CHAPTER XXVII.. Genera of Pteridosperms, Ferns, and _plantae

GENERA OF PTERIDOSPERMS, FERNS, AND PLANTAE INCERTAE SEDIS.

The genera and species described in this Chapter are founded on sterile leaves or portions of leaves, and in the great majority of cases the reproductive organs are either imperfectly known or have still to be discovered. Some of the genera, the smaller number, are no doubt true ferns, while most of them may safely be regarded as plants which will ultimately be shown to belong to some other group, in most cases that of the Pteridosperms. It is possible that a few of the types may be members of the Cycadophyta rather than of the Pteridospermeae, but evidence as to systematic position is for the most part of a negative kind or too incomplete to lead to any definite expression of opinion as to the cycadean or pteridosperm nature of the imperfectly known Palaeozoic or Mesozoic species. Many of the genera are of little botanical interest, though even the most problematical are of importance as criteria of geological age. Genera which there is good reason for including in the Pteridosperms are dealt with in this section, in order that the Chapter in Volume III. devoted to this important group may be limited to more completely known types.

In most text-books it is customary to employ family names for sterile fern-like fronds which possess similar venation features or have in common certain vegetative characters, the value of which it is impossible to estimate. In the following account family or group names are not adopted, on the ground that such slight utility as they may have is more than counterbalanced by the risk attending a grouping under one name of plants which may agree only in unessential characters. The practice of classifying fossil plants has been carried to excess. Grouping together genera as a matter of convenience unavoidably creates a prejudice in favour of actual relationship, which may or may not exist.

Taeniopteris.

This generic name was instituted by Brongniart for simple linear or broadly linear leaves with a prominent midrib from which secondary veins, simple or dichotomously branched, are given off at right angles or obliquely. The frond of the type-species Taeniopteris vittata (fig. 332), characteristic of Jurassic floras, was compared by Brongniart with the pinnules of Danaea and Angiopteris. Among recent ferns the Taeniopteris form of frond and venation is represented by Oleandra neriiformis, Asplenium nidus, and many other species. Though usually applied to fronds which there is good reason for regarding as simple leaves, the generic designation Taeniopteris has been extended to include pinnate fronds, e.g. the Upper Palaeozoic species T. jejunata Grand’Eury, and T. Carnoti Ren. and Zeill. (fig. 330, A). The compound fronds from the Lower Coal-Measures of Missouri described by Dr White as T. missouriensis are characterised by decurrent and confluent Taeniopteroid pinnules. In a later reference to this plant White pertinently adds, “perhaps it belongs more properly in Alethopteris.”

Leaves of the Taeniopteris type are described by several authors as species of Oleandridium, Angiopteridium, Danaeites, Marattia, and other genera. In such species of Taeniopteroid leaves as have been dealt with in a former Chapter, the occurrence of sori justifies the substitution of a name denoting a close relationship to existing members of the Marattiaceae, but in the absence of fertile specimens the provisional designation Taeniopteris should be retained. It is often difficult to decide between Taeniopteris and Nilssonia as the more suitable name to apply to fragments of fossil leaves of Mesozoic age. Taeniopteris is, however, distinguished from the Cycadean genus by the greater prominence of the rachis, also by the dichotomous branching of the secondary veins, usually close to their origin and at varying distances between the axis of the frond and the edge of the lamina. The genus Taeniopteris, though most abundant in Rhaetic and Jurassic strata, occurs also in Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian rocks. The generic name Macrotaeniopteris instituted by Schimper has been used for leaves differing only in size from the usual type of Taeniopteris, but there is no adequate reason for its retention.

The species included in Taeniopteris afford no satisfactory evidence as to their systematic position. It is obviously unwise to adopt such generic titles as Oleandridium, Marattiopsis, etc., merely because of resemblance in the venation of sterile fragments to Oleandra or Marattiaceous ferns.

Some specimens of Taeniopteris fronds described by Mr Sellards from Permian rocks of Kansas, which are referred to later, have furnished unconvincing evidence of reproductive organs.

Taeniopteris multinervis, Weiss. Fig. 329, A, B.

The late Dr Weiss instituted this species (which he designated Taeniopteris multinervia, though the specific name multinervis is constantly used) for a fragment of a leaf from the Lower Permian of Lebach characterised by numerous forked veins given off at right angles from a prominent rachis (fig. 329, B). This type of frond is recorded from the Permian of Trienbach (Alsace) by Zeiller, by Renault and Zeiller from the Upper Carboniferous of Autun, and from other localities. The lamina of the simple leaf reaches a breadth of 6 cm. and a length of 40 cm. (fig. 329, A); the numerous secondary veins (25–36 per cm. of lamina) are either at right angles to the rachis or given off at an acute angle. The mesophyll consists of polygonal cells some of which are elongated at right angles to the surface of the lamina. A very similar form is described by Fontaine and White from the Permian of Virginia as T. Lescuriana.

A. Taeniopteris multinervis, Weiss. (⅚ nat. size. After Zeiller.) B. T. multinervis. (Enlarged. After Zeiller.) C. Lesleya Delafondi. (× 2. After Zeiller.)]

It is futile to expect to be able to separate the numerous Taeniopteris leaves into well-defined species: all we can do is to group the specimens under different names, using as artificial distinctions such characters as the shape of the leaf, the number of veins per centimetre, and the prominence of the rachis. Another Virginian species of Permian age described by Fontaine and White, T. Newberriana, is said to bear sori, but no satisfactory information is given as to the nature of these organs. Specimens referred with some hesitation to this species and to a similar species, T. coriacea, have been described by Sellards from material obtained from Permian beds in Kansas. The lamina of the simple linear fronds is characterised by the occurrence of small oval bodies half immersed in the substance of the leaf between the secondary veins (figs. 330, D, E). One of these bodies is represented in an apparently dehisced condition in fig. 330, D. Sellards suggests the possibility that these bodies are sporangia, but, as he points out, they afford no indication of cellular structure nor are they in direct connexion with the veins.

Taeniopteris jejunata, Grand’Eury.

This species differs from T. multinervis in its bipinnate fronds; the linear or oval-linear pinnae are attached by a short stalk to the primary rachis and reach a length of 25 cm.; the veins are less crowded, 12–15 per centimetre.

T. jejunata is recorded from the Coal-fields of the Loire and Commentry in France, from the Lower Permian of Thuringia, and elsewhere.

Taeniopteris Carnoti, Ren. and Zeiller. Fig. 330, A.

This species, founded on portions of pinnate fronds from the Coal-field of Commentry, is characterised by rather broader (25–30 mm.) pinnules, with short pedicels and a cordate base, reaching a length of 25–30 cm. The secondary forked veins are more numerous than in T. jejunata. In T. multinervis the pinnules are still broader and have a stronger midrib.

• • • • •

Several species of Taeniopteris have been described from Triasso-Rhaetic rocks in Europe, India, Tonkin and elsewhere. In some cases it is practically impossible to recognise clear specific distinctions between Rhaetic and Jurassic types.

From the Damuda and Panchet series of India (Triasso-Rhaetic) Feistmantel has described large sterile fronds as Macrotaeniopteris Feddeni which reach a breadth of 20 cm.: these may be compared with the Indian species Taeniopteris lata Oldham, and to T. gigantea from the Rhaetic of Franconia and Scania. A specimen of this species figured by Nathorst from Scania has a lamina 33 cm. broad. Other examples are afforded by M. Wianamattae Feist. from rocks of the same age in Australia and by Taeniopteris superba Sap. from Lower Rhaetic rocks near Autun.

From the Rhaetic of Tonkin, Zeiller records several species, among which may be mentioned T. Jourdyi Zeill. and T. spatulata MacClelland (fig. 330, B, C). Both have simple fronds. Those of T. Jourdyi reach a length of 10–40 cm. and a breadth of 10–70 mm.; the rachis is characterised by crowded and discontinuous transverse folds, and the secondary veins (35–50 per cm.) are usually at right angles to the rachis. This Tonkin species is compared by Zeiller with the European Rhaetic species T. tenuinervis Brauns.

The polymorphism of the fronds is a striking feature: in one case described by Zeiller the lamina appears to be divided into segments like those characteristic of the leaf of the Cycadean genus Anomozamites. It is obviously difficult in many instances to distinguish between detached Taeniopteroid pinnae of a compound frond and complete simple leaves. In some compound fern fronds, as in the recent Polypodiaceous genus Didymochlaena, the pinnules are deciduous, and the same feature undoubtedly characterised the fronds of many extinct species. A specimen figured by Zeiller which shows several petioles of T. Jourdyi attached to a thick stem demonstrates the simple nature of the leaves. In other cases, e.g. T. vittata, specimens occur in which the slightly enlarged petiole-base has a clean-cut surface indicating abscission from a rhizome (fig. 332).

The fronds described by Zeiller as T. spatulata (fig. 330, B, C) closely resemble Jurassic leaves from Victoria referred to Taeniopteris Daintreei McCoy.

A. Taeniopteris Carnoti, Ren. and Zeill. (Nat. size. After Renault and Zeiller.) B. T. spatulata, McClell. (Nat. size. After Zeiller.) C. T. spatulata. (× 3. After Zeiller.) D. Supposed sporangium of T. coriacea. (× 15. After Sellards.) E. T. coriacea. (× 2. After Sellards.)]

Whether specifically identical or not, these leaves represent a type distinguished from the other species of the genus by the small breadth of the linear-lanceolate or linear-spathulate lamina, which may be 6–15 cm. in length and 3–12 mm. broad. The lamina is often characterised by transverse folds (fig. 330, C).

Taeniopteris Carruthersi. Fig. 331.

1872. Taeniopteris Daintreei, Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Vol. XXVIII. Pl. XXVII. fig. 6.

1883. T. Carruthersi, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. VIII. p. 117.

The simple fronds included under this specific name are characterised by a strong midrib from which numerous simple or forked secondary veins are given off at a right angle or slightly inclined. The breadth of the lamina decreases gradually towards the petiole. The Australian species named by McCoy Taeniopteris Daintreei, to which Carruthers referred the Queensland fossils, has a much narrower and more linear form of frond, and for this reason Tenison-Woods instituted a new specific name. T. Carruthersi represents a form of leaf met with in Rhaetic, or possibly Upper Triassic, rocks in S. Africa and Australia. A very similar, perhaps an identical type, was described from Argentina by Geinitz as T. mareyiaca: among many other examples of this form of frond may be mentioned T. immersa Nath. from the Rhaetic rocks of Scania and T. virgulata from the Rhaetic of Tonkin.

A comparison of Taeniopteris Carruthersi or various other “species” of Rhaetic fronds with the Jurassic species T. vittata illustrates the slight and unimportant differences on which specific separation is based. It is hopeless to attempt to draw a satisfactory distinction between the numerous Taeniopteris fronds from Upper Triassic and Jurassic rocks.

Taeniopteris vittata, Brongniart. Fig. 332.

The simple leaves to which Brongniart applied this name are characteristic of the Inferior Oolite flora of England, and examples of the same type are recorded from Jurassic rocks of India, Poland, the Arctic regions, Japan, China, Australia and other countries.

Leaf linear-lanceolate, reaching a length of more than 20 cm. and a breadth of 3 cm. The lamina increases gradually in breadth from the base and tapers towards the apex. Numerous secondary veins are given off at right angles from a broad midrib: the lateral veins may be simple or forked close to their origin, near the margin, or in the intermediate portion, of the lamina.

It is exceedingly difficult to use Taeniopteris leaves of this form as evidence in regard to the Jurassic or Rhaetic age of plant-bearing strata. The species T. tenuinervis Brauns, as figured by Schenk from the Rhaetic rocks of Germany and Persia, and recorded from several other regions, presents a close agreement with T. vittata. Oleandridium lentriculiforme Etheridge from the Hawkesbury series of Australia is another similar leaf. The species T. vittata from the Yorkshire coast, represented in fig. 332, shows a well-preserved petiole with a clean-cut base like that of the petioles of Oleandra neriiformis and other recent ferns which are detached from the rhizome by the action of an absciss-layer.

A broader form of frond with similar venation was described by Lindley and Hutton as Taeniopteris major. An examination of the type-specimen from the Inferior Oolite of Yorkshire, now in the Manchester Museum, led me to doubt the necessity of specific separation from T. vittata.

A smaller frond of the same general type as T. vittata is recorded from Wealden strata of North Germany and England under the name T. Beyrichii.

Weichselia.

This generic name was instituted by Stiehler for impressions of bipinnate sterile fronds, presumably ferns, from Lower Cretaceous rocks near Quedlinburg. The same type of leaf from English Wealden beds had previously been referred by Mantell and other authors to Pecopteris, and by Brongniart to his genus Lonchopteris. It is, however, advisable to follow Nathorst’s example and restrict the latter name to Palaeozoic species. As already suggested, it would obviate confusion to substitute a new generic designation for Lonchopteris in the case of Triassic species which are probably members of the Osmundaceae. The type-species of Stiehler, Weichselia Ludowicae, does not differ in any important character from Weichselia Mantelli, the species originally described by Stokes and Webb from the Wealden of England as Pecopteris reticulata.

Weichselia Mantelli (Brongn.). Fig. 333.

1824. Pecopteris reticulata, Stokes and Webb, Trans. Geol. Soc. . Vol. I. p. 423, Pls. XLVI. XLVII.

1828. Lonchopteris Mantelli, Brongniart, Prod. p. 6; Hist. vég. foss. p. 369, Pl. CXXXI.

1894. Weichselia Mantelli, Seward, Wealden Flora, Vol. I. p. 114. Pl. X. fig. 3.

1899. Weichselia reticulata, Fontaine, in Ward, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. p. 651.

Frond bipinnate, rachis broad; pinnae very long, of uniform breadth and with prominent axes; pinnules crowded, entire, with obtuse apex, usually oblong but more or less triangular or rounded towards the distal ends of the pinnae. The pinnules, which may reach a length of 9 cm., are characterised by a fleshy lamina attached by the whole breadth of the base; the two rows of segments on each secondary rachis are usually inclined towards one another so that they form with the axis of the pinna a wide-open =V= instead of lying in one plane (fig. 333, C). From a median rib are given off numerous anastomosing branches (fig. 333, B).

A. Part of a frond from the Wealden of Sussex, England. (British Museum; v. 2630. ¾ nat. size.) B. Pinnule from Bernissart, Belgium (× 3). C. Weichselia erratica, Nath. Section of pinna. (After Nathorst.)]

This characteristic Wealden species is recorded from England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Russia, Bornholm, North America, and Japan. It is by no means certain that Weichselia Mantelli is a true fern: no satisfactory evidence of fructification has been adduced.

The broad and strong rachis is comparable with that of a Cycadean leaf and the thick lamina suggests a plant of xerophilous habit. I have retained the specific name Mantelli on the ground of long established usage instead of following Fontaine in his adherence to strict priority.

Glossopteris.

The name Glossopteris was proposed by Brongniart in 1822 for an imperfect leaf-impression which he called Filicites (Glossopteris) dubius, but the specimen so named has since been identified as part of a sporophyll of a Lepidostrobus. The author of the genus afterwards published a diagnosis, based on well-preserved leaves from Permo-Carboniferous rocks in Australia and India, of the type-species Glossopteris Browniana, the Indian examples being distinguished as G. Browniana var. indica while the Australian form was named G. Browniana var. australasica. Schimper afterwards raised the Indian fossils to specific rank as G. indica though some authors have continued to consider the two forms as insufficiently distinct to be regarded as different species.

The genus Glossopteris may be defined as follows:

Leaves simple, varying considerably in size, shape, and venation characters, but almost without exception characterised by repeatedly anastomosing lateral veins. The leaves are of two kinds: (i) foliage leaves; apparently always sterile, usually spathulate, with an obtuse apex, a well-marked midrib which may persist to the apex or die out in the upper half of the lamina, characterised by its slight prominence and comparatively great breadth especially in the basal part of the frond. In most cases the lamina extends as a narrow margin to the leaf-base, but in a few forms there is a short petiole (fig. 334). Though usually spathulate, the frond may be linear-lanceolate, or ovate; the apex is sometimes acute. Leaves vary in length from 3 to 40 cm. and may in larger forms have a breadth of 10 cm. Numerous lateral veins curve upwards and outwards to the margin of the lamina or pursue a straight course almost at right-angles to the midrib. (ii) Scale-leaves which differ from the foliage-leaves in their much smaller size and in the absence of a midrib; they are deltoid, oval or cordate in shape and generally terminate in an acute apex; the edge of the lamina may be slightly incurved so that the leaf presents a convex upper surface supplied with anastomosing veins. The scale-leaves, which vary in length from about 1 to 6 cm., probably acted as sporophylls. The only evidence as to the nature of the fructification so far obtained is represented by empty sporangium-like organs (1·2–1·5 mm. long by 0·6–0·8 mm. broad) frequently associated with the scale-leaves.

The leaves, in some cases at least, were borne near together on a cylindrical stem or rhizome which produced branched adventitious roots. The fossils long known as Vertebraria were recognised by Zeiller and by Oldham as the stems of Glossopteris.

The systematic position of Glossopteris must for the present be left an open question. Though usually spoken of as a fern, it is noteworthy that despite the enormous abundance of its foliage leaves in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America, no single example has been discovered which shows undoubted remains of sori or sporangia. Many authors have described fertile leaves of Glossopteris; but it was not until Arber’s discovery of sporangia in close association with the scale-leaves that any light was thrown on the nature of the reproductive organs.

The probability is that Glossopteris was not a true fern but a member of that large and ever-increasing class, the Pteridosperms. This opinion is based largely on negative evidence. Such sporangia as have been described may have contained microspores and the plant may have been heterosporous. The occurrence of seeds in association with Glossopteris fronds recorded by more than one writer, though by no means decisive and possibly the result of chance association, is favourable to this view. Dr White has suggested that the small leaves described by Zeiller as Ottokaria bengalensis from Lower Gondwana (Permo-Carboniferous) rocks of India, and similar fossils recorded by himself from Brazil as O. ovalis, may represent “sporangiferous” organs of Glossopteris or Gangamopteris, “both of which are probably pteridospermic.” There is, however, no conclusive evidence in support of this suggestion.

The genus, whatever its position may be, has a special interest for the geologist and for the student of plant distribution; it is a characteristic member of a Permo-Carboniferous flora which flourished over an enormous area, including India, South Africa,—extending from Cape Colony to Rhodesia and German East Africa,—Australia, and South America. This flora, known as the Glossopteris flora, differed considerably in its component genera from that which overspread Europe and North America and some more southern regions in the Upper Carboniferous and Permian periods.

The discovery by Amalitzky of Glossopteris, and other genera characteristic of the Glossopteris flora, in the Upper Permian rocks in Vologda (Russia) demonstrates the existence of a northern outpost of the southern botanical province, and Zeiller’s discovery of the genus in the Rhaetic flora of Tonkin shows that Glossopteris persisted beyond the limits of the Palaeozoic epoch. Dr David White has recently proposed to re-christen the Glossopteris flora the Gangamopteris flora on the ground that Gangamopteris is strictly Palaeozoic in its range, whereas Glossopteris persisted into the Mesozoic era; this is perhaps hardly a sufficient reason for giving up so well established a title as the Glossopteris flora. A fuller account of this southern flora must be reserved for another volume.

Glossopteris Browniana, Brongniart. Figs. 334–36.

The specific name Browniana is now applied to obtusely pointed leaves which sometimes reach a length of 15 cm., but are usually rather shorter. In form and venation they closely resemble the leaves of the recent genus Antrophyum and species of Acrostichum. The comparatively broad midrib may be replaced in its proximal portion by several parallel veins: from it are given off numerous lateral veins which form a reticulum characterised by meshes approximately equal in size and elongated in a direction parallel to the general course of the secondary veins (fig. 334).

The drawings, originally published by Zeiller, reproduced in fig. 335 illustrate the venation and its range of variation; the meshes are usually hexagonal and arranged as shown in figs. A and B, but occasionally (fig. 335, C) they follow a more steeply inclined course.

Small leaves with a more or less distinct midrib, 2–3 cm. in length, supply transitional stages between foliage- and scale-leaves. In the true scale-leaves spreading and occasionally anastomosing veins take the place of the midrib and lateral veins of the ordinary frond. McCoy in describing some Australian specimens of Glossopteris in 1847 spoke of scale-like appendages of the rhizome which he compared with the large ramenta of Acrostichum and other ferns. It was, however, Zeiller who first recognised the leaf-nature of these scales and adequately described them; additional figures of scale-leaves have been published by Mr Arber and by myself. The importance of these small leaves has been considerably increased by Mr Arber’s discovery of associated sporangia which, as he suggests, were probably borne on their lower concave surface.

The sporangia (fig. 336) are compared by Arber with the microsporangia of recent Cycads and with the Palaeozoic sporangia described by Zeiller as Discopteris Rallii (fig. 256, D); the latter are distinguished by the well-defined group of thicker walled cells representing the annulus of true fern sporangia. We know nothing as to the contents of the Glossopteris sporangia, whether they contained microspores or whether they are the spore-capsules of a homosporous plant.

The rhizome of Glossopteris Browniana has been described in detail by Zeiller, who first demonstrated that the fossils originally assigned by Royle to the genus Vertebraria represent the stem of this and, as we now know, of some other species of Glossopteris. Vertebraria occurs in abundance in Permo-Carboniferous strata in association with Glossopteris; the differences between Australian, Indian, and South forms, though expressed by specific names, are insignificant. The stems are usually preserved in the form of flattened, single or branched, axes sometimes bearing slender branched roots and characterised by one or two, or less frequently three, longitudinal grooves or ridges (fig. 337) from which lateral grooves or ridges are given off at right angles, dividing the surface into more or less rectangular areas 1 cm. or more in length. The surface of these areas is often slightly convex and in some specimens the outlines of cells may be detected. Mr Oldham has described some interesting examples of Vertebraria from India in which the longitudinal and transverse grooves are occupied by a dark brown ferruginous substance or by the carbonised remains of plant-tissues (fig. 338, C, D). In transverse section, a Vertebraria cast appears to be divided into a number of wedge-shaped segments radiating from a common centre. Prof. Zeiller has figured specimens of Vertebraria with portions of Glossopteris fronds still attached.

The rhizome of Glossopteris, as represented by the Vertebraria casts, is aptly compared by Zeiller with that of the recent Polypodiaceous fern Onoclea struthiopteris. Sections of the recent stem (fig. 338, E, F) show that the form is irregularly stellate owing to the presence of prominent wings which anastomose laterally at intervals as shown by the examination of a series of sections. The leaf-traces are derived from the steles of adjacent wings. Fig. 338 (B and A) represents somewhat diagrammatically a longitudinal and transverse view of a Vertebraria; the radiating arms represented in the transverse section (fig. A) are the stem ribs or wings and the segments between them are intrusions of sedimentary material. The rectangular areas characteristic of the surface of a Vertebraria are the intruded segments of rock: these are separated at intervals by transverse grooves, which mark the course of vascular strands given off at each anastomosis of the longitudinal wings to supply the leaves.

A, B. Vertebraria indica. (After Zeiller.) C, D. V. indica. (Nat. size. After Oldham.) E, F. Onoclea struthiopteris. (× 2. After Zeiller.)]

Mr Oldham, who discovered the connexion between Glossopteris and Vertebraria independently of Dr Zeiller, does not agree with the interpretation of the structural features of the rhizome which Zeiller bases on a comparison between Vertebraria and Onoclea struthiopteris. Oldham describes Vertebraria as consisting of a central axis “joined to an outer rind by a series of radial septa,” the spaces between the septa being divided into chambers by transverse partitions. His view is that the rhizome of Glossopteris was a cylindrical organ and not an irregularly winged axis like the stem of Onoclea. Zeiller has replied in detail to Oldham’s interpretation and adheres to his original view, that the rhizome consisted of a solid axis with radial wings or flanges which at intervals anastomosed transversely in pairs at the nodes. It may, however, be possible that the spaces between the longitudinal and transverse grooves on a Vertebraria axis, which have been filled with the surrounding rock, were originally occupied in part at least by secondary wood, and the transverse strips of carbonaceous material lying in the grooves may represent medullary-ray tissue and accompanying leaf-traces. The longitudinal striations seen in some specimens of Vertebraria on the areas between the grooves may be the impressions of woody tissue. It is impossible without the aid of more perfectly preserved material to arrive at a satisfactory conception of the structural features of a complete Glossopteris rhizome.

In the specimen of Glossopteris Browniana shown in fig. 339 several leaves are attached to an axis which shows none of the surface-features of Vertebraria. I am indebted to the kindness of Dr Mohlengraaff of Delft for the loan of this specimen which was obtained from Permo-Carboniferous rocks in the Transvaal. An axis figured by Etheridge from an Australian locality bears a tuft of Glossopteris leaves, possibly G. Browniana; in place of the rectangular areas characteristic of Vertebraria it shows transversely elongated leaf-scars or, on the internal cast, imbricate rod-like projections which Etheridge suggests represent vascular bundles.

Glossopteris indica, Schimper. Figs. 340, A, 341.

It is a question of secondary importance whether or not the fronds which Brongniart spoke of as a variety of Glossopteris Browniana should be recognised as specifically distinct. The careful examination by Zeiller of the venation characters has, however, afforded justification for separating G. Browniana and G. indica. We must admit that the slight and not very constant differences in the size and form of the meshes produced by the anastomosing of the lateral veins are characters which cannot be recognised as having more than a secondary value, though, as a matter of convenience, we employ them as aids to determination. The arbitrary separation of sterile leaves, which differ by small degrees from one another in form and in the details of venation, by the application of specific names is a thankless task necessitated by custom and convenience; it is, however, idle to ignore the artificial basis of such separation. Mr Arber has recently published, in his valuable Glossopteris Flora, an analytical key which serves to facilitate the description and determination of different types of frond.

A. Glossopteris indica, Schimper. (½ nat. size.) B. Glossopteris angustifolia, Brongniart. (Nat. size.) From Arber, after Feistmantel.]

The large leaves of Glossopteris indica, reaching a length in extreme cases of 40 cm. and a breadth of 10 cm., are characterised by a rather greater regularity in the arrangement of the meshes and by the greater parallelism of the upper and lower sides of each mesh (fig. 341) and by less difference in size between the venation meshes than in G. Browniana, the leaves of which are usually smaller. The relatively thick epidermis consists of rectangular cells with stomata in depressions. The scale-leaves, rather larger than those of G. Browniana, are more or less rhomboidal with rounded angles and reach a length of 1·5–6 cm. and a breadth of 1·5–2·5 cm. The rhizome is practically identical with that of G. Browniana.

This species occurs in great abundance in the Permo-Carboniferous rocks of India, Australia, and in various parts of South Africa, and elsewhere. It has been recognised also by Amalitzky in Upper Permian beds in Russia and by Zeiller in the Rhaetic series of Tonkin.

Glossopteris angustifolia, Brongniart. Figs. 340, B; 342.

It is convenient to retain this designation for linear fronds with an acute or obtuse apex and a venation-reticulum composed of long and narrow meshes (fig. 340, B). It is by no means unlikely, as Arber suggests, that the same plant may have produced leaves of the G. indica type and narrower fronds which conform to G. angustifolia. In his description of some Indian specimens of G. indica, Zeiller draws attention to the variation exhibited in regard to the extent of anastomosing between the secondary veins: some examples with very few cross-connexions agree more closely with Taeniopteris than with Glossopteris as usually defined. The venation shown in fig. 342 illustrates an extreme case of what is almost certainly a Glossopteris leaf of the G. angustifolia type. This specimen, which was discovered by Mr Leslie in the Permo-Carboniferous sandstone of Vereeniging (Transvaal), has been referred to a variety of Brongniart’s species as G. angustifolia var. taeniopteroides on account of the almost complete absence of any cross-connexions. The reference to Glossopteris, which my friend Dr Zeiller suggested, is amply justified by the form of the leaf as a whole, by the angle at which the lateral veins leave the midrib, a feature in contrast to the wider angle at which the lateral veins are usually given off in Taeniopteris (figs. 329, 332), and by the similarity to the Indian specimens already mentioned. Several authors have described leaves or leaflets under the generic name Megalopteris from Carboniferous and Permian rocks which bear a close resemblance to the South African variety, but in some cases at least Megalopteris is known to be a pinnate and not a simple leaf. The leaf figured by Jack and Etheridge as Taeniopteris sp. from Queensland may also be an example of Glossopteris. Comparison may be made also with the Palaeozoic leaves described in the first instance by Lesquereux and more recently by Renault and Zeiller as species of Lesleya (fig. 347).

Blechnoxylon talbragarense, Etheridge. Fig. 343.

Under this name Etheridge described some specimens from the Permo-Carboniferous Coal-Measures of New South Wales, which he regards as a fern, comparable, in the possession of a cylinder of secondary xylem, with the recent genus Botrychium and with Lyginodendron and other members of the Cycadofilices. The slender axis (1–3 mm. in diameter) appears to consist of a zone of radially disposed tissue (fig. 343, C, x), which is probably of the nature of secondary xylem, enclosing a pith and surrounded externally by imperfectly preserved remnants of cortex. Unfortunately no anatomical details could be made out, but the general appearance, if not due to inorganic structure, certainly supports Etheridge’s determination. The stem bore at intervals clusters of linear-lanceolate leaves (reaching 12 mm. in length) in close spirals (fig. 343, A and B); the leaves are characterised by a strong midrib and forked secondary veins. Small “pyriform” bodies of the nature of scale-leaves occur in association with the fronds (fig. 343, B, s).

In his description of this interesting plant, Etheridge quotes an opinion which I expressed in regard to the comparison of the stem with those of Botrychium, Lyginodendron, and other genera. No satisfactory evidence has been found as to the nature of the fructification. Although the leaves of Blechnoxylon are much smaller than those of Glossopteris, I am now disposed to regard the genus as closely allied or even generically referable to Glossopteris. The crowded disposition of the leaves is like that in Glossopteris, shown in fig. 339 and in the figures published by Etheridge and by Oldham; the association of scale-leaves and foliage-leaves is another feature in common. The absence of a reticulum of anastomosing veins can no longer be considered a fatal objection to the suggestion that the Australian type may be a species of Glossopteris. If the view that Blechnoxylon is not a distinct genus is correct, the occurrence of secondary xylem is favourable to the opinion already expressed that Glossopteris is more likely to be a Pteridosperm than a true fern. The data at present available render it advisable to retain Mr Etheridge’s name: the comparison with Glossopteris lacks confirmation.

Glossopteris retifera, Feist. Fig. 344.

In some Glossopteris leaves the anastomosing secondary veins form a coarser reticulum, as in the example represented in fig. 344. The name G. retifera was given by Feistmantel to Indian fronds of this type; similar forms have been described as G. conspicua and G. Tatei. The type illustrated by G. retifera is recorded also from Permo-Carboniferous rocks in Zululand, Natal, the Transvaal, Cape Colony, and the Argentine.

Gangamopteris.

In 1847 McCoy described a leaf-fragment from Permo-Carboniferous rocks in New South Wales as Cyclopteris angustifolia. The type-specimen of this species, which is now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, has been re-described by Mr Arber. Subsequently McCoy instituted the generic name Gangamopteris for leaves, like that previously referred by him to Cyclopteris, from the Bacchus Marsh Sandstone, of New South Wales, but he did not publish a diagnosis of the genus until several years later. Feistmantel, who has described many species of Gangamopteris from the Lower Gondwana strata of India, slightly modified the original diagnosis. The genus is represented by sterile fronds only. We know nothing of the stem, and such evidence as is available in regard to the form of the fertile leaves is of a circumstantial kind. It is, however, highly probable that Gangamopteris is not a true fern but a Pteridosperm.

Leaves simple, sessile, varying in shape; obovate or spathulate, broadly lanceolate or rarely linear; the apex is usually blunt (fig. 345) but occasionally gradually tapered. In general appearance a Gangamopteris leaf is similar to that of Glossopteris indica, the chief distinction being the absence of a midrib. Gangamopteris leaves are on the whole larger than those of Glossopteris; many of them reach a length of 20 cm. and some of the large Indian fronds are nearly 40 cm. long. The venation of Gangamopteris shows a greater uniformity in the size and shape of the meshes than that of Glossopteris. The middle of the lamina, especially in the lower part, is occupied by a few vertical veins from which branches curve upwards and outwards towards the edge of the lamina. The secondary veins are connected by frequent anastomoses and agree very closely with those of Glossopteris. The lamina becomes narrower towards the base, which is either cuneate or in some cases slightly auriculate (fig. 345).

As I have elsewhere pointed out, the presence or absence of a midrib is not in itself a character of real taxonomic importance. In the recent fern Scolopendrium vulgare the frond has a prominent midrib, while in S. nigripes there is no median rib. Mr Arber has expressed the opinion that “it is extremely doubtful whether the genus Gangamopteris should not be merged in Glossopteris.” The retention of the two names is, however, convenient, and it would tend to confusion were we to carry to its logical conclusion the view that the recognised distinction between the two genera may not be a mark of generic difference.

Gangamopteris is confined to Palaeozoic strata, a fact which leads White to speak of the Gangamopteris rather than of the Glossopteris Flora. It occurs in South America, South Africa, Australia, and India, extending as far north as Kashmir; it has been discovered by Amalitzky in Permian rocks of Russia. The Russian rocks in which Glossopteris and Gangamopteris were found are no doubt of Permian age. In Australia, South Africa, Brazil and Argentina, and in the Indian Coal-fields, Gangamopteris is a characteristic genus of Lower Gondwana rocks. These strata are usually spoken of as Permo-Carboniferous in order to avoid the danger of attempting on insufficient data a precise correlation with European formations.

Feistmantel speaks of Gangamopteris as most abundant in the Talchir-Karharbári beds, though it is represented also in the overlying Damuda series. In Australia the genus occurs in rocks which correspond in position and in their plant fossils with the Talchir-Karharbári beds of India; similarly, in South Africa and South America the Gangamopteris beds are homotaxial with those of India and Australia. The leaf described by Carruthers from Brazil as Noeggerathia obovata (the type-specimen is in the British Museum) is no doubt specifically identical with Gangamopteris cyclopteroides Feist. In a paper by Mr Hayden on Gangamopteris beds in the Vihi Valley, Kashmir, evidence is adduced in support of the conclusion that the rocks are “not younger than Upper Carboniferous and may belong to the base of that subdivision or even to the Middle Carboniferous.” It would seem that Gangamopteris was a very widely spread genus during the latter part of the Carboniferous period in the vast Southern Continent to which the name Gondwana Land is often applied, and that it flourished in the Southern Flora during at least part of the Permian period: with other members of the Glossopteris Flora it migrated to the North where it has been preserved in Permian rocks of Northern Russia. The Glossopteris Flora must have had its birth in the Southern hemisphere. The conclusion seems inevitable that the leaves of Glossopteris and Gangamopteris in the shales and sandstones of India, South Africa, South America, and Australia are relics of the vegetation of a continent of which these regions are the disjuncta membra. Darwin wrote to his friend Hooker in 1881, “I have sometimes speculated whether there did not exist somewhere during long ages an extremely isolated continent, perhaps near the South Pole.” It is probable that Gangamopteris is one of the genera which flourished on this continent.

Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Feistmantel. Fig. 345.

1876. Feistmantel, Records Geol. Surv. India, Vol. IX. Pt iii. p. 73.

The specimen represented in fig. 345 illustrates the characters of this commonest representative of the genus.

Gangamopteris kashmirensis, Seward.

1905. Seward, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. II. Mem. ii.

This type agrees closely with G. cyclopteroides in size and in the form of the leaf, but it is distinguished by the flatter form of the arch formed by the lateral veins, by their greater inclination to the margin of the lamina, and by the more acutely pointed apex of the lamina. This species, though not very sharply distinguished from G. cyclopteroides, is important as coming from beds which have been assigned on other than palaeobotanical evidence to an Upper or possibly a Middle Carboniferous horizon.

We have no definite information in regard to the nature of the reproductive organs of Gangamopteris, but such evidence as there is supports the view expressed by Dr White and shared by some other authors that Gangamopteris and Glossopteris should be assigned to the Pteridosperms. Despite the abundance of Gangamopteris leaves, no fertile specimen has been discovered. This negative evidence may prove to be as correct as that which led Stur to exclude Neuropteris, Alethopteris and Odontopteris from the ferns. The only evidence of a positive kind is that furnished by Dr David White in his recent Report on the Palaeozoic Flora of South Brazil. This author describes some small Aphlebia-like leaves under two new generic names Arberia and Derbyella. The differences between the two sets of specimens, so far as can be determined from the reproductions of imperfect impressions, are slight, and it is by no means clear that a distinction of generic rank exists. These scale-leaves are on the average about 2 cm. in length; the lamina is oval or rounded and has more or less prominent lobes. In Derbyella there are indications of anastomosing veins. The specimens referred to Arberia minasica are, as White points out, very similar to the fossil described by Feistmantel from Lower Gondwana rocks of India as probably a portion of an inflorescence of Noeggerathiopsis. Feistmantel’s specimen is represented in fig. 346: the curled lobes may have originally borne seeds. In the Brazilian examples the abruptly truncated lobes “bear evidence of separation from reproductive bodies.” An important point is the association of these scale-leaves with Gangamopteris fronds and with gymnospermous seeds of the Samaropsis type. On the leaves assigned to Derbyella aurita circular depressions occur at the base of the lobes which are described as probably due to sporangia.

Dr White’s discovery gives us increased confidence in expressing the view that Gangamopteris bore its reproductive organs on specialised leaves very different from the sterile fronds; it also strengthens the suspicion that the genus is a member of the class of seed-bearing fern-like plants.

Lesleya.

This generic designation was instituted by Lesquereux for simple oval-linear leaves from the Coal-Measures of Pennsylvania. The leaves so named are probably generically identical with the specimen doubtfully assigned by Brongniart to the Coal-Measures, and made by him the type of the genus Cannophyllites on the ground of a resemblance to the leaves of the recent flowering plant Canna. Fig. 347 illustrates the form of a Lesleya leaf from the Coal-basin of Gard, named by Grand’Eury L. simplicinervis, a type in which the veins are frequently unbranched and not repeatedly forked as in most examples of the genus (fig. 329, C). The features of the genus are, the oval-linear or lanceolate shape of the presumably simple frond, its entire or, in one species at least (L. Delafondi, Zeill.), finely dentate margin, the stout rachis giving off at a very acute angle numerous dichotomously branched secondary veins. In L. Delafondi (fig. 329, C), described by Zeiller from the Lower Permian of Autun, the frond may reach a length of more than 20 cm. and a breadth of 8 cm. Similar species are represented by L. ensis from the coal-field of Commentry, and L. grandis from Upper Carboniferous rocks of North America. The genus is characteristic of Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian strata: the form of the leaf and the direction of the secondary veins suggest comparison with Glossopteris, but in Lesleya there are no cross-connexions between the veins. Nothing is known as to the fructification, a fact which naturally evokes the opinion that the genus is a Pteridosperm and not a true fern. Some years before the discovery of Pteridosperms, Grand’Eury suggested that Lesleya might be a Gymnosperm; his opinion being based on the woody nature of the rachis and on the simple venation of Lesleya simplicinervis.

Neuropteridium.

In their monograph of fossil plants from the Bunter Series of the Vosges, Schimper and Mougeot described some pinnate leaves of ferns as species of the genus Neuropteris. In 1869 Schimper placed these in a new sub-genus Neuropteridium, in order to draw attention to the fact that their fronds appear to be simply pinnate and not bipinnate or tripinnate as in Neuropteris. The type-species of Neuropteridium is N. grandifolia Sch. and Moug. from the Bunter Sandstones of the Vosges. The genus includes Triassic European species and the widely distributed Permo-Carboniferous species from Brazil originally described by Carruthers as Odontopteris Plantiana. It is probable that some Carboniferous plants, particularly species from the lower members of the formation, referred to the genus Cardiopteris, are not genetically distinct from the Indian and southern hemisphere type Neuropteridium validum (= Odontopteris Plantiana).

Fronds pinnate, linear; a broad rachis bears pinnules which may be either semicircular or broadly linear with an entire or lobed margin. The longer pinnules may exceed 6 cm. in length. The pinnules agree with those of Neuropteris in being attached by the median portion of the lamina and not by the whole base, which is more or less auriculate. In some cases the repeatedly forked veins diverge from the centre of the pinnule base; in others there is a midrib which persists for a short distance only, and in some species the more persistent median vein gives the segments a closer resemblance to those of Neuropteris. Fructification unknown, with the exception of obscure indications of sporangia (?) on the fertile leaves of a Triassic species.

Neuropteridium validum. (Feistmantel). Fig. 348.

1869. Odontopteris Plantiana, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. Vol. VI. p. 9, Pl. VI. figs. 2, 3.

1878. Neuropteris valida, Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Foss. Flor. Gondwana Syst., Vol. III. p. 10, pl. II.–VI.

1880. Neuropteridium validum, Feistmantel, Ibid. 2, p. 84.

The specimen represented in fig. 348 illustrates the main features of Neuropteridium validum. This species is referred to by Dr White as N. Plantianum on the ground of priority, and with a view to perpetuate the name of the English engineer Nathaniel Plant who discovered the species in a Brazilian Coal-field in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Feistmantel’s specific name is however retained as being much better known. An examination of Mr Plant’s specimen in the British Museum led me to speak of the Brazilian species as identical with N. validum described by Feistmantel from Lower Gondwana rocks of India. Zeiller had previously drawn attention to the resemblance between the two sets of specimens. The frond of N. validum may exceed 50 cm. in length. The lower pinnules may be entire and semicircular in form while the upper and larger segments, which may reach a length of 5 or 6 cm., are characterised by broad lobes (fig. 348).

This type is represented in the flora of the Talchir-Karharbári series (Lower Gondwana) of India, in Permo-Carboniferous rocks of Brazil and Argentine, and in the sandstones of Vereeniging on the borders of the Transvaal and Cape Colony. It is a characteristic member of the Glossopteris Flora and occurs in association with Glossopteris and Gangamopteris.

Neuropteridium intermedium (Schimper). Fig. 349.

This species has been figured by Schimper and Mougeot from the Bunter of the Vosges and more fully described by Blanckenhorn from the Bunter beds of Commern. The pinnate leaves reach a length of 65 cm.; the lower semicircular pinnules pass gradually into broadly linear segments characterised by an auriculate base and a Neuropteris type of venation (fig. 354, D′, E). In the example reproduced in fig. 349 from one of Blanckenhorn’s figures, the fronds are attached to a short and thick rhizome bearing roots and portions of old petioles.

An example of another Triassic species is afforded by Neuropteridium grandifolium Schimp. and Moug., which agrees very closely with N. validum in the size and shape of the pinnules. The occurrence in Lower Mesozoic European rocks of fronds hardly distinguishable from the older southern species may be regarded as favourable to the view already expressed, that some at least of the Permo-Carboniferous plants migrated north of the Equator. The resemblance between the Vosges Triassic species of Schizoneura and the examples of this genus recorded from the Lower Gondwana rocks of India affords additional evidence of a northern migration.

Our knowledge of the reproductive organs of Neuropteridium is practically nil. There is no doubt that Zeiller and Blanckenhorn are correct in regarding the Bunter fronds assigned by Schimper and Mougeot to the genus Crematopteris as the fertile leaves of Neuropteridium intermedium or some other species from the same horizon. These fronds bear crowded pinnules similar to those of Neuropteridium intermedium, N. Voltzii, and other species, exhibiting on the exposed surface numerous carbonaceous spots which may be the remains of sporangia.

Cardiopteris.

Schimper applied this generic name to Lower Carboniferous fronds of a simple-pinnate habit which had previously been described as species of Cyclopteris. Cardiopteris frondosa may serve as a typical example. This species, originally described by Goeppert as Cyclopteris frondosa (fig. 350), is recorded from Lower Carboniferous rocks in the Vosges district in Silesia, Moravia, and Thuringia. The pinnules, which are attached in opposite pairs to a broad rachis, vary in length from 2 to 10 cm. and have a breadth of 2 to 8 cm.; in manner of attachment and venation they agree with those of Neuropteridium validum. The venation is very clearly shown in a drawing of some large pinnules figured by Stur.

The specimen of Cardiopteris frondosa, a portion of which is shown in fig. 350 on a slightly reduced scale, was originally figured by Schimper from an unusually good example in the Strassburg Museum. Schimper’s drawing hardly does justice to the original specimen.

A frond bearing rather narrower pinnules, alternately placed on the rachis, which Fritsch has described as Cardiopteris Hochstetterii var. franconica from the Culm of Thuringia, bears a close resemblance to Neuropteridium validum but differs in the entire margin of the pinnules. An Upper Carboniferous species from Russia described by Grigoriew as Neuropteris, cf. cordata var. densineura, represents another form of similar habit.

Schuster has recently proposed a new generic name Ulvopteris for a fragment of a pinna from the Coal-Measures of Dudweiler in Germany bearing large pinnules, which he compares with those of Cardiopteris and species of Rhacopteris. The specimen appears to be indistinguishable from some of those already referred to as conforming to Neuropteridium, and it is difficult to recognise any reason for the creation of a new generic name.

We cannot hope to arrive at any satisfactory decision in regard to the precise affinity between Neuropteridium validum and species referred to Cardiopteris and other genera so long as portions of sterile fronds are the only tests at our disposal. It is difficult to determine whether a specimen consisting of an axis bearing pinnules represents a large pinna of a bipinnate frond or if it is a complete pinnate leaf. There is, however, no adequate reason for supposing that the presumably pinnate fronds from the Gondwana Land rocks are generically distinct from the Lower Carboniferous European species Cardiopteris frondosa. Granting the probability that both genera are Pteridosperms and closely allied to one another, the two generic names may be retained on the ground of long usage and in default of satisfactory evidence confirmatory of generic identity. Cardiopteris would thus stand for a type of frond characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous strata of Europe, while Neuropteridium is retained for the Southern species N. validum, and for others from the Trias of the Vosges.

Aphlebia.

This name was proposed by Presl for large leaf-like impressions having a pinnate or pinnatifid form and characterised by a confused irregular type of venation, or by a fine superficial striation or wrinkling which simulates veins. Gutbier had previously described similar fossils as Fucoides, and other authors have described Aphlebiae as species of Rhacophyllum, Schizopteris, and other genera. The term Aphlebia is retained, not as denoting a distinct genus but (i) as a descriptive name for detached leafy structures similar to those figured by Presl, which are now recognised as laminar appendages of the petioles of ferns or fern-like fronds, and (ii) as an epithet for highly modified pinnules which frequently occur at the base of the primary pinnae of Pecopteroid and Sphenopteroid fronds (e.g. Dactylotheca plumosa, fig. 293).

Modified pinnules, similar in their reduced and deeply dissected lamina to those represented in fig. 293, are frequently found at the base of the primary pinnae of Palaeozoic species of Sphenopteris and other genera of Pteridosperms or ferns, including members of the Coenopterideae. Potonié gives a list of various types of Aphlebiae in his paper on these organs. A striking case has recently been described by Zeiller in a French Upper Carboniferous species, Sphenopteris Matheti. It would seem that the larger examples of Aphlebiae are more frequently associated with the compound leaves of Pteridosperms than with those of Ferns.

As examples of the larger types of Aphlebiae reference may be made to Aphlebia crispa (Gutb.), which reaches a length of nearly 60 cm. and has the form of a more or less triangular pinnate leaf divided into decurrent deeply lobed segments, to a similar species represented by A. Germari (= Schizopteris lactuca Germ.) which simulates the leaves of endive (Cichorium endivia L.), and to some large forms figured by Grand’Eury as species of Schizopteris.

Aphlebiae such as that figured by Kidston as Rhacophyllum crispum, with narrow ultimate segments, might easily be mistaken for the impressions of an alga.

The term Aphlebia may be applied also to the Cyclopteroid pinnules on the petioles of some species of Neuropteris, Odontopteris and Archaeopteris. Goebel has referred to the application by Potonié and other authors of the term Aphlebioid to the pinnules which serve as bud-protecting organs in recent fronds of Gleichenia (fig. 226, p. 290); he expresses the opinion that it is superfluous and misleading to make use of a special designation for structures which are undoubtedly modified pinnules. In the case of fossils it is, however, convenient to employ the term Aphlebia as a descriptive name for modified pinnules or stipular structures which cannot be connected with definite species of fronds. It is clear that some Aphlebiod leaflets, such as those of Dactylotheca, served as protective organs for the unexpanded pinnae, and in all probability the large Aphlebiae served the same purpose as the fleshy stipules of Angiopteris and Marattia which cover the uncoiled fronds. The pinnatifid scale-leaves of considerable size (fig. 351) which occur in the leaf-axils or as ochrea-like stipules on the fronds of Gunnera (a tropical and subtropical Dicotyledonous genus) bear a very close resemblance to some Palaeozoic Aphlebiae, e.g. Aphlebia crispa (Gutb.). The recent and fossil scale-leaves may be regarded as similar in function as in form; moreover the delicate coiled fronds of Palaeozoic Pteridosperms or ferns, like those of some recent flowering plants, may have been kept moist by a secretion of mucilage. The pinnatifid stipules of Marattia fraxinea (fig. 241, B, p. 317) resemble certain fossil Aphlebiae, and the wrinkled surface of the recent stipules presents an appearance similar to that which in some fossil forms has been erroneously described as veining. It is not improbable that mantle-leaves of such recent ferns as Polypodium quercifolium (fig. 234, M, p. 303) are comparable with some fossil Aphlebiae which may have served as humus-collectors for Palaeozoic epiphytes.

The filiform appendages on the petioles of the recent fern Hemitelia capensis (fig. 235, p. 304) have often been compared with the aphlebioid leaflets of fossil fronds.

Potonié who has discussed the nature of Aphlebiae regards them as vestiges of a once continuous lamina, which formed a winged border to the branched axes of more primitive forms of fronds. It is possible that the pinnules between the pinnae on the rachis of Archaeopteris and the Cyclopteroid leaflets of Neuropteris and Odontopteris may have the morphological significance attributed to them by Potonié. In some cases it is probable that the Aphlebiae, whether vestiges or not, served the purpose of protecting either the whole frond or individual pinnae. Aphlebiae, though especially characteristic of Palaeozoic leaves, are occasionally met with in the form of modified pinnules at the base of the primary pinnae on Mesozoic ferns, e.g. in Coniopteris hymenophylloides.

In some fern fronds the lowest pinnule of each pinna differs in shape or size from the normal ultimate segments, but it would be almost affectation to extend the use of the term Aphlebia to such pinnules. The Jurassic species Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.) is a case in point. In this fern, which some authors speak of, without sufficient reason, as Dicksonia lobifolia, the lowest pinnule is large and different in shape from the others.

A. Sphenopteris obtusiloba. Pinnule. (Enlarged. After Zeiller.) B, C. S. obtusiloba. (⅞ nat. size. After Zeiller.) D. Pecopteris arborescens. (Slightly enlarged. After Zeiller.) E. Sphenopteris furcata (= Diplotmema furcatum). (Slightly enlarged. After Zeiller.)]

Sphenopteris.

Sphenopteris is one of the many generic names which we owe to Brongniart. It is the generic designation used for a great number of Palaeozoic and later fronds, most of which are those of true ferns while some Palaeozoic species are undoubted Pteridosperms. The genus, which is purely provisional, includes members of widely different families possessing pinnules of the same general type, such as is represented in some recent species of Davallia, Asplenium, and other ferns.

The fronds of Sphenopteris may be bipinnate, tripinnate, or quadripinnate; the rachis may be dichotomously branched or the branching may be of the pinnate type characteristic of most recent ferns. The pinnules are small; they vary considerably in shape even in a single frond, but the chief characteristics are: the lobed lamina, contracted and often wedge-shaped at the base (fig. 352), the dichotomously branched veins radiating from the base or given off from a median rib at an acute angle. The lamina may be divided into a few bluntly rounded lobes (fig. 352, C) or deeply dissected into linear or cuneate segments (fig. 352, A, B, E).

Examples of Sphenopteroid leaves have already been described under the genera Coniopteris, Onychiopsis, Ruffordia, etc. Among the numerous examples of Sphenopteris species from the Carboniferous rocks mention may be made of Sphenopteris obtusiloba Brogn. (fig. 352, A–C), which occurs in the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures of Britain. This type is characterised by the almost orbicular, oval or triangular pinnules which may reach a length of 15 mm.; they are occasionally entire, but more usually divided into 3 to 5 rounded lobes. The forked veins radiate from the base of the pinnule. The rachis may be dichotomously branched. Fructification unknown.

The species S. furcata Brongn., characteristic of the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures of Britain (fig. 352, E), is referred to under Stur’s genus Diplotmema in which it is included by some authors solely because of the dichotomous habit of branching of the pinnae.

The pinna represented in fig. 353 illustrates a similar type of pinnule. This species, which is very common in the Calciferous Sandstone of Scotland, was described by Lindley and Hutton as Sphenopteris affinis.

The fronds of Sphenopteris affinis were discovered by Mr Peach in a fertile condition, but he regarded the reproductive organs as those of a plant parasitic on the Sphenopteris fronds. Kidston substituted Stur’s genus Calymmatotheca for Sphenopteris on the ground that the sporangia figured by Peach under the name Staphylopteris Peachii bear a close resemblance to the organs which Stur described as valves of an indusium in his species Calymmatotheca Stangeri. An examination of Stur’s specimens by Miss Benson and by Prof. Oliver and Dr Scott has confirmed Stur’s interpretation of the appendages at the tips of the fertile pinnae as valves of an indusial or cupular structure. The superficially similar bodies on the fertile pinnae of S. affinis are however true sporangia, and cannot legitimately be included in the genus Calymmatotheca as described by Stur. For this reason Miss Benson institutes a new genus Telangium, the type-species of which, T. Scotti from the Lower Coal-Measures of Lancashire, is based on petrified material. The Scotch species Sphenopteris affinis (= Calymmatotheca affinis of Kidston) is also transferred to Telangium; the sporangia are considered by Miss Benson to be microsporangia. This with other species is no doubt correctly included in the Pteridosperms. A complete frond of Sphenopteris affinis, showing a regular dichotomy of the main axes, is represented by an admirable drawing in Hugh Miller’s Testimony of the Rocks.

Some of the Palaeozoic species of Sphenopteris probably represent the fronds of true ferns, but others are known to have been borne by Pteridosperms. S. Hoeninghausi (fig. 290, C, p. 399) is the foliage of Lyginodendron, and Scott speaks of three species, S. dissecta, S. elegans, and S. Linkii as the leaves of Heterangium. Grand’Eury has recorded the occurrence in French Coal-Measures of seeds in association with other Sphenopteroid fronds.

Mariopteris, Diplotmema, Palmatopteris.

The discovery of sporangia on the fronds of several Palaeozoic species of Sphenopteris and Pecopteris has led to the institution of new generic names, which indicate an advance in knowledge beyond the stage implied by the use of those provisional designations based solely on the form and venation of the pinnules. Other names have been created by authors in place of Sphenopteris and Pecopteris on the ground that a striking feature in the mode of branching of fronds is sufficiently important to justify generic recognition even in the absence of fertile specimens. As examples of designations based primarily on the branch-system of compound leaves, the genera Mariopteris, Diplotmema, and Palmatopteris may be briefly considered (fig. 354 A–C). Dr Kidston is of opinion that the creation of new genera for purely vegetative characters of fronds is of no real advantage, and he prefers to retain the older provisional names for species known only in the sterile condition. On the other hand, if we are sufficiently familiar with specimens large enough to enable us to recognise a well-defined morphological character, it may serve a useful purpose to employ a generic designation for features which may have a phylogenetic value. A comparative examination of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and recent compound fronds, including both Pteridosperms and true ferns, brings to light certain distinguishing features characteristic of the older types which, as Potonié maintains, point to the derivation of the pinnate habit from a primitive dichotomous system of branching. For a more complete discussion of this question reference should be made to Potonié’s suggestive papers. Among recent ferns Matonia and Dipteris, two survivals from the past, afford instances of fronds with a branching system of the dichotomous type.

Similarly, in Gleichenia, Lygodium, and more rarely in species of Polypodiaceae (e.g. Davallia aculeata, fig. 232) dichotomy is a striking feature of the fronds. In the great majority of recent ferns the fronds have assumed a pinnate habit. Among Palaeozoic fern-like fronds dichotomous branching of the main rachis and of the pinnae is much more common. Potonié draws attention to several other features which distinguish Palaeozoic fronds from the majority of later species: the frequent occurrence of pinnules borne directly on the main rachis (fig. 354, D), and of modified pinnules or Aphlebiae on the rachis and petiole, are characters to which he attributes an evolutionary significance. The main point is that a comparative examination of leaf-form affords evidence in favour of the view that the modern type of frond, with its naked rachis bearing two rows of pinnae, has been derived from a less specialised type in which the distinction between the parts of the leaf is much less evident. The primitive leaf was probably a dichotomously branched axis provided with a continuous lamina which eventually became broken up into separate lobes or pinnules.

As the dichotomy of the frond became less regular, a pinnate habit was acquired, as is clearly seen in many Palaeozoic types which constitute connecting links between forked and pinnate fronds (fig. 354, D). The Aphlebiae may be remnants of the once-continuous lamina on the petiole, and the normal pinnules borne on the rachis may be regarded as the attributes of fronds in which the division of physiological labour had not reached the stage which characterises the leaves of recent ferns.

Mariopteris.

This name, which is due to Zeiller, is applied by him to Palaeozoic fronds characterised by a double bifurcation of the rachis of the primary pinnae. Mariopteris muricata (= Pecopteris muricata Schloth.) may be taken as the type of the genus. This species is common in the Lower and Middle Coal-Measures of Britain and rare in the Upper Coal-Measures. It is described by Kidston as one of the most polymorphic and widely distributed Coal-Measure species. The pinnules as seen in fig. 364, B, are of the Sphenopteroid type. No fertile specimens are known, but it is significant that Grand’Eury has recorded the association of Mariopteris muricata and seeds.

The main rachis gives off alternate naked branches, each of which bifurcates at its apex into two short naked axes, and these are again forked, the ultimate branches having the form of bipinnate pinnae provided with large Sphenopteroid pinnules (fig. 354, B). Zeiller includes in Mariopteris some species which Stur referred to his genus Diplotmema. Possibly some of the Palaeozoic fronds with a zigzag rachis may have been climbers like Lygodium.

A. Palmatopteris. B. Mariopteris. (A, B, after Potonié.) C. Diplotmema Zeilleri, Stur. (After Zeiller.) C′. D. Zeilleri. Pinnule. (× 3. After Zeiller.) D. Neuropteris macrophylla. (British Museum.) D′. N. macrophylla. Pinnule. (Slightly enlarged. After Kidston.) E. N. heterophylla. Pinnule. (Slightly enlarged. After Zeiller.) F. N. Scheuchzeri. (Slightly reduced. After Kidston.) G. Alloiopteris Essinghii. (Enlarged. After Potonié.)]

Diplotmema.

This generic name is employed by Zeiller and other authors in a more restricted sense than that in which it was originally used by Stur. The Upper Carboniferous species Sphenopteris furcata Brongn. (fig. 352, E) may serve as the type. This species occurs in the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures of Britain. The main rachis gives off branches as in Mariopteris, but in Diplotmema each naked lateral branch is forked at its apex into two opposite pinnae bearing deeply dissected Sphenopteroid pinnules. Zeiller and Stur have recorded fertile specimens of Diplotmema, but in no case have actual sporangia been discovered. In the species Diplotmema Zeilleri Stur (fig. 354, C, C′) two Aphlebiae occur at the base of each secondary axis. It has been pointed out by Potonié that in Diplotmema furcatum the equal dichotomy of the lateral branches is not characteristic of the frond as a whole. In the case of branches higher on the rachis the dichotomy becomes unequal and the forked axis is gradually replaced by a simple pinna (fig. 354, A). For this type of frond, Potonié proposed the generic name Palmatopteris in place of Diplotmema, which he discards. The long comparatively slender rachis of P. furcata suggests comparison with the liane species of Lygodium.

A. Cephalotheca mirabilis, Nath. Fertile pinnae. (Partially restored. After Nathorst.) B. C. mirabilis. Sterile pinnule. Nat. size. (After Nathorst.)]

Cephalotheca.

This genus was proposed by Nathorst for some peculiar bipinnate fertile fronds from the Upper Devonian rocks of Bear Island. The pinnae bear slender forked ultimate segments represented by a few detached fragments (fig. 355, B), associated with the rachises. The fertile pinnae are given off in opposite pairs from the main axis over which they are concrescent (fig. 355, A). A mop-like cluster of sporangia is borne on the lower surface and close to the base of a fertile pinna: the exannulate sporangia are compared with those of Scolecopteris. Nathorst compares Cephalotheca with a Belgian species of Upper Devonian age described by Crépin as Rhacophyton condrusorum and by Gilkinet as Sphenopteris condrusorum. A similar fossil is also described by Baily as Filicites lineatus from the Kitorkan Grits of Ireland.

The position of Cephalotheca cannot be definitely determined from the available data, but it is more probable that it was a seed-bearing Pteridosperm and not a true fern. Zeiller has recently expressed the same opinion.

Thinnfeldia.

The genus Thinnfeldia, founded by Ettingshausen in 1852 on some Hungarian Liassic specimens, though frequently included in the Filicales, cannot be said to occupy that position by virtue of any well-authenticated filicinean features. It is by no means improbable that many of the species referred to this genus are closely allied to Palaeozoic Pteridosperms.

Thinnfeldia may be briefly defined as follows:

Fronds simple and pinnatifid, pinnate or bipinnate: rachis broad and occasionally dichotomously branched. Pinnules often fleshy or coriaceous; broadly linear, entire or lobed, provided with a midrib from which simple or forked secondary veins are given off at an acute angle: or the laminae may be short and broad without a midrib and traversed by several slightly divergent and forked veins.

No satisfactory evidence of reproductive organs has so far been adduced.

The genus is chiefly characteristic of Upper Triassic, Rhaetic, and Jurassic floras, though it was in all probability represented in Permian floras. Several species, many of which are valueless, are recorded also from Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. Search should be made for fertile specimens or for evidence as to the association of seeds with Thinnfeldia fronds.

Some Permian fossils from Kansas which Sellards has made the type of a new genus, Glenopteris, appear to be indistinguishable generically from leaves of Lower Mesozoic age universally recognised as typical examples of Thinnfeldia.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morris). Figs. 356–358.

This is a very variable species as regards the shape and size of the ultimate segments and their venation. It is a type of extended geographical range characteristic of Rhaetic or Upper Triassic rocks in Australia, South Africa, India, South America, and various European localities.

Frond bipinnate; the broad rachis may be dichotomously branched. Pinnules with a thick lamina which may be almost semicircular in form, deltoid, broadly oval or broadly linear, and often confluent at the base. Short and broad pinnules occur on some fronds directly attached to the main rachis between the pinnae. The longer and narrower pinnules (fig. 356, C), resembling those of the Palaeozoic genus Alethopteris, have a well-defined midrib, while the smaller segments are characterised by several slightly divergent veins which spring directly from the rachis (fig. 356, A). Epidermal cells polygonal or, above the veins, rectangular in shape; stomata, which are slightly sunk, occur on both the upper and lower epidermis. Fertile specimens unknown.

The portion of a lobed pinnule shown in fig. 356, B, illustrates a form of segment intermediate between the linear type with a midrib and a row of shorter pinnules without a median vein. Fig. 356, D, represents another instance of variation in the arrangement of the veins in segments of different sizes. Various specific and generic names have been assigned to Thinnfeldia fronds of Rhaetic age on the ground of the occurrence of pinnules longer and narrower than those usually associated with T. odontopteroides; but in view of the range of variation met with in a single leaf it is advisable to extend rather than to restrict the boundary of what we are pleased to regard as a specific type.

A–D. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morris). E. Ptilozamites. (E, after Nathorst.)]

The name Thinnfeldia lancifolia has been applied by Morris to fossils from Australia which may be identified with T. odontopteroides, and the same designation is employed by Szajnocha and by Solms-Laubach for Rhaetic specimens from South America. Similar fronds are described by Geinitz as Thinnfeldia tenuinervis from Argentine Rhaetic strata. Odontopteris macrophylla Curran, T. falcata Ten.-Woods, Gleichenia lineata Ten.-Woods, and Cardiopteris Zuberi Szaj. afford other examples of what are probably closely allied forms.

Some exceptionally large examples of T. odontopteroides are figured by Feistmantel from the Hawkesbury series of New South Wales in which the bipinnate frond has a breadth of 25–30 cm. A specimen from the Molteno beds of South Africa, probably of Rhaetic age, represented in fig. 357, illustrates a smaller leaf with pinnules of the linear type, some of which are partially divided into shorter pinnules with forked veins. The example represented in fig. 358, from Cyphergat (S. Africa), shows two equal branches of a rachis with small contiguous segments.

Some specimens figured by Zeiller from the Rhaetic strata of Tonkin as Pecopteris (Bernouillia?) sp. may be portions of Thinnfeldia fronds, and the large leaves which he refers to Ctenopteris Sarreni differ but slightly from the Australian specimens described by Feistmantel as T. odontopteroides.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ettingshausen. Figs. 359, 360, C.

Under this name Ettingshausen described the type-specimen of the genus from Lower Lias strata at Steierdorf in Hungary. He assigned the plant to the Coniferae on the ground of a resemblance of the pinnules to the phylloclades of Phyllocladus. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis bears a close resemblance to T. odontopteroides, but the pinnules are usually longer and narrower, as shown in the English specimen from the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire represented in fig. 359. The darker margin of the pinnules shown in fig. 360, C, gives the impression of a revolute lamina, but a microscopical examination points to a thicker cuticle at the edge of the segments.

The species is recorded from Jurassic rocks of France, Germany, Italy, India, Australia, and elsewhere.

Palaeobotanical literature contains numerous records of Jurassic, Cretaceous and some Tertiary species referred to Thinnfeldia, but many of these are probably not generically identical with T. odontopteroides or T. rhomboidalis. Mr Berry in a paper on The American species referred to Thinnfeldia concludes that the genus is “a rather indefinite one ... and badly in need of revision.” He regards the Middle and Upper Cretaceous American species as Conifers related to Phyllocladus and probably forming a link between the Podocarpeae and Taxeae: for these forms he proposes the generic name Protophyllocladus. The opinion has been expressed elsewhere that this “problematical” genus rests on an unsatisfactory basis; the available data do not justify the use of a name which implies the existence in North American Cretaceous floras of a type related to the New Zealand and Tasmanian Conifer Phyllocladus. We are not in a position to assign a single species of Thinnfeldia to the Filicales or the Gymnosperms.

A leaflet from Jurassic rocks of Poland figured by Raciborski shows what this author regards as the impression of a circular sorus: no sporangia have been found. A specimen in the British Museum, which is said to come from Rhaetic beds in Queensland, shows a row of contiguous polygonal prominences on each side of the midrib which resemble the sori of a fern; but until sporangia are discovered we cannot determine the precise nature of this apparently fertile frond.

A species described by Fontaine from the Potomac beds (Wealden-Jurassic) of North America as Thinnfeldia variabilis affords a good example of a plant which cannot be identified with any degree of confidence either as a fern or a seed-bearing type. Mr Berry draws attention to the former application of this name by Velenovský to a distinct Lower Cretaceous Bohemian species and proposes for Fontaine’s plant the name T. Fontainei; he maintains that no one has doubted the fern-nature of the Potomac plant. T. variabilis may indeed be a fern, but the evidence is not such as to preclude legitimate doubts as to the correctness of this suggestion. Solms-Laubach, in referring to Schenk’s view that Thinnfeldia and its allies may represent a group intermediate between Ferns and Gymnosperms, admits that it is a possible supposition; he is, however, inclined to consider Lomatopteris and Cycadopteris, “genera especially comparable with Thinnfeldia” as more probably ferns.

At this point we may conveniently consider a series of genera which occupy an equally uncertain position and bear a very close resemblance to Thinnfeldia.

A. Lomatopteris jurensis. (⅞ nat. size. After Kurr.) B. L. Schimperi. (⅞ nat. size. After Salfeld.) C. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett. (Slightly enlarged. British Museum. No. 52672.)]

Lomatopteris.

The generic name Lomatopteris was proposed by Schimper for some bipinnate fronds originally described by Kurr from Jurassic rocks of Württemberg as Odontopteris (?) jurensis (fig. 360, A). I have elsewhere expressed the opinion that this German species may be identical with Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ett. Kurr’s type-specimen, a portion of which is reproduced in fig. 360, A, consists of a frond or large pinna characterised by a prominent and broad rachis giving off alternate linear pinnae bearing bluntly rounded, contiguous and basally concrescent pinnules having a thick or revolute border and a central rib. The lateral veins are visible in the ultimate segments of Kurr’s fossil. Saporta has described several species, which he refers to Schimper’s genus, from French Jurassic strata: it is, however, difficult to recognise some of the examples represented in his illustrations as specifically distinct forms. This author notices the resemblance of Lomatopteris to Thinnfeldia, not only in habit but in the structure of the epidermal cells. In Lomatopteris and in Thinnfeldia the cells have straight and not sinuous walls and the slightly sunken stomata are surrounded by a ring of epidermal cells. Salfeld has recently described portions of fronds from Jurassic rocks of South-West Germany, which he identifies as Lomatopteris jurensis. He disagrees with my view that Lomatopteris does not differ sufficiently from Thinnfeldia to be accorded generic autonomy, chiefly on the ground that the folded-over edge of the pinnules is a distinguishing feature of Lomatopteris. There is, however, no difference, in appearance at least, between the leaflets of some species of Thinnfeldia, e.g. T. rhomboidalis from Liassic rocks of England, and those referred to Lomatopteris. In a later paper, Salfeld describes some Portlandian fragments from North Germany as Lomatopteris Schimperi, identifying them with a Wealden fossil of somewhat doubtful affinity, which Schenk makes the type of his species. The Portlandian specimens are described as tripinnate, with thick decurrent obtusely terminated pinnules with a revolute edge. The general form of the frond is very similar to that of L. jurensis. Salfeld publishes a photograph of a large specimen which he describes as fertile and a drawing of a piece of a pinna: the latter is reproduced in fig. 360, B. He speaks of sori occurring in two rows, probably attached to lateral veins, in the groove between the midrib and the revolute edge of the lamina. The sporangia are described as “nicht näher bekannt.” An examination of the figures reveals nothing as to the nature of the “sori.” The specimens are considered by Salfeld to afford decisive evidence against the view that Lomatopteris and Thinnfeldia are generically identical. Nothing has so far been published which constitutes a valid argument in favour of retaining Schimper’s generic name.

Cycadopteris.

Zigno founded the genus Cycadopteris on Italian Jurassic impressions regarded by Schimper as indistinguishable from Lomatopteris. As Solms-Laubach points out, the supposed sori of Cycadopteris described by Zigno are not convincing. There appear to be no satisfactory reasons for separating Cycadopteris from Lomatopteris, nor do the fronds described under these names exhibit any important differences from Thinnfeldia.

Ptilozamites.

Nathorst founded this genus on a remarkable series of specimens from the Rhaetic Coal-beds of Scania and assigned it to the Cycadophyta. The species Ptilozamites Heeri may be taken as a representative type. The leaves are linear and simply pinnate. In the example shown on a much reduced scale in fig. 361 the frond is 53 cm. long and 2·1 cm. broad. The upper edge of each pinnule is straight or slightly concave; the lower edge is rounded; the veins are slightly divergent and dichotomously branched (fig. 356, E, p. 539). In some of Nathorst’s specimens the broad rachis is forked as in many Thinnfeldias.

As a comparison of fig. 356, A and E, shows, the pinnules of some specimens of Thinnfeldia odontopteroides are identical with those of Ptilozamites. In the latter genus the rachis is either unbranched or occasionally forked, while in Thinnfeldia the branching may be of the dichotomous or pinnate type. In Ptilozamites the segments appear to be always without a midrib, while a median vein frequently occurs in those of Thinnfeldia. There can be little doubt as to the very close alliance between the Rhaetic species referred to these two genera. The name Ptilozamites should perhaps be retained for such long and narrow fronds as that shown in fig. 361: no species included in Thinnfeldia is known in which the rachis reached so great a length without branching. The habit of Ptilozamites Heeri predisposes one in favour of Nathorst’s opinion that the fronds are Cycadean: we have no information in regard to the nature of the reproductive organs.

Ctenopteris.

This name was instituted by Saporta, at Brongniart’s suggestion, for Liassic species characterised by pinnules like those of Thinnfeldia, but distinguished by the bipinnate habit of the frond. Saporta compares the genus with the Palaeozoic leaves known as Odontopteris, and with Italian Jurassic plants referred by Zigno to his genus Dichopteris.

The name Ctenozamites is applied by Nathorst to the type of frond which Saporta, Zeiller, and other authors refer to Ctenopteris. Nathorst instituted Ctenozamites for fossils agreeing in the form and venation of the pinnules with his genus Ptilizamites but differing in being bipinnate and not pinnate.

Fronds of Ctenopteris are characteristic of the Jurassic and Rhaetic series; they are known only in the sterile condition. As Zeiller says, Ctenopteris may be a member of the Cycadofilices, an extinct group founded on Palaeozoic plants combining Cycadean and Filicinean characters, and some of which are now known to be Pteridosperms. It is probable that the genus is not a true fern: it is more likely to be a member of the Cycadophyta or of some generalised extinct group.

Ctenopteris cycadea (Brongniart). Fig. 362.

1828. Filicites cycadea, Brongniart, Hist. Vég. foss. p. 387, Pl. CXXIX.

1832. Odontopteris cycadea, Berger, Verstein. Coburg Geg. p. 23, Pl. III.

1873. Ctenopteris cycadea, Saporta, Pal. Franç. Vol. I. p. 355, Pls. XL. XLI.

Frond bipinnate, broad rachis giving off branches at an acute angle; pinnules broadly linear, slightly falcate, with several slightly divergent forked veins.

A frond very similar to the Lower Lias specimen from Dorsetshire represented in fig. 362 was described by Leckenby as Ctenis Leckenbyi (Bean MS.) from the Inferior Oolite of Yorkshire. Leckenby recognised the possibility of a Cycadean affinity, but regarded the bipinnate habit as an objection. The branched fronds of the Australian Cycad Bowenia supply an answer to this objection. Several good examples of Ctenopteris cycadea are figured by Schenk from Rhaetic rocks of Persia. Zeiller’s Tonkin Rhaetic species, C. Sarrani, affords a striking illustration of the difficulty of drawing a clear line of separation between Ctenopteris and some species of Thinnfeldia.

Ctenopteris is in all probability very closely related to Thinnfeldia and Ptilozamites.

Dichopteris.

This genus was proposed by Zigno for some large specimens from the Jurassic plant-beds of Northern Italy.

The bipinnate leaves are characterised by the great breadth of the rachis which is dichotomously branched in the distal region (fig. 363); the linear pinnae reach a considerable length. Pinnules relatively small, oblong and slightly contracted at the base; the decurrent and confluent lamina forms a narrow wing to the main axis. Veins slightly divergent and forked, as in Ptilozamites.

Dichopteris visianica, Zigno. Fig. 363.

A specimen of this species in the Padua Museum has a total length of 83 cm. It has been elsewhere suggested that a fragment figured by Zigno as a fertile example of this type is probably part of a frond of the Osmundaceous fern Todites. Since this opinion was expressed I have had an opportunity of examining the actual specimen at Padua: the circular patches described by Zigno as sori appear to be irregularities in the matrix and not an original feature.

Brongniart instituted the genus Pachypteris for some imperfectly preserved English Jurassic fossils from Whitby, which he described as P. lanceolata. Specimens have since been described from the Inferior Oolite rocks of the Yorkshire coast. Brongniart described the pinnules as being without veins or as possessing only a midrib. It is almost certain that the apparent absence of veins in most specimens is due to the fleshy nature of the segments and that the species P. lanceolata should be transferred to Dichopteris.

Krasser has described a species from Cretaceous rocks of the island of Lesina, off the Dalmatian coast, as Pachypteris dalmatica which is very similar in habit to the English specimens and to Zigno’s Dichopteris visianica. One of Krasser’s specimens is practically identical with Dichopteris lanceolata (Brongn.), while in others the small pinnules are replaced in some of the pinnae by a continuous lamina with a few distal serrations. The latter form a link between the Dichopteris and Thinnfeldia type of segment. Krasser gives a full résumé of opinions expressed by other authors in regard to the position of Pachypteris (= Dichopteris) and decides in favour of a Cycadean alliance.

A French Jurassic plant which Saporta made the type of a new genus Scleropteris, and described as S. Pomelii, appears to be indistinguishable from Dichopteris.

Dichopteris, though conveniently retained as a distinct genus, agrees so closely, in the broad and forked rachis and in the fleshy pinnules, with Thinnfeldia that it would seem reasonable to regard the two genera as members of the same group.

Several authors have drawn attention to the striking resemblance in form and venation between the fronds of the Palaeozoic genus Odontopteris and those of Ctenopteris and Thinnfeldia. In Odontopteris, as in Neuropteris, another Palaeozoic genus, the rachis occasionally bifurcates as in Thinnfeldia and Dichopteris, and the ultimate segments of some species of Odontopteris (fig. 366, A) are practically identical with those of Thinnfeldia and Ptilozamites.

Odontopteris is probably a Pteridosperm. There is no adequate reason for supposing that this group of plants which played a prominent part in the Permo-Carboniferous floras was no longer in existence during the Mesozoic era.

Odontopteris.

Brongniart instituted the genus Odontopteris for compound fronds from the Coal-Measures characterised by pinnules attached by the whole breadth of the base and traversed by numerous forked veins. Odontopteris is very rare in British Carboniferous rocks and “appears to be restricted to the Middle and Upper Coal-Measures.”

A. Alethopteris lonchitica (Schloth.). ½ nat. size. B. Mariopteris muricata (Schloth.). × 2. C. Odontopteris cf. alpina (Presl). ⅗ nat. size. D. O. cf. alpina. Portion of pinna enlarged.

(A–D. From photographs by Dr Kidston.)]

Fronds large, bipinnate or tripinnate, the main rachis, which may be dichotomously branched, bears long linear pinnae with broadly linear or deltoid pinnules, acute or blunt, attached by the whole of the base; the lower margin of the lamina, which is usually entire and rarely lobed (e.g. Odontopteris osmundaeformis), is often decurrent on the axis of the pinna. The basal pinnule of each pinna is frequently attached by a contracted base, and the lamina may differ in form from that of the normal segments. Pinnules often occur on the main rachis, and in some species the petiole bears modified pinnules which are larger than the ultimate segments of the pinnae and in some cases Cyclopteroid in shape. The pinnules are traversed by numerous dichotomously branched veins; if a midrib is present it dies out in the basal part of the lamina. In some species (genus Mixoneura) pinnules of the Neuropteroid type, characterised by a well-defined midrib, occur in association with typical Odontopteroid pinnules on the same pinna.

The species represented in fig. 364, C, D, from the Middle Coal-Measures of Barnsley, Yorkshire, illustrates the form and venation of the Odontopteris type of pinnule. Another species, O. Reichiana Gutb., is also recorded by Kidston from the Lower Coal-Measures of Lancashire. Some unusually good specimens of the type-species of the genus Odontopteris minor, Brongn., have been figured by Zeiller from the Coal-Measures of Blanzy (fig. 365) which show the dichotomy of the main axis and the occurrence of Aphlebiae on the petiole. The late Dr Weiss divided Odontopteris into two sections, Xenopteris and Mixoneura, the pinnules of the former having the form shown in fig. 364, D; while in species of the latter sub-genus some of the pinnules are identical in form and venation with those of Neuropteris except that they are attached by the whole breadth of the base. Zeiller employs Mixoneura as a generic designation. In an American species O. Wortheni Lesq. the pinnules bear numerous hairs like those on some species of Neuropteris (fig. 373, p. 570). The large size of the fronds of Odontopteris suggested to Weiss that they were borne on the stems of tree-ferns, but Grand’Eury’s examination of specimens in the Coal-beds of central France led him to picture the plant as bearing a tuft of leaves on a short subterranean stem. Renault and Zeiller, on the other hand, obtained evidence in the Commentry Coal-field of fronds borne on elongated stems which grew on the ground and were supported by stronger plants. Stur was the first to suggest that Odontopteris should be excluded from the ferns. Grand’Eury’s supposed fertile pinnules of Odontopteris do not afford any satisfactory evidence of the sporangial nature of the small swellings which he figures at the ends of the veins. This author pointed out several years ago that the petioles of some species of Odontopteris possess the anatomical features of Myeloxylon, a type of leaf-stalk which is now known to belong to Pteridosperms. In a recent paper Grand’Eury records the association of Odontopteris fronds with small seeds (Odontopterocarpus), a discovery which leaves little or no doubt as to the Pteridospermic nature of the genus. The fronds of Odontopteris are very similar in habit to those of Neuropteris, another Pteridospermic genus.

The similarity between some Odontopteris and Thinnfeldia leaves, to which attention has already been called, is well illustrated by O. genuina Grand’Eury, a pinnule of which is represented in fig. 366, A. Odontopteris is a fairly widespread genus in Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian rocks, and is recorded also from Triassic strata: it is represented in the Coal-fields of North America and in several parts of Europe.

In some fronds included in Odontopteris the pinnae are characterised by a broad irregularly lobed lamina which also forms a winged border to the rachis. Examples of this form are afforded by Odontopteris Browni Sew. from the Burghersdorp Series (Triassic?) of Cape Colony, and O. Fischeri described by Brongniart from the Permian of Russia. The Russian species would perhaps be more appropriately placed in the genus Callipteris, as Weiss suggests; the absence of venation in O. Browni renders generic identification unsatisfactory.

A. Odontopteris genuina (Grand’Eury). (× 2⅝. After Renault and Zeiller.) B. Callipteridium gigas (Gutb.). (× 2⅝. After Zeiller.) C. Callipteris Pellati (Zeill.). (× 1¾. After Zeiller.) D. C. lyratifolia (Goepp.). (× 1¾. After Zeiller.)]

Callipteris.

Brongniart instituted this genus for certain species of supposed ferns previously referred to the genera Pecopteris, Alethopteris, and Neuropteris. Callipteris is a characteristic Permian plant which is almost certainly a Pteridosperm. Zeiller has pointed out that such descriptions of fertile specimens as have been written are unsatisfactory. A few years ago, however, Grand’Eury recorded the occurrence of seeds in association with Callipteris fronds in the Autun district, and in some cases they were found attached to the pinnae and rachis. The seeds are ovoid or spherical (5–10 mm. broad) and smaller than those of Neuropteris. The drawings of fertile segments published by Weiss afford no indication of reproductive organs. Potonié figures some pinnules of Callipteris conferta in which the thick lamina is covered with sinuous grooves probably made by some insect larvae: as he suggests, similar markings may have been mistaken for the remains of sori. The occurrence of Callipteris fronds recorded by Weber and Sterzel in association with Medullosa stems in the Lower Permian of Saxony is in accordance with Grand’Eury’s conclusion.

Fronds reaching 1 metre in length, bipinnate or tripinnate, main rachis frequently exhibiting a combination of dichotomous and pinnate branching. Pinnae linear, usually crowded, decurrent on the rachis; the pinnules on the lower side of the pinnae are continued on to the rachis. Pinnules of the Pecopteroid type, entire or slightly lobed, or of the Sphenopteroid type and more or less deeply dissected (fig. 366 C, D), the lamina of adjacent pinnules concrescent; on the lower pinnae the lamina may be continuous as in an Alethopteris pinnule. A midrib may extend almost to the bluntly rounded apex of the ultimate segments, giving off oblique, simple, or forked veins, the lowest of which arise directly from the rachis; in the Sphenopteroid forms the lateral veins are given off at a more acute angle.

A striking feature of the genus is the occurrence of pinnules on the main rachis, as in Odontopteris. Zeiller has wisely extended the application of Callipteris to fronds possessing this character irrespective of the entire or lobed form of the ultimate segments. He found among the numerous examples of the genus obtained from Autun and Lodève transitional forms connecting such species as C. conferta (fig. 367) and C. Pellati Zeill. (fig. 366, C) in which the Pecopteroid pinnules are slightly lobed, with C. lyratifolia (Goepp.) (fig. 366, D), C. flabellifera (Weiss), and C. Bergeroni Zeill. characterised by deeply lobed Sphenopteroid segments.

Callipteris conferta (Sternberg). Fig. 367.

1723. Scheuchzer, Herb. Diluv. Pl. II., fig. 3.

1826. Neuropteris conferta, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, p. 17.

1849. Callipteris conferta, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 24.

This polymorphic species (fig. 367) is one of the most characteristic Permian plants. The oval-linear pinnules, attached by the whole base, occur on both pinnae and rachis; this feature, the thick texture of the lamina, and the linear, obliquely set, pinnae render the fronds easily recognisable. The fronds bore seeds.

In a recent account of some Permian plants from Germany, Schuster refers a portion of a frond to Callipteris conferta (Sternberg) var. polymorpha Sterzel, which is characterised by unusually large and polymorphic pinnules. In size and shape the pinnules recall those of Neuropteridium validum Feist.

Callipteridium.

The name Callipteridium, created by Weiss as a sub-genus of Odontopteris, is applied by Zeiller and other authors to a few Upper Carboniferous and Permian species characterised by the occurrence of simply pinnate pinnae on the main rachis between the bipinnate primary pinnae. Single pinnules are borne directly on the rachis of the primary pinnae between the pinnate branches. The form and venation of a typical pinnule are shown in fig. 366, B. Callipteridium pteridium, originally recorded by Schlotheim as Filicites pteridius, has been fully described by Renault and Zeiller from unusually large specimens found in the Commentry Coal-field. This species illustrates the peculiar morphological features of the genus. The main rachis of the tripinnate fronds, several metres long, shows a combination of dichotomous and pinnate branching; from the zigzag and forked axis are given off bipinnate pinnae and, between these, shorter pinnate branches. The pinnules closely resemble those of Callipteris conferta but reach a greater length; the pinnules borne on the rachises of the lateral branches differ from the others in their broader base and more triangular lamina.

No fertile specimens have been found. It is probable that Callipteridium was not a true fern, and that White is correct in including it among the Pteridosperms.

Archaeopteris.

In 1852 Forbes published a brief description of some supposed fern fronds, found by the Geological Surveyors of Ireland in Upper Devonian rocks of Kilkenny, under the name Cyclopteris hibernica. The Irish specimens were more fully described by Baily in 1858. Fronds of the same type were referred by other authors to Cyclopteris, Adiantites or Noeggerathia, until Schimper proposed the generic name Palaeopteris on the ground that the fronds described by Forbes and Baily are distinguished by the nature of their fertile pinnae from the sterile leaves included in Brongniart’s provisional genus Cyclopteris. The earlier use of Palaeopteris by Geinitz for an entirely different plant led Dawson to institute the genus Archaeopteris. The genus Archaeopteris may be defined as follows:

Fronds bipinnate, reaching a considerable length (90 cm.); the stout rachis bears long linear pinnae; sterile pinnules obovate or cuneate with an entire, lobed, fimbriate, or laciniate lamina traversed by divergent dichotomously branched veins. The fertile pinnae usually occur on the lower part of the rachis; pinnules with a much reduced lamina bear numerous fusiform or oval exannulate sporangia (fig. 369, A, E, H), sessile or shortly stalked, singly, or in groups of two or three. The base of the petiole is characterised by a pair of partially adnate stipules (fig. 369, C, D), and single pinnules or scales occur in some species on the rachis between the pinnae and on the petiole.

Archaeopteris hibernica (Forbes). Figs. 368, 369, A–C.

The specimen from Kilkenny represented in fig. 368 has a length of over 80 cm. The upper pinnae bear numerous imbricate obovate pinnules (fig. 369, A, B) with an entire or very slightly fimbriate margin, while on the shorter lower pinnae the ultimate segments are reduced to a slender axis bearing numerous fusiform sporangia, 2–3 mm. in length. Kidston has pointed out that sporangia occasionally occur on the edge of ordinary pinnules, and he first recognised the stipular nature of the scale-like appendages which Baily noticed on the swollen petiole base (5 cm. broad) of the Irish species (fig. 369, C). Restorations of Archaeopteris hibernica have been figured by Baily and by Carruthers, but the description of the fertile pinnae by the latter author requires modification in the light of Kidston’s description of the Dublin specimens.

• • • • •

Archaeopteris is recorded from Upper Devonian rocks of the South of Ireland, Belgium, Germany, Southern Russia, Bear Island, and Ellesmere Land in the Arctic regions, Canada, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. Many of the specimens described under different names bear a close resemblance, which in some cases probably amounts to specific identity, to A. hibernica. A. Jacksoni originally described by Dawson and more recently by Smith and White from Devonian rocks of Maine, the Canadian type A. gaspiensis Daws., and some species figured by Lesquereux from Pennsylvania, are examples of forms which present a striking similarity in habit to the Irish species. The Belgian Devonian fossils named by Crépin Palaeopteris hibernica var. minor are regarded by him as probably identical with Goeppert’s species Cyclopteris Roemeriana from the neighbourhood of Aachen. Heer recorded Archaeopteris Roemeriana from Upper Devonian beds in Bear Island, and Nathorst, who has published a more complete account of the Arctic forms, draws attention to the resemblance of some of them to A. hibernica. A species described by Schmalhausen from the Upper Devonian of Southern Russia as A. archetypus (fig. 369, D) appears to differ from A. hibernica in the slightly less reduced lamina of the fertile segments. This species has been more adequately illustrated by Nathorst from material collected in Ellesmere Land: he is unable to confirm Schmalhausen’s statement that the pinnae are spirally disposed.

The species A. fimbriata (fig. 369, G) described by Nathorst from Bear Island is characterised by the more deeply dissected lamina of the sterile pinnules. In A. fissilis Schmal. from Russia and Ellesmere Land the lamina (fig. 369, E, F) is cut up into filiform segments: a fertile pinnule of this species is represented in fig. 369, E.

Some sterile impressions figured by Krasser from Palaeozoic strata (Lower Carboniferous or Upper Devonian?) in the province of Nanshan in China as Noeggerathia acuminifissa are considered by Zeiller to be portions of an Archaeopteris or Rhacopteris frond. The resemblance to the former genus is however by no means close enough to warrant a reference to Archaeopteris. The sterile specimens described by Stur from the Culm of Altendorf as species of Archaeopteris are probably not generically identical with the Irish and Arctic species. The dichotomous branching of the rachis in A. Tschermaki and A. Dawsoni is a feature unknown in Archaeopteris. In the absence of fertile pinnae the separation of Archaeopteris from Rhacopteris is by no means easy.

A. Archaeopteris hibernica. Fertile pinna. Dublin Geological Survey Museum. (Reduced. After Kidston.) B. A. hibernica. Pinnule. (Slightly enlarged. After Carruthers.) C. A. hibernica. Base of petiole. (Dublin Museum. After Kidston.) D. A. archetypus. Base of petiole: Ellesmere Land. (After Nathorst. ⅚ nat. size.) E. A. fissilis. Sporangia. (Slightly enlarged. After Schmalhausen.) F. A. fissilis. Sterile pinnule. Ellesmere Land. (Slightly enlarged. After Nathorst.) G. A. fimbriata. Bear Island. (After Nathorst. ⅚ nat. size.) H. Archaeopteris sp. Ellesmere Land. (After Nathorst. ⅚ nat. size.)]

Archaeopteris was regarded by Carruthers as a fern closely allied to recent species of Hymenophyllaceae, but this conclusion was based upon an interpretation of the fertile segments which Kidston has shown to be incorrect. The latter author regarded the presence of stipules and the structure of the exannulate sporangia as evidence of a Marattiaceous alliance. In a later reference to Archaeopteris, Kidston expresses the opinion that the genus is not a true fern but a member of the Cycadofilices or Pteridosperms, a view shared by Grand’Eury and doubtless by many other palaeobotanists. The sporangia of Archaeopteris appear to be of the same type as those of Dactylotheca (fig. 290, E, p. 399). Schmalhausen gave expression to his disagreement with Nathorst and other authors who referred Archaeopteris to the Marattiaceae by proposing the distinctive group-name Archaeopterideae.

There can be little doubt that the reproductive organs of Archaeopteris so far discovered are microsporangia, and that the plant bore seeds. The sporangia are larger than those of any known fern and, as Kidston points out, they are similar to those of Crossotheca which he has shown to be microsporangia of the Pteridosperm Lyginodendron. The presence of stipules in Archaeopteris hibernica, A. fimbriata, A. archetypus (fig. 369, D) and probably throughout the genus does not materially affect the question of taxonomic position. Stipules are a characteristic feature of Marattiaceae and, in a reduced form, of Osmundaceae, but similar appendages are borne at the base of the petiole of the Cycad Ceratozamia. The occurrence of Aphlebiae on the rachis of Archaeopteris is a feature shared by the fronds of Neuropteris and other Pteridosperms.

Neuropteris.

The fronds for which Brongniart created this genus, though suspected by Stur in 1883 as wrongly classed among the ferns, have only recently been shown to be the leaves of Pteridosperms. As yet only one case is recorded in which

Neuropteris pinnae occur in organic connexion with seeds, but it is almost certain that the genus as a whole must be placed in this generalised group. Renault pointed out that the petioles of Neuropteris fronds from Autun had the anatomical features of Myeloxylon (petiole of Medullosa). Since Kidston’s important discovery of seed-bearing pinnae of N. heterophylla, Grand’Eury has recorded the association of Neuropteris fronds with seeds in French Coal-fields. By some of the older authors Neuropteris was compared with Osmunda because of a similarity in venation. In the frequent dichotomy of the frond and in the occurrence of pinnules on the rachis, Neuropteris closely resembles Odontopteris: there can be little doubt as to the close relationship of the Pteridosperms possessing these two types of foliage. Neuropteris may be defined as follows:

Fronds reaching a considerable size, probably in soma cases a length of 10 metres; bi- or tri-pinnate; the rachis may be dichotomously branched (figs. 354, D; 370); both rachis and petiole bear single pinnules, those on the latter frequently differ from the normal leaflets in their larger Cyclopteroid laminae (fig. 370). Pinnules entire, rarely slightly lobed, broadly linear, attached by a small portion of the base, which is usually more or less cordate. In N. Grangeri Brongn. the pinnules are attached by a short pedicel. The midrib always dies out before reaching the blunt or pointed apex of the lamina and gives off at an acute angle numerous secondary veins characterised by their arched course and repeated forking.

Potonié describes the secondary veins of the pinnules of Neuropteris pseudogigantea as occasionally anastomosing, a feature which may be regarded as a step towards the reticulate venation of the closely allied genus Linopteris.

Renault described some petrified pinnules of Neuropteris in which the mesophyll shows a differentiation into upper palisade tissue and lacunar tissue below; the lower epidermis is infolded at intervals where grooves (probably stomatal) occur like those on the leaves of an Oleander (Nerium oleander).

The rachises of Neuropteris fronds are described by Grand’Eury under the generic name Aulacopteris.

Neuropteris heterophylla, Brongniart. Figs. 354, E; 371.

This species is characteristic of the Lower Coal-Measures of Britain; it occurs also in the Middle Coal-Measures and is a common type in Upper Carboniferous rocks in various parts of the world. The fronds are large and tripinnate, the rachis is often dichotomously branched and Cyclopteroid pinnules may occur on the petiole. The pinnules, 5–20 mm. in length and 3–8 mm. broad, have a rounded apex (fig. 354, E, p. 535).

As shown in fig. 371 which represents a primary pinna, the small pinnules on the lower branches are gradually replaced in the upper portion of the specimen by falcate segments.

Neuropteris macrophylla, Brongniart. Figs. 354, D, D′; 372.

The rachis of the large fronds of this species illustrates the dichotomous habit of many Neuropteris fronds, also the occurrence on the petiole of large Cyclopteroid pinnules (cf. fig. 370). The small piece of a pinna reproduced in fig. 372 shows the slender attachment of the segments, the blunt apex, and the Neuropteroid venation. Single pinnules of this species may be distinguished from those of N. Scheuchzeri by the blunter apex, the absence of the pair of small Cyclopteroid pinnules on the same branch and by the absence of hairs. N. macrophylla is characteristic of the Upper Coal-Measures of Britain.

Neuropteris Scheuchzeri, Hoffmann. Figs. 354, F; 373.

Fragments of this well-known Coal-Measure species were figured by Scheuchzer in his Herbarium Diluvianum as Lithosmunda minor, and by Lhywd (Luidius) as Phyllites mineralis as early as 1760. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri, so named by Hoffmann in 1826, is a type which many authors have described under different names. Lesquereux figured it as N. hirsuta from the Coal-fields of Pennsylvania, and under the same name it is recorded by Fontaine and White from Permian rocks of Virginia. The oval patches on the surface of a pinnule described by these authors as sori are certainly not of that nature. The same species is described by Bunbury from Nova Scotia as N. cordata Brongn. var. angustifolia. For a full synonymy of the species reference should be made to lists published by Kidston, White, and Zeiller.

The large tripinnate fronds are characterised by the long linear- or oval-lanceolate pinnules (fig. 373) with a pointed apex and numerous bristle-like hairs on the lamina; two much smaller Cyclopteroid segments occur at the base of the pinnae which are terminated by the linear leaflets (fig. 354, F, p. 535).

Neuropteris Scheuchzeri is characteristic of the Upper and Middle Coal-Measures of Britain and is recorded from several localities in North America and the Continent. Zalessky has recently recorded the species from the Coal-Measures of Donetz. The frequent occurrence of detached pinnules points to a caducous habit. Even single leaflets can, however, be identified by their large size, the pointed apex, and hairy lamina. The hairs are preserved as fine oblique lines simulating veins; they were so described by Roemer who took them for cross-connexions between the secondary veins and referred the pinnules to Gutbier’s genus Dictyopteris.

Another example of Neuropteris with hairy pinnules is described from the Commentry Coal-field by Renault and Zeiller as N. horrida. The oval-linear, bluntly rounded, pinnules are characterised by a median band of hairs on each surface and a narrower strip at the edge of the lamina.

Cyclopteris.

This generic name was created by Brongniart in 1828 for specimens which he believed to be complete single leaves of orbicular or reniform shape similar to those of Trichomanes reniforme. The lamina is traversed by numerous dichotomously branched veins which spread from the centre of the base.

It was suspected by Lindley and Hutton that certain Cyclopteris leaves belonged to the frond of a species of Neuropteris, and some years later Lesquereux concluded that Brongniart’s genus was founded on orbicular leaflets of Neuropteris. In 1869 Roehl figured a specimen of Neuropteris bearing Cyclopteroid pinnules on its rachis. It is now universally admitted that Cyclopteris is not a distinct genus and that the specimens so named were borne as modified pinnules on the main rachis of Neuropteris and Odontopteris. It is, however, convenient to retain the name for detached leaflets which cannot be referred to the fronds on which they were borne. A specimen found by Mr Hemingway in the Upper Coal-Measures of Yorkshire and described in 1888 affords a striking example of the large size attained by what was probably a frond of Neuropteris. The piece of main rachis reached a length of over 120 cm. and bore five pairs of Cyclopteris pinnules, some of which were 7 cm. long and 5 cm. broad. The complete frond must have reached a length of at least 4 metres. Fig. 370 shows some typical Cyclopteroid leaflets on the petiole of a Neuropteris frond.

Linopteris.

The Upper Palaeozoic fronds included in this genus are more familiar as species of Dictyopteris. Potonié has, however, pointed out that the creation of this name by Lamouroux in 1809 for a genus of Brown Algae which is still retained, makes it advisable to fall back upon the designation Linopteris. Gutbier proposed the genus Dictyopteris in 1835: Linopteris was first used by Presl in 1838. The fronds so named are identical with species of Neuropteris except in the anastomosis of the secondary veins; Linopteris bears to Neuropteris the same relation as Lonchopteris bears to Alethopteris. As in Neuropteris, Cyclopteroid pinnules occur on the petioles of Linopteris, but the veins form a fine reticulum. Grand’Eury records the association of Linopteris Brongniarti with seeds belonging to the genus Hexagonocarpon, a fact which points to the Pteridosperm nature of the foliage.

Some fertile pinnules of Linopteris Schutzei (Roemer) are described by Zeiller from Autun as bearing on the under surface of the lamina two rows of long and pointed sporangia, probably united in groups. The presumption is that these are microsporangia.

Fig. 374 is a reproduction of a careful drawing, originally published by Zeiller, of a pinnule of the type-specimen of Gutbier’s species Linopteris neuropteroides. This species differs from Linopteris obliqua, instituted by Bunbury for specimens obtained by Lyell from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia, in the smaller size of the meshes. Linopteris obliqua occurs in the Upper and Middle Coal-Measures of Britain; it is recorded by Zeiller from Asia Minor, by Lesquereux from Pennsylvania, and by other authors from several European localities. The pinnules frequently occur detached from the frond and like those of some species of Neuropteris were caducous. Linopteris is rare in British strata.

Alethopteris.

The name Alethopteris, instituted by Sternberg, is applied to compound fronds often reaching a considerable size, exhibiting the following features:

The linear pinnules are attached by the whole breadth of the base, with the lower edge of the lamina decurrent and usually continuous with that of the next pinnule (figs. 290, A, p. 399; 375). The ultimate segments are entire, with an acute or rounded apex and often characterised by a fairly thick lamina convex on the upper surface. From a prominent midrib, continued to the apex of the pinnule, numerous simple and forked secondary veins are given off at a wide angle, the decurrent portion of the lamina being supplied by veins direct from the axis of the pinna. In the upper part of a frond or primary pinna the pinnules may be replaced by a continuous, lobed, or entire simple lamina. The main rachis occasionally exhibits dichotomous branching, but the fronds are for the most part constructed on the pinnate plan. Single Cyclopteroid pinnules occur on the petiole of some species of the genus.

In certain species of Alethopteris the pinnules appear to have been deciduous as in Didymochlaena among recent ferns. A piece of cuticle from the upper surface of a pinnule of Alethopteris Grandini (Brongn.) figured by Zeiller shows very clearly the polygonal form and straight walls of most of the epidermal cells, those above the veins being almost rectangular. The position of the sunken stomata is revealed by small circular spaces surrounded by a circle of cells.

The absence of fertile specimens of this common genus of Upper Carboniferous plants led Stur to exclude it from the ferns. Although no seeds have so far been found in organic connexion with an Alethopteris frond, it is certain that some species, probably all, represent the foliage of Pteridosperms. Renault was the first to describe petrified specimens of Alethopteris fronds exhibiting the anatomical structure of Myeloxylon (leaf-axis of Medullosa). The calcareous nodules from English Coal-seams contain numerous fragments of the Myeloxylon type of rachis bearing Alethopteroid pinnules.

The constant association of the fronds of Alethopteris lonchitica and Trigonocarpon seeds noticed by Mr Hemingway in the Coal-Measures of Yorkshire led him to regard the species as seed-bearing: it has since been recognised as the foliage of the Pteridosperm Medullosa anglica.

Grand’Eury has recorded the association in French Coal-fields of species of Alethopteris with Trigonocarpon and Pachytesta seeds.

Alethopteris lonchitica (Schlotheim). Figs. 364, A; 290, A.

This species, described by Schlotheim in 1820 as Filicites lonchiticus and previously figured by Scheuchzer, is abundant in the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures of Britain. It is characterised by large tripinnate fronds, probably quadripinnate in the lower part, bearing primary pinnae of a more or less triangular form divided into pinnate branches replaced in the apical region by linear segments. The pinnules, 8–30 mm. long and 3–5 broad, are linear- or oval-lanceolate with an obtuse apex; the upper margin of the lamina is slightly contracted at the base, while the lower edge is decurrent.

Alethopteris Serlii (Brongniart). Fig. 375.

This species, figured by Parkinson in 1811, closely resembles A. lonchitica, but is distinguished by the more crowded and relatively longer pinnules which are joined to one another by a narrow connecting lamina (Fig. 375). The secondary veins in A. Serlii are rather finer and more numerous. Grand’Eury records the association of the seed Pachytesta with fronds of this species in the Coal-Measures of St Étienne.

A. Serlii is very abundant in the Upper Coal-Measures but rare in the Middle Coal-Measures of Britain.

Lonchopteris.

This name was proposed by Brongniart for sterile fronds from Upper Carboniferous rocks which are practically identical with species of Alethopteris, but differ in the reticulate venation of the pinnules. It has been pointed out in a previous chapter that Lonchopteris is usually used for Palaeozoic species, the Wealden leaves, which were placed in this genus by Brongniart, being transferred to Weichselia.

There can be little doubt as to the close relationship of Lonchopteris with Alethopteris: both may be referred to the Pteridosperms. Lonchopteris rugosa Brongn. (fig. 290, B, p. 399) and L. Bricei Brongn., both British species, are fairly common in Upper Carboniferous strata. In L. rugosa, a Middle Coal-Measures species, the anastomosing secondary veins form polygonal meshes (fig. 290, B, p. 399) smaller than those of L. Bricei.

Pecopteris.

Reference has already been made to this genus in the chapter on Marattiales, so far as regards certain species of fertile fronds the sporangia of which resemble those of recent Marattiaceae. It is, however, by no means safe to assume that such Pecopteris fronds were borne on stems having the anatomical characters of ferns. The sporangia in some at least of the species may have contained microspores. In one Upper Carboniferous species usually referred to Pecopteris, P. Pluckeneti, Schlot., Grand’Eury has recorded the occurrence of seeds on the pinnules of the ordinary fronds. This species will be referred to in Volume III. The substitution of such generic names as Ptychocarpus, Asterotheca, Hawlea, Dactylotheca and others for the purely provisional designation Pecopteris indicates a step towards a conclusion as to natural affinity. The probability is that Pecopteris, as applied to Palaeozoic species, in many cases stands for the compound fronds of true ferns, but the possibility of the inclusion of those of Pteridosperms in the same category is by no means excluded. The designation Pecopteris may conveniently be retained for sterile bipinnate, tripinnate, or quadripinnate fronds bearing pinnules having the following characteristics:

Lamina short, attached to the rachis by the whole of the base and at a wide angle, with the edges parallel or slightly converging towards the usually blunt apex; adjacent pinnules may be continuous basally by a narrow lamina. A well-marked midrib extends to the apex and gives off simple or forked lateral veins almost at right angles (fig. 352, D, p. 529).

Hydathodes like those on the leaflets of Polypodium vulgare and other recent ferns are occasionally seen at the ends of the lateral veins of Pecopteris pinnules.

In addition to the examples of Palaeozoic fronds with the Pecopteris form of pinnule referred to in chapter XXII., the species Pecopteris arborescens may be briefly described.

Pecopteris arborescens (Schlotheim). Figs. 352, D: 376.

The species named by Schlotheim Filicites arborescens in 1804 is characteristic of the Upper Coal-Measures and is recorded also from Permian strata.

Fronds large; the rachis, which may reach a breadth of 3 cm., gives off long ovoid-lanceolate pinnae in two alternate rows (fig. 376); pinnules small, 1·5–4mm. long and 1–2mm. broad, contiguous, with rounded apex, attached approximately at right angles; the upper surface of the lamina is slightly convex and may be hairy. The fertile pinnules, identical in shape with the sterile, bear groups of ovoid exannulate sporangia (synangia). The midrib extends to the apex of the pinnule and gives off simple veins at a wide angle (fig. 352, D).

Our knowledge of the reproductive organs is very meagre. Grand’Eury described the synangia as consisting of 3–5 sporangia borne on a central receptacle; sporangia have been described also by Stur, Renault and Zeiller, and Potonié, but no fertile British specimens are recorded. Stur places this species in the genus Scolecopteris, and Potonié regards the sporangia found by him on Permian fronds, which may be identical with Pecopteris arborescens, as conforming to those of the Asterotheca type. It is impossible to decide on the evidence available whether this species is a Pteridosperm or a fern, but there is a natural inclination in doubtful cases to give preference to the first of these two choices.

The numerous fronds from Carboniferous and Permian rocks described as species of Pecopteris exhibit a considerable range of variation in the form of the pinnules. In many species the pinnules are of the type represented in fig. 352, D; in others the lamina of the ultimate segments is slightly contracted at the base and the secondary veins are given off at a more acute angle, as in Pecopteris polymorpha, Brongn. In Pecopteris unita, Brongn., already described as Ptychocarpus unita, the pinnules are joined together except in the apical region. Some fronds included in Pecopteris possess pinnules in which Pecopteroid and Sphenopteroid features are combined; P. Sterzeli, Zeill. and P. Pluckeneti, Schlot. are examples of fronds in which the pinnules are lobed as in Sphenopteris, but the base of the lamina is only slightly contracted and the venation is not that of typical Sphenopteris species.

The species to which Potonié has applied the generic name Alloiopteris also illustrates the impossibility of drawing a sharp line between Pecopteris and Sphenopteris. The fronds already described in chapter XXV. under the designation Corynepteris bear pinnules with a contracted base; in some species the lamina is lobed, but in others (fig. 354, G) it is entire with a midrib nearer one edge than the other. The species which Potonié assigns to Alloiopteris, like many other Sphenopteroid and Pecopteroid fronds, are characterised by the occurrence of an abnormal pinnule (aphlebia) at the base of each pinna (fig. 354, G, p. 535). Young fronds of Pecopteris are occasionally met with showing very clearly the circinate vernation of the pinnae as in the leaves of Cycas and Angiopteris represented in fig. 220, p. 283. The genus Spiropteris was created by Schimper for coiled unexpanded fronds of fossil ferns; it is however superfluous to apply a distinctive term to specimens of this kind.

The designation Pecopteris is employed chiefly for leaves of Palaeozoic age which are unknown in the fertile state, or do not afford sufficient evidence as to the nature of the sporangia to justify the substitution of a special generic name. Many Mesozoic species have also been referred to Pecopteris, but most of these are more appropriately included in Brongniart’s later genus Cladophlebis. The pinnules of Cladophlebis, as Brongniart pointed out, are intermediate between Pecopteris and Neuropteris; they are usually attached by the whole breadth of the base, as in Pecopteris, but the more acute origin, more arched form, and more frequent dichotomy of the lateral veins are features shared by Neuropteris. As a rule, Mesozoic sterile fronds with straight or folded, entire or dentate pinnules are of the Cladophlebis type: this genus is especially characteristic of Rhaetic and Jurassic floras. Examples of Cladophlebis pinnules are shown in figs. 256, 257 (pp. 340, 342). It is to be regretted that authors do not make more use of the generic name Cladophlebis in describing sterile fronds, instead of following the misleading and unscientific practice of employing such genera as Pteris, Asplenites, and others on wholly insufficient grounds.

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=Geinitz, H. B.= (72) Fossile Myriopoden in dem Rothliegenden bei Chemnitz. Sitzb. Naturwiss. Ges. Isis, p. 128.

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=Germar, E. F.= (52) Sigillaria Sternbergi Münster, aus dem bunten Sandstein. Zeit. deutsch. Geol. Ges. p. 183.

—— (44–53) Die Versteinerungen des Steinkohlengebirges von Wettin und Löbejün im Saalkreise. Halle.

=Geyler, H. T.= (77) Ueber fossile Pflanzen aus der Juraformation Japans. Palaeont. vol. XXIV. p. 221.

=Giesenhagen, C.= (90) Die Hymenophyllaceen. Flora, p. 411.

—— (92) Ueber Hygrophile Farne. Flora, Bd. 76 (Ergänz. Band).

=Gilkinet, A.= (75) Sur quelques plantes de l’étage du poudingue de Burnot. Acad. Roy. Belg. vol. XL. No. 8.

=Goebel, K.= (91) Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen. Teil 2. Marburg.

—— (05) Organography of Plants. Vol. II. (Trans. by J. B. Balfour.) Oxford.

=Goeppert, H. R.= (41) Die Gattungen der fossilen Pflanzen. Bonn.

—— (32) Fossile Flora des Uebergangsgebirges. Nov. Act. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Vol. XIV. (Supplt.).

—— (54) See Roemer, F. A.

=Goldenberg, F.= (55–62) Flora Saraepontana Fossilis. Saarbrücken.

=Gordon, W. T.= (08) On the Prothallus of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XXIII. p. 330.

—— (09) On the structure of a new Zygopteris. Nature. (Botany at the British Association.) Vol. LXXXI. p. 537.

=Grand’Eury, C.= (75) See Renault, B. and C. Grand’Eury.

—— (04) Sur les graines des Neuroptéridées. Compt. Rend. CXXXIX. p. 782.

—— (05) Sur les graines trouvées attachées au Pecopteris Pluckeneti, Schlot. Compt. Rend. vol. CXL. p. 920.

—— (05²) Sur les graines de Sphenopteris &c. Compt. Rend. CXLI. p. 812.

—— (06) Sur les graines et inflorescences des Callipteris. Compt. Rend. CXLIII. p. 664.

—— (08) Sur les organes et la mode de végétation des Neuroptéridées et autres Ptéridospermes. Compt. Rend. CLXVI. p. 1241.

=Gresley, W. S.= (89) Note on further discoveries of Stigmaria (? ficoides) and their bearing upon the question of the formation of Coal-Beds. Midland Naturalist, vol. XII. p. 25.

=Greville, R. K.= (31) See Hooker, W. J. and R. K. Greville.

=Grigoriew, N.= (98) Sur la flore paléozoique supérieure recueillie aux environs des villages Troitskoie et Longanskoie dans le bassin du Donetz. Bull. Com. Géol. St. Pétersbourg, tome XVII.

=Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T.= (01) Observations on the anatomy of solenostelic ferns. Annals Bot. vol. XIV. p. 71.

—— (03) Observations &c. Ibid. vol. XVII. p. 689.

—— (05) On the anatomy of Archangiopteris Henryi and other Marattiaceae. Annals Bot. vol. XIX. p. 259.

—— (07–09) See Kidston, R. and D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan.

—— (08) On the real nature of the Tracheae in the ferns. Annals Bot. vol. XXII. p. 517.

—— and =R. Kidston=. (08) On the origin of the adaxially curved leaf-trace in the Filicales. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXVIII. pt. vi. p. 433.

=Hall, Kate M.= (91) See Jennings, A. Vaughan, and Kate M. Hall.

=Halle, T. G.= (07) Einige krautartige Lycopodiaceen Paläozoischen und Mesozoischen Alters. Arkiv Bot. Bd. VII. No. 5.

=Hannig, E.= (98) Ueber die Staubgrübchen auf den Stämmen und Blattstielen der Cyathaeaceen und Marattiaceen. Bot. Zeit. p. 9.

=Harvey-Gibson, R. J.= (94) Contributions towards a knowledge of the anatomy of the genus Selaginella, Spr. Annals Bot. vol. VIII. p. 133.

—— (96) Contributions &c. Ibid. vol. X. p. 77.

—— (97) Contributions &c. Ibid. vol. XI. p. 123.

—— (02) Contributions &c. Ibid. vol. XVI. p. 449.

=Haughton, S.= (59) On Cyclostigma, a new genus of fossil plants from the Old Red Sandstone of Kiltorkan, W. Kilkenny. Journ. Roy. Dublin Soc. vol. II. p. 407.

=Hawkshaw, J.= (42) Description of the fossil trees found in the excavations for the Manchester and Bolton railway. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. VI. p. 173.

=Hayden, H. H.= (07) The stratigraphical position of the Gangamopteris beds of Kashmir. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. XXXVI. pt. i.

=Heer, O.= (71) Fossile Flora der Bären Inseln. Flor. Foss. Arct. vol. II.

—— (74) Die Kreideflora der Arctischen Zone. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. Bd. XII. [Flor. Foss. Arct. vol. III. 1875.]

—— (75) Flora Fossilis Arctica, vol. III.

—— (76) Jura-Flora Ostsibiriens und des Amurlandes. Ibid. vol. IV. .

—— (80) Nachträge zur fossilen Flora Grönlands. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. Bd. XVIII. [Flor. Foss. Arct. vol. VI. 1882.]

—— (82) Die Fossile-Flora Grönlands. Flor. Foss. Arct. vol. VI.

=Hegelmaier, F.= (72) Zur Morphologie der Gattung Lycopodium. Bot. Zeit. 1872, p. 773.

=Hick, T.= (93) On a new fossil plant from the Lower Coal-Measures. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. XXIX. p. 86.

—— (93²) Supplementary note on a new fossil plant. Ibid. p. 216.

—— (96) On Rachiopteris cylindrica. Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. XLI. pt. i.

=Hieronymus, G.= (02) Selaginellaceae. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Engler and Prantl, Teil I. Abt. 4, p. 621.

=Hill, T. G.= (00) See Scott, D. H. and T. G. Hill.

—— (02) See Farmer, J. B. and T. G. Hill.

—— (04) On the presence of a parichnos in recent plants. Annals Bot. vol. XVIII. p. 654.

—— (06) On the presence of a parichnos in recent plants. Ibid. vol. XX. p. 267.

=Hofmeister, W.= (62) On the germination, development, and fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the fructification of the Coniferae. Ray Soc. 1862.

=Hollick, A.= (94) Fossil Salvinias, including description of a new species. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. XXI. No. 6, p. 253.

—— (04) Additions to the Palaeobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Long Island. Bull. New York Bot. Gard. vol. III. p. 403.

—— and =E. C. Jeffrey=. (09) Studies of Cretaceous coniferous remains from Kreischerville, New York. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. vol. III.

=Hooker, Sir J. D.= (48) On the vegetation of the Carboniferous Period, as compared with that of the present day. Mem. Geol. Soc. Great Britain, vol. II. pt. ii. p. 387.

—— (48²) Remarks on the structure and affinities of some Lepidostrobi. Ibid. p. 440.

—— (59) Stangeria paradoxa. Bot. Mag. Tab. 5121.

=Hooker, Sir W. J.= and =J. G. Baker=. (68) Synopsis Filicum. London.

=Hooker, Sir W. J.= and =R. K. Greville=. (31) Icones Filicum. Vol. II. London.

=Hosius= and =von der Marck=. (80) Die Flora der Westfälischen Kreideformation. Palaeont. Bd. XXVI. p. 127.

=Hovelacque, M.= (92) Recherches sur le Lepidodendron selaginoides, Sternb. Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. XVII.

=Hudson, W. H.= (92) The Naturalist in La Plata. London.

=Jack, R. L.= and =R. Etheridge=. (92) The geology and palæontology of Queensland and New Guinea. Brisbane.

=Jahn, J. J.= (03) Ueber die Étage H. im mittelböhmischen Devon. Verh. Reichsanst. Wien, No. 4, p. 73.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= (98) The morphology of the central cylinder in vascular plants. Brit. Assoc. Rep. (Toronto Meeting), p. 869.

—— (98²) The Gametophyte of Botrychium virginianum. Trans. Canad. Inst. vol. V. p. 265.

—— (00) The morphology of the central cylinder in the Angiosperms. Ibid. vol. VI. p. 599.

—— (03) The structure and development of the stem in the Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCV. p. 119.

—— (09) See Hollick, A. and E. C. Jeffrey.

=Jennings, A. Vaughan= and =Kate M. Hall=. (91) Notes on the structure of Tmesipteris. Proc. R. Irish Acad. vol. II. p. 1.

=Jones, C. E.= (05) The morphology and anatomy of the stem of the genus Lycopodium. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. VII. p. 15.

=Jordan, Rose=. (03) On some peculiar tyloses in Cucumis sativus. New Phytologist, vol. II. p. 208.

=Karsten, G.= (95) Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen über einige Epiphytenformen der Molukken. Ann. Jard. Buitenzorg, vol. XII. p. 117.

=Kidston, R.= (82) On the fructification of Eusphenopteris tenella and Sphenopteris microcarpa. R. Physc. Soc. Edinb. vol. VII.

—— (83) Report on the fossil plants collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XXX. p. 531.

—— (84) On a new species of Lycopodites, Goldenberg (L. Stockii), from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Scotland. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. XIV. p. 111.

—— (84²) On the fructification of Zeilleria (Sphenopteris) delicatula, Sternb. sp.; with remarks on Urnatopteris (Sphenopteris) tenella, Brongnt., and Hymenophyllites (Sphenopteris) quadridactylites, Gutbier sp. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XL. p. 590.

—— (85) On the relationship of Ulodendron, Lindley and Hutton, to Lepidodendron, Sternberg; Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton; Sigillaria, Brongniart; and Rhytidodendron, Boulay. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. XVI. p. 123.

—— (86²) On a new species of Psilotites from the Lanarkshire Coal-field. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 494.

—— (86³) On the occurrence of Lycopodites Vanuxemi, Göppert, in Britain, with remarks on its affinities. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. XXI. p. 560.

—— (86⁴) Notes on some fossil plants collected by Mr R. Dunlop, Airdrie, from the Lanarkshire Coal-field. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. VIII. p. 47.

—— (87) On the fructification of some ferns from the Carboniferous formation. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXIII. pt. i.

—— (88) See Bennie, J. and R. Kidston.

—— (88) On the fossil flora of the Radstock series of the Somerset and Bristol Coal-field (Upper Coal-Measures). Part I. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXIII. pt. 2.

—— (88²) On the fructification and affinities of Archaeopteris hibernica, Forbes sp. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. II.

—— (89) On the fossil plants in the Ravenhead Collection in the Free Library and Museum, Liverpool. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXV. pt. ii.

—— (89²) Additional notes on some British Carboniferous Lycopods. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. IV. p. 60.

—— (89³) On some fossil plants from Teilia quarry, Gwaenysgor, near Prestatyn, Flintshire. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXV. pt. ii.

—— (91) On the fructification of Sphenophyllum trichomatosum, Stern. from the Yorkshire Coal-field. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XI. p. 56.

—— (91²) On the fructification and internal structure of Carboniferous ferns in their relation to those of existing genera. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. IX. pt. i.

—— (91³) On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal-fields. II. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXVI. p. 63.

—— (93) On Lepidophloios, and on the British species of the genus. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXVII. pt. iii. p. 529.

—— (94) On the various divisions of British Carboniferous rocks as determined by their fossil flora. R. Physc. Soc. Edinb. vol. XII. p. 183.

—— (96) On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal-fields. I. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXVIII. p. 203.

—— (97) On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal-fields. II. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXIX. pt. i. p. 33.

—— (01) Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. VI. pt. i. p. 25.

—— (01²) The flora of the Carboniferous Period. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Polyt. Soc. vol. XIV. pt. ii.

—— (02) The flora &c. Second Paper. Ibid. vol. XIV. pt. iii. p. 344.

—— (03) The fossil plants of the Carboniferous rocks of Canonbie, Dumfriesshire, and of parts of Cumberland and Northumberland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XL. pt. iv. p. 741.

—— (05) On the internal structure of Sigillaria elegans of Brongniart’s “Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles.” Ibid. vol. XLI. pt. iii. p. 533.

—— (05²) On the fructification of Neuropteris heterophylla. Trans. R. Soc. London, vol. CXCVII. p. 1.

—— (06) On the microsporangia of the Pteridospermeae, with remarks on their relationship to existing Ferns. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCVIII. p. 413.

—— (07) Note on a new species of Lepidodendron from Pettycur (L. Pettycurense). Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 1906–07, p. 207.

—— (07²) Preliminary note on the internal structure of Sigillaria mammillaris Brongniart and S. scutellata Brongniart. Ibid. vol. XXVII. p. 203.

—— (08) On a new species of Dineuron and of Botryopteris from Pettycur, Fife. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XLVI. pt. ii. p. 361.

—— (08) See Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. and R. Kidston.

=Kidston, R.= and =D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan=. (07) On the fossil Osmundaceae. Pt. I. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XLV. pt. iii. p. 759.

—— (08) Ibid. pt. II. loc. cit. vol. XLVI. pt. ii. p. 213.

—— (09) Ibid. pt. III. loc. cit. vol. XLVI. pt. iii. p. 651.

=Kitchin, F. L.= (08) The invertebrate fauna and palaeontological relations of the Uitenhage series. Ann. S. African Mus. vol. VII. pt. ii.

=Knowlton, F. H.= (98) A catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary plants of North America. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 152.

—— (99) Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park. U. S. Geol. Surv. Mem. XXXIII. pt. ii.

—— (02) Report on a small collection of fossil plants from the vicinity of Porcupine Butte, Montana. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. XXIX.

=Kny, L.= (75) Die Entwickelung der Parkeriaceen dargestellt an Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongniart. Nova Acta K. Leop.-Car. Deutsch. Akad. Naturf. vol. XXXVII.

=Koehne, W.= (04) Sigillarienstämme, Unterscheidungsmerkmale, Arten, Geologische Verbreitung &c. Abh. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. [N. F.], Heft XLIII.

=Krasser, F.= (95) Kreidepflanzen von Lesina. Jahrb. K.-K. Geol. Reichs. Bd. XLV. p. 37.

—— (96) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fossilen Kreideflora von Kunstadt in Mähren. Beit. Paläont. Geol. Österreich.-Ung. und des Orients, Bd. X. Heft 3.

—— (00) Die von W. A. Obrutschew in China und Centralasien 1893–94 gesammelten fossilen Pflanzen. Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXX.

—— (06) Ueber die fossile Kreideflora von Grünbach in Niederösterreich. Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien (Anz. iii.).

—— (09) Die Diagnosen der von D. Stur in der obertriadischen Flora der Lunzerschichten als Marattiaceenarten unterschiedenen Farne. Sitz. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. CXVIII. Abt. i.

=Kubart, B.= (09) Untersuchungen über die Flora des Ostrau-Karwiner Kohlenbeckens. I. Die Spore von Spencerites membranaceus n. sp. Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXXXV.

=Kühn, R.= (90) Untersuchungen über die Anatomie der Marattiaceen. Flora.

=Kurr, J. G.= (45) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation. Stuttgart.

=Kurtz, F.= (94) Contribuciones a la Palaeophytologia Argentina. Revist. Mus. de la Plata, vol. VI.

=Lang, W. H.= (99) The prothallus of Lycopodium clavatum L. Annals Bot. vol. XIII. p. 279.

—— (08) Preliminary statement on the morphology of the cone of Lycopodium cernuum and its bearing on the affinities of Spencerites. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXVIII. pt. V. p. 356.

=Leclerc du Schlon=. (85) Recherches sur la dissemination des Spores dans les Cryptogames vasculaires. Ann. Sci. nat. , vol. II. p. 5.

=Leslie, T. N.= (06) See Mellor, E. T. and T. N. Leslie.

=Lesquereux, L.= (78) Contributions to the fossil flora of the Western Territories. Pt. II. The Tertiary floras. U. S. Geol. Surv. Report.

=Leuthardt, F.= (04) Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel. Teil II. Abh. Schweiz. Pal. Ges. Bd. XXXI. p. 25.

=Lignier, O.= (03) Equisétales et Sphénophyllales. Leur origine filicinéenne commune. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie , vol. VII. p. 93.

—— (08) Sur l’origine des Sphénophyllées. Bull. Soc. Bot. France , vol. VIII. p. 278.

=Lindman, C. A. M.= (04) Regnellidium novum genus Marsiliacearum. Arkiv Bot. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Stockholm.

=Lloyd, E.= and =L. M. Underwood.= (00) A review of the species of Lycopodium of North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. XXVII. p. 147.

=Logan, W. E.= (42) On the character of the beds of clay immediately below the coal-seams of S. Wales. Trans. Geol. Soc. London, vol. VI. p. 491.

=Lomax, J.= (90) See Cash, W. and J. Lomax.

—— (00) See Wild, G. and J. Lomax.

—— (05) See Weiss, F. E. and J. Lomax.

=Luerssen, C.= (89) Die Farnpflanzen. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, Bd. III. Leipzig.

=Lulham, R. B. J.= (05) See Tansley, A. G. and R. B. J. Lulham.

=Lyon, F. M.= (01) A study of the sporangia and gametophytes of Selaginella apus and S. rupestris. Bot. Gaz. vol. XXXII. p. 125.

=McCoy, Sir F.= (47) On the fossil botany and zoology of the rocks associated with the coal of Australia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , vol. XX. p. 151.

—— (60) A commentary on “A communication made by the Rev. W. B. Clarke” &c. Trans. R. Soc. Victoria, vol. V. p. 96.

—— (74) Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria. Geol. Surv. Vict., Decades I–V.

=McNicol, Mary=. (08) On Cavity Parenchyma and Tyloses in Ferns. Ann. Bot. vol. XXII. p. 401.

=Marion, A. F.= (90) Sur le Gomphostrobus heterophylla. Compt. Rend. p. 892.

=Maslen, A. J.= (99) The structure of Lepidostrobus. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. V. p. 357.

—— (06) See Scott, D. H. and A. J. Maslen.

=Mellor, E. T.= and =T. N. Leslie=. (06) On a fossil forest recently exposed in the bed of the Vaal River at Vereeniging. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, vol. IX. p. 125.

=Mettenius, G.= (60) Beiträge zur Anatomie der Cycadeen. Abh. K. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. Bd. VII. p. 567.

—— (63) Ueber den Bau von Angiopteris. Abh. K. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. Bd. IX.

=Miller, H.= (57) The testimony of the rocks. Edinburgh.

=Möller, H.= (02) Bidrag till Barnholms Fossila Flora. Pteridofyter. Lunds Univ. Årsskrift, Bd. XXXVIII. No. 5.

=Mohl, H. von=. (40) Ueber den Bau des Stammes von Isoetes lacustris. Linnaea, vol. XIV.

=Morris, J.= (40) Ex Prestwich’s, J., Memoir on the Geology of Coalbrook Dale. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. V. p. 413.

—— (45) See Strzelecki, Count.

—— (63) See Oldham, T. and J. Morris.

=Motelay, L.= and =Vendryès=. (82) Monographie der Isoetaceae. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Tom. XXXVI. p. 309.

=Münster, G. Graf zu=. (42) Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde. Heft 5. Bayreuth.

=Murchison, R. I.=, =J. Buchman=, and =H. E. Strickland=. (45) Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham. London.

=Murchison, R.=, =E. de Verneuil=, and =Count A. Keyserling=. (45) Géologie de la Russie d’Europe. Vol. II. London and Paris.

=Nathorst, A. G.= (78) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Schwedens. Ueber einige Rhätische Pflanzen von Pålsjö in Schonen. Stuttgart.

—— (78²) Om Floran i Skånes kolförande Bildningar. Sver. Geol. Unders. Ser. C.

—— (90) Ueber das angebliche Vorkommen von Geschieben des Hörsandsteins in den norddeutschen Diluvialablagerungen. Arch. Ver. Freund. Nat. Mecklenb., Jahr. XLIV.

—— (02) Zur fossilen Flora der Polarländer. I. Zur Oberdevonischen Flora der Bären-Insel. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. Bd. XXXVI. No. 3.

—— (02²) Beiträge zur Kenntniss Mesozoischen Cycadophyten. Ibid. Bd. XXXVI. No. 4.

—— (04) Die Oberdevonische Flora des Ellesmere Landes. Rep. Second Norwegian Arctic Exp. in the Fram (1898–02), No. 1.

—— (04²) Sur la flore fossile antarctique. Compt. Rend. (June 6.)

—— (06) Om Några Ginkgoväxter från Kolgrufvorna vid Stabbarp i Skåne. Lunds Univ. Årsskrift, N.F. Bd. II. No. 8.

—— (06²) Bemerkungen über Clathropteris meniscoides, Brongn., und Rhizomopteris cruciata, Nath. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. Bd. XLI. No. 2.

—— (06³) Ueber Dictyophyllum und Camptopteris spiralis. Ibid. No. 5.

—— (07) Ueber die Anwendung von Kollodium-Abdrücken bei der Untersuchung fossiler Pflanzen. Arkiv Bot., Stockholm, Bd. VII. No. 4.

—— (07²) Ueber Thaumatopteris Schenki. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. Bd. XLII. No. 3.

—— (08) Paläobotanisch. Mitteilungen, III. Ibid. Bd. XLIII. No. 3.

=Newberry, J. S.= (91) The Flora of the Great Falls Coal-Field, Montana. Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. XLI. p. 191.

=Newton, R. Bullen.= (09) Fossils from the Nubian Sandstone of Egypt. Geol. Mag. vol. VI. p. 352.

=Oldham, R. D.= (97) On a plant of Glossopteris with part of the rhizome attached, and on the structure of Vertebraria. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. XXX. pt. i. p. 45.

=Oldham, T.= and =J. Morris=. (63) Fossil Flora of the Gondwana system. Vol. I. pt. i. Fossil Flora of the Rajmahal series in the Rajmahal Hills. Mem. Geol. Surv. India , Calcutta.

=Oliver, F. W.= (02) A vascular Sporangium. New Phytologist, vol. I. p. 60.

—— (04) On the structure and affinities of Stephanospermum, Brongn., a genus of fossil Gymnosperm seeds. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. VI. pt. 8.

=Peach, C. W.= (78) On the circinate vernation, fructification, and varieties of Sphenopteris affinis and on Staphylopteris (?) Peachii of Etheridge and Balfour, a genus of plants new to British rocks. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XXXIV. p. 131.

=Pelourde, F.= (08) Recherches sur la position systématique des plantes fossiles dont les tiges out été appelées Psaronius, Psaroniocaulon, Caulopteris. Bull. Soc. bot. France , tome VIII.

—— (08²) Recherches comparatives sur la structure de la racine chez un certain nombre de Psaronius. Ibid. p. 352.

—— (09) Recherches comparatives sur la structure des fougères fossiles et vivants. Ann. Sci. nat. vol. X. p. 115.

—— (09²) Observations sur un nouveau type de pétiole fossile, le Flicheia esnostensis. Mém. Soc. d’hist. nat. d’Autun, tome XXI.

Penhallow, D. P. (92) Additional notes on Devonian plants from Scotland. Canadian Rec. Sci. vol. V. no. 1.

—— (02) Osmundites skidegatensis. Trans. R. Soc. Canada , vol. VIII. sect. 4.

Phillips, J. (75) Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, pt. I. The Yorkshire Coast (edit. 3). London.

Pittman, E. F. (93) See David, E. and E. F. Pittman.

Potonié, H. (89) Der im Lichthof der Königlichen Geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie aufgestellte Baumstumpf mit Wurzel aus dem Carbon des Piesberges. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes, p. 246.

—— (91) Bericht. Deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. IX. p. 256.

—— (92) Ueber einige Carbonfarne. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. 1891.

—— (92²) Die den Wasserspalten physiologischentsprechenden Organe bei fossilen und recenten Farnarten. Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin. July 19, 1892.

—— (93²) Anatomie der beiden “Male” auf dem unteren Wangenpaar und der beiden Seitennärbchen der Blattnarbe des Lepidodendron-Blattpolsters. Ber. deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. XI. Heft 5, p. 319.

—— (93³) Eine gewöhnliche Art der Erhaltung von Stigmaria als Beweis für die Autochthonie von Carbon-Pflanzen. Zeits. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.

—— (95) Die Beziehung zwischen dem echt-gabeligen und dem fiederigen Wedel-Aufbau der Farne. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. XIII. Heft 6.

—— (99) Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpalaeontologie. Berlin.

—— (00) Fossile Pflanzen aus Deutsch- und Portugiesisch-Ost-Afrika. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, Bd. VII.

—— (01) Fossile Lycopodiaceae und Selaginellaceae. Engler and Prantl: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil I. Abt. IV. p. 715.

—— (01²) Die Silur- und die Culm-Flora. Abh. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. Heft XXXVI.

—— (02) Ueber die fossilen Filicales &c. Engler and Prantl: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil I. Abt. IV. p. 473.

—— (03) Zur Physiologie und Morphologie der fossilen Farn-Aphlebien. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. XXI. Heft 3.

—— (04) Abbildungen und Beschreibungen fossilen Pflanzen-Reste der Palaeozoischen und Mesozoischen Formationen. Lief. II. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes- und Bergakad.

—— (05) Ibid. Lief. III.

—— (06) Ibid. Lief. III.

—— (07) Abbildungen und Beschreibungen &c. Lief. V.

=Prantl, K.= (81) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Gefässkryptogamen. Heft II. Leipzig.

—— (02) See Engler, A. and K. Prantl.

=Pritzel, E.= (02) Lycopodiales. Engler and Prantl: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil I. Abt. IV. p. 563.

=Raciborski, M.= (91) Ueber die Osmundaceen und Schizaeaceen der Juraformation. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. vol. XIII. p. 1.

=Reid, C.= (99) The Origin of the British Flora. London.

=Reinecke, F.= (97) Die Flora der Samoa-Inseln. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. Bd. XXIII. p. 237.

=Renault, B.= (69) Étude sur quelques végétaux silicifiés des environs d’Autun. Ann. Sci. nat. , vol. XII. p. 161.

—— (76) Étude du genre Botryopteris. Ann. Sci. nat. , vol. I. p. 220.

—— (76) Étude du genre Myelopteris. Mém. Acad. Sci. l’Instit. France, Tome XXII.

—— (79) Structure comparée de quelques tiges de la Flore Carbonifère. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris.

—— (81) Étude sur les Stigmaria. Ann. Sci. Géol. tome XII.

—— (90) Sur une nouvelle Lycopodiacée houillère (Lycopodiopsis Derbyi). Compt. Rend., April 14.

=Renault, B.= and =C. Grand’Eury.= (75) Recherches sur les végétaux silicifiés d’Autun. Mém. Acad. Paris, vol. XXII.

=Renault, B.= and =A. Roche.= (97) Sur une nouveau Diploxylée. Bull. Soc. d’hist. nat. d’Autun.

=Renier, A.= (08) Origine raméale des cicatrices Ulodendroides du Bothrodendron punctatum, Lind. et Hutt. Compt. Rend., June 29.

=Reuss, A. E.= (46) Die Versteinerungen der Böhmischen Kreideformation. Stuttgart, 1845–46.

=Rhode, J. G.= (20) Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde der Vorwelt. Breslau.

=Richter, P. B.= (06) Beiträge zur Flora der unteren Kreide Quedlinburgs. Teil I. Die Gattung Hausmannia, Dunker, und einige seltenere Pflanzenarten. Leipzig.

=Richter, R.= (56) See Unger, F. and R. Richter.

=Roche, A.= (97) See Renault, B. and A. Roche.

=Roehl, Major von.= (69) Fossile Flora der Steinkohlen Formation Westphalens. Palaeont. Bd. XVIII. p. 1.

=Roemer, F. A.= (54) Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntniss des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges. Palaeont. Bd. III.

=Royle, J. F.= (33) Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of natural history of the Himalayan Mountains. London, 1833–39.

=Rudolph, K.= (05) Psaronien und Marattiaceen. Denksch. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXXVIII.

=Sadebeck, H.= (02) See Engler, A. and K. Prantl.

=Salfeld, H.= (07) Fossile Landpflanzen der Rät.- und Juraformation Südwestdeutschlands. Palaeont. Bd. LIV.

—— (09) Beiträge zur Kenntniss jurassischer Pflanzenreste aus Norddeutschland. Palaeont. Bd. LVI.

=Salter, J. W.= (58) On some remains of terrestrial plants in the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Proc. vol. XIV. p. 77.

=Saporta, le Marquis de.= (88) Dernières adjonctions à la flore fossile d’Aix-en-Provence. Ann. Sci. nat. , vol. VII.

—— (94) Flore fossile du Portugal. Direct. Trav. Géol. Portugal. Lisbon.

=Saxelby, E. M.= (08) The origin of the roots in Lycopodium Selago. Annals Bot. vol. XXII. p. 21.

=Schenck, H.= (93) Beiträge zur Biologie und Anatomie der Lianen. Th. II. Jena.

=Schenk, A.= (71) Beiträge zur Flora der Vorwelt. Die Flora der Nordwestdeutschen Wealdenformation. Palaeont. Bd. XIX. p. 203.

—— (76) Zur Flora der Nordwestdeutschen Wealdenformation. Palaeont. Bd. XXVIII. p. 157.

—— (85) Die während der Reise des Grafen Bela Széchenyi in China gesammelten fossilen Pflanzen. Palaeont. Bd. XXXI. p. 165.

—— (87) Fossile Pflanzen aus der Albourskette. Bibl. bot. (Uhlworm und Haenlein), Heft VI.

=Schmalhausen, J=. (77) Die Pflanzenreste aus der Ursa-Stufe im Fluss-Geschiebe des Ogur in Ost-Sibirien. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Petersburg. Tome XXII. p. 278.

—— (94) Ueber Devonische Pflanzen aus dem Donetz-Becken. Mém. Com. Géol. vol. VIII. St Petersburg.

=Schuster, J.= (08) Zur Kenntniss der Flora der Saarbrücker Schichten und des pfälzischen Oberrotliegenden. Geognost. Jahresheft, XX. 1907.

=Scott, D. H.= (96) An introduction to structural botany. Pt. II. London.

—— (97) On the structure and affinities of fossil plants from the Palaeozoic rocks. On Cheirostrobus, a new type of fossil cone from the Lower Carboniferous strata (Calciferous Sandstone series). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXXXIX. p. 1.

—— (98) On the structure and affinities &c. II. On Spencerites, a new genus of Lycopodiaceous cones from the Coal-Measures founded on the Lepidodendron Spenceri of Williamson. Ibid. vol. CLXXXIX. p. 83.

—— (00) Studies in fossil botany. London.

—— (01) On the structure and affinities &c. IV. The seed-like fructification of Lepidocarpon, a genus of Lycopodiaceous cones from the Carboniferous formation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCIV. p. 291.

—— (02) The Old Wood and the New. New Phytologist, vol. I. p. 25.

—— (04) Germinating spores in a fossil fern Sporangium. Ibid. vol. III. p. 18.

—— (04²) On the occurrence of Sigillariopsis in the Lower Coal-Measures of Britain. Annals Bot. vol. XVIII. p. 519.

—— (05) On the structure and affinities &c. v. On a new type of Sphenophyllaceous cone (Sphenophyllum fertile) from the Lower Coal-Measures. Phil Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCVIII. p. 17.

—— (05²) What were the Carboniferous ferns? Journ. R. Micr. Soc. p. 137.

—— (05³) The Sporangia of Stauropteris oldhamia. New Phyt. vol. IV. p. 114.

—— (06) On the structure of some Carboniferous ferns. Journ. R. Micr. Soc. p. 518.

—— (06²) The occurrence of germinating spores in Stauropteris oldhamia. New Phyt. vol. V. p. 170.

—— (06³) The structure of Lepidodendron obovatum, Sternberg. Annals Bot. vol. XX. p. 317.

—— (07) The present position of Palaeozoic botany. Progressus Rei Botanicae, Bd. I. p. 139.

—— (08) Studies in fossil botany (edit. II). Vol. I. London.

—— (09) Ibid. Vol. II.

—— (09²) Dr Paul Bertrand on the Zygopterideae. New Phyt. vol. VIII. p. 266.

=Scott, D. H.= and =T. G. Hill.= (00) The structure of Isoetes Hystrix. Annals Bot. vol. XIV. p. 413.

=Scott, D. H.= and =A. J. Maslen=. (06) On the structure of Trigonocarpon olivaeforme. Ann. Bot. vol. XX. p. 109.

=Scott, J.= (74) Notes on the tree ferns of British Sikkim. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. XXX. p. 1.

=Scott, Rina.= (06) On the megaspore of Lepidostrobus foliaceus. New Phyt. vol. V. p. 116.

—— (08) On Bensonites fusiformis, sp. nov., a fossil associated with Stauropteris burntislandica, P. Bertrand, and on the sporangia of the latter. Annals Bot. vol. XXII. p. 683.

=Sellards, E. H.= (00) A new genus of ferns from the Permian of Kansas. Kansas Univ. Quart. vol. IX.

—— (01) Permian plants. Taeniopteris of the Permian of Kansas. Ibid. vol. X. no. 1.

=Seward, A. C.= (88) On a specimen of Cyclopteris (Brongniart). Geol. Mag. vol. V. p. 344.

—— (90) Notes on Lomatophloios macrolepidotus (Gold.). Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. VII. pt. ii.

—— (90²) Specific variation in Sigillarieae. Geol. Mag. vol. VII. p. 213.

—— (91) On an erect tree stump with roots, from the coal of Piesberg near Osnabrück. Ibid. vol. VIII.

—— (92) Fossil plants as tests of climate. London.

—— (94) Coal: its structure and formation. Sci. Progr. vol. II. pp. 355–431.

—— (99) Notes on the Binney collection of Coal-Measure plants. Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb. vol. X. p. 137.

—— (99²) On the structure and affinities of Matonia pectinata, R. Br. with notes on the geological history of the Matonineae. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCI. p. 171.

—— (00) Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum. The Jurassic Flora. I. The Yorkshire Coast. London.

—— (03) Fossil floras of Cape Colony. Ann. S. African Museum, vol. IV. pt. i.

—— (04) The Jurassic Flora. II. Liassic and Oolitic floras of England. Cat. Mesoz. Plants, British Museum. London.

—— (04²) On a collection of Jurassic plants from Victoria. Rec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, vol. I. pt. iii.

—— (04³) Presidential address. Report of the 73rd meeting of the Brit. Assoc. (Southport) p. 824.

—— (06) The anatomy of Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sternberg. Annals Bot. vol. XX. p. 371.

—— (07) Fossil plants from Egypt. Geol. Mag. vol. IV. p. 253.

—— (07²) On a collection of Permo-Carboniferous plants from the St Lucia (Somkale) coalfield, Zululand, and from the Newcastle district, Natal. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, vol. X. p. 65.

—— (07³) Notes on fossil plants from South Africa. Geol. Mag. vol. IV. p. 481.

—— (07⁴) Jurassic Plants from Caucasia and Turkestan. Mém. Com. Géol. St Pétersbourg, Livr. 38.

—— (07⁵) Permo-Carboniferous Plants from Kashmir. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. XXXVI. pt. i.

—— (08) On a collection of fossil plants from South Africa. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LXIV. p. 83.

—— (09) Fossil plants from the Witteberg series of Cape Colony. Geol. Mag. vol. VI. p. 482.

=Seward, A. C.= and =E. Dale=. (01) On the structure and affinities of Dipteris, with notes on the geological history of the Dipteridinae. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCIV. p. 487.

=Seward, A. C.= and =S. O. Ford=. (03) The anatomy of Todea, with notes on the geological history and affinities of the Osmundaceae. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. VI. pt. v.

—— (06) The Araucarieae, recent and extinct. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CXCVIII. p. 305.

=Seward, A. C.= and =J. Gowan=. (00) The Maidenhair Tree. (Ginkgo biloba, L.) Ann. Bot. vol. XIV. p. 109.

=Seward, A. C.= and =A. W. Hill=. (00) On the structure and affinities of a Lepidodendroid stem from the Calciferous Sandstone of Dalmeny, Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. XXXIX. pt. iv. p. 907.

=Seward, A. C.= and =T. N. Leslie=. (08) Permo-Carboniferous plants from Vereeniging. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LXIV. p. 109.

=Seward, A. C.= and =A. Smith Woodward=. (05) Permo-Carboniferous Plants and Vertebrates from Kashmir. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. V. Mem. 2.

=Shattock, S. G.= (88) On the scars occurring on the stem of Dammara robusta, Moore. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. XXIX. p. 441.

=Shove, Rosamund=. (00) On the structure of the stem of Angiopteris erecta. Annals Bot. vol. XIV.

=Smith, G. O.= and =D. White=. (05) The geology of the Perry basin in South Eastern Maine. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 35.

=Sollas, Igerna B. J.= (01) Fossils in the Oxford Museum. On the structure and affinities of the Rhaetic plant Naiadita. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LVII. p. 307.

=Solms-Laubach, H. Graf zu=. (83) Zur Geschichte der Scolecopteris, Zenker. Nachr. K. Ges. Wise. Univ. Göttingen, p. 26.

—— (92) Ueber die in den Kalksteinen des Kulm von Glätzisch-Falkenberg in Schlesien erhaltenen Structurbietenden Pflanzenreste. Bot. Zeit. p. 49.

—— (94) Ueber Stigmariopsis, Grand’Eury. Palaeont. Abh. (Dames and Kayser) [N. F.] Bd. II. Jena.

—— (96) Ueber die seinerzeit von Unger beschriebenen Strukturbietenden Pflanzenreste des Unterculm von Saalfeld in Thüringen. Abh. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. Heft XXIII.

—— (99) Ueber das Genus Pleuromeia. Bot. Zeit. p. 227.

—— (99²) Beiträge zur Geologie und Palaeontologie von Südamerika. Neues Jahrb. Min., Beilageband XII. p. 593.

—— (02) Isoetes lacustris, seine Verzweigung und sein Vorkommen in den Seen des Schwarzwaldes und der Vogesen. Bot. Zeit. p. 179.

—— (04) Ueber die Schicksale der als Psaronius brasiliensis beschriebenen Fossilreste unserer Museen. Festsch. P. Ascherson’s Siebzigstem Geburtstage. Berlin.

—— (06) Die Bedeutung der Palaeophytologie für die systematische Botanik. Mitt. Philo-math. Ges. Elsass-Loth. Bd. III. p. 353.

=Spieker, T.= (53) Zur Sigillaria Sternbergi Münster, des bunten Sandsteins zu Bernburg. Zeits. Gesammt. Naturw. Bd. II. Halle.

=Sprengel, A.= (28) Commentatio de Psarolithis. Halle.

=Spruce, R.= (08) Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes (Edited by A. R. Wallace). London.

=Staub, M.= (87) Die Aquitanische Flora des Zsilthales im comitate Hunyad. Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ungar. Geol. Anst. Bd. VII. Heft vi.

=Stenzel, C. G.= (54) Ueber die Staarsteine. Nova Acta Leop. Carol. Bd. XXIV.

—— (86) Rhizodendron Oppoliense, Göpp. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cultur. Ergänzungsheft LXIII.

—— (89) Die Gattung Tubicaulis. Bibl. Bot. Heft XII.

—— (97) Verkieselte Farne von Kamenz in Sachsen. Mitt. K. Mineralog. Geol. und prähistorisch. Mus. Dresden. Heft XIII.

—— (06) Die Psaronien, Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen. Beit. Paläont. Geol. Öst.-Ung. Bd. XIX.

=Sterzel, J. T.= (78) Ueber Palaeojulus dyadicus Geinitz und Scolecopteris elegans Zenker. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. p. 417.

—— (80) Ueber Scolecopteris elegans Zenker und andere fossile Reste. Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.

—— (86) Die Flora des Rothliegenden im Plauenschen Grunde. Abh. K. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. Bd. XIX.

—— (86²) Neue Beitrag zur Kenntniss von Dicksonites Pluckeneti Brongn. sp. Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. p. 773.

—— (96) Gruppe verkieselten Araucariten Stämme. Ber. Naturwiss. Ges. Chemnitz, 1896–99.

—— (96²) See Weber, O. and J. T. Sterzel.

=Stiehler, A. W.= (58) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der vorweltlichen Flora des Kreidegebirges im Harze. Palaeont. Bd. V.

—— (59) Zu Pleuromeia. Zeit. Gesammt. Nat. Halle, Bd. III. p. 190.

=Stokey, A. G.= (07) The roots of Lycopodium pithyoides. Bot. Gaz. vol. XLIV. p. 57.

—— (09) The anatomy of Isoetes. Bot. Gaz. vol. XLVII. p. 311.

=Stopes, Marie C.= (06) A new fern from the Coal-Measures: Tubicaulis Sutcliffii, spec. nov. Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. L.

=Strasburger, E.= (73) Einige Bemerkungen über Lycopodiaceen. Bot. Zeit. p. 81.

—— (74) Ueber Scolecopteris elegans, Zenk. Jen. Zeitsch. Naturwiss. vol. VIII. p. 88.

=Strzelecki, Count.= (45) Physical description of New South Wales &c. London.

=Stur, D.= (81) Die Silur-Flora der Étage H-h in Böhmen. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1 Abth. Bd. LXXXIV. p. 330.

—— (84) Zur Morphologie und Systematik der Culm- und Carbonfarne. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXXXVIII.

—— (85) Die Carbon-Flora der Schatzlarer Schichten. Abh. K. K. Geol. Reichs. Bd. XI. Abth. I.

=Sykes, M. Gladys.= (08) The anatomy and morphology of Tmesipteris. Annals Bot. vol. XXII. p. 63.

—— (08²) Note on an abnormality found in Psilotum triquetrum. Ibid. vol. XXII. p. 525.

—— (08³) Notes on the morphology of the Sporangium-bearing organs of the Lycopodiaceae. New Phyt. vol. VII. p. 41.

—— (09) Note on the Sporophyll of Lycopodium inundatum. Ibid. vol. VIII. p. 143.

=Szajnocha, L.= (88) Ueber fossile Pflanzenreste aus Cacheuta in der Argentinischen Republik. Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. XCVII. Abth. I. p. 219.

—— (91) Ueber einige Carbone Pflanzenreste aus der Argentinischen Republik. Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. C. Abth. I. p. 203.

=Tansley, A. G.= (08) Lectures on the evolution of the filicinean vascular system. (Reprinted from the New Phytologist.) Cambridge.

—— and =Edith Chick.= (01) Notes on the conducting tissue-system in Bryophyta. Annals Bot. vol. XV. p. 1.

—— and =F. E. Fritsch.= (05) The flora of the Ceylon littoral. New Phyt. vol. IV. p. 1.

—— and =R. B. J. Lulham=. (05) A study of the vascular system of Matonia pectinata. Annals Bot. vol. XIX. p. 475.

=Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W. T.= (05) Cycas Micholitzii, Dyer. Gard. Chron. Aug. 19, p. 142.

=Thoday, D.= (06) On a suggestion of heterospory in Sphenophyllum Dawsoni. New Phyt. vol. V. p. 91.

=Thomas, A. P. W.= (02) The affinity of Tmesipteris with the Sphenophyllales. Proc. R. Soc. vol. LXIX. p. 343.

=Thomas, Ethel N.= (05) Some points in the anatomy of Acrostichum aureum. New Phyt. vol. IV. p. 175.

=Thomas, H. H.= (08) See Arber, E. A. N. and H. H. Thomas.

=Thompson, D’Arcy W.= (80) Notes on Ulodendron and Halonia. Edinb. Geol. Soc.

=Trautschold, H.= (60) See Auerbach, J. and H. Trautschold.

=Treub, M.= (84–90) Études sur les Lycopodiacées. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, vol. IV. V. VII. VIII.

=Underwood, L. E.= (00) See Lloyd, E. and L. M. Underwood.

—— (07) A preliminary review of the North American Gleicheniaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. XXXIV. p. 243.

=Unger, F.= and =R. Richter=. (56) Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Thüringer Waldes. Denksch. Wien. Akad. Bd. XI.

=Velenovský, J.= (85) Die Gymnospermen der böhmischen Kreideformation. Prag.

—— (88) Die Farne der böhmischen Kreideformation. Prag.

=Vines, S.= (88) On the systematic position of Isoetes, L. Annals Bot. vol. II. pp. 117, 223.

=Wanklyn, A.= (69) Description of some new species of fossil ferns from the Bournemouth leaf-beds. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. III. p. 10.

=Ward, L. F.= (99) The Cretaceous Formation of the Black Hills as indicated by the fossil plants. U. S. Geol. Surv., 19th Ann. Rep. pl. II.

—— (00) Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States, I. U. S. Geol. Surv., 20th, Ann. Rep.

—— (04) Palaeozoic seed-plants. Science, Aug. 26, p. 279.

—— (05) Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States, II. U. S. Geol. Surv. Monographs, vol. XLVIII.

=Watson, D. M. S.= (06) On a “fern” synangium from the Lower Coal-Measures of Shore, Lancashire. Journ. R. Micr. Soc. p. 1.

—— (07) On a confusion of two species (Lepidodendron Harcourtii, Witham, and L. Hickii, sp. nov.) under Lepidodendron Harcourtii, With. in Williamson’s XIX. Memoir, with a description of L. Hickii sp. nov. Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. LI.

—— (08) On the Ulodendron Scar. Ibid. vol. LII.

—— (08²) The cone of Bothrodendron mundum. Ibid. vol. LII.

—— (09) On Mesostrobus, a new genus of Lycopodiaceous cones from the Lower Coal-Measures &c. Annals Bot. vol. XXIII. p. 379.

=Weber, O.= and =J. T. Sterzel=. (96) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Medulloseae. Ber. Naturwiss. Ges. Chemnitz, 1893–96.

=Weiss, C. E.= (69) Fossile Flora der jüngsten Steinkohlenformation und des Rothliegenden im Saar-Rhein-Gebiete. Bonn, 1869–72.

—— (70) Studien über Odontopteriden. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.

—— (79) Bemerkungen zur Fructification von Nöggerathia. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.

—— (84) Zur Flora der ältesten Schichten des Harzes. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. Berlin.

—— (86) Ueber eine Buntsandstein Sigillaria und deren nächste Verwandte. Ibid. 1885.

—— (88) Ueber neue Funde von Sigillarien in der Wettiner Steinkohlengrube. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.

—— (89) Beobachtungen an Sigillarien von Wettin und Umgegend. Neues Jahrb. Bd. XLI. p. 376.

—— and =J. Sterzel.= (93) Die Sigillarien der Preussischen Steinkohlen und Rothliegenden Gebiete. K. Preuss. Geol. Landes. [N.F.], Heft 2.

=Weiss, F. E.= (02) On Xenophyton radiculosum (Hick), and on a Stigmarian rootlet probably related to Lepidophloios fuliginosus (Will.). Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. XLVI. pt. 3.

—— (03) A biseriate Halonial branch of Lepidophloios fuliginosus. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. VII. pt. 4.

—— (04) A probable parasite of Stigmarian rootlets. New Phyt. vol. III. p. 63.

—— (06) On the tyloses of Rachiopteris corrugata. New Phyt. vol. V. p. 82.

—— (07) The Parichnos in Lepidodendraceae. Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. LI. pt. ii.

—— (08) A Stigmaria with centripetal wood. Annals Bot. vol. XXII. p. 221.

=Weiss, F. E.= and =J. Lomax=. (05) The stem and branches of Lepidodendron selaginoides. Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. XLIX.

=White, D.= (93) A new Taeniopteroid Fern and its allies. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. IV. p. 119.

—— (95) The Pottsville series along New River, West Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. VI. p. 305.

—— (98) Omphalophloios, a new Lepidodendroid type. Ibid. vol. IX. p. 329.

—— (99) Fossil flora of the Lower Coal-Measures of Missouri. U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon. XXXVII.

—— (02) Description of a fossil alga from the Chemung of New York. Rep. New York State Palaeontologist, 1901.

—— (04) The seeds of Aneimites. Smithsonian Miscell. Coll. vol. XLVII. pt. iii. p. 322.

—— (05) See Smith, G. O. and D. White.

—— (05²) Fossil plants of the group Cycadofilices. Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. XLVIII. pt. iii.

—— (07) Permo-Carboniferous changes in South America. Journ. Geol. vol. XV. p. 615.

—— (07²) A remarkable fossil tree trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. New York State Mus. Bull. 107. Albany.

—— (08) Fossil flora of the Coal-Measures of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro.

=White, I. C.= (80) See Fontaine, W. M. and I. C. White.

=Wickes, W. H.= (00) A new Rhaetic section at Bristol. Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. XVI. p. 421.

=Wigglesworth, Grace=. (02) Notes on the rhizome of Matonia pectinata. New Phyt. vol. I. p. 157.

=Wild, G. and J. Lomax.= (00) A new Cardiocarpon-bearing strobilus. Annals Bot. vol. XIV. p. 160.

=Williamson, W. C.= (72) On the organization of the fossil plants of the Coal-Measures. III. Lycopodiaceae. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXII. p. 283.

—— (76) Ibid. pt. vii. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXVI. p. 1.

—— (77) Ibid. pt. viii. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXVII. p. 213.

—— (83) Presidential address. Brit. Assoc.

—— (87) Note on Lepidodendron Harcourtii and L. fuliginosum. Proc. R. Soc. vol. XLII. p. 6.

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—— (95) On the light thrown upon the question of growth and development of the Carboniferous arborescent Lepidodendra by a study of the details of their organisation. Ibid. vol. IX. p. 31.

—— (96) Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist. (Edited by Mrs Crawford Williamson.) London.

=Woodward, A. Smith=. (05) See Seward, A. C. and A. Smith Woodward.

=Worsdell, W. C.= (95) On transfusion-tissue; its origin and function in the leaves of Gymnospermous plants. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. V. p. 301.

=Wünsch, E. A.= (67) Discovery of erect stems of fossil trees in trappean ash in Arran. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. II. p. 97.

=Yabe, H.= (05) Mesozoic plants from Korea. Journ. Colt. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, vol. XX.

=Yapp, R. H.= (02) Two Malayan ‘Myrmecophilous’ ferns, Polypodium (Lecanopteris) carnosum (Blume), and P. sinuosum. Annals Bot. vol. XVI. p. 185.

—— (08) Sketches of vegetation at home and abroad. IV. Wicken Fen. New Phyt. vol. VII. p. 61.

=Yokoyama, M.= (89) Jurassic plants from Kaga, Hida, and Echizen. Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, vol. III.

—— (06) Mesozoic plants from China. Ibid. vol. XXI.

=Zalessky, M.= (04) Végétaux fossiles du Terrain Carbonifère du Bassin du Donetz. Mém. Com. Géol. St Pétersbourg. Livr. XIII.

—— (07) Sur la présence de Mixoneura neuropteroides, Göpp. avec Neuropteris Scheuchzeri, Hoffmann, et N. rarinervis, Bunbury &c. Bull. Com. Géol. St Pétersbourg, tome XXVI.

—— (08) Végétaux fossiles du Terrain Carbonifère du bassin du Donetz. II. Étude sur la structure anatomique d’un Lepidostrobus. Mém. Com. Géol., Livr. XLVI.

=Zeiller, R.= (79) Note sur quelques fossiles du terrain permien de la Corrèze. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, tome VIII. p. 196.

—— (79²) Note sur le genre Mariopteris. Bull. Soc. Géol. France , tome VII. p. 92.

—— (83) Fructifications de Fougères houillères. Ann. Sci. nat. , vol. XVI.

—— (84) Cônes de fructification des Sigillaires. Ibid. vol. XIX. p. 256.

—— (85) Sur les affinités du genre Laccopteris. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, tome XXXII. p. 21.

—— (86) Présentation d’une brochure de M. Kidston sur les Ulodendron et observations sur les genus Ulodendron et Bothrodendron. Bull. Soc. Géol. France , tome XIV. p. 168.

—— (89) Sur les variations de formes du Sigillaria Brardi, Brongn. Ibid. , tome XVII. p. 603.

—— (90) Bassin Houiller et Permien d’Autun et d’Épinac. Études des Gîtes Min. France.

—— (94) Notes sur la flore des Couches Permiennes de Trienbach (Alsace). Bull. Soc. Geol. France , tome XXII. p. 163.

—— (95) Note sur la flore fossile des Gisements houillers de Rio Grande do Sul. Bull. Soc. Géol. France , tome XXIII. p. 601.

—— (97) Observations sur quelques fougères des Dépôts houillers d’Asie Mineure. Bull. Soc. Bot. France , tome XLIV. p. 195.

—— (97²) The reference of the genus Vertebraria. (Translation from the Compt. Rend, tome CXXII. p. 744.) Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. XXX. pt. i.

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—— (97⁴) Revue des travaux de paléontologie végétale. Rev. Gén. Bot. tome IX.

—— (98) Sur un Lepidodendron silicifié du Brésil. Compt. Rend. (July 25).

—— (98²) Sur la découverte, par M. Amalitzky, de Glossopteris dans le Permien supérieur de Russie. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, tome XLV. p. 392.

—— (98³) Contribution à l’étude de la flore ptéridologique des schistes permiens de Lodève. Bull. Mus. de Marseille, tome I. Fasc. II. p. 9.

—— (99) Étude sur la flore fossile du Bassin houiller d’Héraclée. Mém. Soc. Géol. France (Paléont.), Mém. 21.

—— (00) Sur une Sélaginellée du terrain houiller de Blanzy. Compt. Rend. vol. CXXV. p. 1077.

—— (00²) Éléments de Paléobotanique. Paris.

—— (02) Observations sur quelques plantes fossiles des Lower Gondwanas. Mem. Geol. Surv. India [New Series], vol. II.

—— (03) Flore fossile des Gîtes de Charbon du Tonkin. Études des Gîtes Min. France. Paris.

—— (03²) Revue des travaux de Paléontologie végétale. Rev. Gén. Bot. vol. XV.

—— (05) Une nouvelle classe de Gymnospermes: les Ptéridospermées. Rev. Gén. Sci. p. 718.

—— (06) Bassin houiller et Permien de Blanzy et du Creusot (Fasc. ii). Études Gîtes Min. France.

—— (09) Observations sur le Lepidostrobus Brownii. Compt. Rend. vol. CXLVIII. p. 890.

—— (09²) Revue des travaux de Paléontologie végétale (1901–06). Rev. Gén. Bot., vols. XXI, XXII.

=Zenker, J. C.= (37) Scolecopteris elegans Zenk. Ein neues fossiles Farrngewächs mit Fructificationen. Linnaea, vol. XI. p. 509.

INDEX

The Index includes the names of Authors and plants mentioned in this volume. No references are, however, given to the following Authors, whose names occur too frequently to render special reference of use to the reader: A. Brongniart, R. Kidston, A. G. Nathorst, H. Potonié, B. Renault, D. H. Scott, H. Graf zu Solms-Laubach, D. Stur, W. C. Williamson, K. Zeiller.

Abies pectinata, 217

Acrostichites Goeppertianus, 340, 341

A. linnaeaefolius, 340

A. rhombifolius, 340

A. tenuifolius, 332

A. Williamsonis, 339

Acrostichum, 499, 500

A. aureum, 309, 379

A. (Lomariopsis) sorbifolium, 301

Adiantites, 376, 560

A. antiquus, 376, 377

A. lindsayoides, 376, 377

A. Sewardi, 377

Adiantum pedatum, 300

A. apalophyllum, 380

Agathis, 131, 195

A. australis, 95

Alethopteris, 485, 516, 557, 572–576

A. Grandini, 574

A. lonchitica, 399, 553, 574, 575

A. Roesserti, 346

A. Serlii, 575, 576

Alloiopteris, 470, 579

A. Essinghii, 535

Alsophila, 295

A. excelsa, 294

A. tahitiensis, 309

Alsophilina, 372

Amalitzky, W., 498, 513

Anachoropteris Decaisnii, 462

Anachoropteroides, 455

Andrae, K. J., 390

Androstrobus, 88

Aneimia, 287, 288, 346, 350

A. flexuosa, 289

A. phyllitidis, 289

A. rotundifolia, 288, 307

Aneimites, 346

Angiopteridium, 485

A. californicum, 409

Angiopteris, 172, 317, 417, 425, 455, 527

A. evecta, 283, 317–319

A. Richthofeni, 409

Ankyropteris, 365, 450–462, 465

A. bibractensis, 453–456, 471

A. corrugata, 436, 453, 455–462, 471

A. scandens, 450–452, 456, 461, 462, 471

Anomopteris Mougeotii, 329

A. Schlectendalii, 329

Anomozamites, 489

Antrophyum, 499

Aphlebia 525–529, 533–536, 555

A. crispa, 526, 528

A. Germari, 526

Aphyllum cristatum, 127

Araucaria, 25

A. Balansae, 36

A. excelsa, 36

A. imbricata, 93, 211

Araucarieae, 44, 275

Araucarites Cordai, 187

A. gracilis, 84

Arber, E. A. N., 178, 395, 420, 433, 497, 500, 507, 508, 512, 513

Arber, E. A. N. and H. H. Thomas, 214, 222

Arberia, 516

A. minasica, 516

Arberia sp., 517

Archaeopterideae, 565

Archaeopteris, 15, 526, 560–565

A. archetypus, 563–565

A. Dawsoni, 564

A. fimbriata, 563–565

A. fissilis, 563, 564

A. gaspiensis, 563

A. hibernica, 561–565

A. Jacksoni, 563

A. Roemeriana, 563

A. Tschermaki, 564

Archaeosigillaria, 78, 267, 268

A. primaeva, 201, 268

Archangiopteris, 318, 319

Arctopodium insigne, 456

Artis, F. T., 127, 196, 229, 231, 422

Aspidiaria, 124, 127, 128

Aspidites caudatus, 404

Asplenites, 580

A. macrocarpus, 346

A. ottonis, 346

Asplenium Johnstrupi, 369

A. multilineatum, 301

A. nebbense, 344

A. nidus, 485

A. resectum, 300

A. whitbiense, 344

Asterochlaena duplex, 448

A. laxa, 462, 471, 472

A. ramosa, 471

Asterotheca, 398, 409, 426, 576

A. Sternbergii, 398, 400

Aulacopteris, 567

Azolla, 192, 274, 475

Baiera, 307, 390

Baily, W. H., 469, 537, 560, 562

Baker, J. G., 33, 307

Balfour, J. H., 191

Barrois, C., 103

Bartholin, C. T., 392

Bates, H. W., 309

Bennettitales, 396

Bennie, J., 7

Bennie, J. and R. Kidston, 85

Benson, Margaret, 277, 532

Bensonites fusiformis, 469

Bergeria, 124, 126, 127, 174, 181

Bernouillia, 409, 410, 541

Berridge, E. M., 194

Berry, E. W., 543

Bertrand, C. E., 163, 213, 214, 222, 275, 277

Bertrand, C. E. and F. Cornaille, 316

Bertrand, P., 432, 434, 435, 443, 447, 449–452, 462, 467, 468

Binney, E. W., 103, 110, 137, 153, 164, 171, 188, 232, 238, 462, 465

Bischof, — 69

Blanckenhorn, M., 72, 522, 523

Blechnoxylon talbragarense, 509–511

Bommer, C., 40, 353, 361

Boodle, L. A., 20, 21, 24, 304, 311, 468

Bothrodendreae, 248–266

Bothrodendron, 75, 128, 130–133, 137, 188, 209, 234, 240, 248–268, 276

B. kiltorkense, 252, 255, 257–259

B. Leslei, 258

B. minutifolium, 251–256, 262

B. mundum, 256, 262, 263

B. punctatum, 135, 248, 250, 252, 254, 260

B. tenerrimum, 264

Bothrostrobus, 192, 262–264, 278

Botrychioxylon, 459

Botrychium, 169, 427, 438, 459, 510

B. Lunaria, 322

B. virginianum, 322

Botryoptereae, 434–443

Botryopterideae, 325, 365, 375, 427, 432–472

Botryopteris, 436–443

Botryopteris antiqua, 436, 442, 443, 470, 471

B. cylindrica, 436, 438

B. forensis, 437, 438, 442–445, 463, 470

B. hirsuta, 436, 438

B. ramosa, 436, 438, 440, 441, 470

Boulay, N., 251

Bowenia, 549

B. spectabilis, 438

Bower, F. O., 13, 14, 17, 44, 46, 53, 78, 191, 264, 268, 282, 284, 296, 298, 300, 307, 325

Bowman, J. E., 232

Brabenec, — 476

Brainea, 299

Brittsia, 464

B. problematica, 464

Brodie, P. B., 82

Brongniart, A. See note, page 609

Brown, Richard, 232, 233, 237, 239

Brown, Robert, 160, 190

Browne, Lady Isabel, 267, 269

Bruchmann, H., 64

Bunbury, Sir Charles, 348, 352, 481, 570, 572

Butterworth, J., 171, 413

Calamites, 6, 11, 73, 207, 208

C. radiatus, 11, 265, 256

Calamodendron, 73

Calamostachys, 9

Callipteridium, 560

C. gigas, 557

C. pteridium, 560

Callipteris, 556–560

C. Bergeroni, 558

C. conferta, 558–560

C. conferta var. polymorpha, 559

C. flabellifera, 568

C. lyratifolia, 557, 558

Calymmatotheca, 407, 531, 532

C. affinis, 532

C. Stangeri, 531

Campbell, D. H., 68, 192, 308

Camptopteridinae, 385

Camptopteris, 389, 390

C. exilis, 381

C. lunzensis, 385

C. Phillipsii, 383

C. spiralis, 382, 389, 390

Cancellatae, 203

Canna, 517

Cannophyllites, 517

Cardiocarpon, 271

C. anomalum, 271

Cardiopteris, 519, 523–525

C. frondosa, 523–526

C. Hochstetterii var. franconica, 524

C. Zuberi, 540

Carica sp., 202, 203

Carolopteris, 360

Carruthers, W., 27, 130, 137, 163, 171, 175–181, 271, 339, 374, 491, 514, 562, 565

Cash, W. and J. Lomax, 154

Castilloa, 131

Caulopteris, 372, 413, 421, 422

C. anglica, 421

C. gigantea, 424

C. peltigera, 419–422

C. Saportae, 421

C. tessellata, 90

Cephalotheca, 29, 537

C. mirabilis, 536, 537

Ceratopteris, 303

C. thalictroides, 297

Ceratozamia, 565

Cheirolepis, 84

Cheiropteris palmatopedata, 300

Cheirostrobeae, 12

Cheirostrobus, 7–12, 14, 15, 21, 24

C. pettycurensis, 8

Chiropteris, 431

C. spatulata, 431

C. Williamsii, 431

C. Zeilleri, 430

Chodat, R., 280, 281, 316

Chorionopteris gleichenoides, 476

Christ, H., 293

Christ, H. and K. Giesenhagen, 319

Chrysodium lanzaeanum, 350, 378

Cladophlebis, 343–346, 579, 580

C. Albertsii, 344

C. Brownii, 349

C. denticulata, 332, 335, 340–346

C. Dunkeri, 349

C. koraiensis, 349

C. lobifolia, 529

C. Roesserti, 343

C. virginiensis, 340

Clathraria, 203

C. Brardi, 198, 224

Clathropteris, 385–389

C. egyptiaca, 388, 389

C. meniscoides, 386, 387

C. platyphylla, 387

C. whitbyensis, 383

Clepsydropsis, 448–450

C. antiqua, 444, 446, 449

Coenopterideae, 365, 432–472, 526

Coniopteris, 367, 368, 409

C. arguta, 370, 371

C. hymenophylloides, 366–370, 528

C. lunzensis, 367

C. Murrayana, 367

C. quinqueloba, 370

Corda, A. J., 68, 69, 105, 346, 347, 354, 373, 422, 443, 476

Corynepteris, 469, 470, 578

C. coralloides, 445

C. stellata, 469

Cotta, C. B., 412, 443

Coward, K. H., 221

Crematopteris, 523

Crépin, F., 27, 537, 563

Crossotheca, 396

Cryptomeria, 36

Ctenis Leckenbyi, 549

Ctenopteris, 548–550

C. cycadea, 548, 549

C. Sarrani, 541, 549

Ctenozamites, 548

Cyathea, 295, 313

C. dealbata, 344

C. Imrayana, 313

Cyathea sinuata, 295

C. spinulosa, 294

Cyatheaceae, 294–296, 365–375, 403

Cyatheites, 366

Cyathocarpus dentatus, 404

Cyathotrachus altus, 398

Cycadophyta, 484

Cycadopteris, 544, 546

Cycas, 133

C. Micholitzii, 307

Cyclopteris, 560, 561, 566, 571–572

C. angustifolia, 512

C. hibernica, 560

C. Roemeriana, 563

Cyclostigma, 251

C. australe, 259

C. densifolium, 257

C. Griffithsi, 251, 255

C. hercynium, 257

C. kiltorkense, 251, 255, 257

C. minutum, 251, 255

Cyparissidium, 39

Cyperus papyrus, 230

Czekanowskia, 67

Dacrydium, 36

D. cupressinum, 75

D. Kirkii, 75

Dactylotheca, 396, 404–406, 527, 565, 576

D. dentata, 404

D. plumosa, 399, 400, 404–406

Danaea, 321, 398

D. microphylla, 410

D. trichomanoides, 300

Danaeites, 398, 485

D. Heeri, 410

D. sarepontanus, 398, 400

Danaeopsis, 407

D. Hughesi, 409

D. marantacea, 408

D. Storrsii, 345

Darwin, C., 103, 301, 514

Davallia, 28, 293, 296, 366

D. aculeata, 299, 300, 355, 533

D. concinna, 294

Dawes, J. S., 130, 137, 153

Dawson, Sir J. W., 26–29, 177, 257, 346, 476, 563

Debey, M. H. and C. von Ettingshausen, 355, 360

Dechenia Roemeriana, 257

Dennstaedtiinae, 296

Derbyella, 516

D. aurita, 517

Dichopteris, 550–552

D. lanceolata, 551

D. visianica, 550, 551

Dicksonia, 293, 366, 374

D. antarctica, 424

D. Bertervana, 295

Dicksonia coniifolia, 294

D. culcita, 294

D. Johnstrupi, 369, 370

D. lobifolia, 529

Dicksonites Pluckeneti, 366

Dictophyllum, 380–385

D. acutilobum, 381

D. exile, 381–383, 386

D. Fuchsi, 385

D. Nathorsti, 383, 385, 387

D. Nilssoni, 382

D. rugosum, 380, 383–385

Dictyopteris, 571, 572

Dictyoxylon, 220

Didymochlaena, 574

Didymophyllum Schollini, 124

Didymosorus comptonifolius, 355

Diplolabis, 433, 434, 446–449, 465

D. esnostensis, 447, 448

D. forensis, 444–446

Diplotmema, 351, 530, 533–537

D. furcatum, 529, 536

D. Zeilleri, 535, 536

Dipteridinae, 298, 380–394

Dipteris, 308, 312, 381, 390, 393, 394, 533

D. bifurcata, 298

D. conjugata, 297, 298, 384

D. Lobbiana, 298

D. quinquefurcata, 297

D. Wallichii, 297, 298

Discopteris, 402, 403

D. cristata, 402, 403

D. karwinensis, 402, 403

D. Rallii, 340, 500

D. Schumanni, 402

Drymoglossum carnosum, 304

Drynaria fascia, 411

Dunker, W., 390

Eichwald, E. d’, 326, 329

Endogenites, 412

Engler, A., 282

Equisetales, 10, 15

Etapteris, 435, 465

E. Scotti, 444, 462, 463

Etheridge, R., 505, 510

Ettingshausen, C. von, 25, 364, 376, 537, 542

Eufilicineae, 283–316

Euphorbia, 196, 231

Euphorbites vulgaris, 196, 198

Eu-Sigillariae, 203

Eusphenopteris tenella, 407

Farmer, J. B. and T. G. Hill, 318, 418

Favularia, 198, 203

Fée, A. L. A., 301

Feistmantel, C., 84, 126, 136, 137, 346, 372, 409, 430, 489, 513, 540, 541

Feistmantel, O., 430

Felix, J., 438

Ferns, fossil, 324–472

—— recent, 280–323

Ficoidites verrucosus, 231

Filicales, 280–472

Filicites arborescens, 577

F. cycadea, 548

F. dubius, 181, 496

F. lineatus, 537

F. lonchiticus, 574

F. meniscoides, 386

F. Miltoni, 399

F. Nilssoniana, 482

F. plumosus, 404

F. pteridius, 560

Fitting, H., 72, 73

Flemingites, 181

F. Pedroanus, 177

Fliche, P., 73, 90, 91

Flicheia esnostensis, 448

Fontaine, W. M., 342, 343, 345, 352, 362, 363, 368, 378, 543

Fontaine, W. M. and I. C. White, 424, 487, 570

Frič, A. and E. Bayer, 375, 474

Fritel, P. H., 476

Fritsch, K. von, 524

Forbes, E., 380, 560

Fucoides, 525

Gangamopteris, 512–517

G. cyclopteroides, 514–516

G. kashmirensis, 516, 517

Gangamopteris flora, 181, 513

Gardiner, Stanley, 43

Gardner, J. S., 82

Gardner, J. S. and C. von Ettingshausen, 339, 350, 380, 394

Geinitz, H. B., 26, 79, 130, 174, 233, 402, 491, 540, 561

Germar, E. F., 69, 201, 265

Geyler, H. T., 378

Gilkinet, A., 28, 537

Ginkgo, 307

G. digitata, 376

Gleichenia, 83, 311, 312, 351, 446, 526, 533

G. circinata, 289

G. Cunninghami, 300

G. dicarpa, 290, 310, 351, 354

G. dichotoma, 290, 291

G. dubia, 344

G. hantonensis, 355

G. linearis, 291

G. lineata, 540

G. moniliformis, 291

Gleicheniaceae, 288–291, 351–355

Gleichenites, 351

G. elegans, 353

G. gracilis, 353

G. hantonensis, 356

G. longipennis, 354

G. microphyllus, 353

G. neuropteroides, 351

G. Nordenskioldii, 354

G. Rostafinskii, 290, 353

G. Zippei, 354, 355

Glenopteris, 538

Glossopteris, 309, 496–512

G. angustifolia, 507, 508, 509

G. angustifolia var. taeniopteroides, 508

G. Browniana, 496–507

G. conspicua, 512

Glossopteris flora, 181, 513, 514

G. indica, 505–508, 512

G. longifolia, 482

G. Phillipsi, 480

G. retifera, 511, 512

G. Tatei, 512

Goebel, K., 301, 526

Goeppert, H. R., 124, 228, 233, 235, 351, 366, 385, 398

Goldenberg, F., 76, 77, 79, 86, 87, 126, 198, 208, 217, 231

Gomphostrobus, 25, 26

Gonatosorus Nathorsti, 366

Goniopteris unita, 397

Gordon, W. T., 177, 447, 448, 471

Gradatae, 285, 298

Grammatopteris, 434–436, 443, 471

G. Rigolloti, 434

Grand’Eury, C., 137, 200, 204, 205, 226, 234–238, 352, 366, 398, 414, 426, 464, 532, 534, 555–557, 565, 567, 572, 575, 576

Gresley, W. S., 228

Grigoriew, N., 524

Gunn, Marcus, 361, 392

Gunnera, 528

G. manicata, 527

Gutbier, A. von, 525, 572

Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T., 113, 314, 327, 375, 461

Gymnogramme reniformis, 300

Haliserites Dechianus, 27

Halle, T. G., 76–80, 83, 87

Halonia, 128, 135–139, 148, 150, 153, 154

H. regularis, 141, 153

H. tortuosa, 136

Hapalopteris, 406

Harcourt, C. G. V. V., 160

Harvey, W. H., 303

Harvey-Gibson, R. J., 51, 54, 55

Haughton, S., 251, 255

Hausmannia, 390–394

H. dichotoma, 391, 392

H. Forchammeri, 392

H. Kohlmanni, 374, 392

H. Richteri, 393

H. Sewardi, 374, 393

Hawkshaw, J., 232, 238

Hawlea, 398, 400, 401, 576

H. Miltoni, 399, 400

H. pulcherrima, 399, 400

Hayden, H. H., 514

Heer, O., 11, 25, 84, 257, 351, 354, 355, 368, 369, 375, 407, 410, 411, 474

Hegelmaier, F., 43

Helminthostachys, 322, 434, 436, 438

Hemingway, W., 79, 253, 571, 574

Hemitelia capensis, 302, 304, 528

Hemitelites, 366

Henry, A., 319

Hepaticae, 308

Heterangium, 77, 351, 532

Hexagonocarpon, 572

Hick, T., 157–159, 438

Hill, A. W., 42, 164, 286

Hill, T. G., 61, 65

Hofmeister, W., 56, 63

Hollick, A., 25, 474, 475

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 40, 130, 246, 309

Hooker, Sir J. and E. W. Binney, 185

Hooker, Sir William, 291

Hose, C., 291

Hostinella, 28

Hovelacque, M., 111

Hutton, W., 255

Hydropterideae, 280, 284, 473–483

Hymenophyllaceae, 294, 301, 363–365, 434, 465

Hymenophyllites, 363

H. patentissima, 364

H. Phillipsi, 367

H. quadridactylites, 365

Hymenophyllum dilatatum, 289

H. tunbridgense, 294, 300, 315

H. waldenburgense, 363

H. Weissi, 364

H. Wilsoni, 294

Hymenopteris psilotoides, 378

Inversicatenales, 432

Isoetaceae, 33, 58–66

Isoetes, 30–33, 46, 58–68, 72, 88–91, 103, 175, 184, 191, 208, 217, 246, 269, 274, 277, 278

Isoetes Boryana, 60

I. Braunii, 68

I. Choffati, 66

I. echinospora, 58, 59

I. hystrix, 33, 60, 61, 65, 66

I. lacustris, 33, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66

I. Scheuzeri, 68

I. setacea, 68

Isoetites, 67, 68

I. Choffati, 67

I. crociformis, 67

Isoetopsis, 68

I. subaphylla, 68

Jack, R. L. and R. Etheridge, 509

Jahn, J. J., 28

Jamesonia, 304, 312

Jeffrey, E. C., 113, 310, 312, 315

Jordan, R., 461

Juncus, 58

Karsten, G., 301

Kaulfussia, 321, 434

Kerr, T., 164

Kidston, B. See note, page 609

Kidston, B. and J. Bennie, 191

Kidston, B. and D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan, 267, 314, 326, 329, 334, 338, 346, 377, 461, 472

Kidstonia heracleensis, 325, 340

Klukia, 348

K. exilis, 347–349, 370

Knorr, G. W., 124

Knorria, 124–127, 174

K. imbricata, 255

K. mirabilis, 125

Knowlton, F. H., 350, 380

Kolbe, — 335

König, C., 209

Krasser, F., 181, 361, 409, 410, 474, 550, 552, 563

Kubart, B., 195

Kunze, — 307

Kurr, J. G., 431, 544

Laccopteris, 355–361, 411

L. Dunkeri, 361

L. elegans, 357

L. Goepperti, 357, 358

L. Muensteri, 374

L. polypodioides, 358–361, 374

L. Woodwardi, 360

Laminaria bulbosa, 71

Lamouroux, J., 572

Lang, W. H., 47, 49, 194, 195

Lavoisiera lycopodioides, 40, 75

Leckenby, J., 549

Leckenbya, 353

Leiodermaria, 198

Leiodermariae, 203

Leitgeb, H., 55

Lepidocarpon, 58, 92, 271–279

L. Lomaxi, 272–275

L. Wildianum, 274

Lepidodendron, 7–10, 27, 28, 34, 40–43, 55, 60–63, 71–77, 90–192, 196, 199–201, 207–211, 217–225, 230–249, 267–270, 312, 331

L. aculeatum, 142, 155, 156

L. anglicum, 264

L. australe, 178–181

L. brevifolium, 175, 176, 222

L. cyclostigma, 264

L. dichotomum, 178

L. discophorum, 209

L. esnostense, 99, 113, 139, 140, 266

L. fuliginosum, 21, 139, 141–162, 169, 175, 177, 191, 246, 262

L. gaspianum, 27

L. Harcourtii, 113, 139, 141, 143, 160–163, 170–178, 182, 189, 191, 262, 266, 275, 333

L. Hickii, 101, 166, 161

L. longifolium, 97

L. Losseni, 253

L. macrophyllum, 171, 176

L. mammillatum, 266

L. mundum, 241, 260–263

L. nothum, 180

L. obovatum, 139, 142, 154, 156

L. ottonis, 224

L. Peachii, 201

L. Pedroanum, 177, 178

L. punctatum, 371

L. rhodumnense, 140, 266, 333

L. saalfeldense, 141

L. selaginoides, 110

L. Spenceri, 192

L. Sternbergii, 97, 98, 110

L. tenerrimum, 260

L. vasculare, 109–123, 139, 145, 148, 152, 163, 166, 169, 189, 266, 334

L. Veltheimi, 172

L. Veltheimianum, 94, 99, 101, 125–129, 134, 141, 171–178, 187, 188, 209, 222, 223, 245, 249, 255

L. vereenigense, 105

L. volkmannianum, 105

L. Williamsoni, 141, 142

L. Wortheni, 200, 201

L. Wükianum, 257

L. Wünschianum, 142, 152, 161–171, 187, 222, 223, 245

Lepidophloios, 104–109, 138, 139, 142, 153, 154, 157, 170, 171

L. Dessorti, 106

L. fuliginosus, 141

L. laricinus, 137

L. scoticus, 106, 135, 136, 185

Lepidophyllum, 181

Lepidospermae, 278

Lepidostrobus, 9, 39, 46, 60, 175, 181–192, 209, 248, 263, 272, 274, 496

L. Bailyanus, 257

L. Brownii, 189–191

L. fimbriatus, 46

L. foliaceus, 192, 193

L. insignis, 192, 193

L. oldhamius, 188

L. Olryi, 248–253

L. ornatus, 181, 187, 188

L. variabilis, 187, 188

L. Veltheimianus, 175

L. Wünschianus, 171

L. Zeilleri, 264

Leptophloeum rhombicum, 180

Leptosporangiate Filicales, 283–316, 324–394

Lesleya, 510, 517–519

L. Delafondi, 487, 518

L. ensis, 518

L. grandis, 518

L. simplicinervis, 518, 519

Leslie, T. N., 105, 178, 258, 508

Lesquereux, L., 77, 201, 419, 510, 517, 563, 570, 571, 573

Leuthardt, F., 332, 343, 353, 408, 410

Lhywd, E., 570

Lignier, O., 15, 23

Lindley, J., 67, 82, 84

Lindley, J. and W. Hutton, 128, 130, 135, 160, 209, 210, 221, 239, 249, 405, 421, 431, 481, 494, 530, 571

Lindman, C. A. M., 473

Lindsaya, 311–313, 377

Linopteris, 567, 572, 573

L. Brongniarti, 572

L. neuropteroides, 572, 573

L. obliqua, 572, 573

L. Schutzei, 572

Lithosmunda minor, 570

Logan, W. E., 228, 232

Lomatophloios macrolepidotus, 182

Lomatophloyos Wünschianus, 163

Lomatopteris, 544–546

L. jurensis, 544, 545

L. Schimperi, 546

Lomax, J., 4, 240, 260

Lomax, J. and F. E. Weiss, 110

Lonchopteris, 494, 576

L. Bricei, 576

L. Mantelli, 494

L. rugosa, 576

L. virginiensis, 331, 332

Loxsoma, 293, 298, 312

Loxsomaceae, 293

Loxsomopsis costaricensis, 293

Lycopodiaceae, 33–49

Lycopodiales, 7, 10, 14, 30–279

Lycopodites, 28, 74–84

L. carbonaceus, 251

Lycopodiopsis Derbyi, 178

Lycopodites ciliatus, 79

L. elongatus, 79, 87

L. falcatus, 39, 76, 83, 84

L. Gutbieri, 79

L. lanceolatus, 81–83

L. macrophyllus, 79, 80, 85, 171

L. Milleri, 28

L. Reidii, 78, 79

L. scanicus, 83

L. squamatus, 76

L. Stockii, 78

L. suissei, 85

L. tenerrimus, 84

L. Vanuxemi, 78

L. victoriae, 84

L. Zeilleri, 80

Lycopodium, 17, 24, 30–51, 56, 60, 63–66, 74–78, 82, 88, 96, 194, 195, 215, 251, 253, 263, 417

L. alopecuroides, 32, 82

L. alpinum, 32, 41

L. annotinum, 32

L. arboreum, 76

L. casuarinoides, 35, 39

L. cernuum, 31, 37, 39, 41–49, 93, 185, 194, 217

L. clavatum, 32, 40, 41, 46

L. complanatum, 87

L. cruentum, 32

L. Dalhousianum, 35, 38, 42

L. densum, 40

L. dichotomum, 34, 35, 41, 44, 46, 106

L. elongatum, 87

L. eryithraeum, 36

L. falcatum, 83

L. inundatum, 32, 43, 44

L. nummularifolium, 35, 38

L. obscurum, 38, 39, 93

L. Phlegmaria, 39, 44, 45, 78

L. primaevum, 86

L. rufescens, 34–36

L. saururus, 41, 42

L. selaginoides, 33

L. Selago, 4, 32, 34, 44, 87, 133, 256

L. serratum, 42

L. squarrosum, 36, 38, 39

L. tetragonum, 35, 39, 76

L. verticillatum, 39

L. volubile, 35, 39

Lycopsida, 312

Lycostrobus, 88–91

L. Scotti, 88–91

Lyginodendron, 140, 221, 270, 460, 510, 532, 565

Lygodium, 42, 287, 311, 446, 533, 534, 537

L. dichotomum, 337

L. Kaulfussi, 350

Lyon, F. M., 57, 58

McCoy, Sir F., 180, 491, 500, 512

McNicol, Mary, 461

Macroglossum alidae, 321

Macrotaeniopteris, 486

M. Feddeni, 489

M. Wianamattae, 489

Macrozamia corallipes, 382

M. Fawcettiae, 382

Malaquin, M., 103

Marattia, 320, 408, 409, 417, 455, 485, 527

M. fraxinea, 317, 320, 528

M. Hookeri, 350, 411

M. Kaulfussii, 320, 397, 401, 411

Marattiaceae, 316–321, 351, 352, 395, 411, 434, 447, 565, 576

Marattiales, 316–321, 395–411

Marattiopsis, 407–409

Marattiopsis marantacea, 358, 408, 409

M. Muensteri, 320, 408, 409

Marion, A. F., 25, 26

Mariopteris, 351, 533–536

M. muricata, 534, 553

Marsilia, 473, 477–479

M. Andersoni, 474

M. cretacea, 474

M. Drummondi, 474

Marsilia elata, 474

M. Nathorsti, 474

M. perucensis, 474

M. quadrifoliata, 473

Marsiliaceae, 473–475

Marsilidium, 474

M. speciosum, 474

Martin, W., 229

Martius, K. F. P. von, 420

Maslen, A. J., 187, 189, 190

Matonia, 291, 292, 298, 308, 316, 381, 420, 533

M. pectinata, 289–293, 300, 310, 314, 356, 357, 362, 363, 383

M. sarmentosa, 291, 310

Matonidium, 63, 310, 355, 359, 361–363

M. Althausii, 362, 363

M. Goepperti, 362

M. Wiesneri, 358, 363

Matonineae, 291–293, 355–363

Medullosa, 558, 567

M. anglica, 574

Megalopteris, 509

Megaloxylon, 331

Megaphyton, 413–415, 422

M. frondosum, 422

M. insigne, 421

M. McLayi, 422

Mellor, E. T. and T. N. Leslie, 233

Mertensides, 352

Mesostrobus, 195

Metaclepsydropsis, 447–450

M. duplex, 448–450

Mettenius, G., 223, 424, 425

Miadesmia, 92, 275–279

M. membranacea, 275, 276

Microcachrys tetragona, 76

Microdictyon, 360

Miller, H., 27, 28, 532

Mixoneura, 555

Mixtae, 285

Mohl, H. von, 63

Mohlengraaff, G. A. F., 505

Mohria, 287

Möller, H., 392, 481

Monogramme, 306

Morris, J., 185, 191, 539

Münster, G. Graf zu, 24, 67–69

Muscites falcatus, 83

Myeloxylon, 556, 574

Nägeli, K. W. von, 55

Naiadaceae, 82

Naiadea acuminata, 81

N. lanceolata, 81

N. petiolata, 81

Naiadita, 82, 83

N. lanceolata, 81

Naiadites acuminatus, 81

Nathorst, A. G. See note, page 609

Nathorstia, 361, 410, 411

N. angustifolia, 410

N. latifolia, 410

Nephrodium filix-mas, 313

Nerium oleander, 567

Neuropteridium, 519–523, 525

N. grandifolium, 519, 522

N. intermedium, 521–523

N. Plantianum, 521

N. validum, 519–523, 525, 559

N. Voltzii, 523

Neuropteris, 398, 516, 526, 528, 552, 553, 556, 557, 565–572, 579, 580

N. cordata, var. angustifolia, 570

N. cordata, var. densineura, 524

N. conferta, 559

N. Goeppertiana, 340

N. Grangeri, 567

N. heterophylla, 351, 535, 568

N. hirsuta, 570

N. horrida, 571

N. macrophylla, 535, 569

N. pseudogigantea, 567

N. recentior, 339

N. Scheuchzeri, 535, 569–571

N. valida, 520

Newberry, J. S., 431

Nilssonia, 485

Nipa, 309

Noeggerathia, 428–431, 560

N. acuminifissa, 563

N. flabellata, 431

N. foliosa, 429

N. obovata, 514

Noeggerathiopsis, 233, 516

Northampton, Marquis of, 190

Odontopteris, 516, 526, 528, 552–558, 560, 567, 571

O. cf. alpina, 555

O. Browni, 556

O. cycadea, 548

O. Fischeri, 556

O. genuina, 556, 557

O. jurensis, 544

O. macrophylla, 540

O. minor, 554, 555

O. osmundaeformis, 554

O. Plantiana, 519, 521

O. Reichiana, 555

O. Wortheni, 555

Oldham, R. D., 497, 501, 503, 505, 510

Oldham, T. and J. Morris, 84

Oleandra, 301

O. neriiformis, 485, 492

Oleandridium, 485, 486

O. lentriculiforme, 492

Oligocarpia, 409

O. Brongniarti, 352, 364

O. Gutbieri, 352

Oliver, F. W., 437, 443, 532

Omphalophloios, 264–266

O. anglicus, 197, 264

Oncopteris, 372, 373

O. Nettvalli, 373

Onoclea hebraidica, 380

O. sensibilis, 380

O. struthiopteris, 303, 344, 502, 503

Onychiopsis, 369, 377–380

O. elongata, 378

O. Mantelli, 374, 378, 379

O. psilotoides, 378

Ophioglossaceae, 321–323, 434

Ophioglossales, 427–431

Ophioglossites antiqua, 428

Ophioglossum, 12, 321, 428

O. palmatum, 322

O. pendulum, 321

O. vulgatum, 321, 322

Osmunda, 267, 341, 567

O. cinnamomea, 286, 333, 339

O. Claytoniana, 314, 315, 333, 338

O. lignitum, 339

O. regalis, 285, 286, 331, 338, 342

O. Sturii, 339

Osmundaceae, 285, 286, 308, 314, 315, 324–346, 403, 409, 434, 443, 448, 461, 472

Osmundites Dowkeri, 338, 339

O. Dunlopi, 331–334, 337, 346

O. Gibbiana, 335, 339

O. Kolbei, 334–337

O. skidegatensis, 337, 338

O. Sturii, 339

Otopteris cuneata, 481

Otozamites Beani, 307

Ottokaria bengalensis, 498

O. ovalis, 498

Pachyphloeus tetragonus, 171

Pachypteris, 550, 552

P. dalmatica, 550

P. lanceolata, 550

Pachytesta, 574, 575

Palaeojulus dyadieus, 401, 402

Palaeopteris, 560, 561

P. hibernica var. minor, 563

Palmatopteris, 533, 535, 537

P. furcata, 537

Parapecopteris, 398

P. neuropteroides, 398, 399

Parkeriaceae, 297

Parkinson, J., 181, 231, 413, 575

Paullinia thalictrifolia, 307

Peach, C. W., 530

Pecopteris, 298, 398, 494, 532, 541, 557, 576–580

P. abbreviata, 399

P. arborescens, 422, 529, 577, 578

P. bullatus, 352

P. caespitosa, 359

P. crenifolia, 359

P. cristata, 402

P. curtata, 339

P. cyathea, 422

P. dentata, 339, 404

P. denticulata, 343

P. exilis, 348

P. Huttoniana, 340

P. ligata, 359

P. Miltoni, 399

P. Phillipsii, 343

P. Pluckeneti, 419, 426, 576, 579

P. plumosa, 399, 404

P. polymorpha, 579

P. recentior, 339

P. reticulata, 494

P. Rutimeyeri, 343

P. serra, 404

P. Sterzeli, 419, 426, 579

P. tenuis, 339

P. undans, 345

P. unita, 397, 579

P. whitbiensis, 339, 343, 344

P. Williamsonis, 339

P. Zippei, 354

Pelourde, F., 448

Penhallow, D. P., 28, 78, 337

Petver, — 231

Phanerosorus, 292

Phillips, J., 67, 348

Phlebopteris Phillipsi, 383

P. polypodioides, 358

P. propinqua, 358

P. Woodwardi, 360

Phragmites, 206

Phyllachne clavigera, 40

Phyllites nervulosis, 383

Phyllocladus, 542, 543

Phylloglossum, 30, 31, 33

P. Drummondi, 33

Phytolithus cancellatus, 126

P. parmatus, 129

P. verrucosus, 231

Picea excelsa, 94

Pilularia, 67, 473

P. globulifera, 473

P. minuta, 473

P. pedunculata, 475

Pinakodendron, 264

P. musivum, 268

Pinus, 194

P. attenuata, 134

P. clausa, 134

P. excelsa, 174, 182

P. longifolia, 95, 98

Plagiogyria, 297

Plant, N., 177

Platyzoma, 291

P. microphylla, 312

Pleuromeia, 66–73, 91, 141

P. oculina, 69

P. Sternbergii, 68–70

Podocarpus, 210

P. dacrydioides, 75

Podoloma polypodioides, 394

Poecilitostachys, 91

P. Hangi, 91

Polypodiaceae, 296, 375–380

Polypodium, 344

P. Billardieri, 302

P. carnosum, 301

P. heracleifolius, 383

P. oregonense, 377

P. quercifolium, 297, 298, 302, 303, 392, 528

P. vulgare, 301, 313, 577

Potonié, H. See p. 609

Prantl, K., 296

Presl, C. B., 127, 356, 390, 407, 477, 525, 572

Prestwick. J., 229

Primofilices, 433

Protophyllocladus, 543

Protopteris, 370–374, 390

P. punctata, 373–375

P. Sternbergii, 371

P. Witteana, 374, 375

Protorhipis asarifolius, 390

Protosalvinia, 476

Psaronieae, 412–426

Psaronius, 309, 372, 396, 412–426, 452

P. asterolithus, 416

P. brasiliensis, 420

P. coalescens, 416, 420

P. Cottai, 415

P. Cromptonensis, 413, 425

P. infarctus, 415–421, 424

P. musaeformis, 416, 420

P. Renaulti, 413, 418, 420, 425

P. Sterzeli, 419, 420

Pseudobornia, 11

P. ursina, 8

Psilophyton, 26–29

P. Dechianum, 27

P. filiformis, 24

P. princeps, 26–29

P. robustius, 27, 29

Psilotaceae, 12–15

Psilotales, 17–29

Psilotiphyllum, 26

Psilotites, 24, 25

P. filiformis, 24

P. lithranthracis, 25

P. unilateralis, 25

Psilotum, 12–24, 26, 29, 237

P. complanatum, 18

P. triquetrum, 17, 18, 20

Psygmophyllum, 431

Pteridospermaphyta, 278

Pteridosperms, 282, 395, 396, 403, 407, 426, 484–580

Pteridotheca, 325, 375

P. Butterworthi, 325

Pteris, 312, 580

P. aquilina, 305–309

P. arguta, 344

Pteropsida, 312

Ptilozamites, 539, 546, 547, 550

P. Heeri, 546–548

Ptychocarpus, 397, 411, 576, 578

P. oblongus, 397

P. unita, 397, 400, 578

Ptychopteris, 413, 414, 422–424

Rachiopteris antiqua, 449

R. corrugata, 450, 455, 460

R. cylindrica, 438

R. duplex, 447, 448

R. hirsuta, 436, 438, 442

R. inaequalis, 453, 454

R. insignis, 456

R. irregularis, 453, 454

R. ramosa, 436, 440

R. tridentata, 438

Raciborski, M., 339, 341, 348, 353, 543

Regnellidium, 473, 479

R. diphyllum, 474, 479

Reinecke, F., 301

Reinsch, P. F., 192

Renault, B. See note, p. 609

Renault, B. and C. Grand’Eury, 219

Renault, B. and A. Roche, 204

Renault, B. and R. Zeiller, 510, 555, 560, 571, 577

Renaultia, 394, 406

Renier, A., 133

Rhacophyllum, 525

R. crispum, 526

Rhaciopterideae, 449

Rhacophyton condrusorum, 537

Rhacopteris, 426, 430, 431, 525, 563, 564

R. flabellata, 428

R. paniculifera, 428

Rhizodendron oppoliense, 375

Rhizomopteris, 381

R. cruciata, 388

R. major, 383

R. Schenki, 382

Rhodea, 27, 129, 196, 251

R. moravica, 364

R. patentissima, 364

Rhytidodendron, 251

R. minutifolium, 251

Rhytidolepis, 198, 203, 222, 237

Richter, P. B., 390, 392, 393

Rodway, J., 93

Roehl, von, 571

Roemer, F., 571

Rotularia cuneifolia, 1

Royle, J. F., 501

Rudolph, K., 414, 417, 418

Ruffordia, 350

R. Goepperti, 349, 350

Saccoloma, 420

S. adiantoides, 424

Sadleria, 344

Salfeld, H., 545, 546

Sagenaria Bischofi, 69

S. Veltheimiana, 171

Sagenopteris, 431, 477–483

S. angustifolia, 478, 482

S. bilobata, 481

S. cuneata, 481

S. grandifolia, 482

S. longifolia, 482

S. Mantelli, 431, 482

S. Nathorsti, 482

S. Nilssoniana, 478

S. Phillipsi, 431, 478–482

S. Phillipsi, f. pusilla, 482

S. rhoifolia, 479–482

Salvinia, 475

S. Alleni, 25

S. auriculata, 476

S. elliptica, 475

S. formosa, 476

S. natans, 475

S. reticulata, 25

S. Zeilleri, 476

Salviniaceae, 475–477

Samaropsis, 517

Saporta, le Marquis de, 66–68, 351, 360, 380, 545, 546, 548, 552

Schenk, A., 341, 352, 356, 358, 361, 363, 474, 482, 492, 544, 545, 549

Scheuchzer, J. T., 570, 574

Schimper, W. P., 25, 190, 257, 364, 376, 477, 486, 496, 523, 544, 546, 560, 579

Schimper, W. P. and A. Mougeot, 90, 519

Schizaea, 312

S. dichotoma, 307

S. elegans, 287, 307

S. pusilla, 287

Schizaeaceae, 286, 287, 346–351

Schizoneura, 523

Schizopteris, 525

S. adnascens, 404

S. pinnata, 445, 464

S. lactuca, 526

Schizostachys frondosus, 464

Schlotheim, E. F. von, 413, 560, 574, 577

Schmalhausen, J., 257, 563

Schuster, J., 559

Schwarz, E. H. L., 259

Scleropteris, 552, 578

S. Pomelii, 552

Scolecopteris, 401, 402, 426

S. elegans, 400, 401

S. polymorpha, 401

Scolopendrium nigripes, 300, 513

S. vulgare, 513

Scott, D. H. See note, p. 609

Scott, Mrs D. H., 192, 469

Selaginella, 17, 30–33, 39, 49–58, 74–77, 85, 87, 88, 184, 215, 217, 263, 274–278

S. apus, 57

S. arabica, 80

S. Berthoudi, 84

S. caulescens, 85

S. erythropus, 53

S. grandis, 50–53, 75, 84

S. inaequalifolia, 54

S. laevigata, 54

S. lepidophylla, 33

S. Martensii, 51, 53

S. revoluta, 80

S. rupestris, 52, 56, 57

S. spinosa, 31, 33, 50, 52, 53, 55, 278, 440

S. spinulosa, 23

S. Willdenowii, 52, 53

Selaginellaceae, 32, 33

Selaginellites, 74–77, 85–88

S. elongatus, 80, 87, 88

S. primaevus, 80, 86–88

S. suissei, 79, 85–88

Sellards, E. H., 486, 488, 538

Senftenbergia, 347, 404

S. elegans, 346, 364

S. plumosa, 404

Shattock, S. G., 131

Sigillaria, 39, 43, 44, 55, 61, 66, 69–75, 92, 98, 99, 105, 109, 110, 128, 140, 170, 196–226, 230, 231, 234, 238–240, 248, 266–269, 421

S. Brardi, 179, 180, 198, 200–203, 207, 210, 212, 213, 219, 224–226, 241, 261, 265–267

S. denudata, 203

S. discophora, 139, 209, 249

S. elegans, 160, 197, 217–224

S. elongata, 221, 222, 224

S. Eugenii, 198

S. laevigata, 198, 200, 202

S. lepidodendrifolia, 200

S. McMurtriei, 199

S. mammillaris, 198, 199

S. Menardi, 224

S. minutifolia, 251

S. mutans, 224

S. oculina, 69–73

S. pachyderma, 198

S. rimosa, 248

S. rhomboidea, 203

S. rugosa, 197, 198, 200

S. scutellata, 196, 198, 212, 221, 222

S. spinulosa, 201, 212, 219, 224

S. Sternbergii, 69

S. Taylori, 209

S. tessellata, 197

S. vascularis, 110

S. Vanuxemi, 78

S. xylina, 221

Sigillariophyllum, 200

Sigillariopsis, 213, 214

S. Decaisnei, 213

S. sulcata, 214

Sigillariostrobus, 200, 215–217

S. bifidus, 26

S. ciliatus, 216

S. major, 217, 226

S. nobilis, 215

S. rhombibracteatus, 216

S. Teighemi, 215, 216

Simplices, 284, 298

Smith, G. O. and D. White, 28, 563

Solenites Murrayana, 67

Sollas, Igerna B. J., 82, 83

Solms-Laubach, H. Graf zu. See note, p. 609

Speirocarpus, 409

S. tenuifolius, 332

S. virginiensis, 332

Spencerites, 47, 49, 192–195, 263

S. insignis, 192–195

S. membranaceus, 195

Sphenolepidium, 39

Sphenophyllales, 1–16

Sphenophyllostachys, 7, 9

S. Dawsoni, 1, 2, 6, 14

S. fertilis, 4, 5, 12

S. Roemeri, 1–3, 14

Sphenophyllum, 1–7, 10–17, 21, 430

S. cuneifolium, 2

S. fertile, 4

S. majus, 2, 3, 14

S. myriophyllum, 2

S. plurifoliatum, 2, 4

S. trichomatosum, 3, 4

Sphenopteris, 529–578

S. affinis, 530–532

S. arguta, 367, 368

S. caudata, 404

S. condrusorum, 537

S. coralloides, 470

S. cristata, 402, 366

S. dissecta, 532

S. elegans, 532

S. furcata, 529, 530, 535

S. Hoeninghausi, 532

S. hymenophylloides, 367, 368

S. Linkii, 532

S. Mantelli, 378

S. Matheti, 526

S. nephrocarpa, 367

S. obtusiloba, 529, 530

S. petiolata, 446

S. quinqueloba, 370

S. Rallii, 325, 402

S. stipata, 367

Spieker, T., 69

Spiropteris, 579

Spirorbis, 102–104

Sprengel, A., 412

Stangeria paradoxa, 307

Staphylopteris Peachii, 531

Stauropteris, 433, 434, 465–469

S. burntislandica, 468, 469

S. oldhamia, 444, 450, 465–468

Steffensia silesiaca, 404

Steinhauer, H., 126–128, 228, 229

Stenzel, C. G., 375, 417, 418, 435, 450–453

Sternberg, C. von, 105, 110, 124, 126, 198, 413, 573

Sterzel, J. T., 366, 402, 412, 413

Stiehler, A. W., 494

Stigmaria, 66, 141, 153, 158, 226–247, 256, 261, 265

S. anabathra, 231

S. ficoides, 158, 159, 174, 226–232, 236–239, 246, 247, 256, 261

S. ficoides minuta, 255

S. flexuosa, 239

S. inaequalis, 174

S. radiculosa, 157–160

S. rimosa, 226

S. stellata, 247

Stigmariopsis, 205, 208, 233–239

S. anglica, 235

Stokes and Webb, 494

Stopes, Marie C., 436

Strasburger, E., 398

Stromatopteris, 291

Stur, D. See note, p. 609

Sturiella, 324

Sub-Sigillariae, 203

Sudworth, G. B., 134

Sykes, M. Gladys, 23, 47

Syringodendron, 198, 204, 205, 221, 226, 233, 238

S. esnostense, 204

S. striatum, 198

Szajnocha, L., 540

Taeniopteris, 485–494, 508, 509

T. Beyrichii, 494

T. Carnoti, 485, 488, 490

T. Carruthersi, 491

T. coriacea, 488, 490

T. Daintreei, 490, 491

T. gigantea, 489

T. immersa, 492

T. jejunata, 485, 488

T. Jourdyi, 489

T. lata, 489

T. Lescuriana, 487

T. major, 494

T. marantacea, 407, 408

T. mareyiaca, 491

T. missouriensis, 485

T. multinervis, 486–488

T. Newberriana, 488

T. spatulata, 489, 490

T. superba, 489

T. tenuinervis, 489, 492

T. virgulata, 492

T. vittata, 485, 489, 492–494

Tafalla graveolens, 40, 75

Tansley, A. G., 16, 280, 310, 440, 446

Telangium, 532

T. Scotti, 532

Teratophyllum aculeatum, 301, 405

Thamnocladus, 27

Thamnopteris, 326, 329–331, 334, 337, 338

T. Schlechtendalii, 329, 330, 448, 453

Thaumatopteris, 385

T. Brauniana, 385

T. Muensteri, 386

T. Schenki, 385

Theobroma, 209

Thinnfeldia, 537–552, 556

T. falcata, 540

T. Fontainei, 543

T. lancifolia, 539

T. odontopteroides, 538, 541–543, 546

T. rhomboidalis, 542–545

T. tenuinervis, 540

T. variabilis, 482, 543

Thoday, D., 6

Thomas, A. P. W., 12, 13, 17, 19, 23

Thomas, Ethel N., 239

Thompson, D’Arcy W., 131, 209

Thyrsopteris, 295, 296, 369

T. elegans, 289, 294, 308, 368

T. elongata, 378

T. Murrayana, 367

T. rarinervis, 369

T. schistorum, 366

Tmesipteris, 4, 12–25

T. tannensis, 17

Todea, 267, 337, 341, 468

T. australis, 346

T. barbara, 285, 286, 299, 314, 333, 339

T. hymenophylloides, 325

T. Lipoldi, 329

T. superba, 333

T. Wilkesiana, 286

Todeopsis primaeva, 324, 340

Todites, 339–343, 550

T. Roesserti, 346

T. Williamsoni, 332, 339–343, 352

Tracheotheca, 437, 443

Trautschold, H. and J. Auerbach, 260

Treub, M., 307, 308

Trichomanes, 293, 294, 303, 365, 452

T. Goebelianum, 300

T. radicans, 294, 315, 470

T. reniforme, 300, 310, 311, 315, 440, 571

T. scandens, 311

Trigonocarpon, 574

Triletes, 192, 215

Triplosporites, 190

Tubicaulis, 434–436, 443, 471

T. primarius, 443

T. solenites, 435

T. Sutcliffi, 436

Tylophora radiculosa, 157

Tympanophora racemosa, 367

T. simplex, 367

Ulodendron, 95, 128–135, 137, 138, 185, 209, 210, 251, 254, 255

U. minus, 209

Unger, F., 180, 412, 446, 449

Urnatopteris, 396, 407

Urophlyctites stigmariae, 247

Variolaria ficoides, 231

Velenovský, J., 369, 372, 482, 543

Veronica, 75

Vertebraria, 497, 501–505

V. indica, 502, 503

Vittaria, 306

Volkmann, G. A., 124, 231

Walchia, 25

Wanklyn, A., 355

Ward, L. F., 278, 369

Watson, D. M. S., 131, 156, 161, 195, 261, 263, 278, 397

Weber, O. and J. T. Sterzel, 558

Weichselia, 494–496, 576

W. erratica, 495

W. Mantelli, 494–496

W. reticulata, 494

Weiss, C. E., 73, 107, 203, 253, 257, 264, 324, 429, 430, 486, 555–560

Weiss, F. E., 98, 101, 102, 138, 139, 151, 154, 157, 182, 240–242, 245–247, 261, 461

Welwitschia, 278

White, D., 27, 29, 201, 264, 265, 346, 377, 464, 485, 498, 513, 516, 560

Wickes, W. H., 82

Widdringtonites, 39

Wild, G. and J. Lomax, 271

Williamson, W. C. See note, p. 609

Williamson, W. C. and D. H. Scott, 6

Witham, H., 160

Woodwardia, 359

Woodwardites, 377

Wünsch, E. A., 163

Xenophyton radiculosum, 158

Xenopteris, 555

Yabe, H., 377, 481

Yokoyama, M., 349, 377

Young, G. and J. Bird, 83

Zalessky, M., 571

Zalesskya, 326–330, 332, 337, 338, 461

Z. diploxylon, 326–331

Z. gracilis, 326–331

Zeiller, R. See note, p. 609

Zeilleria, 407

Z. avoldensis, 407

Z. delicatula, 407

Zenker, J. C., 401

Zigno, A. de, 353, 390, 410, 478, 482, 546–550

Zygoptereae, 443–465

Zygopteris, 418, 449

Z. bibractensis, 453, 455

Z. Brongniarti, 450

Z. Lacattii, 463

Z. pettycurensis, 447

Z. primaria, 443, 444, 446, 451

Z. Roemeri, 447, 448

Z. scandens, 450

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | FOOTNOTES: | | | | The full titles of books and papers referred to in footnotes | | distinguished by the addition of A after the date are given in the | | Bibliography at the end of Volume I. | | | | Chap. XI. | | | | ibid. p. 405. | | | | Sternberg (23) A. p. 33, Pl. XXVI. figs. 4 a, 4 b. | | | | Scott (05) p. 34. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LXII. figs. 2—4. | | | | Vol. I., p. 397. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 128, fig. 25; (02) p. 361, fig. 13. | | | | Bower (08) p. 404, fig. 221. | | | | Kidston (91) p. 59, Pl. I.; (01) p. 123, fig. 22. | | | | Scott (05). | | | | See also Browne, Lady Isabel (09) p. 4. | | | | Williamson and Scott (94) A. p. 911. | | | | Thoday (06). | | | | Scott (97) A.; see also Scott (00) p. 106. | | | | The term metaxylem may be conveniently applied to the primary | | xylem other than protoxylem; the latter is usually but by no means | | invariably characterised by spiral thickening bands. | | | | Scott (05) p. 21 (footnote). | | | | Vol. I. p. 354, fig. 95, C. | | | | Williamson (72) Pl. XLIV. p. 297, figs. 29, 30. | | | | ‘Exarch’ denotes that the protoxylem is on the outside of | | the primary xylem; ‘endarch’ that it is on the inner edge or in a | | central position; ‘mesarch’ that it is internal, either near the | | inner or the outer edge of the metaxylem. | | | | Nathorst (02) p. 24. | | | | Heer (71) p. 32, Pls. I—VI. | | | | Scott (07) p. 155. | | | | Thomas, A. P. W. (02) p. 350. | | | | Bower (04) p. 227; (08) p. 424. | | | | See p. 19. | | | | Scott (00) p. 499. | | | | Bower (94) p. 545. | | | | Thomas (02). See also Sykes (08). | | | | Sykes (08). | | | | Boodle (04); see postea p. 21. | | | | Bower (08) p. 426. | | | | Lignier (03); (08). | | | | Tansley (08) p. 26, who refers to similar views held by | | Potonié and by Hallier. | | | | On the morphology of Sporangiophores, see also Benson (08²) | | and Scott, D. H. (09) p. 623. | | | | Scott (00). | | | | Thomas (02). | | | | Bower (08) p. 398. | | | | Dangeard (91) and Bertrand, C. E. (81) recognise other species | | of Tmesipteris, but it is doubtful how far such differences as | | exist are worthy of specific recognition. | | | | Baker (87) A. p. 30. | | | | Thomas (02) p. 349. | | | | Another form of abnormality in the sporophylls of Psilotum | | has recently been described by Miss Sykes. Sykes (08²). | | | | Bertrand, C. E. (81); Ford (04). | | | | Boodle (04). | | | | See p. 150. | | | | Bertrand (81); Jennings and Hall (91). | | | | Sykes (08). | | | | ibid. (08). | | | | Lignier (08). | | | | Bower (94); (08). | | | | Bertrand (81) p. 254. | | | | Münster (42) p. 108, Pl. XIII. fig. 11; Pl. XV. fig. 20. | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 75. | | | | Goldenberg (55) p. 13, Pl. II. fig 7. | | | | Kidston (86²). | | | | Hollick (94) p. 255, figs. 12, 13. | | | | Lesquereux (78) Pl. V. fig. 11. | | | | Since this was written I have had an opportunity of seeing | | a leaf labelled Tmesipteris from the Tertiary plant-beds of | | Florissant in a collection recently acquired by the British Museum: | | the specimen bears no resemblance to a leaf of the recent genus. | | | | Marion (90). | | | | Potonié (93) A. p. 197, Pls. XXVII., XXVIII., XXXIII. | | | | Potonié (91); (93) A. p. 197. | | | | Geinitz (73) p. 700, Pl. III. figs. 5–7. | | | | Seward and Gowan (00) p. 137; Seward and Ford (06) p. 374. | | | | Dawson (59) A. p. 478, fig. 1. | | | | ibid. (71) A. p. 38. | | | | Solms-Laubach (95) A. | | | | Dawson (71) A. Cf. Pl. XI. figs. 131, 134, etc. | | | | Carruthers (73). | | | | Goeppert (52) A. | | | | Carruthers (73). | | | | White (02). | | | | Crépin (75). | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 33. | | | | Carruthers (73). | | | | Gilkinet (75) figs. 2–5. | | | | Penhallow (92) p. 8. | | | | Smith and White (05) p. 58, Pls. V. VI. | | | | Kidston (86²) p. 232. | | | | Stur (81) Pls. III. IV. | | | | Jahn (03) p. 77. | | | | Smith and White (05) p. 63. | | | | Nathorst (02) p. 15, Pl. I. figs. 18–35. | | | | For a general account of recent Lycopodiales see Pritzel (02); | | Campbell (05); Bower (08). | | | | Bruchmann (97). | | | | Treub (84–90); see also Lang (99) and Bruchmann (98). | | | | See Baker (87) A. | | | | The Rose of Jericho is Anastatica Hierochuntina L. a | | Cruciferous plant. | | | | Baker (87) A. p. 34. | | | | Vines (88). | | | | Scott and Hill (00). | | | | For Phylloglossum, see Bertrand (82); Bower (94), (08); | | Campbell (05). | | | | Treub (84–90); Bruchmann (98); Lang (99). | | | | Sykes (08³). | | | | Bommer (03) Pl. IX. figs. 140, 141. | | | | Hooker (48) p. 423, figs. 12–14. | | | | Jones (05). | | | | Boodle (01) Pl. XIX. | | | | This species is figured under the name Lycopodium crassum by | | Hooker and Greville (31) Pl. 224. See also Brongniart (37) Pl. I. | | fig. 1. | | | | Hegelmaier (72). See also Hill, T.G. (06) p. 269; this author | | draws attention to the fact that in some species of Lycopodium | | the mucilage canals are confined to the sporophylls. | | | | Professor Yapp has drawn my attention to the very close | | anatomical resemblance between a specimen of Lycopodium salakense | | obtained by him from Gunong Inas in the Malay Peninsula and L. | | cernuum as represented in fig. 125, H and I. | | | | Jones (05). | | | | Strasburger (73) p. 109; Brongniart (37) Pl. 8; (39) A. Pl. | | 32: Brongniart figures stems of L. Phlegmaria and other species | | showing roots in the cortex. See also Goldenberg (55); Bruchmann | | (74); Saxelby (08). | | | | Since this was written a comparative account of the | | sporophylls of Lycopodium has been published by Miss Sykes. | | [Sykes (08³).] | | | | Bower (94) p. 514; (08). | | | | Seward and Ford (06). | | | | Goebel (05) p. 579. | | | | Bower (94). | | | | ibid. (94) Pl. XLVIII. | | | | Kidston (83) Pl. XXXI. figs. 2–4. | | | | Lang (08). | | | | See page 192, and Watson (09). | | | | Lang (08) p. 357. | | | | Bruchmann (97). | | | | Gard. Chron. (82). | | | | Harvey-Gibson (02). | | | | ibid. (94) (97) (02). | | | | Bower (93). | | | | Harvey-Gibson (94) p. 152. | | | | ibid. (94) p. 194; Scott (96) p. 9. | | | | Bruchmann (97). | | | | The term solenostele, first used by Van Tieghem and revived | | by Gwynne-Vaughan, may be applied to a stem in which the vascular | | tissue has the form of a hollow cylinder with phloem and endodermis | | on each side of the xylem. As each leaf-trace is given off the | | continuity of the vascular tube is interrupted. See Gwynne-Vaughan | | (01) p. 73. | | | | Harvey-Gibson (94) Pl. XII, fig. 93. | | | | Harvey-Gibson (02). | | | | ibid. (97). | | | | ibid. (96). | | | | Bower (08) p. 315. | | | | Hieronymus (02). | | | | Goebel (05) p. 581. | | | | Lyon (01) p. 135. | | | | See p. 271. | | | | Campbell (05) p. 522. | | | | Motelay and Vendryès (82). | | | | Campbell (05) p. 561. | | | | Scott and Hill (00). | | | | Motelay and Vendryès (82) Pls. XVI, XVII. | | | | Braun (63). | | | | Hill, T. G. (04) (06). | | | | For figures, see Motelay and Vendryès (82); Bennie and | | Kidston (88) Pl. VI. | | | | Solms-Laubach (02). | | | | See Von Mohl (40); Farmer (90). | | | | Von Mohl (40). | | | | Hofmeister (62). | | | | Farmer (90); Scott and Hill (00). | | | | Miss Stokey (09), in a paper which appeared since this | | account was written, criticises the conclusions of Scott and Hill | | (00). | | | | Von Mohl (40). | | | | Saporta (94) p. 134, Pls. XXIV. XXV. XXVII. | | | | Münster (42) p. 107, Pl. IV. fig. 4. | | | | Phillips (29) A Pl X. fig. 12. | | | | Lindley and Hutton A (34) Pl. CXXI. | | | | Nathorst (06); Seward (00) p. 278. | | | | Saporta (88) p. 28, Pl. II. pp. 16–20. | | | | Heer (76) A. | | | | Corda, in Germar (52). | | | | Münster (42) A. | | | | Solms-Laubach (99). | | | | Germar (52). | | | | Bischof (53). | | | | Potonié (01) p. 754; (04) Lief ii. | | | | Goeppert, in Römer (54) Pl. XV. fig. 7. | | | | Spieker (53). | | | | Potonié (loc. cit.). | | | | Barber (89) Pls. V. VI. | | | | Fitting (07). | | | | Potonié (04) Lief ii. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (86). | | | | Fliche (03). | | | | Vol. I, p. 300. | | | | Halle (07) p. 1. | | | | Feistmantel (75) A. p. 183, Pl. XXX. pp. 1 and 2. | | | | Germar (49) Pl. XXVI; Geinitz (55) A. Pl. I. pp. 5, 6. | | | | Bommer (03) p. 29, Pl. IX, figs. 138–141. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 137. | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 140. | | | | Halle (07). | | | | Brongniart (22) A. p. 304, Pl. VI, fig. 1. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 83. | | | | Brongniart (49) A. p. 40. | | | | Goldenberg (55) p. 9. | | | | Lesquereux (84) A. p. 777. | | | | Kidston (86³) p. 561. | | | | Halle (07). | | | | Renault (69) p. 178, Pls. XII–XIV. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 249. | | | | Kidston (86³). | | | | Goeppert (52) A. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 38. | | | | Kidston (84) Pl. V; (01) p. 37. | | | | Bower (08) p. 298, fig. 147. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 186. | | | | Penhallow (92) Pl. I. fig. 2, p. 8. | | | | Goeppert (52) p. 440. | | | | Kidston (94) A. p. 254. | | | | Geinitz (55) A. p. 32, Pl. I. fig. 1. | | | | Page 88. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 36, fig. 2, B. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 37, fig. 2, A. | | | | Goldenberg (55) Pl. I. fig. 5. | | | | Halle (07) Pl. I. fig. 5. | | | | Page 89. | | | | Halle (07). | | | | Brodie (45) p. 93. | | | | Buckman in Murchison (45) p. 6. | | | | Buckman (50) p. 415, fig. 2. | | | | Buckman (50) p. 415, fig. 4. | | | | Wickes (00) p. 422. | | | | Sollas (01). | | | | Seward (04) p. 14, Pl. II. figs. 2, 3. | | | | Vol. I. p. 240. | | | | Sollas (01) p. 311. | | | | Seward (04) p. 14. | | | | Halle (07) p. 14, Pl. III. figs. 6–12. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. Pl. LXI. | | | | Sternberg (38) A. p. 38. | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 9. | | | | Young and Bird (22) A. Pl. II. fig. 7. | | | | No. 39314, Brit. Mus. | | | | Möller (02) Pl. VI. fig. 21. | | | | Seward (04²) p. 161, Pl. VIII. figs. 2–4. The drawing is | | reproduced twice natural size. | | | | Oldham and Morris (63) Pls. XXXIII. XXXV. | | | | Feistmantel (77) p. 87. | | | | Heer (76) Pl. XV. figs. 1–8. | | | | Nathorst (90) A. Pl. II. fig. 3. Saporta (94) Pls. | | XXIII.–XXVI. Knowlton (98) p. 136. | | | | Lesquereux (78) Pl. V. fig. 12. See also Knowlton loc. cit. | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 141, Pls. XXXIX. XLI. | | | | Zeiller (00) p. 1077. | | | | Bennie and Kidston (88) Pl. VI. fig. 22. | | | | Goldenberg (55) Pl. I. fig. 3. | | | | Schimper (70) A. Pl. LVII. fig. 2. | | | | Halle (07). | | | | Goldenberg (55) Pl. I. fig. 2. | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 10. | | | | Nathorst (08). | | | | Nathorst (02²) p. 5, Pl. I. fig. 1. | | | | Fliche (03). | | | | Fliche (09). | | | | Scott (01). | | | | Rodway (95) A. p. 153. | | | | A good example of an old Lepidodendron stem (L. | | aculeatum) is figured by Zalessky (04) Pl. I. fig. 3. | | | | Seward and Ford (06) Pl. XXIII. fig. C. | | | | See Fischer (04). | | | | Bertrand, C. E. (91) p. 84: derived from παρά, by the side | | of, and ἴχνος, trace or foot-print. | | | | Renault (96) A. Pls. XXXIII. XXXIV. p. 178. For a good | | section of another Lepidodendron leaf, see Scott (08) p. 160, figs. | | 64, 65. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (07). | | | | For a fuller account of the parichnos, see Hill, T. G. (06) | | and other papers quoted by F. E. Weiss (07). | | | | Barrois (04). See also Etheridge (80); Geikie (03) p. 1049. | | | | Binney (48). | | | | Darwin (03) vol. II. pp. 217, 220. | | | | Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. II. figs. 2, 4. | | | | Williamson (93) p. 10. | | | | Potonié (05) Lief, iii., p. 41. | | | | Stur (75) A. Heft II. p. 277. | | | | Potonié (05) fig. 4. | | | | Seward and Leslie (08) Pl. X. figs. 1 and 2. | | | | Sternberg (26) A. Pl. XI. figs. 2–4; (02) p. 23. | | | | Corda (45) A. Pls. I.–IV. | | | | Zeiller (92) A. | | | | Kidston (93) p. 561, Pls. I. and II. | | | | Seward (90). | | | | Williamson (93) Pl. IV. figs. 30–32. | | | | Binney (62). | | | | Binney (65); see also Binney (72). | | | | Williamson (72). | | | | Weiss, F. E. and Lomax (05). | | | | Binney (62). | | | | Carruthers (69) p. 179. | | | | Kidston (86) A. p. 151. | | | | Seward (06) p. 372. | | | | Hovelacque (92). | | | | Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. II. fig. 6; Seward and Hill (00) Pl. | | IV. fig. 26. See p. 910 of the latter paper for other references. | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (08). | | | | Jeffrey (98). See also Tansley (08) p. 37. | | | | Seward (99) p. 144. | | | | Steinberg (26) A. | | | | Goeppert (52) A. p. 196. See also Kidston (01) p. 50. | | | | ibid. (52) A. p. 44. Pls. XXX. XXXI. Lief. i and ii. | | | | Balfour (72) A. | | | | Good examples are given by Schmalhausen (77) Pl. III. | | | | Steinhauer (18) A. Pl. IV. fig. 5. | | | | Brongniart (49) A. p. 42. | | | | Goldenberg (55). | | | | Carruthers (73²) p. 6. | | | | Feistmantel (75) A. | | | | Potonié (05) Lief. III. 42–44. | | | | Artis (25) A. Pls. XVI. XXIII. | | | | Steinberg (38) A. | | | | Stur (75) A. Heft II. p. 229. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. Pls. V. and VI. | | | | Kidston (85). In this important paper Dr Kidston gives a full | | account of the history of our knowledge of Ulodendron. | | | | Steinhauer (18) A. p. 286, Pl. VII. fig. 1. | | | | Rhode (20) Pl. III. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. | | | | Hooker (48), p. 427. | | | | Geinitz (55) A. | | | | Carruthers (70). | | | | Williamson (72). | | | | Thompson, D’Arcy (80). | | | | Kidston (85). | | | | Seward and Ford (06) Pl. XXIII. fig. C. | | | | Shattock (88). | | | | Watson (08). | | | | Watson (08) p. 10. | | | | Renier (08). | | | | Stur (75) A. Heft II. | | | | Garden and Forest, vol. v., pp. 160–162, fig. 24 (April 6, | | 1902). | | | | Lindley and Hutton (35) A. | | | | Kidston (93) Pl. II. fig. 6. | | | | ibid. (02) Pl. LIII. fig. 2. | | | | Williamson (83²) A. Pl. 34. | | | | Feistmantel (75) A. p. 193, Pls. XXXIV.–XXXVII. | | | | Feistmantel loc. cit. Pl. XLVII. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Dawes (48). | | | | Binney (72); see also Seward (99). | | | | Carruthers (73²). | | | | Williamson (72). | | | | ibid. (93). | | | | Weiss, F. E. (03). | | | | Kidston (05). | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 175, Pls. XXXIII. XXXIV. | | | | For description of the leaf-anatomy, see pp. 98, 99. | | | | Renault (79) p. 249, Pl. X. | | | | Solms-Laubach (96) p. 18, Pl. X. figs. 7–11. | | | | They are regarded as identical by Fischer (04). | | | | Binney (72) Pl. XIII. fig. 1. | | | | Seward (99). | | | | As Miss Stokey (09) points out the production of parenchyma | | internal to the cambium of L. fuliginosum is a feature shared by | | Isoetes. See also Scott and Hill (00), p. 424. | | | | Williamson (81) A. Pl. LII. p. 288. (Will. Coll. No. 379.) | | | | Binney (72). | | | | Cash and Lomax (90). | | | | Kidston (93) p. 547. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (03) p. 218. | | | | Scott, D. H. (06³). | | | | Watson (07) p. 18. | | | | Seward (06) p. 378. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (02). | | | | Hick (93). | | | | Hick (93²). | | | | See p. 240. | | | | Hick (93) Pl. XVI. fig. 1. | | | | Witham (31) A. | | | | Witham (33) A. Pls. XII. XIII. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pls. 98, 99. | | | | Brongniart (39) A. | | | | Kidston (03) p. 822. | | | | Williamson (87). | | | | Kidston (03) p. 822; Watson (07). | | | | Bertrand, C. E. (91). | | | | Williamson (80) A. | | | | Williamson (93) Pl. I. fig. 3. | | | | Volume I. p. 89. For other references to these stems, see | | Seward and Hill (00) p. 918. | | | | Wünsch (67). | | | | Carruthers (69²) p. 6. | | | | Williamson (80) A.; (93); (95). | | | | Wünsch loc. cit. | | | | Binney (71) p. 56. | | | | Carruthers (69). | | | | Seward and Hill (00). | | | | Williamson (96) p. 175. | | | | The term meristematic zone is used because some of the cells | | in this region are in a state of active division, though the inner | | portion may consist of permanent tissue. | | | | Scott (00) p. 131; (08) p. 142. | | | | Seward and Hill (00) Pl. II. fig. 14. | | | | Worsdell (95); Bernard (04). | | | | No. 52, 625. | | | | Seward and Hill (00) p. 922. | | | | Binney (71) p. 56, Pl. XI. figs. 2a-2c. | | | | Williamson (72) p. 298, pl. XLV. fig. 35. | | | | Carruthers (72). | | | | Williamson (93) p. 30. | | | | Goldenberg (55) p. 12. | | | | See also Kidston (94), (86) A. p. 160; Potonié (05) Lief. | | III. 50. | | | | Stur (75) A. II. p. 330, fig. 34. | | | | Hannig (98). | | | | Young and Kidston (88) A. | | | | Potonié (01²) fig. 72, p. 117. | | | | Stur (75) II. A. Pl. XXXVI. fig. 9. | | | | See Chap. XVII. | | | | Williamson (72) Pl. XLIV. p. 294: (93) (93²). | | | | Kidston (01) p. 60. See also Scott (00) p. 170, figs. 67, 68. | | | | Williamson (93), Pl. VIII. figs. 51, 52. See also figs. 67–69 | | given by Scott (00). | | | | Scott (00) p. 173. | | | | Scott [(08) p. 187] suggests that the projection may have | | formed a passage for the admission of the microspores, or of the | | spermatozoids which they produced. | | | | Bennie and Kidston (88) Pl. VI. figs. 20, a–s. | | | | Gordon (08). | | | | Williamson (72). | | | | Carruthers (69²). | | | | Zeiller (95). See also White (08) p. 447. | | | | Arber (05) Pl. I. fig. 2. | | | | Seward and Leslie (08). | | | | Zeiller (98). | | | | Renault (90). | | | | Seward (07³). | | | | Nathorst (07); Bather (07); (08). | | | | Seward (97²) A. p. 326, Pl. XXIII. | | | | Carruthers (72²). | | | | Unger and Richter (56). | | | | Dawson (71) A. Pl. VIII. See also Smith and White (05). | | | | M’Coy (74). See also Feistmantel (90) A. | | | | Kidston (86) A. p. 231. | | | | Krasser (00) Pl. II. fig. 1. | | | | Nathorst (94) A. Pl. II. fig. 8. | | | | Szajnocha (91) p. 203. | | | | See Etheridge (90); David and Pittman (93). | | | | White (08). | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 87. | | | | Parkinson (11) A. Pl. IX. fig. 1, p. 428. | | | | Carruthers (69²). | | | | Brongniart (22) A. Pl. II. fig. 4. | | | | Bower (08) p. 305. | | | | Seward (90); Potonié (93²). | | | | Brongniart (37) Pl. XXIV. | | | | Morris (40) Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 10. | | | | Williamson (93) Pl. VI. fig. 26, A. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 62. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LXI. fig. 4. | | | | Hooker (48²). | | | | Binney (71). | | | | Williamson (93) p. 26. | | | | Maslen (99). | | | | Lindley and Hutton (37) A. Pl. 163. | | | | For a detailed account of this type, see Maslen (99). | | | | Williamson (93) p. 28. | | | | Binney (71). | | | | Binney (71) Pl. VIII. figs. 2, 4. | | | | Maslen (99) Pl. XXXVI fig. 11. | | | | Brown, R. (51). | | | | Brongniart (68). | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 67, Pl. LXII. figs. 13–29. | | | | Bower (93). | | | | Bower (94) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 93. | | | | Zeiller (09). | | | | Zalessky has recently (08) described a large species of cone, | | Lepidostrobus Bertrandi, 5 cm. in diameter. | | | | Morris (40). | | | | Balfour (57). | | | | Kidston and Bennie (88). | | | | Reinsch (81) A. | | | | Scott, R. (06). | | | | Maslen (99) p. 373; Scott, R. (06) p. 117. | | | | Campbell (05) p. 414. | | | | Williamson (78) A. p. 340, Pl. XXII. See also the drawings in | | Williamson’s later papers quoted in the synonymy. | | | | Williamson (93²). | | | | Scott, D. H. (98). | | | | Berridge (05). | | | | Lang (08). | | | | Lang (08) p. 364. | | | | Williamson (78) A. Pl. XXII. fig. 53. | | | | Lang (08) p. 367. Since this was written a paper has been | | published by Mr Watson on a new type of Lycopodiaceous cone | | from the Lower Coal-Measures (Mesostrobus): in an appendix he | | criticises Dr Lang’s views in regard to Spencerites. [Watson, | | Annals of Botany, Vol. XXIII. p. 379, 1909. | | | | Seward and Ford (06) p. 395. | | | | Artis (25) A. Pl. XV. | | | | Rhode (20). | | | | Brongniart (22) A. Pl. XII. fig. 4. | | | | For generic names wholly or in part synonymous with | | Sigillaria, see White (99) p. 230. | | | | Kidston (86) A. p. 186. | | | | Brongniart (37) Pl. CL. fig. 1. | | | | Brongniart (22) A. Pl. XII. fig. 3. | | | | Sternberg (23) A. | | | | Goldenberg (55). | | | | Zeiller (88) A. (S. elegans). | | | | Goldenberg (55). | | | | Renault (96) A. Pl. XXXV. | | | | Stur (75) II. A. Pl. XLII. | | | | For an account of the various external features made use of | | in the classification of Sigillarias, see Koehne (04). | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Germar (53). | | | | Cf. Lepidodendron Zeilleri, Zalessky (04) Pl. IV. fig. 1. | | | | Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. LXIV. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LXXI. | | | | Kidston (01) p. 46. | | | | Kidston (85). | | | | White, D. (07²). | | | | Weiss, C. E. (88). | | | | Zeiller (89). | | | | Kidston (01) p. 94. | | | | Seward (90²). | | | | Weiss, C. E. (89). | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Kidston (97) p. 46. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. XIII. fig. 8. | | | | Renault and Roche (97). | | | | Coward (07); Renault (96) A. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. III. | | | | Cf. Prof. Yapp’s account (08) of Fen vegetation. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LXXXV. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 63. | | | | Brongniart (39) A.; (49) A. p. 55. | | | | Williamson (83). | | | | Williamson (72) p. 228. | | | | Renault (79). | | | | Goldenberg (55) p. 24. | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 105. | | | | Zeiller (84). | | | | Zeiller (88) A. | | | | Kidston (97). | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Vol. II. | | | | Kidston (97). | | | | Renault (96) A. | | | | Kidston (85). | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. Pl. VI. | | | | Thompson (80). | | | | Kidston (85) Pl. VI. fig. 10. | | | | Kidston (89²) p. 61; Pl. VI. fig. 1. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 483, Pls. LXXIII. LXXIV. | | | | Zeiller (06) Pl. XLII. | | | | Kidston (07²). | | | | Renault (96) A. Pl. XXXVII. fig. 3. | | | | Renault (79) Pls. XII. XIII. p. 270; (96) A. p. 245. | | | | Scott, D. H. (04²). | | | | Scott (08) p 230, fig. 95. | | | | Kidston (07²). | | | | Arber and Thomas (08). | | | | Goldenberg (55); Kidston (97). | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XC. 1, p. 598. | | | | Zeiller (84); (88) A. Pl. LXXXIX. | | | | Kidston (97) Pls. I. II. p. 50. | | | | Goldenberg (55). | | | | Kidston (05) Pl. III. figs. 23, 25, 26, 27. | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 160. | | | | Brongniart (39); Renault (96) A. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 586; Kidston (05) p. 534. | | | | Renault and Grand’Eury (75); Renault (96) A. | | | | Germar (44) A. | | | | Scott (08) p. 219. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 253. | | | | Renault and Grand’Eury (75) Pl. I. fig. 5. | | | | Coward (07). | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 237, Pl. XXXVIII. figs. 1–4. | | | | Kidston (05). | | | | Brongniart (28) A. Pls. CXLVI. CLV. CLVIII. | | | | Bertrand (99). | | | | Scott (08) p. 227, fig. 93. | | | | Kidston (07²). | | | | Arber and Thomas (07). | | | | Williamson (72). | | | | Scott (08) p. 227. | | | | Mettenius (60). | | | | e.g. L. Wünschianum (fig. 181, B, lt). | | | | Kidston (05) p. 547. | | | | Scott, D. H. (02). | | | | For fuller synonymy, see Kidston (86) A. p. 179; and Zeiller | | (06) p 160; Koehne (04) p. 62. | | | | Renault (96) A. Pl. XXXV.; Zeiller (06) Pl. XLII. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Zeiller (06) Pl. XLII. | | | | Renault (96) A. Pls. XXXVII. XLI. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. XI. | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 176. | | | | Goldenberg (55) Pl. XII. | | | | Renault (96) A. Pl. XXXIX. | | | | Zeiller (92) A.; (06). | | | | Potonié (96) A. | | | | Fontaine and White (80). | | | | Kidston (94) p. 252. | | | | Seward (97²) A. | | | | White (08) p. 450, Pl. V. fig. 12. | | | | Potonié (01²). | | | | Goeppert (64) A. | | | | Goeppert, loc. cit. | | | | Gresley (89) Pl. II. | | | | Steinhauer (18) A. | | | | Logan (42). | | | | Potonié (93³). | | | | Williamson (87) A. | | | | A similar example, now in the Bergakademie of Berlin, has | | been described by Potonié (90) A.; see also a note on the German | | specimen by Seward (91). | | | | Martin (09) A. Pl. XII. | | | | Artis (25) A. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (38) A. Pl. CLXVI. | | | | For a fuller synonymy, see Kidston (03) p. 757. | | | | Goldenberg (55) p. 6. | | | | Binney (44) p. 165. | | | | Brongniart (22) A. p. 228. | | | | ibid. (49) A. p. 456. | | | | Artis (25) A. Pl. X. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. Pl. XXXI. | | | | Goldenberg (55). | | | | Logan (42) p. 492. | | | | Binney (44); (46). | | | | Bowman (41). | | | | Brown (45); (46); (47); (49). See also Dawson (66). | | | | Hawkshaw (42). | | | | Binney (46) p. 393. | | | | Brown (49). This figure is reproduced by Williamson (87) A. | | p. 16. | | | | Williamson (87) A. p. 3. Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 284. | | | | Mellor and Leslie (06). | | | | Goeppert (64) A. p. 197, Pls. 34–36. | | | | Renault (81). | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Solms-Laubach (94). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 171. | | | | For figures see Grand’Eury (87) A.; (90) A. | | | | Kidston (02) Pl. LI. fig. 4. | | | | British Museum, No. 870 F. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Solms-Laubach (94). | | | | Williamson (92). | | | | Thomas, E. N. (05) p. 187. | | | | Williamson (87) A. | | | | Solms-Laubach (92). | | | | Renault (96) A. Pl. XL. fig. 5. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (08). | | | | Williamson (89) A. | | | | Renault (96) A. | | | | Williamson (87) A. Pl. IV. fig. 20. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (02). | | | | Hooker (48²) Pls. I. II. The sections of Stigmaria figured | | by Hooker are in the British Museum (V. 8754). | | | | Williamson (87) A. Pl. XII. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (02). | | | | Weiss, F. E. (04). | | | | Goeppert (41) Pl. X. Lief. I. II.; Williamson (87) A. Pl. | | XIII. fig. 78; Eichwald (60) Pl. XV.; Kidston (94) p. 254. | | | | Goldenberg (55) Pl. VI. figs. 1–4. | | | | Nathorst (94) A. Pl. XVI. fig. 9. | | | | Watson (08). | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LXXVII. fig. 1. | | | | Cf. Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pls. 80, 81. | | | | Kidston (86) A. p. 175. | | | | ibid. (86⁴) p. 65. | | | | Haughton (59). | | | | Weiss, C. E. (84) Pl. VI. figs. 6, 7. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pls. 80, 81. For synonymy, see | | Kidston (93) p. 344. | | | | Zeiller (86) Pl. IX. figs. 1–3. | | | | No. 52524. | | | | Nathorst (02) Pl. X. figs. 4, 5. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (08). | | | | Schimper (70) A. p. 71. | | | | Heer (71) Pl. VI. fig. 11; Pl. IX. fig. 1. | | | | Nathorst (94) A. p. 67, Pl. XV. figs. 14, 15. | | | | Schmalhausen (77) p. 281, Pl. I. fig. 5. | | | | Kidston (89²) Pl. IV. figs. 2–4, p. 65. | | | | Weiss and Sterzel (93) p. 56. | | | | Kidston (03) p. 823. | | | | Schmalhausen (77) p. 290, Pl. I. figs. 7–12. | | | | Dawson (71) A. Pl. VIII. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (84) Pl. VII. | | | | Potonié (01²) figs. 25–27. | | | | Nathorst (02) p. 35. | | | | Seward (03) Pl. XI. figs. 1–6, p. 87; Arber (05) p. 166. | | | | Seward (09). | | | | Feistmantel (90) A. | | | | Zeiller (80²) A. | | | | Trautschold and Auerbach (60) Pl. III. | | | | Zeiller (82) A.; (86). | | | | Nathorst (94) A. Pls. X. XI. | | | | Volume I. p. 134. | | | | Williamson (89) A. p. 197. | | | | I am indebted to Mr Lomax for photographs of his specimens. | | For former references to Mr Lomax’s discovery, see Kidston (05); | | Weiss, F. E. (08); Scott D. H. (08) p. 200. | | | | Williamson (89) A. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (08). | | | | Nathorst (94) A. p. 42. | | | | Williamson (80) A. p. 500, Pl. XV. 8. | | | | Watson (08²) p. 12. | | | | Nathorst (94) A. p. 42, Pl. XII. figs. 8–10. | | | | Kidston (03) p. 797. | | | | White (98); (99) p. 218, Pls. LXV.–LXVIII. | | | | Kidston (02) pp. 358, 359. | | | | Tansley and Chick (01) p. 36. | | | | Kidston (05) p. 547. | | | | Renault (96) A. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (08). | | | | Browne (09) p. 25. | | | | Scott (02) uses the terms old and new wood in discussing the | | evolutionary sequence in plant steles. | | | | White (07). | | | | Bower (08) p. 305. | | | | Browne (09) p. 37. | | | | Williamson (77) and (80) A. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 87. | | | | Carruthers (72³). | | | | Wild and Lomax (00). | | | | Scott (01). | | | | Letter from D. H. Scott (March 30, 1908). | | | | Scott (01) 314. | | | | Seward and Ford (06). | | | | For a contrary opinion, see Scott (09) p. 656. | | | | Bertrand, E. (94). | | | | Benson (08). | | | | Watson (08²) p. 12. | | | | Ward (04). | | | | Tansley (08) p. 3. Cf. Braun (75) p. 267. | | | | Chodat (08). | | | | Hudson (92) p. 29. | | | | Hardy, Return of the Native, II. p. 153. | | | | Bower (08). | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 8. | | | | Engler (09). | | | | Bower (00). | | | | For an account of the mechanism of spore-dispersal, see | | Goebel (05) p. 587; Atkinson (94); Leclerc du Sablon (85); and | | Bower (00). | | | | For a fuller account of recent ferns, see Engler and Prantl | | (02), Christ (97), Hooker and Baker (68), and Bower (00) (08). | | | | Prantl (81) Pl. VII. fig. 104, C; Zeiller (97) p. 215, figs. | | 7–10. | | | | Underwood (07), p. 243, has adopted Bernhardi’s genus | | Dicranopteris in place of Mertensia on the ground that the | | latter was used as early as 1793 for a Boraginaceous plant. | | | | Goebel (05) p. 318. | | | | Baker (88). | | | | Diels, in Engler and Prantl (02) pp. 343, 344. | | | | Compton (09). | | | | Copeland (08) p. 344. | | | | Bower (00) p. 47; Gwynne-Vaughan (01). | | | | Christ (04). | | | | Scott, J. (74); Hannig (98). | | | | Challenger Reports (85) p. 827. (Narrative, Pl. II.) | | | | Bower (00) p. 68. | | | | Diels (02) p. 117. | | | | Seward (92) p. 45. | | | | Bower (00) p. 80. | | | | Prof. Bower informs me that he is now at work on | | Plagiogyria and other Polypodiaceae. | | | | Kny (75); Ford (02); Goebel (91). | | | | Seward and Dale (01). | | | | Armour (07). | | | | Diels (02) fig. 98, p. 188. | | | | Giesenhagen (92) p. 179, fig. 3. | | | | Bäsecke (08). | | | | Boodle (00). | | | | Yapp (02). | | | | Darwin (03) II. p. 381. | | | | Reinecke (97). | | | | Karsten (95); Christ (96); Bommer (03). | | | | Goebel (05) p. 347. | | | | A striking example of these so-called Aphlebiae of | | Hemitelia may be seen at the Royal Gardens, Kew. | | | | Luerssen, in Rabenhorst (89) A. p. 483, fig. 164. | | | | Goebel (01) Pl. XIII. | | | | Spruce (08) II. p. 232. | | | | Boodle (04). | | | | Goebel (05); Baker (67). | | | | Seward and Gowan (00). | | | | Hooker (59). | | | | Thiselton-Dyer (05). | | | | Baker (68) p. 305. | | | | Bower (08) p. 18. | | | | Treub (88) A.; Ernst (08). | | | | Campbell (07). | | | | Davy (07) p. 263. | | | | Bates (63) A. p. 30. | | | | Challenger Reports (85) p. 785. | | | | Tansley and Fritsch (05) p. 43; Thomas, E. N. (05). | | | | Tansley (08) p. 27. | | | | Jeffrey (98). | | | | Boodle (00). | | | | Tansley and Lulham (02). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (01); (03). | | | | Boodle (01) p. 735. | | | | Jeffrey (00); (03). | | | | For an account of the probable methods by which this has been | | effected and of the factors concerned, see Tansley (08). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (03). | | | | Seward (99²); Wigglesworth (02). | | | | Seward and Ford (03); Jeffrey (03); Faull (01). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (07); (08); (09). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (08). | | | | Bertrand and Cornaille (02). | | | | Chodat (08) p. 15. | | | | See also Pelourde (09) for an account of the anatomy of fern | | petioles. | | | | Observed in plants in the Botanic Gardens of Brussels and | | Leipzig. A.C.S. | | | | For an account of the spore-producing members of the | | Marattiaceae, see Bower (97). | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 19. | | | | Shove (00); Tansley (08). | | | | Farmer and Hill (02) Pl. XVIII. figs. 26, 28. | | | | Christ and Giesenhagen (99). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (05). | | | | Hooker and Baker (68) p. 440. | | | | The term synangium is applied to sporangia more or less | | completely united with one another and producing spores in groups | | separated by walls of sterile cells. A synangium may be regarded | | as a spore-forming organ produced by partial sterilization of | | sporogenous tissue or as a group of coalescent sporangia. | | | | Brebner (02); Rudolph (05). | | | | Tansley (08) p. 90; Kühn (90). | | | | Pelourde (08) has recently dealt with the anatomy of recent | | and fossil Marattiaceous ferns. | | | | Copeland (08) Pl. I. (09) Pl. V. | | | | Bower (96). | | | | Jeffrey (98). For an account of the anatomy of | | Helminthostachys, see Farmer and Freeman (99). | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 77, Pl. XI. fig. 8. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 21. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 16. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 48. | | | | Scott, D. H. (08) p. 292. | | | | Scott (04) p. 18. | | | | Boodle (00) p. 484. | | | | Zeiller (99) Pl. II. figs. 5, 6. | | | | Ibid. Pl. II. fig. 10. | | | | See p. 402. | | | | Bower (91) Pl. VII. | | | | Scott, D. H. (09). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (08). | | | | Eichwald (60). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (08). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (08) p. 226. | | | | Brongniart (49) A. p. 35. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. Pl. LXXX. | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (09). | | | | Seward (99). | | | | Krasser (09) p. 10. | | | | Fontaine (83) Pls. XXVIII. XXIX. | | | | Leuthardt (04) Pl. XVIII. | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (07). | | | | See p. 343. | | | | Seward and Ford (03). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (07). | | | | Seward (07³) p. 482, Pls. XX. XXI. | | | | Seward (03); Kitchin (08). | | | | Cf. Todea Wilkesiana (p. 286). | | | | Penhallow (02). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (07). | | | | See p. 314. Also Jeffrey (03); Faull (01); Seward and Ford | | (03). | | | | Raciborski (94) A. p. 19, Pls. VI. XI. | | | | Carruthers (70) A.; Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (07) p. 768; | | see also Seward, Vol. I. p. 212. | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) pp. 22, 48, Pl. IV. figs. 1–3. | | | | Seward (00) p. 86. | | | | Seward and Ford (03) p. 251. | | | | For a more complete list, see Seward (00) p. 87. | | | | Schenk (85) Pl. III. fig. 3. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. Pl. VI. | | | | Nathorst (08) Pl. I. fig. 7. | | | | Schenk (67) A. | | | | Fontaine (83). | | | | The geographical distribution of Todites and other genera | | will be dealt with in Volume III. | | | | Carruthers (70) A. p. 350. | | | | Reid (99). | | | | Seward (08) Pl. VIII. p. 98. | | | | Zeiller (03) Pls. II. IV. | | | | Leuthardt (04) Pl. XV. | | | | Fontaine (83) Pls. XI.–XIV. | | | | For synonymy and figures, see Seward (00) p. 134; (04) p. 134. | | | | E.g. by Yokoyama (06) who identifies specimens of | | Cladophlebis denticulata from Jurassic rocks of China as Todites | | Williamsoni. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. CXXXIV. | | | | Seward (94²) A. p. 91. | | | | Nathorst (78). | | | | Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. CXX. | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (05) Pl. XV. figs. 6–9). | | | | Feistmantel (77) Pls. XXXVI. XXXVII. | | | | Morris (45) Pl. VII. | | | | Renault (83) p. 81, Pl. XI. | | | | Dawson (61). | | | | White (04). | | | | Corda (45) A. Pl. LVII. | | | | Zeiller (83) p. 188, Pl. X. figs. 1–5. | | | | Stur (85) A. p. 64. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 50. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 147. | | | | For synonymy, see Seward (00) p. 130. | | | | Raciborski (91). | | | | Phillips (29) A. p. 148. | | | | Bunbury (51) A. | | | | Seward (94²) A. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. | | | | Yokoyama (89). | | | | Seward (94²) A. | | | | Yabe (05) Pl. III. | | | | Seward (07⁴) Pls. I. III. | | | | Seward (94²) A. p. 75. | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) p. 47, Pls. VII. X.; Heer (55) | | A. Pl. III. p. 41. | | | | Knowlton (99). Pl. LXXX. | | | | Heer (55) A. Pl. XIII. | | | | Saporta (72) A. Pl. I. figs. 13, 14. | | | | Goeppert (36²) A. Pls. IV. V. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 261. | | | | Williamson (77) Pl. VII. | | | | See Ch. XXVII. | | | | Goeppert (41) Pl. IV. figs. 1, 2. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XI. figs. 3–5. | | | | Stur (85) A. p. 128. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 146. | | | | Schenk (88) A. p. 30. | | | | Dr Scott tells me that an examination of Dr Zeiller’s | | specimens led him to agree with the latter’s description of the | | annulus of Oligocarpia. (A. C. S.) | | | | Fontaine (83) Pls. XV.–XIX. | | | | Bunbury (47) Pl. II. fig. 1; Seward (94²) A. p. 189. | | | | Krasser (09) p. 16. | | | | Leuthardt (04) p. 40, Pl. XVIII. fig. 3. | | | | Schenk (67) A. p. 86, Pl. XXII. figs. 7, 8. | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pl. X. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. p. 43, Pl. XIII. figs. 15–20. | | | | Seward (95) A. p. 225. | | | | Seward (00) Pl. IV. | | | | Schenk (71). | | | | Corda, in Reuss (46) p. 95, Pl. XLIX. | | | | Heer (75), p. 44, Pls. IV.–VII. | | | | Debey and Ettingshausen (59) Pl. I. | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82), pp. 43, 59, Pls. VI. X. | | | | Wanklyn (69). | | | | Presl, in Sternberg (38) A. p. 115. | | | | Schenk (67) A. | | | | Zeiller (85). | | | | Seward (99²) p. 194. | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pls. XXIII. XXIV. | | | | For a more complete list, see Seward (00) p. 78. | | | | Leckenby (64) A. p. 81, Pl. VIII. fig. 6. (Type-specimen in | | the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.) | | | | Saporta (73) A. p. 306. | | | | Debey and Ettingshausen (59) Pl. III. | | | | See Seward (94²) A. and (00) for an account of this fern. | | | | Schenk (71) p. 219. | | | | Zeiller (85). | | | | Ettingshausen (52) p. 16, Pl. V. For synonymy, see Seward | | (94²) A; (00). | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (05) p. 230. | | | | Schenk (71) p. 19. | | | | Fontaine, loc. cit. Pl. LXV. figs. 22, 23. | | | | Krasser (96) p. 119, Pls. XI. XII. XIV. | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 284, Pl. XXXIII. fig. 15. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 19. | | | | Ettingshausen (66) Pl. VII. fig. 4. | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 36, Pl. IX. figs. 1–9. | | | | Schimper (74) A. Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4–7. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 153. | | | | Zeiller (83) p. 155; (88) A. Pl. VIII. figs. 1–3. | | | | Kidston (84²) p. 593. | | | | See p. 450. | | | | Scott (08) p. 343. | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 19, Pl. X. figs. 1, 2. | | | | Goeppert (36²) A. pp. 319, 320, 329. | | | | Sterzel (86). | | | | Grand’Eury (05). | | | | Zeiller (06) Pls. II. III. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. Pl. IX. | | | | Brongniart (49) A. p. 26. | | | | Krasser (09). | | | | For fuller synonymy see Seward (00) p. 97. | | | | Heer (76). | | | | Fontaine (89). | | | | Fontaine (89) p. 123, Pls. XXVI. XLIII. etc. | | | | Ward (99) Pl. CLXI. | | | | Velenovský (88). | | | | Heer (75) A. Pl. I. figs. 6, 7. | | | | Heer (82) A. Pl. II. fig. 2. | | | | Phillips (75) A. p. 215. | | | | Seward (00). | | | | Sternberg (38) A. p. 169. | | | | Sternberg (20) A. Pl. IV. | | | | Corda (45) A. Pl. II. fig. 5. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. Pl. XLI. | | | | Feistmantel (72). | | | | Velenovský (88). | | | | Carruthers (65) Pl. XIII. | | | | Heer (75). | | | | Heer (82) Pl. XLVII. | | | | Frič and Bayer (01) p. 76. | | | | Stenzel (86). See also Stenzel (97). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (08). | | | | Schenk (71) Pl. XXX.; Seward (94²) A. Pl. XI. | | | | Scott (08) p. 293. | | | | Goeppert (30) A. p. 217. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 424. | | | | Ettingshausen (66). | | | | Kidston (89³) Pl. I. | | | | White (04). | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pl. XIII.; Zeiller (03) p. 91, Pl. XVII. | | | | Seward (04²) p. 162, Pl. VIII. fig. 5. | | | | Yabe (05) p. 39, Pl. I. figs. 1–8. | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (05) p. 64. | | | | Yokoyama (89), p. 26. | | | | Geyler (77) Pl. XXXI. fig. 4. | | | | For synonymy, see Fontaine, in Ward (05) p. 155; Richter (06) | | p. 6; Seward (94) A. p. 41; (03) p. 5. | | | | Seward (94) A. p. 52. | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) Pls. I. II. | | | | Forbes (51); Gardner and Ettingshausen (82). | | | | Knowlton (02) Pl. XXVI. | | | | Saporta (68) A.; Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) Pl. X. fig. 1. | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) p. 21. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (34) A. Pl. CIV. | | | | Nathorst (06³). | | | | Seward and Dale (01) p. 505. | | | | Zeiller (03) p. 109, Pls. XXIII.–XXVIII. | | | | Seward (00) p. 122. | | | | Nathorst (06³). | | | | Krasser (09) p. 111. | | | | Goeppert (41). | | | | Seward and Dale (01) p. 503. | | | | Nathorst (07²). | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pl. XVIII. | | | | Zeiller (03). | | | | Brongniart (25). | | | | Brongniart (25). | | | | Zeiller (03). | | | | Seward (04) pp. 18, 164. | | | | Seward (07). | | | | The evidence of the shells is stated by Mr R. B. Newton (09) | | to be in favour of the Cretaceous age of the Nubian Sandstone. | | | | Nathorst (78) p. 33. | | | | Nathorst (06²) p. 15. | | | | Richter (06). | | | | Dunker (46) A. p. 12. | | | | Andrae (53) A. | | | | Zigno (56) A. IX. fig. 2. | | | | Nathorst (78²) Pl. IX. fig. 2. | | | | Zeiller (97⁴) p. 51. | | | | Seward and Dale (01). | | | | Dunker (46) A., Pl. V. fig. 1. | | | | Bartholin (92) Pls. XI. XII. | | | | Moeller (02) Pls. IV.–VI. | | | | Richter (06) p. 21. | | | | Richter (06) p. 22. | | | | Andrae (53) A. | | | | Moeller (02) Pls. IV.–VI. | | | | Nathorst (78²) Pl. IX. fig. 2. | | | | Zeiller (79). | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) p. 29, Pl. III. fig. 6. | | | | Arber (06) p. 227. | | | | Scott (06) p. 189. | | | | Zeiller (05). | | | | Kidston (06). | | | | Kidston (06) p. 429. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (69) p. 94, Pl. XI. fig. 2. The specimens | | figured by Weiss bear a somewhat remote resemblance to that | | described by Renault (96) A, under the same generic name. | | | | Kidston (91²) p. 23. | | | | Kidston (88) p. 350. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 9; Zeiller (88) A. p. 162; Grand’Eury (77) | | A. Pl. VIII. fig. 13. | | | | Watson (06). | | | | Goeppert (36²) A. p. 380. | | | | Stur (85) A. p. 221, Pl. LXI.; Zeiller (88) A. p. 41. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 288, Pl. VI. fig. 26. | | | | For an account of these genera, see Chap. XXVII. | | | | Strasburger (74). | | | | Stur (85) A. p. 183. | | | | Corda (45) A. Pl. LVII. | | | | Kidston (91²) p. 20; Stur (85) A. Pl. LIX. | | | | See Chap. XXVII. | | | | Stur (85) A. p. 106. | | | | Zenker (37). | | | | Strasburger (74). | | | | Kidston (91²) p. 20. | | | | Geinitz (72). See Solms-Laubach (83), who gives in full the | | early history of the genus Scolecopteris. | | | | Sterzel (78); (80). | | | | Stur (85) p. 140. | | | | Zeiller (99) p. 17. | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 10. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. Pl. CXXV. fig. 4. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XXIV. | | | | Page 325. | | | | Zeiller (83) p. 184; (88) A. p. 30. | | | | Artis (25) A. | | | | Stur (75) A. | | | | Kidston (96) p. 205. | | | | Zeiller (83) p. 185. | | | | Kidston (82). | | | | Stur (85). | | | | Kidston (84²). | | | | Kidston (87). | | | | Kidston (82) p. 32. | | | | Kidston (84²) p. 594. | | | | Williamson (83) A. | | | | Kidston (06). | | | | Heer (76) A. p. 71, Pl. XXIV. fig. 1. | | | | Schimper (74) A. Pl. 38; see also Schenk (88) A. p. 31. | | | | Leuthardt (04) p. 29, Pl. XIII. figs. 1, 2. | | | | Goeppert (36²) A. Lief. I. and II. Pl. IV. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 607. | | | | Schenk (83) A. p. 260. | | | | Zeiller (03) Pl. IX. | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (00) Pl. LV. figs. 3–5. | | | | Bartholin (92) Pl. IX. | | | | Moeller (02). | | | | Schenk (83) A. | | | | Seward (07⁴) Pl. II. figs. 16–18. | | | | Nathorst (08). | | | | Krasser (09). | | | | Feistmantel (82) Pls. IV.–X. | | | | Seward (08) p. 95. | | | | Krasser (00) Pl. II. | | | | Zeiller (03) Pl. IX. | | | | Krasser (09) p. 21. | | | | Leuthardt (04) Pls. XIX. XX. | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pl. XXV. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. Pl. VI. | | | | Heer (80). | | | | Nathorst (08). | | | | Bayer (99). | | | | Gardner and Ettingshausen (82) Pl. XII. figs. 1–7. | | | | Stenzel (54) p. 803. | | | | Cotta (32). | | | | Sprengel (28). | | | | Stenzel (54) p. 753. | | | | Parkinson (11) A. | | | | Williamson (76). | | | | Scott (08). | | | | Butterworth (00). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A; (90) A. | | | | Rudolph (05). | | | | Scott (08) p. 302. | | | | Butterworth (00). Pelourde (08²) has recently described the | | structure of the roots of several species of Psaronius. | | | | Stenzel (06). | | | | Farmer and Hill (02). | | | | Williamson (76) Pl. III. | | | | Stenzel (89) Pl. VI. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 204, Pls. XVI. XVII.; see also Rudolph (05). | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pls. V.–VIII. | | | | Solms-Laubach (04). | | | | Arber (05) Pl. VII. | | | | Scott (08) fig. 113; Zeiller (90) p. 246, Pl. XXI. fig. 1. | | | | Pelourde (08²). | | | | Stenzel (06) Pl. VI.; Goeppert (64) A.; Stenzel (06). | | | | Zeiller (90) Pl. XXIII. | | | | Scott (08) p. 301. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. XLII. | | | | Kidston (88) Pl. XXVI. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XXXV. fig. 6. | | | | Kidston (86) A. p. 113. | | | | Artis (25) A. Pl. XX. | | | | Lesquereux (66) A. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XL.; Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Corda (45) A.; see also Grand’Eury (90) A.; Renault and | | Zeiller (88) A. Pls. XXXVIII.–XL. | | | | Fontaine and White (80) Pl. XXXVI.; Zeiller (90) Pl. XIV. | | | | Mettenius (65); Tansley (08) p. 85. | | | | Rudolph (05). | | | | Scott, D. H. (08). | | | | Shove (00). | | | | Butterworth (00). | | | | Farmer and Hill (02). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 98. | | | | Stur (75) A. Pl. VIII. | | | | Zeiller (00) p. 55. | | | | Kidston (89³), Pls. I. II. For other figures of | | Rhacopteris see also Stur (75) A. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 30, Pl. LXXXII. figs. 7–9. | | | | Stur (75) A. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (79). | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 141. | | | | O. Feistmantel (75). | | | | C. Feistmantel (79). | | | | C. E. Weiss (79). | | | | Potonié (99) p. 167. | | | | Seward (03) p. 63. | | | | Carruthers (72²) Pl. XXVII. fig. 5; Seward (03) p. 62. | | | | Newberry (91) Pl. XIV. | | | | D. H. Scott (08). | | | | P. Bertrand (09). | | | | Scott (09²). | | | | Williamson (83²) A, p. 478. | | | | κοινός = Lat. communis, common or general. I am indebted | | to my friend Mr L. H. G. Greenwood, Fellow of Emmanuel College, for | | supplying me with a name to express the idea of the generalized | | nature of these Palaeozoic ferns. | | | | Arber (06). | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 46, Pls. XXX. XXXI. See also Tansley (08) | | fig. 2, p. 13. | | | | Cotta (32) p. 15. | | | | Stenzel (89) Pls. I. II. | | | | Stopes (06). | | | | Williamson (89) A. p. 162. The term Rachiopteris was | | adopted by Williamson for petrified petioles from the Coal-Measures | | which he believed to be filicinean. | | | | Renault (75); (96) A. p. 47, Pl. XXXII. | | | | Oliver (02). | | | | Oliver (04) p. 395 (footnote). | | | | Scott, D. H. (08). | | | | Felix (86) A. | | | | Williamson (78) A. p. 351. | | | | Hick (96). | | | | Scott (08). | | | | Williamson (91²) A. p. 261. The two species described by | | Williamson as Rachiopteris hirsuta and R. ramosa were first | | identified as Botryopteris by Scott in 1898 (British Assoc. | | Report, Bristol Meeting, p. 1050). | | | | Tansley (08) p. 15. | | | | Kidston (08). | | | | Oliver (02). | | | | Corda (45) A.; see also Stenzel (89) p. 26. | | | | P. Bertrand (09) pp. 136, 212. | | | | Tansley (08) p. 22. | | | | Unger and Richter (56) Pl. VI. fig. 19. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 11. | | | | The Diplolabis type of strand is very similar in the form | | of the metaxylem to the conducting strand of a lateral vein in | | Scolopendrium officinarum [cf. Pelourde (09) fig. 3, p. 117]. | | | | Solms-Laubach (92). | | | | Williamson (74) A. Pls. LIV. LV. | | | | Gordon (09). Mr Gordon’s more complete account of this plant | | will shortly be published. I am indebted to him for furnishing me | | with the main facts in regard to the anatomical features. | | | | Solms-Laubach (92) Pl. II. fig. 13. | | | | Bertrand, P. (09) p. 211. | | | | Pelourde (09). | | | | Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (08) p. 230. | | | | Ibid. (09) p. 664. | | | | A Culm species Rachiopteris aphyllus (Unger) is closely | | allied to Metaclepsydropsis duplex. [See Solms-Laubach (96) p. 30. | | | | Unger and Richter (56) p. 165. | | | | Corda (45) A. p. 83. | | | | κλεψύδρα, water-clock. | | | | P. Bertrand (09) p. 127. | | | | Stenzel (89) p. 25. | | | | Dr Scott points out to me that recent observations, which | | have not yet been published, both by Dr Kidston and himself show | | that Bertrand’s terminology requires modification. There are many | | points to be cleared up before we can hope to obtain a satisfactory | | classification of the Zygoptereae. | | | | Stenzel (89) p. 31, Pls. VI. VII. | | | | Williamson (89) A. p. 158. | | | | Ibid.; see also Scott (08). | | | | Scott (07) p. 180. | | | | Renault (69); Williamson (74) A. p. 697. | | | | Williamson (77) Pls. V.–VII. | | | | Williamson (89) A. Pl. VIII. fig. 28. | | | | Scott (08) p. 322. | | | | No. 245. | | | | Williamson (80) A. p. 507. | | | | Scott (06). | | | | Solms-Laubach (96). | | | | Scott, D. H. (06) p. 519. | | | | British Museum, section No. 245. Cf. figures by Williamson | | and Bertrand: Williamson (77) Pl. V. fig. 19; Bertrand, P. (09) Pl. | | XII. fig. 87. | | | | Scott (07) p. 182; (08) p. 318. | | | | Weiss, F. E. (06). | | | | Williamson (77). | | | | Williamson (88) A. | | | | Jordan (03). | | | | McNicol (08). | | | | Gwynne-Vaughan (09). | | | | Compare figures of the vascular cylinders of climbing | | Dicotyledons given by Schenck (93). | | | | For a figure of the stele see Tansley (08) p. 25, fig. 20. | | | | Stenzel (89) Pls. III. and IV. | | | | Binney (72). | | | | Williamson (74) A. | | | | Bertrand, P. (09). | | | | Felix (86) A. | | | | Renault (69). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. XVII. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. | | | | White (99) p. 97. | | | | Binney (72); Williamson (74) A. p. 685. | | | | Williamson (74) A. p. 685. | | | | Bertrand, P. (09) Pl. VII. fig. 48. | | | | Scott (05³) p. 115. | | | | Bertrand, P. (09) Pl. VII. | | | | Scott (04); (05³). | | | | Scott (06²). | | | | Boodle (08). | | | | Scott, R. (08) Pl. XXXIV. figs. 1, 2. | | | | Baily (60) Pl. XXI. κορύνη, a club or mace. | | | | Zeiller (83). | | | | Kidston (94). | | | | Potonié (02) p. 492. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. Pl. X. | | | | Tansley (08). | | | | See p. 447. | | | | Stenzel (89) p. 15, Pls. III. IV. | | | | Lindman (04). | | | | Baker (87) A.; Sadebeck, in Engler and Prantl (02). | | | | Campbell (04); Bower (08) p. 551. | | | | Schenk (71) p. 225. | | | | Hollick (94) Pl. LXXI. | | | | Mentioned by Krasser (06) in a preliminary note. | | | | Frič and Bayer (01) p. 86, fig. 34. | | | | Heer (82) Pl. XVI. | | | | Heer (55) A. Vol. III. p. 156, Pl. CXLV. fig. 35. | | | | Goebel (05). | | | | See Seward (94) p. 441, for a description of the floating | | plants on the lagunas of Gran Chaco (S. America) by Prof. Graham | | Kerr. | | | | Bower (08) p. 611. | | | | Hollick (94). | | | | E.g. Lesquereux (78) Pl. LXIV. fig. 14; Pl. V. fig. 10. | | Staub (87) Pl. XIX. fig. 2. | | | | Zeiller (03) Pl. LI. figs. 2, 3. | | | | Heer (55) A. Vol. III. p. 156, Pl. CXLV. figs. 1–315. | | | | Zeiller (09²) p. 95. | | | | Fritel (08). | | | | See also Arber (06) p. 228. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 183. | | | | Dawson (86). | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 58. | | | | Corda (45) A. Pl. LIV. | | | | Presl, in Sternberg (38) A. | | | | Schimper (69) A. | | | | Nathorst (78) p. 17. | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pl. XX. | | | | Salfeld (09) p. 17. | | | | In a footnote to Fontaine’s description of Jurassic plants | | of Oregon, Lester Ward writes:—“Seward treats Sagenopteris as a | | fern, classing it now (Jur. Fl. Yorkshire Coast, 1900, p. 161) in | | the family Polypodiaceae, although in his Wealden Flora, 1894, p. | | 129, he placed it in the Schizaeaceae.” [Ward (05) p. 83, note b. | | My words are “I am disposed to regard Sagenopteris as probably a | | genus of ferns” (loc. cit. 1900, p. 161). I have never referred | | this plant to the Polypodiaceae or Schizaeaceae or to any other | | family. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 182. | | | | I am indebted to my friend Dr Nathorst for calling my | | attention to Lindman’s paper. | | | | For a fuller synonymy, see Seward (00) p. 162. | | | | Nathorst (04²). | | | | Bunbury (51) A. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (35) A. Pl. CLV. | | | | Yabe (05) Pl. III. fig. 16. | | | | Moeller (02) Pl. VI. fig. 10. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. LXIII. fig. 2. | | | | Seward (00) p. 169, fig. 26. | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pl. XXI. | | | | Moeller (02) Pl. VI. figs. 8, 9. | | | | Ward (05) Pl. XV. fig. 5. | | | | Bartholin (92) Pl. V. fig. 9. | | | | Presl, in Sternberg (38). | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pls. XXI. XXII.; Raciborski (94) A. Pl. XX. | | figs. 13–18. | | | | Brongniart (25) Pl. XII. fig. 1. | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (05); Salfeld (09) Pl. I. | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pl. XIII. | | | | Arber (05) p. 75. | | | | Seward (94²) A. p. 130. | | | | Velenovský (85) Pl. II. | | | | Fontaine, in Ward (05) Pl. LXV. Newberry’s Chiropteris | | spatulata from Montana may be founded on leaflets of Sagenopteris | | Mantelli. Newberry (91). | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 61. | | | | White (93). | | | | White (99) p. 143. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 610. | | | | Sellards (01). | | | | Weiss, C. E. (69) p. 98, Pl. VI. fig. 13. | | | | Zeiller (94) p. 169. | | | | Renault (96) A. p. 1. | | | | Zeiller (90) Pls. XII. XIII. | | | | Fontaine and White (80) Pl. XXXIV. | | | | Fontaine and White (80) Pl. XXXIV. figs. 1–8. | | | | Sellards (01). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 171. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. | | | | Potonié (93) A. p. 145, Pl. XVII. fig. 3. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 282, Pl. XXII. fig. 10. | | | | Feistmantel (81) A. Pls. XXI. A. XXII. A. | | | | Oldham and Morris (63) p. 41. | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pl. XXVIII. fig. 12. | | | | Nathorst (78) Pl. IX. | | | | Feistmantel (90) A. Pl. XXVII. | | | | Saporta (73) A. Pls. LXI. LXII. | | | | Zeiller (02) Pls. X.–XIV. p. 66. | | | | Zeiller (02) Pl. XI. fig. 4. | | | | Zeiller (02) Pl. XIII. For synonymy, see also Arber (05) p. | | 124. | | | | Seward (04) figs. 18–22. | | | | Seward (08) p. 98. | | | | Geinitz (76) Pl. II. figs. 1–3. | | | | Nathorst (78) Pl. XIX. | | | | Zeiller (02) Pl. XIV. | | | | For synonymy and distribution, see Seward (00) pp. 159, 304. | | | | Schenk (67) A. Pl. XXV. See also Bartholin (92) Pl. IX. fig. | | 7. | | | | Etheridge (94²). | | | | Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. XCII. | | | | Seward (00) p. 14. | | | | Schenk (71) Pl. XXIX.; Seward (94²) A. p. 125. | | | | Stiehler (58) Pls. XII. XIII. | | | | See p. 576. | | | | Nathorst (90). | | | | For figures, see Stiehler loc. cit. and Hosius and Von der | | Marck (80) Pls. XLIII. XLIV. | | | | For synonymy, see Fontaine, in Ward (99) p. 651; Seward | | (94²) A. p. 114; Seward (00) p. 20. | | | | Brongniart (22) A. Pl. II. fig. 4. | | | | Brongniart (28²) A. Pls. LXII. LXIII. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 645. | | | | Seward (97²) A. p. 317. | | | | For figures see Zeiller (96) A.; Zeiller (02), (03); Arber | | (05); Seward (97) A. | | | | Arber (05²); Seward (07²). | | | | Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. | | | | Zeiller (96) A. | | | | Oldham (97); Zeiller (97²). | | | | Seward (97) A. (07²); Arber (02²) p. 20; Zeiller (96) A. p. | | 374. | | | | White (08) p. 535. | | | | Zeiller (02). | | | | Potonié (00). | | | | Seward (04³); Zeiller (97³); Arber (05) p. 17; D. White (07). | | | | Amalitzky (01); Zeiller (98²). | | | | Zeiller (02). | | | | D. White (07) p. 617 (footnote 2). | | | | For synonymy, see Arber (05) p. 48. | | | | Zeiller (96) A. | | | | McCoy (47). | | | | Zeiller (96) A. | | | | Arber (05); (05²). | | | | Seward (97) A; (07). | | | | Royle (33). | | | | Zeiller (96) A. | | | | Zeiller (96) A. | | | | Oldham (97). | | | | Zeiller (02). | | | | Zeiller (02) Pl. V. fig. 7. | | | | Etheridge (94). | | | | Arber (05) p. 47. | | | | Zeiller (96) A. p. 368, fig. 13. | | | | Zeiller (02); (03). | | | | Oldham (97). | | | | Amalitzky (01). | | | | Zeiller (03) Pl. XVI. | | | | Zeiller (02). | | | | Seward and Leslie (08) p. 113. | | | | Dawson (71) A. Pl. XVII.; Fontaine and White (80) p. 11; | | White (95) p. 315; Arber (05³) p. 307, Pl. XX. | | | | Jack and Etheridge (92). | | | | Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. XXV.; Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. | | XXIII. See p. 517. | | | | Etheridge (99). | | | | Feistmantel (80) Pls. XXVIII. A., XLI. A. | | | | Seward (07). | | | | McCoy (47). | | | | Arber (02²). | | | | McCoy (60) p. 107 (footnote). | | | | McCoy (75). | | | | Feistmantel (79). | | | | Seward and Woodward (05) p. 2. | | | | Arber (02²) p. 14. | | | | White, D. (07). | | | | Arber (05). | | | | Carruthers (69²) p. 9, Pl. VI. fig. 1. | | | | Seward (03) p. 83. | | | | Hayden (07); Seward (07⁵). | | | | Darwin (87) A. Vol. III. p. 248. | | | | For synonymy, see Arber (05) p. 104. | | | | Seward and Smith Woodward (05); (07⁵). | | | | White (08) pp. 473, 483. | | | | Stur (84) p. 638. | | | | White (08) p. 537, Pl. VIII. figs. 8–10. | | | | Ibid. p. 543, Pl. IX. figs. 1–3. | | | | Feistmantel (80) Pl. XXVII. fig. 5. | | | | Lesquereux (80) A. p. 142; Pl. XXV. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 129. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. VIII. fig. 5. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 166, Pl. XIII. fig. 2. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XXIII. fig. 6. | | | | Lesquereux, loc. cit. | | | | White (05²) p. 381. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 305. | | | | Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 447. | | | | Carruthers (69²). | | | | See Arber (05) p. 116; Seward (03) p. 85. | | | | White (08) p. 483. | | | | Seward (03) p. 83. | | | | Zeiller (95) p. 616. | | | | Feistmantel (79). | | | | Kurtz (94). | | | | Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. Pl. XXXVIII. | | | | Blanckenhorn (85) p. 127, Pls. XVII.–XIX. | | | | Vol. I. p. 292. | | | | Zeiller (00²). | | | | Blanckenhorn (85) p. 129, Pl. XXI. | | | | Blanckenhorn loc. cit. The specimens figured by this | | author are in the Strassburg Museum, as are also some of those | | figured by Schimper and Mougeot. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 452. | | | | Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62) A. | | | | Ibid. | | | | Fritsch, K. (97). | | | | Stur (75) A. Pl. XIV. fig. 1. | | | | Grigoriew (98) Pl. IV. | | | | Schuster (08) p. 184. | | | | Presl, in Sternberg (38) A. | | | | For synonymy, see Zeiller (88) A. p. 301. | | | | Page 406. | | | | Potonié (03) p. 162. | | | | Zeiller (06) Pls. VI. VII. | | | | Arber (06). | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A.; Zeiller (88) A. Pl. LI. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XXIV. | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. XIX. | | | | Kidston (91) Pl. XXXV. | | | | Goebel (05) p. 318. | | | | See p. 406, fig. 293; Potonié (03) also figures a young | | frond of Dactylotheca plumosa partially covered by Aphlebiae. | | | | Seward (00) Pl. XXI. fig. 1. | | | | Ibid. p. 145. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. Pl. XI. | | | | Brongniart (22) A. | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (86) p. 68. | | | | Kidston (94) p. 298. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 147, Pls. IV. V.; Kidston (86) p. 80. | | | | See p. 535. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (31) A. Pl. XLV. | | | | Peach (78). | | | | Kidston (87) p. 145. | | | | This species will be described in Vol. III. | | | | Benson (04). | | | | Miller (57), Frontispiece. | | | | Scott (05²) p. 144. | | | | Grand’Eury (05²). | | | | Kidston (01²) p. 191. | | | | Potonié (95); (99). | | | | Zeiller (79²). | | | | Kidston (01²) p. 195. | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (03) p. 771. | | | | Grand’Eury (08). | | | | Stur (75) A. p. 120. | | | | Zeiller (79²); (88) A. p. 142. | | | | Kidston (94) p. 240. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 147. | | | | Ibid. Pl. XVI. | | | | Potonié (92). | | | | Nathorst (02) p. 15. | | | | Crépin (75). Previously described by Crépin (74) as | | Psilophyton. | | | | Gilkinet (75). | | | | Nathorst (02). | | | | Zeiller (09²) p. 20. | | | | Ettingshausen (52). | | | | Sellards (00). | | | | For synonymy, see Seward (03) p. 52. | | | | Solms-Laubach and Steinmann (99) Pl. XIV. fig. 2; Szajnocha | | (88). | | | | Geinitz (76) Pl. I. | | | | Seward (08) p. 95. | | | | Feistmantel (90) A. Pl. XXIV. | | | | Zeiller (03). | | | | For references, see Seward (04) p. 31. | | | | Berry (03). | | | | Seward (04) p. 31. | | | | Hollick and Jeffrey (09) p. 24. | | | | Raciborski (94) A. Pl. XX. figs. 1, 2; Zeiller (00²) p. 98. | | | | v. 5950. | | | | Fontaine (89) Pls. XVII. XVIII. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 141. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 472. | | | | Kurr (45) Pl. II. fig. 1. | | | | Seward (04) p. 30. | | | | Saporta (73) A. | | | | Schenk (67) A. | | | | Salfeld (07) p. 192. | | | | Seward (04) p. 34, fig. 2, Pl. IV. | | | | Salfeld (09). | | | | Schenk (76) Pl. XXVI. fig. 7. | | | | Salfeld (09) p. 34. | | | | Zigno (56) A. | | | | Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 114. | | | | Nathorst (78). | | | | Saporta (73) A. p. 352. | | | | Nathorst (78) p. 122. | | | | Zeiller (03) p. 52. | | | | Leckenby (64) A. Pl. X. fig. 1; Seward (04) p. 36. | | | | Schenk (87). | | | | Zeiller (03) Pls. VI.–VIII. | | | | Zigno (56) A. Pls. XII. XIII. | | | | Seward (00) p. 170. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 49. | | | | Seward (00) p. 171. | | | | Saporta (73) A. p. 368. | | | | Krasser (95). | | | | Saporta (73) A. Pl. XLVII. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 60. | | | | Kidston (01²) p. 196. | | | | Potonié (93) A. Pl. XV. | | | | Kidston (89) p. 409. | | | | Zeiller (06) Pls. XIX.–XXII.; (00²) p. 100, fig. 73. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (70). | | | | Zeiller (06) p. 90. | | | | Lesquereux (80) A. p. 131; Weiss (70). | | | | Weiss (69) p. 37. | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. A. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 219. | | | | Stur (84). | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. XIII. | | | | Grand’Eury (08). | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XXIV. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (69); Goeppert (64) A.; Potonié (93) A, (04); | | Lesquereux (80) A., p. 124; White (99) p. 125. | | | | Seward (08) p. 97, Pl. VIII. | | | | Brongniart, in Murchison, Verneuil, and Keyserling (45) Pl. | | A. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (70) p. 871. | | | | Brongniart (49) A. p. 24. | | | | Grand’Eury (06). | | | | Weiss (69) Pls. VI. VII. | | | | Potonié (93) A. Pl. I. figs. 1, 2. | | | | Weber and Sterzel (96) p. 99. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 84. | | | | Zeiller (98³). | | | | For figures of this and other species, see Potonié (07). | | | | For synonymy, see Zeiller (90) p. 87 and Potonié (07) p. 2. | | | | Schuster (08) Pl. VIII. fig. 7. | | | | Weiss, C. E. (70). | | | | Schlotheim (20) A. p. 406. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XIX. | | | | White (05²) p. 388. | | | | Forbes (53) p. 43. | | | | Baily (59) p. 75. | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 473. | | | | Dawson (71) A. p. 48; (82). | | | | Kidston (91²) p. 30, Pl. III.; (06) p. 434. | | | | Baily (75) Pl. XXVIII. | | | | Carruthers (72²) Pl. II. | | | | Dawson (71) A. | | | | Smith and White (05) p. 39. | | | | Lesquereux (80) A. | | | | Crépin (74). | | | | Nathorst (02). | | | | Schmalhausen (94). | | | | Nathorst (04). | | | | Krasser (00) Pl. I. figs. 3–7. | | | | Zeiller (03²) p. 27. | | | | Stur (75) A. Pls. VIII. XII. XVI. | | | | Kidston (88²). | | | | Grand’Eury (08). | | | | Brongniart (22) A. | | | | Kidston (05²). | | | | Renault (76). | | | | Grand’Eury (08). | | | | White (99) p. 128. | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 122. | | | | Zeiller (90) Pl. XI. fig. 6. | | | | Potonié (99) p. 113. | | | | Renault (82) A. Vol. III.; Zeiller (90) p. 139. | | | | Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 105. | | | | Brongniart (22) A. Pl. II. fig. 6. For synonymy, see Kidston | | (03) p. 773; Zeiller (88) A. p. 261. | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (88) p. 354. | | | | Scheuchzer (1723) A. p. 129, Pl. X. fig. 3. | | | | Lhywd (1760) A. Pl. V. fig. 190. | | | | Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. VIII. | | | | Fontaine and White (80) p. 47. | | | | Bunbury (47) Pl. XXI. | | | | Kidston (94) p. 357; (03) p. 806. | | | | White (99) p. 132. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 251. | | | | See Vol. I. p. 45. | | | | Zalessky (07) Pl. XXIV. fig. 5. | | | | Zeiller (88) A. p. 251. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 251, Pl. XXXII. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 51. | | | | Lindley and Hutton (33) A. p. 28. | | | | Lesquereux (66) A. | | | | Roehl (69). | | | | Seward (88). | | | | Potonié (99) p. 153 (note). | | | | Gutbier (35). | | | | Presl, in Sternberg (38) A. | | | | Grand’Eury (04). | | | | Zeiller (90) Pl. XI. fig. 9. | | | | Zeiller (99) p. 46. | | | | Bunbury (47) A. p. 427. | | | | Lyell (45) A. Vol. II. p. 202. | | | | Lesquereux (80) A. p. 146. | | | | Sternberg (26) A. | | | | Grand’Eury (04). | | | | Grand’Eury (90) A. | | | | Zeiller (90) Pl. IX. fig. 6, A. | | | | Stur (83). | | | | Scott (07) p. 206; Scott and Maslen (06) p. 112. | | | | Grand’Eury (04). | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (03) p. 772: Zeiller (88) A. | | | | Scheuchzer (1723) A. Pl. I. fig. 4. | | | | Kidston (94) p. 245. | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (94) p. 596; (03) p. 806; White | | (99) p. 117. | | | | Grand’Eury (04). | | | | Kidston (94) p. 245. | | | | Brongniart (28) A. p. 59. | | | | Page 494. | | | | Kidston (94) p. 596. | | | | Grand’Eury (05). | | | | Potonié (92²); (93) p. 54. | | | | For synonymy, see Kidston (88) p. 366. | | | | Zeiller (90) p. 45; Potonié (93) A. p. 57. | | | | Germar (44) Pls. XXXV. XXXVI. | | | | Kidston (88) p. 366. | | | | Stur (83). | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 196. | | | | Potonié (93) A. p. 48. | | | | Zeiller (00²) p. 88. | | | | Page 397. | | | | Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 178, Pls. V.–VIII. Ante, p. | | 419. | | | | Potonié (02). | | | | Schimper (69) A. p. 688. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

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