·2, fusiform, pubescent. Rachilla hairy.

The distinctive difference between Avena and Arrhenatherum is in the spikelets as a whole. The latter has the lower flower of each spikelet male only. Samples contain the “double seeds,” and the awn of the upper fertile portion is short (see Fig. 69).

†† Caryopsis not more than 3 mm. long. A tuft of hairs on rachilla and base.

Avena flavescens.

Aira flexuosa, distinguished by its nearly basal awn, harder texture and darker colour of paleæ, and Dactylis--awnless and with curved long drawn-out apex--are found as impurities in foreign “seed.”

Avena flavescens, L. (Fig. 69).

Yellow. Palea about 5 mm. long, five-ribbed, bifid at the apex into two long slender teeth, closely investing the brownish caryopsis, and with a sub-dorsal awn 10 mm. long with little or no twist, and hairy at the base. Rachilla flattened and with white hairs. Caryopsis not much grooved, fusiform, 2-3 mm. long, glumes unequal, somewhat keeled and rough.

(2) Awn dorsal or basal, fine and hair-like, and little or not at all twisted or kneed. “Seed” small.

* A pencil of silky hairs on base or rachilla. Palea bifid at the tip.

† Basal hairs longer than palea, and obscuring the awn.

Calamagrostis Epigeios.

Of little importance. Digraphis has no awn.

Calamagrostis Epigeios, Roth.

Palea about 3 mm. long with toothed apex and very thin caryopsis 1 mm. A conspicuous tuft of fine silky hairs, longer than the palea at the base and on the rachilla.

Awn slender, dorsal, about as long as the palea.

C. stricta, Nutt. and C. strigosa, Hartm. are rare.

†† Basal hairs shorter than palea.

⊙ Awn brown, bearded in the middle, thickened and white above.

Aira canescens.

The student will find considerable difficulties in the various species of Aira and Agrostis, owing to their small size and variability as regards awn and basal hair-tufts. All these are weeds, but some occur as adulterants.

Aira canescens, L.

“Seed” (apart from the awn, it is very like Agrostis) 1·5-2 mm., with a very thin, smooth, keeled, two-nerved palea, bifid at its apex, through which the yellow caryopsis shines.

Awn slender, basal, dark-brown, with oblique colourless hairs above the middle and with a slight swelling above.

The palea has a few hairs on its mid-rib below.

Caryopsis about 1 mm. long.

This grass is somewhat rare in England. The jointed basal awn, with a minute hair-tuft above the middle, is unique, and readily distinguishes it when mixed with Agrostis.

⊙⊙ Awn not bearded or thickened.

≡ Palea bifid at apex.

Aira caryophyllea. A. præcox.

Aira caryophyllea, L.

“Seed” 1·4-1·6 mm., comma-shaped and dark-brown.

Palea acute, nerveless, inrolled at edges and with a dorsal, kneed, very fine, dark twisted awn twice as long as the palea: the latter with two-toothed apex and a basal hair-tuft.

A common impurity in commercial seed.

Aira præcox, L. is very similar, and cannot be distinguished with certainty by the “seed,” but has a shorter awn and no basal hairs. Apex of palea two-toothed.

≡≡ Palea jagged or toothed, but not bifid.

Aira flexuosa. A. cæspitosa.

Aira flexuosa, L. (Fig. 70).

Palea 5 mm. long, four-toothed at the apex, and caryopsis 2·6 mm. The fine basal awn waved or kneed, about twice as long as the palea. Fruit with a groove.

Rachilla hairy. Whole “seed” browner than Avena flavescens (see p. 158).

An almost worthless grass, on sandy soils, but important as an impurity in Avena flavescens (see note, p. 158).

Aira cæspitosa, L. (Fig. 44).

The palea, about 2·5 mm. long, toothed above, has a fine straight hair-like basal awn not longer than itself. Caryopsis 1·3 mm., grooved. Rachilla distinctly hairy.

Easily distinguished when mixed with Poa nemoralis, &c.--e.g. by the awn, hairs on rachilla, &c. It requires scrutiny in regard to Agrostis, which also has no awn or basal hairs.

** No basal tuft, or merely a few short microscopic hairs below. Paleæ not bifid above.

Agrostis canina. A. Spica-venti. A. setacea.

Agrostis canina, L., is somewhat larger than A. alba. Palea (only one present, sometimes minute) punctate, 2 mm., with a fine dorsal awn a little longer than the palea. Caryopsis 1·2 mm. Rachilla obsolete.

The awn is usually absent from A. alba and its varieties; and when present is so small as to be almost negligible.

A. canina is easily distinguished from Poa by the rachilla in the latter, and absence of awn. Aira has basal hairs, &c.

Agrostis setacea, Curt., has the awn basal and just projecting beyond the pointed glumes, and the palea very minute, with a few silky hairs below.

Agrostis Spica-venti, L. (Fig. 49).

Palea 2·4 mm. long, with infolded edges and punctate; a minute rachilla at its base, and a slender awn, 8-9 mm. or more long, inserted below the bifid tip. Caryopsis 1·5 mm. A few silky hairs at the base of the palea.

(b) Awn terminal or slightly sub-terminal, and straight, or at least not twisted or “kneed.”

(1) Paleæ so closely adherent to the fruit that the terminal awn appears to come from the latter [Barley type]. The three florets generally coherent.

✲ Awn at least twice the length of the grain.

Hordeum sylvaticum. H. murinum.

Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds.

Palea scabrid, ribbed above, awn at least twice as long as the very narrow grain.

Hordeum murinum, L.

Lower palea 9-10 mm. long, five-ribbed, lanceolate and wrapped round and adhering to the fruit (grain), upper palea also ribbed. The grain about 7-8 mm. × 2 × 1·2, hardly grooved. Awn about 30 mm. long, serrulate. Rachilla slightly serrulate.

** Awn not twice the length of the grain.

Hordeum pratense. H. maritimum.

Hordeum pratense, Huds.

Spikelet with a reddish tinge; awn almost smooth, less than 20 mm. long: not twice the length of the smooth and obscurely nerved grain.

Hordeum maritimum, With., similar to H. pratense, but softer and the awn somewhat longer.

The principal features of the Hordeum-grain are the closely adherent paleæ and angular fruit, the stiff awn appearing to come off from it as in Barley. The rachilla remains.

They are all weeds of no use in agriculture, though H. pratense is not uncommon in good pastures.

(2) Palea investing the caryopsis, often closely, but not fused with it, and its tip and awn quite free.

* Awn not strictly terminal but sub-terminal, or arising from between two teeth or in a sinus at the apex of the palea.

† Caryopsis thin, flattened and usually 6-10 mm. long, and the paleæ hairy.

≡ Palea inrolled, terete-lanceolate-acuminate, or linear-lanceolate (barge-shaped). Apical teeth minute and pointed.

Δ Palea scaberulous or hairy, awn from half to about its own length.

Bromus erectus. B. asper.

Bromus erectus, Huds.

Palea with 5-7 scaberulous ribs, but not hairy, flat above, incurved below, so that the inner palea is clearly visible. About 10-14 mm. long and narrowing somewhat suddenly into the smooth stiff awn, shorter than itself. Indications of a tooth at each side of the base of the awn. Caryopsis somewhat flattened, thin and long, barge-shaped, 8-10 × 1·5-2 mm., pointed at both ends, brown, hairy at the tip with the remains of the stigma. “Seed” often purplish. Rachilla long and slender.

Must be carefully distinguished from Brachypodium, which has the palea less inrolled and a stouter rachilla.

Bromus giganteus has a shorter and flatter “seed” and longer awn.

Bromus asper, Murr. (Fig. 71).

Palea often reddish, 5-7 ribbed and usually roughly hairy, mid-rib scaberulous, about 15 mm. long, linear-lanceolate (barge-shaped), the tip more distinctly two-toothed and tapering more gradually into the smooth awn, about its own length. Rachilla distinct. Otherwise resembling B. erectus.

B. giganteus has a shorter “seed” and longer awn.

ΔΔ Palea scarcely hairy: awn up to twice its length.

Bromus sterilis. B. giganteus.

Bromus sterilis, L. (Fig. 50).

Palea nearly smooth, somewhat inrolled, terete-lanceolate-acuminate, tough, red-brown, 12-15 mm. long, seven-ribbed, with a long serrulate awn (20-30 mm. or more) practically terminal. Ribs serrate. Caryopsis 9-10 mm. long, flattened, thin. Rachilla distinct, smooth, much wrapped in, widens upwards and is somewhat flattened.

The very slender and long “seed” and caryopsis distinguish this from all but B. erectus, which has a shorter awn. Perhaps the awn is truly terminal: if so it should go with Festuca Myurus, &c. (see p. 171). The length varies greatly.

Bromus giganteus, L.

Palea 7 mm. long and inrolled, the base and rachilla bristly, indistinctly 5-7 nerved, the tip bifid: sub-terminal awn serrulate, 12-15 mm. long.

Caryopsis 4·5 mm. long, flattened, thin, glabrous.

The caryopsis is shorter and more ovoid than in other Bromes.

≡≡ Palea expanded above (coracle-shaped), awn from sinus between two blunt or triangular teeth.

Bromus arvensis.

Bromus arvensis, var. mollis, L. (Fig. 73).

Palea oblong or obovate, somewhat flattened above (coracle-shaped), distinctly 5-7 ribbed, 8-9 mm. long, not hairy, though the ribs may be ciliate. Awn smooth, arising from the depression between two teeth or rounded projections. Caryopsis flattened and thin, 6 × 1·5 mm.; apt to fall loose from the paleæ.

In the variety B. secalinus the awn is usually shorter than the elliptical palea, and originates in the sinus of a notch (Fig. 74): in B. mollis from between two teeth, and is as long as the obovate palea.

Bromus maximus and B. madritensis are both rare.

The broader nerved paleæ of B. mollis and shorter, fatter caryopsis, as well as the longer awn distinguish it from B. secalinus and B. arvensis. In the other Bromes the palea is more inrolled and the “seed” more slender as a rule. The rachilla is usually bent above into a slight kink.

The Bromes are an extremely difficult group. The awn is inserted between the two teeth of the palea or just below. The palea smooth or ciliate on the nerves or roughly hairy. The fruit is flattened in the antero-posterior plane, and usually shines through the closely investing palea. A rachilla is visible. In Brachypodium the caryopsis is less flattened, and the apex tapers into the awn without teeth. In Lolium and Agropyrum the caryopsis is still more wheat-like and grooved.

All our Bromes are weeds, but some of them are important adulterants, requiring careful examination.

B. inermis is cultivated, and is a valuable grass. Awn short or wanting. Paleæ strongly 5-7 ribbed, inner with a marked central rib, closely adhering to caryopsis.

B. Schraderi is also said to be valuable.

†† Caryopsis not thin and flattened, corn-like, 3·5-5 mm. Palea smooth, inflated, boat-like.

Lolium temulentum.

A weed of cultivation, said to be poisonous to cattle, a possible explanation of which may be found in a fungus recently discovered as a very constant inhabitant of the tissues under the seed coats.

Lolium temulentum, L. (Fig. 48).

Palea ovate, 6-7·5 × 2·5 mm., papyraceous, inflated, smooth, the tip dry and emarginate with a slender sub-terminal awn its own length or longer. It tends to adhere to the fruit. Fruit 3·5-5 mm. × 2·5 × 1·5, somewhat depressed. Rachilla large, cylindrical and smooth.

L. perenne has no awn, or the merest trace of one. “Seed” 10-12 mm. long. Boat-shaped. Palea yellow, three-nerved, margins papery. Rachilla flat, see p. 143.

** Awn terminal, and with no evident teeth at its base.

≡ Palea not much inrolled, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, and therefore boat-or barge-shaped.

Δ Very hairy.

Brachypodium sylvaticum, Beauv. (Fig. 72).

Palea ribbed and hirsute much like that of Bromus asper, but straw-coloured, shorter (10-12 mm.), linear-lanceolate, more boat-shaped, and tapering without teeth into the longer (10-13 mm.) hairy awn. Caryopsis 7-8 mm., less flattened than in Bromus, with a shallow groove. Rachilla smooth.

B. pinnatum (p. 171) has a much shorter awn, and is nearly glabrous.

These grasses are weeds, but are said to occur frequently as adulterants.

ΔΔ Glabrous or nearly so.

++ Palea five-nerved, pubescent.

Agropyrum caninum.

Agropyrum repens is also often awned and may be described here (see also p. 150).

Agropyrum repens, Beauv. (Fig. 76).

Palea tough, 10-12 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 ribbed and smooth; with a short (2-3 mm.) or long (8 mm.) terminal awn or a mere tooth. Rounded back. Fruit grey-brown, ciliate above, 5-6 × 1·4 × 0·7-0·9 mm., depressed, hardly grooved, adhering to the palea. Rachilla smooth or not, and narrowed below.

A noxious weed (see p. 150) and hence should be carefully excluded from “seeds.”

A. caninum, Beauv., has a longer (10 mm. or more) and rougher awn, and is smaller (about 8 mm.), but otherwise very similar. Palea smooth except at the five-nerved apex. Rachilla thickened above, and hairy (Fig. 75).

Elymus differs from Agropyrum in its harder velvety palea, no awn, and its club-like velvety rachilla. It is also larger altogether, as a rule.

++++ Palea seven-ribbed, smooth.

Brachypodium pinnatum.

Brachypodium pinnatum, L., is similar, but the palea more open and boat-like and narrows more suddenly above into the smooth awn which is shorter than itself (Fig. 77). Length 8-9 mm. The caryopsis is, however, much more slender than in Agropyrum.

For distinction from B. sylvaticum, see above. The inner palea is ciliate and more delicate than in Agropyrum.

≡≡ Paleæ rolled round the “seed” which is terete and tapering gradually into a stiff awn.

Δ Awn longer than the palea.

Festuca Myurus.

See also Festuca ovina, Cynosurus, &c., p. 147, and Arundo.

Festuca Myurus, L. (Fig. 80).

“Seed” 5-7 mm. without the long (10 mm.) awn, tapering and slender (like Nardus), grey or brown. Finely mamillate upwards. Rachilla small.

ΔΔ Awn shorter than palea.

Festuca ovina (var. rubra). Nardus stricta.

Aira flexuosa, Molinia and other moor-grasses occur with these narrow-leafed Fescues, but are easily distinguished: Molinia by having no awn and being shorter and stouter, and Aira flexuosa by the dorsal awn and basal hairs.

Festuca rubra, L. (Fig. 78).

“Seed” pale brown with rosy tinge, 3-5 mm. long without the awn, smooth, or slightly hairy upwards. Caryopsis 2-3·5 mm., compressed, with a shallow broad flat furrow on the ventral face and a median long “hilum.” Rachilla cylindrical, smooth, dilated above.

The variety F. heterophylla has narrower and longer “seeds,” and a hispid rachilla. Palea 5-6 mm.: caryopsis 3·5-4·5 mm. (Fig. 79).

Perhaps Bromus sterilis should also come here (see p. 165).

With regard to these Fescues the student may note that F. ovina, var. tenuifolia, has the smallest (4-5 mm.) and most ovoid “seeds,” usually golden brown in colour. F. rubra is darker and larger (5-6 mm.), as is also F. duriuscula (6-7 mm.): the latter is also narrower, with toothed palea, tapering suddenly at the base and more awned. F. heterophylla is much like F. duriuscula, but the palea less toothed, and it tapers gradually at the base. The whole group is very difficult, and needs attention.

Nardus stricta, L. (Fig. 81).

Outer palea tough and fused, 10-12 mm. long, narrow, lanceolate and tapering gradually into the stiff, serrulate, terminal awn shorter than itself. Inner palea minutely toothed at the apex and without awn, loosely enclosing the red-brownish yellow to bluish grey fruit which has no groove. “Seed” 4-6 mm. × 0·6 × 0·5 (without the awn), more or less triangular in section and serrulate on angles above.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BENTHAM AND HOOKER, British Flora, London, 1896.

BONNIER and LAYENS, Nouvelle Flore de France, Paris, 1887.

BRUNS, Der Grasembryo in Flora, 1892, vol. LXXVI.

BURCHARD, Die Unkrautsamen der Klee-und Grasarten, Berlin, 1900.

DARWIN, Power of Movement in Plants, London, 1880.

DUVAL JOUVE, in Mémoires de l’Acad. des Sciences de Montpellier, 1871, vol. VII.

FREAM, Elements of Agriculture, London, 1892.

GROB, in Bibliotheca Botanica, H. 36, 1896.

GUÉRIN, Recherches sur le développement du Tégument &c. des Graminées in Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1899.

GÜNTZ, Unters. ü. d. anatomische Structur d. Grasblätter, Leipzig, 1886.

HACKEL, in Engler’s Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, II. Th. 2 Abth. 1887.

HARZ, Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde, Berlin, 1885.

HOLZNER, Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Gerste, Munich, 1888.

Index Kewensis, London, 1893-95.

JACKSON, A Glossary of Botanic Terms, London, 1900.

KIENITZ-GERLOFF, Botanik für Landwirte, Berlin, 1886.

NOBBE, Handbuch der Samenkunde, Berlin, 1876.

PARNELL, British Grasses, London, 1845.

PÉE-LABY, in Annales des Sc. Naturelles, 1898, vol. VIII.

PERCIVAL, Agricultural Botany, London, 1900.

PFITZER, in Pringsh. Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. B. VII.

SCHMID, in Bot. Centralbl. 1898, B. LXXVI.

SCHWARZ, Forstliche Botanik, Berlin, 1892.

SCHWENDENER, in Sitzungsber. d. Akad. Berlin, 1889 and 1890.

SETTEGAST, Die landwirthschaftl. Sämereien u. d. Samenbau, Leipzig, 1892.

SINCLAIR, Hortus gramineus Woburnensis, London, 1824.

SOWERBY, The Grasses of Great Britain, London, 1861.

STEBLER and SCHROETER, The Best Forage Plants, London, 1889.

SUTTON, Permanent and Temporary Pastures, London, 1886.

TRIMEN, Article Grasses, in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.

VAN TIEGHEM, Morphol. de l’embryon &c. chez les Graminées in Ann. des Sc. Nat. 1897.

VESQUE, Traité de Botanique Agricole &c. 1885.

WARMING, Lehrb. d. Oekologischen Pflanzengeogr. Berlin, 1896.

WITTMACK, Gras- und Kleesamen, Berlin, 1873.

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX,

GLOSSARY AND LIST OF SYNONYMS.

Figures in bold type (+25+) refer to pages whereon the species or subject is more particularly dealt with; figures in italics (25) refer to pages containing illustrations.

Achene, 123

Acicular--bristle-like

Acuminate--tapering to a long point, 21, 139, 146, 147

Acute--simply pointed, 19, 21

Adaptations, 20, 24, 36, 37, 70, 124, 125, 132

Adventitious roots, 8, 131

Agriculture, 2, 3

Agropyrum--Wheat-grass, 11, 14, 22, 25, 26, 36, 49, 50, 51, 57, 69, 88, 90, 91, +106+, 107, 108, 144, 150, 167, 170, 171; A. caninum, 7, 21, 28, 34, +57+, +80+, 92, +107+, 150, 168, 169, +170+; A. junceum--var. of A. repens, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36, 57, 66, +81+, 102, 107; A. repens, 7, 30, +57+, +80+, 81, 93, 102, +106+, 149, +150+, 169, +170+

Agrostis--Bent-grass, 7, 15, 22, 25, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 82, 88, 89, 91, 103, +104+, 105, 112, 118, 125, 136, 137, 141, 144, 145, 159, 160, +161+; A. alba, 7, 11, 13, 14, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52, 69, 92, +104+, 144, +145+, 162; A. canina, 7, 11, 20, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, +104+, 161, +162+; A. setacea, 31, 104, 161, +162+; A. Spica-venti, 31, 104, 130, 161, +162+; A. stolonifera--var. of A. alba, 14, +51+, 52, 104, +145+; A. vulgaris--var. of A. alba, 29, 51, 52, 66, 104, +145+

Aira--Hair-grass, 6, 20, 21, 36, 48, 88, 89, 90, 91, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 112, +117+, 118, 125, 127, 138, 141, 144, 145, 159, 162; A. alpina--var. of A. cæspitosa; A. canescens, 8, 11, 14, 32, +47+, 66, 78, 91, 112, +159+; A. caryophyllea, 8, 10, 14, 29, 32, +46+, +118+, +160+; A. cæspitosa, 6, 11, 14, 22, 23, 25, 28, 33, 37, 41, +47+, 48, 63, 65, 68, 69, +77+, 104, 106, +117+, 128, 160, +161+; A. flexuosa, 7, 11, 14, 29, 33, 34, +46+, 68, 70, 71, +79+, +118+, 158, +160+, 161, 171; A. montana--var. of A. flexuosa; A. setacea--var. of A. flexuosa; A. præcox, 8, 10, 29, 30, 32, +47+, 91, +112+, 160

Air-spaces, 21, 39, 40, 62

Aleurone layer, 121, 122, 123

Alopecurus, 25, 53, 55, 88, 89, 90, 93, +101+, 109, 110, 119, 124, 152, 153, 155; A. alpinus, 31, 101, 156; A. agrestis, 7, 18, 30, 50, 52, 53, +101+, 155, +156+; A. bulbosus--var. of A. geniculatus, 8, 9, 156; A. fulvus--var. of A. geniculatus, 156; A. geniculatus, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 28, 29, 33, 40, 48, 52, 53, +101+, 155, +156+; A. pratensis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 28, 32, 49, 50, 51, +52+, 55, +82+, +101+, 155, +156+

Alpine Foxtail--Alopecurus alpinus

Alpine Meadow-grass--Poa alpina

Alpine Poa--Poa alpina

Alps, 36, 37

Ammophila--Psamma; A. arundinacea--Psamma arenaria

Amphicarpum, 120

Anatomy, 62-71, 95

Andropogon, 4, 27

Andropogoneæ, 122

Animal-distribution of seeds, 125

Animals killed by grasses, 127

Annual Beard-grass--Polypogon monspeliensis

Annual grasses, 10, 11, 37, 43, 59, 114

Annual Meadow-grass--Poa annua

Anther, 93, 94, 119

Anthesis--the period of opening of the flower, 96

Anthoxanthum--Vernal grass, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27, 36, 56, 58, 60, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 110, 119, 124, 136, 152, 154; A. odoratum, 7, 28, 32, 33, 34, +57+, +76+, +102+, +103+, +154+; A. Puelii, 67, 154

Anti-ligular peg, 41

Apera--Agrostis; A. Spica-venti--Agrostis Spica-venti

Apex of leaf, 19, +21+, +22+

Apogamy, 134

Appressed hairs, 65

Aquatic grasses, 27, +28+, 39, 62, 103, 111, 112, 113

Arctic species, 37

Aristida, 36; A. hygrometrica, 127

Arrhenatherum--False Oat, 6, 11, 13, 14, 17, 26, 32, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 89, 90, 91, 92, 119, 152, 155, 157; A. avenaceum, 6, 8, 25, 28, 33, 34, +56+, 66, +77+, 93, +106+, 129, +157+

Arundo--Reed, 11, 14, 19, 20, 37, 40, 68, 69, 90, 91, 93, 103, 125, 130, 131, 139, 146, 171; A. Donax, 21, 75; A. Phragmites, 2, 6, 29, 32, 40, +51+, 55, 66, +75+, +138+

Asperities--minute stiff hairs giving roughness to the touch, 24, 45, 65, 66, 75, 77, 127

Auricles--ear-like projections at base of leaf-blade, 22, 133

Avena, 5, 15, 21, 23, 47, 54, 56, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 104, 106, +116+, 117, 125, 127, 138, 155, 157, 158; A. alpina--var. of A. pratensis; A. elatior--Arrhenatherum avenaceum; A. fatua, 28, 77, +117+, +156+, 157; A. flavescens, 7, 11, 13, 18, 26, 28, 56, +60+, 61, +81+, +117+, +158+, 161; A. pratensis, 7, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, +47+, 56, 61, 63, 66, 81, +117+, 156, +157+; A. pubescens--var. of A. pratensis, 16, 26, 27, 32, 33, 56, +61+, 68, +157+; A. strigosa--var. of A. fatua

Aveneæ, 122

Awn, 91, 92, +95+, 99-118, +125+, 126, 127, 128, 129, +130+, 131, 142, 144, 151, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173

Awned grasses, +92+, 99-101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 151-174

Awned Nit-grass--Gastridium lendigerum

Awnless Brome--Bromus inermis

Awnless grasses, +93+, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 138-151

Awn-point, 114, 115, 116, 123, 131, 150

Ballast plants, 30

Bamboos, 1, 5, 6, 37, 38, 96, 97, 123

Bambusa, 96

Barge-shaped “seeds,” 128, 163, 164, 168

Barley--Hordeum, 120, 132, +133+, 163

Barley-type of “seed,” 138, 162

Barren Brome--Bromus sterilis

Barren flowers, 86, 89, 90, 99, 100

Basal-awn, 92, 128, 129, 130, 159

Basal hair-tufts, 138, 158, 159, 160, 161

Base of leaf, 18, 19, 20, 22

Bast-sclerenchyma, 70

Bearded Darnel--Lolium temulentum

Bearded Wheat-grass--Agropyrum caninum

Beard-grass--Polypogon

Bent-grass--Agrostis

Bent-grass--Agrostis canina

Bermuda grass--Cynodon Dactylon

Biennial grasses, 10, 43

Bifid--cleft into two teeth, 95

Bitter-tasting grasses, 58, 59

Blade of leaf, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26

Blue Moor-grass--Sesleria cærulea

Boat-shaped “seeds,” 127, 128, 129, 138, 142, 143, 144, 167, 168, 169, 170

Bœhmer’s Phleum--Phleum Bœhmeri

Brachypodium--False Brome, 11, 14, 20, 60, 70, 88, 90, +107+, 108, 109, 165, 167; B. pinnatum, 7, 34, +61+, +78+, 93, +107+, 130, 168, 170, +171+; B. sylvaticum, 7, 26, 28, 33, 34, 60, +61+, 76, 78, 92, +107+, 128, 164, +168+, 171

Bracteoles, 95, 96, 97

Bracts, 94, 97

Branching, 6, 11

Branching of inflorescence, 83

Bristle-grass--Setaria

Bristle-leafed Bent-grass--Agrostis setacea

Bristle-like leaves, 16, 21, 24, 45

Bristle Oat--Avena strigosa

Bristles, 67, 125, 130

Briza--Quaking-grass, 14, 16, 22, 25, 90, 91, 92, 104, 136; B. media, 8, 11, 17, 27, 32, +45+, 66, +77+, +112+, +142+; B. minor, 10, 17, +45+, 112, 142

Brome--Bromus, 166, 167

Bromus--Brome-grass, 6, 10, 14, 17, 26, 44, 51, 59, 61, 76, 90, 91, 92, 95, 103, 104, 107, +115+, 117, 144, 151, 168; B. Alopecurus, 95; B. arvensis, 7, 8, 11, 27, 30, 32, +43+, 44, +76+, 108, +115+, 128, +166+, 167; B. asper, 6, 11, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 33, 34, +43+, 44, 59, 76, +115+, 116, 164, +165+, 168; B. commutatus--B. racemosus; B. diandrus--B. madritensis; B. erectus, 7, 11, 13, 14, +43+, 51, 70, 100, +164+, 165, 166; B. giganteus, 6, 11, 28, 33, 34, +43+, 44, 51, 76, 82, +115+, 116, 165, +166+; B. inermis, 13, 22, 31, +43+, 167; B. madritensis, 31, 116, 166; B. maximus, 31, 116, 166; B. mollis--var. of B. arvensis, 8, 26, +43+, 44, 108, 115, 143, +166+, 167; B. multiflorus--var. of B. arvensis; B. racemosus--var. of B. arvensis; B. Schraderi, 167; B. secalinus--var. of B. arvensis, 115, 166, 167; B. sterilis, 7, 11, 27, 30, 32, +43+, 44, +76+, +116+, 131, +165+, 172

Brown Bent--Agrostis canina

Buds, 12

Bulbous Meadow-grass--Poa bulbosa

Bulbous Poa--Poa bulbosa

Bulbs, 8, 37, 114

Calamagrostis--Small reed, 29, 40, 88, 89, 125, 138; C. Epigeios, 31, 70, 78, +103+, +159+; C. lanceolata, 31, 66, 103, +138+; C. strigosa, 103, 159; C. stricta, 31, 103, 159

Canary grass--Phalaris canariensis

Carpel, 97, 121

Caryopsis--the true fruit of the grass, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, +134+, 135

Catabrosa--Whorl-grass, 14, 21, 23, 29, 40, 63, 84, 88, 90, 91, 92, 104, 105, 118, 146; C. aquatica, 12, 25, 31, 73, +112+, 142

Cat’s-tail grass--Phleum

Cat’s-tail type of inflorescence, 100

Cells, 65

Cereals, 1

Chaff, 85, 134

Chalk-fleeing, 35

Chalk species, 27, +32+, 35

Chamagrostis--Mibora

Chlorophyll, 2, 62, 70, 72, 73, 95

Cinna, 97

Circular shoot sections, 16, 43

Classification according to anatomical characters of leaf, 72-82

Classification according to floral characters, 97, 99-118

Classification according to characters of seed, 135-174

Classification according to vegetative characters, 39-61

Classification of seedlings, 133

Clay species, 32

Cleistogamous--when pollination and fertilisation are completed in flowers which do not open, 120

Climbing grasses, 6

Close panicle--an inflorescence in which the primary branches do not diverge widely from the rachis, 110

Cock’s-foot--Dactylis glomerata, 83

Cockspur Panicum--Panicum Crus-galli

Collar, 58, 123

Coloured nodes, 15

Coloured sheath, 18

Coma, 125

Common Cat’s-tail--Phleum pratense

Common Dog’s-tail--Cynosurus cristatus

Common Foxtail--Alopecurus pratensis

Common Mat-grass--Nardus stricta

Common Quaking-grass--Briza media

Common Reed--Arundo Phragmites

Compact Brome--Bromus madritensis

Composites, 2, 125

Compressed shoots, 15, 16, 40, 41, 48, 53

Conduplicate--folded, 15, 16, 20, 63

Convolute--inrolled, 15, 16, 63

Copses, grasses of, 28, 34

Coracle-shaped “seeds,” 128, 137, 166, 167

Cord-grass--Spartina stricta

Coriaceous--leathery, 21

Corn, 1

Corn-field species, 28

Corn-type of fruit, 136, 138, 167

Corynephorus canescens--Aira canescens

Cotton-grass--Eriophorum

Couch-grass--Agropyrum repens. See also Twitch, 150

Creeping Fescue--Festuca rubra

Creeping grasses, 12, 13, 14, 15

Creeping grass-seeds, 127

Creeping Soft-grass--Holcus lanatus--Holcus mollis

Creeping stem, 12

Crested Dog’s-tail--Cynosurus cristatus

Crested Kœleria--Kœleria cristata

Cross-breeds, 120

Cross-fertilisation, 119, 120

Crypsis, 123

Culms, 14, 37, 83

Curved Lepturus--Lepturus incurvatus

Cuspidate--ending suddenly in a short point, 135

Cut-grass--Leersia

Cuticle, 68, 70

Cutinized, cuticularized--impregnated with corky substance, 64

Cylindrical inflorescence, 90

Cylindrical “seed,” 173

Cynodon--Dog’s-tooth grass, 14, 65, 67, 69, 87, 90, 105; C. Dactylon, 15, 31, +72+, 137

Cynosurus--Dog’s-tail, 14, 18, 25, 49, 50, 52, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93, 103, 130, 148, 151, 171; C. cristatus, 7, 11, 13, 23, 28, 32, +50+, +80+, +108+, 147, +148+; C. echinatus, 100, 108

Dactylis--Cock’s-foot, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 26, 41, 63, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 103, 148, 158; D. glomerata, 7, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 34, +41+, 65, 66, 69, +74+, +109+, 149, 150, +151+

Darnel--Lolium perenne--Lolium temulentum

Decumbent Heath-grass--Triodia decumbens

Dehiscent fruits, 123

Depauperated--starved and consequently dwarfed, 109

Deschampsia cæspitosa--Aira cæspitosa

Deschampsia flexuosa--Aira flexuosa

Digitaria--Panicum

Digitate--spread out like fingers, 15

Digraphis--Reed-grass, 6, 11, 13, 26, 40, 41, 51, 55, 69, 73, 75, 90, 91, 92, 103, 131, 139, 146, 159; D. arundinacea, 6, 16, 23, 29, 32, +54+, 64, +75+, +103+, +139+, 150

Dimensions of grasses, 6

Dinochloa, 6

Diœcious, unisexual, the male and female flowers being on separate plants, 119

Disarticulation of fruits, 124

Dissemination, 125, 127

Distichous--in two ranks on the axis, 106

Distribution of grasses, 2, 37, 38

Distribution of seeds, 124-127

Distribution of sexes, 119

Ditches, grasses of, 28, 29

Dog’s-tooth grass--Cynodon Dactylon

Dorsal awn, 92, 112, 116, 130, 159

Double seed--grass “seed” where the remains of a second flower come away with the first, 152, 153

Downs, grasses of, 29

Downy Oat--Avena pubescens

Dry leaves, 21

Dry situations, 24, 26, 29

Dry soils, 29, 32

Duration, 10

Dwarfed species, 6

Early Hair-grass--Aira præcox

Ears, 19, 22, 57, 59

Echinochloa--Panicum

Effects of grasses on soil, 35, 36

Egg-cell, 121

Eleusine, 123

Elliptical shoot-section, 16, 44

Elymus--Lyme-grass, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 36, 48, 57, 63, 65, 69, 79, 90, 92, 102, 170; E. arenarius, 6, 29, 33, 35, 36, +48+, 66, 67, +108+, +149+, 150

Embryo, 121, 131, 133

Embryo-sac, 121

Embryonic bud--plumule, 123

Embryonic roots, 123, 133

Endosperm, 120, 121, 122, 123

Energy stored in leaves, 2, 3

Entire--not cut: with unbroken outline, 19

Entire sheath, 17

Entire-sheathed grasses, 17, 39, 113, 115

Epidermis, 25, 36, 62-67, 70, 76, 122

Equitant--one folded leaf straddling over another, 39, 41

Eriophorum, 3

Extra-vaginal shoots, 12

False Oat--Arrhenatherum avenaceum

Female flowers, 89

Fertile flowers, 86, 89, 90

Fertilisation--the fusion of the nucleus of the pollen-tube with that of the egg-cell, 121

Fescue--Festuca, 115, 130, 137, 144, 148, 151, 172

Festuca--Fescue, 2, 6, 7, 15, 21, 25, 36, 49, 51, 53, 90, 91, 92, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 124, 144, 147; F. arundinacea--var. of F. elatior, 144, 151; F. calamaria--F. sylvatica; F. duriuscula--var. of F. ovina, 46, 69, +78+, 80, 147, 172, 173; F. elatior, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 28, 32, 44, +50+, 51, 63, 64, 82, 84, 108, 111, 115, +116+, 128, 131, 143, +144+; F. gigantea--Bromus giganteus; F. heterophylla--var. of F. ovina, 13, 46, 69, 71, 78, 80, 147, +172+, 173; F. uniglumis, 31, 92, 111; F. loliacea--var. of F. elatior, 90, 108; F. Myurus, 8, 10, 14, 19, 20, 28, +46+, 90, 91, 92, 99, +111+, 115, 130, 166, +171+, 173; F. ovina, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 36, +45+, 46, 68, 69, 70, +79+, +111+, 112, 115, +116+, 134, +147+, 151, 171, 172; F. pratensis--var. of F. elatior, 7, 19, 24, 49, 63, 64, 84, 111, 143, +144+; F. procumbens--Poa procumbens; F. rigida--Poa rigida; F. rubra, var. of F. ovina, 7, 13, 14, 18, 24, 33, 46, 69, 78, 80, 147, 151, +171+, 172; F. sabulicola--F. rubra, 46; F. sciuroides--var. of F. Myurus, 25, 26, 46; F. sylvatica, 6, 11, 14, 28, 34, +116+, 131, 147; F. tenuifolia--var. of F. ovina, 46, 148, 172; F. vivipara--var. of F. ovina

Festuceæ, 122

Fibichia umbellata--Cynodon Dactylon

Fibrous roots, 8

Fibrous Twitch--Agropyrum caninum

Field Brome--Bromus arvensis

Filament, 94

Fine Bent--Agrostis vulgaris

Finger-grass--Panicum glabrum

Fiorin--Agrostis alba

Firing, 35, 38

Flanking lines, 41, 53, 63, 73, 74

Flat leaves, 20, 47, 77

Flat shoots, 15, 16, 20

Flattened Meadow-grass--Poa compressa

Flavour, 27

Fleshy fruits, 123

Floating leaves, 39

Floating Foxtail--Alopecurus geniculatus

Floating Meadow-grass--Glyceria fluitans

Floating Sweet-grass--Glyceria fluitans

Floral diagram, 94, 95, 96

Flower, 83, 84, 85, +86+, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 105, 106, 112

Flowering glume--the outer palea

Flowering stem, 83, 84

Flying Bent--Molinia cærulea

Folded leaves, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 63, 69, 70, 74

Foreign grasses, 30

Forestry, 3

Forest species, 27, 28, 33

Form of lamina, 19, 20

Foxtail grass--Alopecurus

Foxtail type of inflorescence, 9, 88, 100

Fructification--fruiting, 120

Fruit, 119, 123, 125, 126, 129, +134+, +135+-+174+

Fruit-coats, 121, 122

Functions of awns, 95, 125, 126, 127

Functions of ears, 19

Functions of leaves, 2

Functions of ligule, 18, 19

Functions of lodicules, 96

Functions of spear, 132

Furrows, 23, 78

Gastridium--Nit-grass, 90, 91, 101, 103, 105; G. lendigerum, 31

Germination, 123, +131+-+133+

Germination of pollen-grain, 120, 121

Giant Fescue--Festuca gigantea

Girders--supporting bands of sclerenchyma running in the principal ribs and ridges, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, +68+, 69, 70, 71, 74-80

Glabrous--devoid of hairs, 18, 19, 22, 26, 45, 48, 80, 168

Glaucous--pale sea-green, usually due to a waxy bloom, 22

Glume, 85, 86, 87, +91+, +92+, 93, +94+, 95, 99-118, 124, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 136, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156

Glyceria--Sweet-grass, 6, 14, 20, 21, 37, 40, 54, 67, 90, 91, 92, 136, 137, 138, 146, 148; G. aquatica, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, +39+ 54, 69, +73+, 103, 111, 112, +113+, 142, +145+; G. distans--Poa distans; G. fluitans, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, +39+, 40, 54, 64, 66, 69, +73+, +111+, 113, 128, +145+; G. maritima--Poa maritima; G. procumbens--Poa procumbens; G. rigida--Poa rigida

Grain, 86, 95, 121, 122, 127, 135

Graminaceæ, characters, 3, 36, 37

Gramineæ, see Graminaceæ

Grass, origin of the word, 3

Grass carpets, 2, 37

Grasses, identification of, 3, 4

Grazing, 27

Grey Hair-grass--Aira canescens

Grooved leaf, 69, 70, 71, 79

Grooved sheath, 18

Gynerium, 89

Habit, 13, 34

Habitats, 27-31

Hair-grass--Aira

Hairs, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 62, 64, 66, 67, 91, 125, 130, 131, 138, 139, 144

Hair-tufts, 59, 123, 125, 129, 158

Hairy grasses, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, +26+, 57, 76, 81

Hairy Brome--Bromus asper

Hairy “seeds,” 168

Half-shade species, 34

Halophytes, 36

Hard Fescue--Festuca duriuscula

Hard-grass--Lepturus

Hard leaves, 21, 47

Hard Meadow-grass--Poa rigida

Hardy Bamboos, 38

Hare’s-tail--Lagurus

Harsh leaves, 21

Haulm, 83

Havers--Avena fatua

Hay, 27, 37

Heath False-Brome--Brachypodium pinnatum

Heath-grass--Triodia decumbens

Heath-grasses, 20, +29+, 36

Height, 6

Heleochloa, 123

Herbaceous--of the ordinary soft texture of herbs, 6, 21, 91

Heterodera, 10

Heterophylly, 71

Heteropogon contortus, 127

Hierochloe--Holy-grass, 20, 27, 66, 73, 91, 92, 105, 155; H. borealis, 30, 65

Hill-pastures, 29

Hispid--covered with stiff and rather long hairs, 58

Histology, 62-71, 122

Holcus--Soft grass, 8, 22, 26, 27, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93, +106+, 119, 125, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155; H. lanatus, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, +59+, 65, 69, +81+, +106+, 143, 151, +152+; H. mollis, 11, 28, 30, 33, 59, +106+, +153+

Holy-grass--Hierochloe

Hooded leaf-apex, 21

Hook-hairs, 65

Hordeum--Barley, 10, 20, 22, 26, 44, 59, 88, 89, 90, 92, +99+, 100, 108, 127, 134, 163; H. jubatum, 125; H. maritimum, 8, 10, 29, 33, 59, +100+, +163+; H. murinum, 8, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50, +59+, +76+, +100+, 125, 162, +163+; H. pratense, 7, 11, 14, 21, 22, 28, +58+, +100+, +163+; H. sylvaticum, 7, 11, 14, 28, 34, 44, +58+, 59, +100+, 105, +162+

Humus species, 33, 35

Hybrids, 120

Hydrophytes--plants requiring much water, and therefore aquatic or semi-aquatic, 37

Hygrophilous species--hydrophytes, 70

Imperfect--rudimentary or staminate, 105

Inconspicuously awned grasses, 93

Indicator-plants, 31, 32, 34

Inflorescence, 5, 9, 12, 15, 83, +86+-+91+, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, +109+-+118+, 119

Infolding of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 62, +63+, 64

Inrolling of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 46, 62, +63+, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 75, 78, 79, 80

Intercellular spaces, 37

Internode, 8, 17

Intra-vaginal shoots, 12, 13

Introduced grasses, 30

Involute--rolled inwards, 20, 47

Irritability of seedlings, 132

Italian Rye-grass--Lolium italicum

Keel, 18, 23, 26, 63, 68, 69, 91, 113, 127, 140, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151

Keeled grasses, 26, 74

Knappia--Mibora

Kneed awns, 129, 130, 151, 153, 154, 158

Kneed stem, 9

Knot-grass--Polygonum

Kœleria, 11, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 90, 91, 92, 101, 103, 110, 141, 146, 149; K. cristata, 8, 29, 32, 66, +81+, +109+, 148, +149+

Lacunæ--air-spaces, 70, 73

Lagurus--Hare’s-tail, 76, 88, 90, 92, 100, 101, 109; L. ovatus, 31

Lamina--the blade of the leaf, 63-71, 95

Lanceolate--narrow and tapering at both ends, 163

Lanceolate-acuminate--lanceolate, but the upper end drawn out to a long point, 163

Large grasses, 6

Lawns, 10, 37

Lax--loose, the spikelets on slender branches some distance apart, 110, 117

Layed shoots, 15

Leaf, +17+-+27+, 39-61, 95, 133

Leaf anatomy, 62-71, 72-82

Leaf-apex, +21+

Leaf-base, 10, 22, 40

Leaf-blade--Lamina

Leaf characters, 4, +20+-+27+

Leaf-margin, +22+, 44, 66

Leaf-section, 16, 20, +62+-+72+

Leaf-stalk--Petiole

Leaf-surface, +22+, 65, 66, 67

Least Quaking-grass--Briza minor

Leathery leaves, 21

Leersia--Cut-grass, 67, 70, 77, 90, 91, 92, 105, 120; L. oryzoides, 30, 66, 137

Leguminosæ, 3

Lepturus, 87, 90, 99; L. filiformis--L. incurvatus; L. incurvatus, 31

Ligule, 18, 19, 45, 46, 51, 95, 113, 133

Limestone species, 32

Linear--at least five times as long as broad, with parallel straight sides, 19

Linear-acuminate--linear, but tapering to a long point at the apex, 19

Linear-acute--linear, but pointed at the apex, 39

Linear-lanceolate--linear, but tapering at both ends, 19, 20, 163, 168

Linear-oblong--oblong, but drawn out so that the sides are parallel for some distance, 16

Local grasses, 30, 31

Lodicules, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97

Lolium--Rye-grass, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25, 49, 50, 53, 57, 59, 82, 88, 90, 91, +107+, 108, 109, 144, 151, 167; L. italicum, 7, 11, 28, 31, +49+; L. perenne, 8, 11, 16, 19, 20, 28, 30, 32, +49+, +81+, 82, 93, +107+, 128, 131, +142+, 143, 144, 150, 168; L. temulentum, 8, 10, 30, +49+, 50, 82, 92, +107+, 129, 130, 142, 150, 167, +168+

Loose Panic-grass--Panicum Crus-galli

Lygeum, 36

Lyme-grass--Elymus

Maize, 1, 89, 120

Male flowers, 89, 90, 119

Manna-croup--Glyceria fluitans

Many-flowered spikelets, 90

Margin of leaf, 21, +22+, 66

Marginal asperities, 22

Maritime grasses, 29

Marram--Psamma

Marsh Bent--Agrostis alba

Marsh Foxtail--Alopecurus geniculatus

Marsh grasses, 28, 29

Mat-grass--Psamma arenaria

Maydeæ, 122

Meadows, 1

Meadow Barley--Hordeum pratense

Meadow Fescue--Festuca elatior--Festuca pratensis

Meadow Foxtail--Alopecurus pratensis

Meadow-grass--Poa pratensis, 83

Meadow grasses, +27+, +28+, 37, 113

Meadow Soft-grass--Holcus lanatus

Mechanical tissues--tissues composed of hard-walled cells (sclerenchyma) serving for support, 62, 63, 64, 68

Medium grasses, 7

Melica--Melick, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 34, 63, 90, 91, 92, 110, +136+, 137, 142; M. ciliata, 32; M. nutans, 7, 17, 33, +41+, 78, 104, 105, +137+; M. uniflora, 7, 17, 28, 33, +40+, 41, 78, 104, +105+, 137

Melocanna, 123

Membranous ligule, 19

Mesophytes--plants adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture, 37

Mibora, 68, 87, 89; M. verna, 31, +74+, +99+

Micropyle, 121

Microscopic characters, 62, 122

Mid-rib, 15, 20, 21, 25, 63, 67, 68, 74

Milium--Millet-grass, 6, 11, 14, 20, 22, 27, 34, 89, 91, 92, 137; M. effusum, 6, 28, 33, +103+, +136+

Millet--Panicum, 135

Millet-grass--Milium

Millet-seed type, 127, +135+

Moist soils, 26, 32

Molinia, 8, 14, 19, 20, 40, 60, 77, 90, 91, 92, 146, 148, 151, 171; M. cærulea, 7, 26, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, +59+, +110+, +148+, 149

Monocotyledons, 97, 134

Monœcious--male and female flowers on the same plant, 119

Moor-grass--Sesleria

Moor-grasses, 8, 20, +29+, 37

Moor Mat-grass--Nardus stricta, 83

Morphology of flower, 95, 96, 97

Morphology of spikelet, 94

Motor-cells, 25, 41, 62, +63+, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

Mountain Melick--Melica nutans

Movements of awns, 125, 126, 127

Movements of seedlings, 132

Mucronate--with a short point suddenly springing from a rounded apex, 22, 138, 139, 146, 149, 150

Myosotis, 3

Naked fruits, 136

Nardus, 8, 9, 11, 14, 20, 21, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 80, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 130, 146, 171; N. stricta, 8, 9, 29, 33, 36, +46+, 64, 69, 70, +99+, 171, 173, +174+

Narrow-leafed Oat--Avena pratensis

Narrow Small-reed--Calamagrostis stricta

Naviculate--Boat-shaped, but pointed at both ends, 16

Nematode worms, 10

Nerves--minute veins on paleæ, 113, 115, 128, 140, 144, 168

Nodes, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15

Nodules, 10

Northern Holy-grass--Hierochloe borealis

Nucellus--the body of the ovule or young seed, 122

Nuclei, 121

Numbers of grasses, 2

Oat--Avena, 85, 89, +133+

Oat-type of “seed,” 156

Obsolete--so much reduced as to be practically absent, 19, 45, 48, 115, 116

Obtuse--rounded off and blunt at the apex, 19, 91

Odours, 27

Offsets, 12

Olyra, 6

One-flowered spikelets, 89

One-glumed Fescue--Festuca uniglumis

Open panicle--one where the primary branches stand off at right angles from the rachis, 112

Orange spiked Foxtail--Alopecurus fulvus

Orchids, 2

Ovary, 86, 87, 89, 95, 96, 97, 119, 121

Ovate-acute--egg-shaped in outline, but the free narrow end pointed, 61

Ovate-lanceolate--ovate, but tapering above, 168

Pale--Palea, 86, 89

Palea, 84, 85, 86, 87, +92+, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99-118, 119, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, +135+-+174+

Pampas-grass, 1

Panic-grass--Panicum

Panicle, 5, 12, 87, 88, 90, 91, 103, 105, 109-118

Panicum, 4, 19, 67, 69, 72, 87, 90, 92, 101, 105, 109, 124, 135, 136, 137, 142; P. Crus-galli, 137; P. glaucum, 30; P. plicatum, 21; P. sanguinale, 30; P. verticillatum, 30

Papillæ--protruding cells not long enough to be termed hairs, 64, 67

Pappus, 125

Parallel venation, 21, 22

Parenchyma--ordinary soft cellular tissue of herbaceous parts, 64, 65

Partial inflorescence, 86

Pasture, 1, 10

Pasture-grasses, +27+, +28+, 37

Perennial Beard-grass--Polypogon littoralis

Perennial grasses, 10, 11, 40, 43, 58, 114

Perennial Oat--Avena pratensis

Perennial Oat-grass--Avena pratensis

Perfect flowers, 89, 90, 99, 100, 105, 106

Perianth--the floral coverings, 96

Pericarp--the coats of the true fruit, 121, 122

Petiole, 5, 17

Phalaris--Canary grass, 88, 101, 109, 136; P. arundinacea--Digraphis arundinacea; P. canariensis, 31, 139

Phleum, 66, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, +102+, 109, 110, 136, 137, 142; P. alpinum, 30, 102; P. arenarium, 7, 10, 29, 37, +55+, +102+, 136; P. asperum, 31, 55, 102, 136; P. Bœhmeri, 8, 31, 55, 102, 136; P. nodosum--var. of P. pratense; P. phalaroides--P. Bœhmeri; P. pratense, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 28, 32, +55+, 70, +76+, +102+, 128, +135+

Phloem, 67

Phragmites communis--Arundo Phragmites

Physiognomy, 36, 37

Piercing of soil, 132

Pilose--with scattered, rather long soft hairs, 59

Plaited vernation, 21

Plantago, 3

Plicate--plaited

Plume-like inflorescence, 91, 103

Plumule, 121, 123, 132, 133

Poa, 2, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 47, 54, 61, 74, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104, 109, 110, +113+, 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 131, 140, 141, 144, 146, 151, 162; P. alpina, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31, +44+, 54, 63, 114, 134, +146+; P. annua, 8, 10, 14, 16, 30, 34, 42, +53+, 54, 63, 68, 74, 75, +114+, 127, 141, +146+; P. aquatica--Glyceria aquatica; P. bulbosa, 8, 11, 14, 29, +54+, 69, 111, 114, 146; P. compressa, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30, 32, 42, +53+, 54, 63, 69, 74, 111, +114+, 139, +140+; P. distans, 29, 30, 114, 146; P. fertilis--P. serotina, 45; P. fluitans--Glyceria fluitans; P. laxa, 31, 134; P. loliacea, 31, 108, 114, 146; P. maritima, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 26, 29, +47+, 54, +111+, 114, 146; P. nemoralis, 7, 11, 14, 15, 28, 34, 45, +54+, 63, 74, 75, 113, +114+, 139, 140, +141+, 161; P. pratensis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, +44+, 45, 54, 55, 67, 75, 113, +114+, 139, +140+, 141; P. procumbens, 31, 111, 114; P. rigida, 10, 14, 30, +111+, 114, 146; P. stricta--var.of P. alpina, 134; P. trivialis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 27, 32, +42+, 44, 45, 54, +74+, 90, 112, +113+, 139, 140, +141+, 146, 148

Pollen, 93, 94, 119

Pollen-grain, 120, +121+

Pollen-tube, 120, +121+

Pollination, 93, 119, +120+, +121+

Polygonum, 3

Polypogon--Beard-grass, 69, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 109; P. littoralis, 31; P. monspeliensis, 31

Ponds, grasses of, 28, 29

Popular names, 6

Potassium salts, 32

Prairies, 1, 36, 38

Prickle-hairs, 66

Primary root, 123, 131

Procumbent Meadow-grass--Poa procumbens

Protandrous--when the pollen is mature and shed before the stigma of the same flower is ready for pollination, 119

Proterogynous--when the stigma is receptive before the pollen of the same flower is mature, 119

Psamma, 4, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 36, 48, 79, 81, 89, 90, 92, 95, 138; P. arenaria, 7, 29, 33, 35, 36, +48+, 70, +79+, +102+, 138, +139+

Pubescence--hairiness, 26

Pungent--spine-like, 22

Purple-flowered Small-reed--Calamagrostis lanceolata

Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail--Phleum Bœhmeri

Purple-veined sheaths, 18

Quadrangular shoot-section, 16, 40

Quake-grass--Briza

Quaking-grass--Briza media

Racemous--like a raceme, 105

Rachilla, 85, 123, 124, 128, 129, 131, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 164, 167, 169, 170, 172

Rachis, 9, 85, 88, 106, 107

Radicle, 121, 123

Rare grasses, 6, +30+, +31+, 89, 90, 91, 92

Rat’s-tail Fescue--Festuca Myurus

Red-sheathed grasses, 18, 49, 59

Reed, 2

Reed Canary grass--Digraphis arundinacea

Reed Fescue--Festuca sylvatica

Reed-grass, 1, 6

Reed Meadow-grass--Glyceria aquatica

Reed Sweet-grass--Glyceria aquatica

Reflexed leaves, 16

Reflexed Meadow-grass--Poa distans

Rhizomes, 10, 11, 35, 36, 37

Rhomboidal shoot-section, 16, 42

Rib-grass--Plantago

Ribbon-grass--Digraphis arundinacea

Ribs--the more opaque veins due to the larger vascular-bundles, 22, 25, 62, 91, 127

Rice, 1

Ridgeless grasses, 25

Ridges, 18, 21, 22, +23+, 24, +25+, 26, 47, 51, 53, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91

River-banks, 28, 29

Road-sides, 29

Rolled leaves, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 63

Rolling of leaves, 24, 25, 36

Root-cap, 121

Roots, 8, 12, 35, 121, 123, 131, 132, 133

Rough Cock’s-foot--Dactylis glomerata

Rough Meadow-grass--Poa trivialis

Rough Phleum--Phleum asperum

Rough-stalked Meadow-grass--Poa trivialis

Round shoots, 15, 16, 42, 50, 57

Ruderal grasses, 29, 32, 34, 35

Rudimentary flowers, 89, 90, 105

Runners, 12, 13, 14

Rushes, 4, 33

Rushy Wheat-grass--Agropyrum junceum

Rye--Secale, 120, 132, +133+

Rye Brome--Bromus secalinus

Rye-grass--Lolium perenne

Salt species, 33

Sand-binders, 13, 35, 36, 48, 102, 107, 108

Sand Cat’s-tail--Phleum arenarium

Sand dunes, 35, 36

Sand species, 29, 32, 36

Sandy situations, 8, 29, 33

Savannahs, 1, 38

Scaberulous--slightly rough to the touch, 22, 45, 164

Scabrid--rough to the touch, 22, 47, 54

Scarious--as if scorched by fire, 92, 145

Scents, 27

Sclerenchyma--mechanical tissue, 62, 65, 66, 67, +68+, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80

Sclerochloa--Poa

Sclerochloa maritima--Poa maritima; S. procumbens--Poa procumbens; S. rigida--Poa rigida

Scorpion-grass--Myosotis

Scutellum, 121, 123

Sea Barley--Hordeum maritimum

Sea Cat’s-tail--Phleum arenarium

Sea-grass--Zostera

Sea Hard-grass--Lepturus incurvatus

Sea Lyme-grass--Elymus arenarius

Sea Mat-grass--Psamma arenaria

Sea Mat-weed--Psamma arenaria

Sea Meadow-grass--Poa maritima

Sea Poa--Poa maritima

Sea Reed--Psamma arenaria

Sea-side grasses, 27, 29

Secondary roots, 121, 123, 131, 133

Secund--turned to one side, 9, 89, 108, 109, 114

Sedges, 3, 4, 33, 35, 121

Seed--strictly the contents of the caryopsis (fruit), but in practice the fruit and its adherent paleæ etc. (chaff) are termed “seed,” 119, 120, 121, 123, +124+, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, +134+, +135+-+174+

Seed-coats, 121, 122

Seedlings, 132, +133+

Semi-aquatic species, 28, 29

Separation of fruits, 124

Serrulæ--minute tooth-like asperities, 22, 91, 173

Sesleria--Moor-grass, 22, 25, 63, 64, 68, 90, 91, 93, 101; S. cærulea, 17, +42+, 67, +108+, 149, +151+

Sessile--sitting directly on an axis without an intervening stalk, 87, 99, 107

Setaceous--bristle-like, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 45, 111, 113

Setaria--Panicum

Sexual organs, 134

Shade action of grasses, 35

Shade-grasses, 20, +28+, 33, 34, 70

Shapes of caryopsis, 127

Shapes of leaves, 4, 19, 20

Shapes of shoot, 16

Sharp-edged shoots, 16

Sheath, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 51, 95, 133

Sheep’s Fescue--Festuca ovina

Shelving sheath-margin, 22

Shoot, 10, 12, 15, 16, 123

Sieglingia decumbens--Triodia decumbens

Siliceous--impregnated with flint--silex, 64, 65, 66

Silky Bent-grass--Agrostis Spicaventi

Silvery Hair-grass--Aira caryophyllea

Single-husked Fescue--Festuca uniglumis

Slender Foxtail--Alopecurus agrestis

Small grasses, 7

Small Reed--Calamagrostis

Smooth Brome--Bromus racemosus

Sociable plants, 36

Sod, 37

Sodium chloride, 33

Soft Brome--Bromus mollis

Soft-grass--Holcus

Soft Holcus--Holcus mollis

Soil formation, 36

Soil protection, 36

Solid leaves, 46

Solid stems, 4

Sour soils, 33

Spartina--Cord-grass, 69, 87, 90, 99, 105; S. stricta, 27, 31, 78

Spear, 123, 132

Spikate inflorescence, 99, 106

Spike, 9, 87, 88, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108

Spiked Fescue--Festuca loliacea

Spikelet, 9, 84, 85, +86+, 87, 88, +89+, +90+, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99-118, 119, 120, 123, 124

Spike-like panicle, 9, 88, 90, 102

Spinescent leaf, 22

Spinifex, 125

Split sheath, 5, 17, 18, 19

Split-sheathed grasses, 17, 18, 19, 45, 50

Sporobolus, 123, 134

Squirrel-tail grass--Hordeum maritimum

Stamen, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 119

Staminate--a flower with stamens and no ovary, 100, 105, 106

Starch, 120, 121, 122

Stem, 4, 6, 8

Steppes, 1, 36, 38

Stigma--stigmatic plumes, 86, 87, 93, 94, 96, 97, +119+, 120, 121

Stipa, 36, 96, 126; S. capillata, 125; S. pennata, 32, 125; S. spartea, 125

Stolon, 10, 12, 35, 114

Stoloniferous grasses, 8, 13, 14, 15

Stomata, 25, 36, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 77, 80, 95

Strand-plants, 36

Stringy roots, 8

Striped grass--Digraphis arundinacea

Struggle for existence, 2, 37, 38

Style, 94, 97, 99

Sub-acute--hardly pointed, 142

Sub-sessile--very shortly stalked, so as to be all but sessile, 99, 106

Sub-terminal awn, 95, 115, 129, 130, 150, 151, 152, 162, 163-168, 169

Subulate--awl-shaped: stouter than setaceous, 19, 20, 21, 70, 71, 79

Sugar, 120, 121, 122

Sugar-cane, 1

Sun-plants, 36

Sweet-tasting grasses, 39

Sweet Vernal grass--Anthoxanthum odoratum

Sympodium, 11

Tall Brome--Bromus giganteus

Tall Fescue--Festuca elatior

Tapering leaves, 21

Tastes, 27

Temperate species, 2

Terete--cylindrical and gradually tapering, 6, 54, 163, 171

Terminal awn, 92, 111, 115, 116, 126, +130+, 162, 168-174, 173

Texture of leaf, +21+

Three-flowered spikelets, 90

Timothy--Phleum pratense

Tomentose--softly hairy, 59

Transpiration, 20

Transverse sections of leaves, 16, 23, 24, 63, 64

Transverse section of shoot, 15, 16

Triodia--Heath-grass, 11, 14, 19, 25, 26, 90, 91, 103, 139; T. decumbens, 8, 29, 34, +110+, 123

Trisetum flavescens--Avena flavescens

Triticum--Wheat; T. acutum--T. laxum; T. junceum--Agropyrum junceum; T. laxum--Agropyrum laxum; T. pungens--T. laxum; T. repens--Agropyrum repens

Tropical species, 1, 2

Truncate, 92, 142

Tuber, 8

Tufted grasses, 13, 14

Tufted Hair-grass--Aira cæspitosa

Tufted inflorescences, 90, 99, 102, 103, 109

Tufts, 5, 9, 12, 13, 37

Tumble-weeds, 125

Turgescence--the distension of cells with water which they have absorbed, 63

Tussocks, 13

Twisted awns, 116, 125, 126, 129, 130, 151, 154, 158

Twisting of seedling leaves, 133

Twitch--certain persistent weeds belonging to the genera Agropyrum, Agrostis, Holcus, etc.: see Couch-grass, 52, 57, 59

Two-flowered spikelets, 90

+U+-shaped leaf-sections, 20

Uniola, 97

Upright Brome--Bromus erectus. Also B. madritensis

Uses of grasses, 1, 2

+V+-shaped leaf-sections, 20, 53, 73

Vagabond grasses, 29, 32, 34

Variability, 26

Vascular bundles, 21, 22, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, +68+, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81

Vascular-bundle sheath, 68, 95, 122

Vegetative organs, 4

Veins, 18, 21, 22, 68, 76, 91

Venation, +21+, 62, +67+, 68

Vermin, 35

Vernal grass--Anthoxanthum, 83

Vernation--folding of the leaves in bud, 21

Versatile--hung loosely so as to turn freely, 94

Vessels, 67

Violet-brown sheath, 18

Viviparous grasses, 112, 114, 134

Vulpia Myurus--Festuca Myurus; V. uniglumis--Festuca uniglumis

Wall Barley--Hordeum murinum

Wall Fescue--Festuca Myurus

Walls, grasses of, 29

Waste-places, 29

Water-storing tissues, 36, 70

Water Whorl-grass--Catabrosa aquatica

Wavy Hair-grass--Aira flexuosa

Wavy Meadow-grass--Poa laxa

Wax, 36, 70

Web--minute tufted soft hairs at the base of the caryopsis, 113, 114, 127, 131, 138, 139, 140, 141

Weeds, 27, 28, 29, 35

Wheat--Triticum, 1, 120, 127, 132, +133+

Wheat-grass--Agropyrum

Whorl-grass--Catabrosa

Wild Oat--Avena fatua, 117

Wind-borne seeds, 125, 126

Wings, 125, 142

Wood Barley--Hordeum sylvaticum

Wood False-Brome--Brachypodium sylvaticum

Wood Meadow-grass--Poa nemoralis

Wood Melick--Melica uniflora

Wood Poa--Poa nemoralis

Wood-species, +28+, 33

Woolly Holcus--Holcus lanatus

Xenia--cases where the direct influence of the pollen is evident on the seed resulting from its action, 120

Xerophilous--of the nature of a xerophyte, 70

Xerophytes--plants adapted to dry situations, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38, 68, 70

Xylem, 67

Yellow Oat-grass--Avena flavescens

Yellow-sheathed grasses, 18

Yorkshire Fog--Holcus lanatus, 152

Zostera, 3

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