Part 2, Vol. 3, 1948, 23 Pp.

MAUCHLY, JOHN W., Preparation of Problems for Edvac-Type Machines, Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 203-207.

DIGITAL MACHINES—MISCELLANEOUS

Many of the following articles are nontechnical and contain much interesting information about machines that think:

ALT, FRANZ L., New High-Speed Computing Devices, The American Statistician, vol. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1947, pp. 14-15.

BUSH, VANNEVAR, As We May Think, Atlantic Monthly, July 1945, pp. 101-108.

CONDON, EDWARD U., The Electronic Brain Means a Better Future for You (broadcast), Columbia Broadcasting System, Jan. 4, 1948.

DAVIS, HARRY M., Mathematical Machines, Scientific American, vol. 180, no. 4, Apr. 1949, pp. 29-39.

LAGEMANN, JOHN K., It All Adds Up, Collier’s Magazine, May 31, 1947, pp. 22-23 ...

LOCKE, E. L., Modern Calculators, Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 52, no. 5, Jan. 1949, pp. 87-106.

MACLAUGHLAN, LORNE, Electrical Mathematicians, Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 3, May 1949, pp. 93-108.

MANN, MARTIN, Want to Buy a Brain? Popular Science, vol. 154, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 148-152.

NEWMAN, JAMES R., Custom-Built Genius, New Republic, June 23, 1947, pp. 14-18.

PFEIFFER, JOHN E., The Machine That Plays Gin Rummy, Science Illustrated, vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 1949, pp. 46-48 ...

RIDENOUR, LOUIS N., Mechanical Brains, Fortune, vol. 39, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 108-118.

TUMBLESON, ROBERT C., Calculating Machines, Federal Science Progress, June 1947, pp. 3-7.

ANONYMOUS, Almost Human, Home Office News, Newark, N. J.: Prudential Insurance Company of America, Feb. 1947, p. 8.

APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL MACHINES

Some of the problems that mechanical brains can solve, some of the methods for controlling them to solve problems, and some of the implications of mechanical brains for future problems are covered in the following references:

Solving Problems

BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Electronic Machinery for Handling Information, and its Uses in Insurance, Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, vol. 48, May 1947, pp. 36-52.

BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Electronic Sequence Controlled Calculating Machinery and Applications in Insurance, Proceedings of 1947 Annual Conference, Life Office Management Association, New York: Life Office Management Association, 1947, pp. 116-129.

CURRY, HASKELL B., and WILLA A. WYATT, A Study of Inverse Interpolation of the Eniac, B. R. L. Report No. 615, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aug. 19, 1946, 100 pp.

HARRISON, JOSEPH O., JR., and HELEN MALONE, Piecewise Polynomial Approximation for Large-Scale Digital Calculators, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 400-407.

HOFFLEIT, DORRIT, A Comparison of Various Computing Machines Used in Reduction of Doppler Observations, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949, pp. 373-377.

LEONTIEF, WASSILY W., Computational Problems Arising in Connection with Economic Analysis of Interindustrial Relationships, Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 169-175.

LOTKIN, MAX, Inversion on the Eniac Using Osculatory Interpolation, B. R. L. Report No. 632, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, July 15, 1947, 42 pp.

LOWAN, ARNOLD N., The Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, Scripta Mathematica, vol. 15, no. 1, Mar. 1949, pp. 33-63.

MATZ, ADOLPH, Electronics in Accounting, Accounting Review, vol. 21, no. 4, Oct. 1946, pp. 371-379.

MCPHERSON, JAMES L., Applications of High-Speed Computing Machines to Statistical Work, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948, pp. 121-126.

MITCHELL, HERBERT F., JR., Inversion of a Matrix of Order 38, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948, pp. 161-166.

ANONYMOUS, Revolutionizing the Office, Business Week, May 28, 1949, no. 1030, pp. 65-72.

Speech

Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with voice and speech are indicated in:

DUDLEY, HOMER, R. R. RIESZ, and S. S. A. WATKINS, A Synthetic Speaker, Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 227, June 1939, pp. 739-764.

This is an article on the Voder, which is an abbreviation of Voice Operation Demonstrator. The machine was exhibited at the New York World’s Fair, 1939.

DUDLEY, HOMER, The Vocoder, Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec. 1939, pp. 122-126.

This is a more general type of machine than the Voder. The Vocoder is both an analyzer and synthesizer of human speech.

POTTER, RALPH K., GEORGE A. KOPP, and HARRIET C. GREEN, Visible Speech, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, 441 pp.

ANONYMOUS, Pedro the Voder: A Machine that Talks, Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 17, no. 6, Feb. 1939, pp. 170-171.

Weather

Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with weather information are covered in:

LAGEMANN, JOHN K., Making Weather to Order, New York Herald Tribune: This Week, Feb. 23, 1947.

SHALETT, SIDNEY, Electronics to Aid Weather Figuring, The New York Times, Jan. 11, 1946.

ZWORYKIN, V. K., Outline of Weather Proposal, Princeton, N. J.: Radio Corporation of America Research Laboratories, Oct. 1945, 11 pp.

ANONYMOUS, Weather Under Control, Fortune, Feb. 1948, pp. 106-111 ...

The Robot Machine

ČAPEK, KAREL, R. U. R. (translated from the Czech by Paul Selver), New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1923.

LAGEMANN, JOHN K., From Piggly Wiggly to Keedoozle, Collier’s Magazine, vol. 122, no. 18, Oct. 30, 1948, pp. 20-21 ...

LEAVER, E. W., and J. J. BROWN, Machines Without Men, Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, pp. 165 ...

PEASE, M. C., Devious Weapon, Astounding Science Fiction, vol. 53, no. 2, Apr. 1949, pp. 34-43.

SHANNON, CLAUDE E., Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Oct. 8, 1948, 34 pp.

SHELLEY, MARY W., Frankenstein (in Everyman’s Library, No. 616), New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., last reprinted 1945, 242 pp.

SPILHAUS, ATHELSTAN, Let Robot Work for You, The American Magazine, Dec. 1948, p. 47 ...

ANONYMOUS, Another New Product for Robot Salesmen, Modern Industry, vol. 13, no. 2, Feb. 15, 1947.

ANONYMOUS, The Automatic Factory, Fortune, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946, p. 160 ...

ANONYMOUS, Machines Predict What Happens in Your Plant, Business Week, Sept. 25, 1948, pp. 68-69 ...

NAME INDEX

Note: This list of persons mentioned in the text includes names of fictional characters. The subject index, which follows, includes all other names.

Aiken, Howard H., 90-112, 177-8, 232, 245-6 Alexander, Samuel N., 251 Alquist, 200 Alt, Franz L., 142, 237, 247, 253 Archer, R. M., 241 Aristotle, 152

Babbage, Charles, 89 Baehne, G. Walter, 232 Bailey, C. F., 237 Barcroft, Joseph, 229 Beach, Frank A., 229 Beard, R. E., 88, 240 Berkeley, Edmund C., 233, 248, 254 Berry, R. J. A., 229 Berry, T. M., 240 Bloch, Richard M., 246, 250 Bloomfield, Leonard, 231 Bodmer, Frederick, 231 Boelter, L. M. K., 240 Boole, George, 152 Boring, Edwin G., 229 Bower, E. C., 237 Brainerd, J. G., 247 Brillouin, Leon N., 252 Brown, David R., 251 Brown, G. S., 245 Brown, J. J., 255 Brown, S. L., 241-2 Buckingham, R. A., 240 Burkhart, William, 144, 155-6 Burks, Arthur W., 246, 251 Bush, Vannevar, 72, 74, 239, 241, 245, 253

Caldwell, Samuel H., 74, 239, 241 Campbell, Robert V. D., 249-50 Čapek, Karel, 199, 255 Carroll, Lewis, 12 Carter, G. K., 244 Cesareo, O., 248 Clemence, G. M., 237 Clippinger, R. F., 246 Comrie, John Leslie, 232 Concordia, C., 244 Condon, Edward U., 253 Crew, E. W., 232 Criner, H. E., 245 Culley, Frank L., 237 Curry, Haskell B., 254

Davis, Harry M., 253 Deming, W. Edwards, 237 Dietzold, Robert L., 244 Domin, Harry, 199 Dudley, Homer, 254-5 Duncan, W. J., 244 Dunlap, Jack W., 237 Dwyer, Paul S., 237 Dyer, H. S., 237

Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., 114, 178, 247, 251 Eckert, W. J., 233, 236-7, 239, 250 Edison, Thomas A., 15 Ellis, M., 250 Enns, W. E., 243 Everett, Robert R., 251-2

Feinstein, Lillian, 237 Flesch, Rudolf, 231 Flory, L. E., 252 Forrester, Jay W., 251-2 Frame, J. Sutherland, 244 Frankenstein, Victor, 198, 200 Franz, Shepherd I., 229 Freeland, Stephen L., 249 Fry, Macon, 232 Fuller, Harrison W., 252 Fürth, R., 242

Gage, F. D., 245 Genet, N., 239, 246 Godwin, Mary W. (Mary W. Shelley), 198, 255 Goldstine, Adele, 247 Goldstine, Herman H., 247, 251, 253 Gove, E. L., 245 Graff, Willem L., 231 Graham, R. S., 244 Gray, T. S., 245 Green, Harriet C., 255

Haeff, Andrew V., 252 Hansen, Morris H., 237 Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., 246, 254 Hart, H. C., 244 Hartkemeier, Harry Pelle, 233 Hartree, D. R., 232, 240-1, 247 Haupt, Ralph F., 237 Hayakawa, S. I., 231 Hazen, H. L., 243, 245 Hedeman, W. R., 245 Hedley, K. J., 233 Herget, Paul, 237 Herr, D. L., 244 Herrick, C. Judson, 229 Hoffleit, Dorrit, 254 Hogben, Launcelot, 231 Hollerith, Herman, 43 Hopper, Grace M., 246 Horsburgh, E. H., 232 Hotelling, Harold, 237 Householder, Alston S., 230

Jespersen, Otto, 231 Juley, Joseph, 248

Kalin, Theodore A., 144, 155-6 Kelvin, Lord, 72, 240 King, Gilbert W., 238 Koons, Florence, 249 Kopp, George A., 255 Kormes, Jennie P., 238 Kormes, Mark, 238 Kornei, Otto, 252 Kranz, Frederick W., 242 Kron, Gabriel, 243-4 Kuder, G. Frederic, 238 Kuehni, H. P., 240, 243

Lagemann, John K., 253, 255 Landahl, Herbert D., 230 Lang, H. C., 233 Lashley, Karl S., 229 Leaver, E. W., 255 Leontief, Wassily W., 254 Lettvin, Jerome Y., 230 Lilley, S., 232 Livingston, Hubert M., 250 Locke, E. L., 253 Lorraine, R. G., 243 Lotkin, Max, 254 Loud, Warren S., 251 Lowan, Arnold N., 254 Lubkin, Samuel, 249, 251 Lyndon, Roger C., 250

MacLaughlan, Lorne, 253 Maginniss, F. J., 241 Mallock, R. R. M., 244 Malone, Helen, 254 Mann, Martin, 253 Marble, F. G., 242 Massey, H. S. W., 240 Mastukazi, Kiyoshi, 19 Matz, Adolph, 254 Mauchly, John W., 114, 178, 247, 251, 253 Maxfield, D. K., 238 Maxwell, L. R., 242 McCann, G. D., 245 McCulloch, Warren S., 230 McLaughlin, Kathleen, 238 McPherson, James L., 254 McPherson, John C., 238 Meacham, Alan D., 237 Mercner, R. O., 244 Miller, Dayton C., 242 Miller, Frederick G., 249 Milliman, Wendell A., 238 Milne, J. R., 242 Mitchell, Herbert F., Jr., 254 Montgomery, H. C., 242 Moore, Benjamin L., 252 Moore, C. R., 242 Murray, Francis J., 232 Myers, D. M., 245

Newman, James R., 253

Ogden, C. K., 231 O’Neal, R. D., 252

Parker, W. W., 243 Patterson, George W., 251 Pease, M. C., 255 Pekeris, C. L., 245 Peterson, H. A., 240, 243-4 Pfeiffer, John E., 253 Pieron, Henri, 229 Pike, W. S., 252 Pitts, Walter, 230 Poesch, H., 240 Porter, A., 240-1 Potter, Ralph K., 255 Pringle, R. W., 242

Quine, W. V., 248

Rajchman, Jan A., 252 Rashevsky, N., 230 Raymond, W. J., 242 Reichenbach, Hans, 248 Renwick, W., 249 Ridenour, Louis N., 253 Riesz, R. R., 254 Robertson, J. M., 242 Rose, A., 247 Rossum, 199 Royer, Elmer B., 238

Sauer, R., 240 Schlauch, Margaret, 231 Schnackel, H. G., 233 Schrödinger, Erwin, 229 Schwarzchild, Martin, 237 Shalett, Sidney, 255 Shannon, Claude E., 153-5, 241, 248, 255 Sharpless, T. Kite, 252 Shelley, Mary W., 198, 255 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 198 Sheppard, C. Bradford, 252 Sherrington, Charles S., 229 Smith, C. E., 245 Snyder, Frances E., 250 Somerville, J. M., 242 Spilhaus, Athelstan, 255 Stewart, R. R., 245 Stibitz, George R., 129-30, 244, 251 Straiton, A. W., 242

Tabor, Lewis P., 247 Tarski, Alfred, 248-9 Terhune, G. K., 242 Thomas, George B., 238 Thomson, James, 240 Thomson, William, 72, 240 Tilney, Frederick, 229 Torrey, V., 246 Travis, Irven, 239, 244 Tumbleson, Robert C., 253 Turck, J. A. V., 232 Tyler, Arthur W., 252

Varney, R. N., 243 von Neumann, John, 124, 251

Wainwright, Lawrence L., 72, 241 Walpole, Hugh R., 231 Watkins, S. S. A., 254 Wegel, R. L., 242 Weiner, J. R., 251 Wheeler, L. L., 241-2 Whitten, C. A., 238 Wiener, Norbert, 229 Wilbur, J. B., 244 Wilkes, M. V., 249 Williams, Samuel B., 248 Wolf, Arthur W., 233 Womersley, J. R., 241 Wood, Thomas, 19 Woodger, J. H., 248 Woodruff, L. F., 250 Wyatt, Willa A., 254 Wylie, J., 240

Yavne, R. O., 245

Zworykin, V. K., 190, 252, 255

SUBJECT INDEX

Notes: Phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun, or of a noun and a noun, are entered in their alphabetical place according to the first word. For example, “electrostatic storage tube” is under e, and “punch card” is under p.

A field, 99 A tape, 82-3 abacus, 17-9, 133, 220 abax (Greek), 18 absolute value, 101, 222 accumulator, 115-6 accumulator decade, 118 accuracy, 67, 89 acetylcholine, 3 add output, 120 addend, 223 adder, 77 adder mechanism, 77-8 adding, 24-5, 27, 37, 55, 100, 119, 139 addition circuit, 37 Aiken Mark I Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6; see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator, 176-8, 249 Aiken Mark III Electronic Calculator, 177 air resistance coefficient, 80-2 algebra of logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248 algebraic equations, machines for solving, 244 all-or-none response, 3 alphabet, 14 alphabetic coding, 13, 54 alphabetic punching, 46 alphabetic writing, 13 amplify, 73 analogous, 65 analogue, 65 analogue machines (machines that handle information expressed as measurements), 65; MIT Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88; references, 239-45 analytical engine, 90 analyzer, 68, 241-4; see also differential analyzer and, 146-8 and/or, 149 angle-indicator, 74-5 animal thinking, 4, 8, 188 annuities, 88 antecedent, 158 antilogarithm, 139, 226 antitangent, 139, 226 approximation, 220; see also rapid approximation aptitude testing, 190 argument (in a mathematical table or function), 96, 103-4, 122, 136, 224 arithmetical operations, 55-6, 173 armor with a motor, 180, 195 array, 173, 227 Atomic Energy Commission, 203, 208 attitudes, 205 augend, 223 aut (Latin), 149 automatic address-book, 181 automatic carriage, 53 “Automatic Computing Machinery” (section in Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation), 177 automatic control: house-furnace, 189; lawn-mower, 188; tractor-plow, 188; weather, 189 automatic cook, 181 automatic factory, 189 automatic library, 9, 181 automatic machinery, 182 automatic pilot, 189 automatic recognizer, 186-7 automatic sequence-controlled calculator, 90; see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator automatic stenographer, 185 automatic switching circuits, 248 automatic translator, 182 automatic typist, 182, 184 axon, 3

B field, 99 B tape, 82-3 Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1, 113-5, 127-8, 132, 142 base e, 226 base 10, 226 beam of electrons, 172 behavior, 4, 7-8, 29 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 4-5, 128-43, 247-8 Bell Telephone Laboratories’ general-purpose relay computer, 128-43, 247-8; cost, 142; reliability, 141; speed, 142 Bessel functions, 111, 226 Binac, 179 binary coding, 11, 13 binary digit, 14 binary numbers, 14, 216-9 biophysics, 230 biquinary numbers, 133, 219-20 blocks of arguments, 137 Boolean algebra, 152, 248; see also mathematical logic both, 149 bowwow theory, 12 brain evolution, 229 brain with a motor, 180, 195 BTL frames, 138-9 bus, 32, 119 button, 91, 94

C field, 99 C tape, 82-3 calcis (Latin), 18 calculating punch, 47, 51-2, 235 calculator frames, 138 calculator programmed by punch cards, 236 cam, 94-5 cam contact, 91, 94-5 capacitance, 117 capacitor, 117 capacity: counter, 59; selecting, 59 carbon dioxide, 190 card channel, 47, 52 card column, 48 card feed, 48, 91 card punch, 91, 97 card reader, 116, 118 card sorter, 96 card stacker, 48 card station, 47 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 113 carry impulse, 118 cell nucleus, 2-3 census, 43, 53 channel, 47, 52, 170 characteristic of a logarithm, 107 check counter, 105 check-marks, 151 checking, 105, 110, 179, 227 chess game, 117 chestnut blight, 201 chortle, 12 class selector, 59 clearing, 100 codes, 29, 54, 96, 99 coding, 30, 130, 252-3 coding line, 99 column (in a punch card), 45 connective, 148, 158-9 connective grouping, 159 collating, 51, 173 collator, 47, 51, 235 collator counting device, 51, 235 combining information, 15 combining operations, 173 Common, 59-60 comparer, 57-8 comparing, 50, 57-8 complement, 55; see also nines complement, ones complement, tens complement Complex Computer, 129-30 complex numbers, 128-9 computer, 6, 27 Computer 1 and Computer 2, 132, 138 conflicts between statements, 149-50 consequent, 158 constant, 224 constant ratio, 77 constant register, 96, 99 constant switch, 99 Constant Transmitter, 116, 118 consulting a table, 103, 122 convergent, 221 Converter, 115 context, 144 continuous annuities, 88 continuous contingent insurances, 88 continuously running gear, 93 control, 6, 28, 90-1 control brushes, 51-2 control frames, 138-9 Control Instrument Company, 43 control over robot machines, 196-208 control tape, 28 controversy, 197 cosine, 75, 85, 139, 226 cost of mechanical brains, 87, 109, 126, 142, 165, 168 counter, 52, 74, 93-4 counter position, 93 counter wheel, 93, 118 counting, 55 coupling (numbers), 106 cube, 105, 224 Current (input of comparer), 57 cycle, 29, 45 Cycling Unit, 115-6 Cypriote, 13

Dartmouth College, 131 decade, 118 decimal digit, 11, 14 decimal position, 118 deciphering, 184, 188 decoding, 184, 188 definite integral, 111, 225 delay lines, 17, 20, 171-2 dendrite, 3 denial, 147 dependent variable, 81, 224 derivative, 68-71, 225 design of mechanical brains, 167-79, 251 desk calculating machines, 4, 11, 17, 19 detail cards, 50 dial switch, 92, 95-6 dial telephone, 17, 19, 128 differences, 110, 227 differential, 68, 70, 78 differential analyzer, 68, 72-88, 239-41 Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88; accuracy, 86; cost, 87; reliability, 87; speed, 87 differential equation, 68-9, 71, 111, 141, 225-6 differential function, 70 differential gear assembly, 78 digit, 11, 14 Digit Pickup, 60 digit selector, 60 digit tray, 119 digit trunk lines, 119 digit trunks, 119 digital machines (machines that handle information expressed as digits or letters): Bell Laboratories’ general-purpose relay calculator, 128-43; Eniac, 113-27; Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 89-112; punch-card calculating machinery, 42-64; references, 232-9, 245-55 directions, 24 disc, 78-80 discrimination, 140 discriminator, 140-1 distance, 68-9 distinguishing A and H, 184 dividend, 103, 223 Divider-Square-Rooter, 115-7 dividing, 55-6, 98, 102, 121, 140 divisor counter, 102 doorpost, 65-6 doubling, 76-7, 100 doubling mechanism, 76-7 drafting rules, 149 drag coefficient, 80 drive, 86 Dry Ice, 190

echo, 171 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 179, 250 economic relations, 194 Edsac, 249 “educated” machine, 101 Edvac, 177, 249 Egyptian, 12 either, 149 electric charge, 172 electric remote-control accounting, 250 electric typewriter, 91, 97, 236 electromagnet, 168 Electronic Binary Automatic Computer, 179 electronic calculating punch, 236 Electronic Control Company, 250 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (Eniac), 113-27, 246-7; see also Eniac electronic tubes, 17, 20-1, 178-9; Cathode, 21; Grid, 21; Plate, 21 electrostatic storage tube, 17, 20, 172 11 position, 45 11 punch, 58 else, 146-7 end-around-carry, 95, 217, 223 engine, 90 Eniac, 113-27, 246-7; cost, 126; panels, 115; reliability, 126; speed, 125; unbalance, 124 “enough alike,” 184 Equal (output of sequencer), 61-2 equation, 68, 225 equivalent, 14 erase key, 134 Etruscan, 188 explanation, 209-13 explicit equation, 86 exponential, 85, 106, 225-6 extraction, 222

falsity, 147 farad, 117 fingers, 16, 18 fire-control instrument, 17, 19, 67, 131 5 impulse, 56 flights, 70 flip-flop, 119 following logically, 145 form feeding device, 236 formal logic, 152 formula, 68, 70, 224 Frankenstein’s monster, 198 function, 68, 70, 81, 103, 116, 118, 224 function table, 80-1, 116, 118

gang punching, 50 gearbox, 77-8 General Electric A.C. Network Analyzer, 243 General Electric Company, 243 geographic code, 54 giant brain, 1, 5-8 globe, 65-6 graph, 81 great circle, 69 greater-than, 25-7, 37, 222 greater-than circuit, 37 Greek letters, 120 guided missile, 197, 206 gun, 69

hail storm, 190 hand perforator, 132, 134 handling information, 10-18 harmonic analyzers, 241-2 harmonic synthesizers, 241-2 Harvard Computation Laboratory, 89, 176-7, 245, 249 Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator (Mark I), 10, 89-112, 245-6; cost, 109; efficiency, 111; reliability, 110; speed, 109 Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator (Mark III), 177 Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator (Mark II), 176-8, 249 Harvard University, 1, 4, 8, 89, 176-7, 245, 249 hatred, 206 hoppers, 51 hub, 46, 98 human brain, 2-4, 16, 229 humidity, 63

IBM (International Business Machines), 43-64, 89-90, 177, 233-9, 249-50 IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6; see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator IBM card-programmed calculator, 236 IBM pluggable sequence relay calculator, 236 IBM punch-card machinery, 43-64, 233-9 IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, 177-9, 249 ideographic writing, 12 if, 146-7 if ... then, 149 ignorance, 205 illness, 191-2 imitative scheme, 12 in-code, 99 in-field, 99 independent variable, 81, 224 infinity, 86, 133, 212, 225 information, 10 initial conditions, 83, 225 Initiating Unit, 115-6 input, 6, 90-1 input devices, 175, 251-2 input register, 27 instantaneous rate of change, 70-1 Institute of Advanced Study, 124 instructions, 28, 83, 97, 178-9 insurance company, 42 insurance policies, 42 insurance values, 88 integral, 68, 71-2, 225 integral sign, 85, 225 integrating, 71-2, 78 integrator, 78-80 integrator mechanism, 78-9 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), 43; see IBM International Hydrographic Bureau, 242 International Phonetic Alphabet, 13 interpolating, 131, 221 interposing, 102 interpreter, 47, 49, 235 interpreting, 49 interval, 68, 70 intuitive thinking, 8 inverse, 71

judgments, 191

Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66, 248; cost, 165; reliability, 166; speed, 166 key punch, 47-8, 96, 235 keyboard, 48 knots, 17

language of logic, 56-62, 105, 140; see also mathematical logic languages, 10-21, 231 latch relay, 40-1 left-hand components, 56, 121, 215 library, 9, 181 Library of Congress, 15 lie detector, 192 line of coding, 99 linear, 224-5 linear interpolation, 221 linear simultaneous equations, 141, 225 lobe, 94-5 logarithm, 67, 85, 106-8, 139, 225 Logarithm-In-Out counter, 107 logic, 144; see also mathematical logic logical choice, 4; see also mathematical logic logical connective, 148, 222 logical operations, 56-62, 173 logical pattern, 145-6 logical truth, 144-56, 166 Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66; see Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator loopholes, 149 Low Primary (output of sequencer), 61-2 Low Secondary (output of sequencer), 61-2 Lower Brushes, 52 loxodrome, 69-70

machine call number, 99 machine cycle, 56 machine language, 29, 99, 175, 191 machines as a language for thinking, 19-20; references, 231-2 machines involving voice and speech, 185-6, 254 magnetic surfaces, 17, 20, 168-70, 179 magnetic tape, 169-70, 179 magnetic wire, 168 magnetized spot, 168-70 main connective, 160 many-wire cable, 50 Mark I (Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator), 10, 89-112, 245-6; see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator Mark II (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator), 176-8, 249 Mark III (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator), 177 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 20, 65, 72-88, 153 Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88; accuracy, 86; cost, 87; reliability, 87; speed, 87 master card, 50 Master Programmer, 115-6 matching, 173 mathematical biophysics, 230 mathematical logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248 matrices, 173, 227 matrix, 173, 227 meanings, 209, 231 measurements, 65-6, 68 mechanical brain, 1, 5-8, 20; crucial devices for, 20 mechanical brains under construction, 176-9 memory, 27, 90-1 mentality, 24, 27 mercury tank, 171, 179 merging, 173 metal fingers, 135 mica, 172 microphone, 185 mimeograph stencil, 16 Minoan, 188 miscellaneous field, 99 mistake, 134 Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 7, 113-27, 177, 249 multiplicand, 223 multiplicand counter, 101 multiplication schemes, 214-6 multiplier, 115-6 multiplier counter, 101 multiply-divide unit, 103 multiplying, 55-6, 101, 121, 140 multiplying punch, 47, 52, 235

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 128, 132 Naval Proving Ground, 177 negation, 24-5, 27, 34-6 negation circuit, 36 negative, 147 negative digit, 215 neon bulb, 119 nerve, 2-4 nerve cell, 2, 3, 16 nerve fiber, 2, 3 nerve networks, 230 nervous system, 188 network analyzers, 242-4 neurosis, 191 nine-pulses, 120-1 nines complement, 95, 121, 223 No X, 59 Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 179 not, 146-8 numeric coding, 13, 54 numerical X position, 45 numerical Y position, 45

occupation code, 54 octal notation, 179, 219 ohm, 117 Ojibwa, 12 ones complement, 217 only, 146-7 operation code, 103 operations with numbers, 24-7 or, 146-9 organization of digital machines, 251 out-code, 99 out-field, 99 output, 6, 90-1, 251-2 output devices, 176, 251-2 output register, 27

paper channel, 52 partial differential equations, 87 partial products, 115, 214 Pearl Assurance Company, 88 pebbles, 17-8 pen with a motor, 180, 195 permanent table frames, 138-9 personal income tax, 141 phonetic writing, 13 phonograph, 15-6 phonographic writing, 13 phototube, 81-2, 183-4 physical equipment for handling information, 11, 15-21, 91 physical problems, 69-72 physical quantities, 67-9 pictographic writing, 12 plugboard, 46, 98 plug-in units, 117-8 point of view, 207 pooh-pooh theory, 12 position (in a punch card), 45 position frames, 138-9 power, 43, 65, 133, 216, 224 prejudice, 205 Previous (input of comparer), 57 Primary (input of sequencer), 61-2 Primary Brushes, 51, 62 Primary Feed, 51, 61 Primary Sequence Brushes, 51 printer, 137 printer frames, 138 problem frames, 138 problem position, 132, 135 problem tape, 134 processor, 132, 134, 175 product, 70, 102, 223 product counter, 102 production scheduling, 193 program, 122, 173, 252-3 program-control switch, 123 program pulse, 122 program-pulse input terminal, 123 program register, 38 program tape, 28-9 program trays, 119 program trunk lines, 119 programming method of von Neumann, 124 pronoun, 223 psychological testing, 190 psychological trainer, 191-2 pulses, 120, 171 punch card, 17, 44-5, 95, 97 punch-card column, 45 punch-card machinery, 17, 20, 42-64, 232-9; cost, 63; reliability, 63-4; speed, 62-3 punch feed, 51-2 punched paper tape, 17, 23, 82, 95 punching channel, 50 punching dies, 48, 51-2 pyramid circuit, 39

quantity of information, 11, 14-15 quartz, 171 quotient, 98, 103

R.U.R., 199 radar, 183 railroad line, 6, 119 rapid approximation, 106-8, 220-1 rate of change, 68, 70-1 ratio, 77, 83 Raytheon Computer, 250 reading, 57 reading brushes, 51-2 reading channel, 50 reading of punch cards, 44 reasoning, 144 rebus-writing, 13 reciprocal, 85, 224 recognizing, 8, 182-5 recorder, 132, 137 rectifier, 32 referent, 12 register, 27 reject, 49 relay, 17, 20-1, 23, 92, 129, 133, 178; Common, 21; Ground, 21; Normally Closed, 21; Normally Open, 21; Pickup, 21 release key, 48 reliability, 63-4, 110, 126, 128, 141-2, 166, 168, 174 Remington-Rand, 43 reperforator, 137 rephrasing, 163-4 reproducer, 47, 49-50, 235 reproducing, 49 reset code, 100 resetting, 100 resistance, 80, 117 resistance coefficient, 80 resistor, 117 right-hand components, 56, 121, 215 robot machine, 197, 198-208, 255 robot salesman, 201 robota (Czech), 199 Roman numerals, 212; ancient style, 219 room, 70 Rossum’s Universal Robots, 199 rounding off, 55-6 routine, 8, 167, 173 routine frames, 138-9 routine tape, 28, 134 rules, 191, 224

satisfy, 225 scale factor, 74, 86 schemes for expressing meanings, 11-15 screen, 172 screw, 78 Secondary (input of sequencer), 61-2 Secondary Brushes, 51, 62 Secondary Feed, 61 Select-Receiving-Register circuit, 39 selecting, 26, 58, 104 selection, 26-7, 38, 222 selection circuit, 38 selection counter, 104 selector, 58-60 sensing digits, 108 separation sign, 129 sequence-control tape, 98 sequence-control-tape code, 98 sequence-controlled, 89 sequence-tape feed, 98 sequencer, 61 sequencing, 61 shifting, 217 short-cut multiplication, 215-6 Simon, 22-40 simultaneous, 225 simultaneous equations, 85, 225 sine, 75, 85, 106, 139, 226 sink (of a circuit), 154 slab, 18 slide rule, 65, 67 smoothness, 110, 227 social control, types, 203 sorter, 47-9 sorting, 57, 173 soundtracks, 16, 18 source (of a circuit), 154 space key, 48 speedometer, 68 spelling rules, 185 spoken English, 11 square, 224 square matrix, 227 square root, 116-7, 173, 220, 224 Start Key, 98 statements, 26, 144-51 static electricity, 63 storage, 6 storage counter, 93 storage devices, 252 storage register, 28, 93 storing information, 15 storing register frames, 138 storing registers, 139 string, 65-6 stylus, 16 subroutine, 106 Subsidiary Sequence Mechanism, 90, 106 subtract output, 120 subtracting, 55, 100, 119, 139, 223 subtracting by adding, 223 summary punch, 50, 116, 119 summary-punching, 50 switch open and current flowing, 154 switchboard, 76 switches in parallel, 154 switches in series, 154 switching circuits, 155 syllable-writing, 13 syllables, 211 syllogism, 146, 152 symbolic logic, 221-3, 248; see also mathematical logic symbolic writing, 12 synapse, 3 System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting, 250 systems for handling information, 10

table tape, 134 tables (of values), 103, 136, 224 tabular value, 136, 224 tabulator, 47, 52, 119, 235 tallies, 17 tangent, 105, 226 tank (armored), 180, 195 tank (mercury tank), 171, 179 tape-controlled carriage, 236 tape feed, 91, 178-9 tape punch, 91, 97-8, 137 tape reels, 170 tape transmitter, 135, 137 telegraph line, 6, 119 telephone central station, 138 teletype, 17 teletype transmitter, 133, 135 teletypewriter, 130, 137 ten-position relay, 91-3 ten-position switch, 91-2 ten-pulses, 120-1 tens complement, 224 test scoring machine, 236 then, 146-7 thermostat, 187 thinking, 1-5, 10, 97 timed electrical currents, 44 timing contact, 94 tolerances, 67, 105 torque, 73, 86 torque amplifier, 73 trajectories, 69, 114, 141 transfer circuit, 33 transferring, 31, 34, 100, 119, 167 translating, 57 transmitter, 74 triggering control, 183, 186-7 trigonometric tables, 226 trigonometric tangent, 105, 226 truth, 144 truth table, 147, 155, 222 truth value, 26, 58, 105, 147, 222 tuning, 183 turning force, 72 12 position, 45 two-position relay, 21, 91-2; see also relay two-position switch, 91-2 typewriter, 16, 18 typewriter carriage, 53

unattended operation, 174 understanding, 212-3, 231 unemployment, 201-2 Unequal (output of comparer), 57 unit of information, 11, 14-5, 169 United Nations, 203, 208 United States Army Ordnance Department, 113-4 Univac, 250 University of Pennsylvania, 7, 113 unknowns, 141 Upper Brushes, 52

value tape code, 96 value tape feed, 95-6 variables, 84, 223 vel (Latin), 149 verifier, 47-8, 235 vibration, 69 Vocoder, 255 Voder, 254 voltage, 74

Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 239 weather control, 189, 255 weather forecasting, 189, 255 wheel (of a counter), 78 white elephant, 73, 114 winch, 73 words for explaining, 209-12

X, 59 X distributor, 59 X Pickup, 59 X punch, 45, 58 X selector, 59

zero, 133, 212 zh (sound), 13, 185 Zuse Computer, 250