Part 31

TREES WHOSE TWIGS HAVE A CHAMBERED PITH

Page Walnut 28 Hackberry 66 Sugarberry 67

TREES KNOWN BY THE COLOR AND SHAPE OF THE TWIG PITH

Page Star-shaped in Cross-section The Cottonwoods 36, 123 The Oaks 43-60 Triangular in Cross-section Alder 123 Brown in Color The Walnuts 28 The Sumacs 94

TREES WITH SINGLE LARGE FLOWERS

Page Magnolia 70 Pawpaw 72

TREES WITH FLOWERS IN CLUSTERS

Page Redbay 73 The Hawthorns 78-79 The Plums and Cherries 80-83 Redbud 88 Black Locust 91 Devils-Walkingstick 92 Hercules-Club 92 Hoptree 93 The Sumacs 94 Poison-Sumac 95 Yaupon 97 Ohio Buckeye 101 Western Soapberry 102 The Basswoods 103, 126 Flowering Dogwood 107 Silverbell 112 Fringetree 117 Catalpa 118 Rusty Blackhaw 121

TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR BEFORE OR WITH THE LEAVES

Page The Walnuts 28 The Hickories 29-34 The Cottonwoods 36, 123 Black Willow 37 Ironwood 38 Eastern Hophornbeam 39 River Birch 40 The Oaks 43-60 The Elms 61-64 Sassafras 74 Redbud 88 The Maples 98, 99, 126 The Ashes 113-115, 128 Alder 123

TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR AFTER THE LEAVES

Page Chinkapin 42 Magnolia 70 Honeylocust 89 Black Locust 91 The Sumacs 94 Ohio Buckeye 101 Basswood 103, 126 Flowering Dogwood 107 Persimmon 110, 127 Silverbell 112 Fringetree 117 Catalpa 118 Mountain Maple 126

Glossary

A Achene—A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, indehiscent fruit. Acrid—Sharp or biting to the taste. Acuminate—Tapering at end to a gradual point. Acute—Terminating in a sharp angle. Aggregate fruit—Cluster of ripened ovaries produced from a single flower containing numerous pistils inserted on a common receptacle. Example: fruit of magnolia or blackberry. Alternate—Not opposite on the axis, but borne at regular intervals at different levels. Anther—Pollen-bearing structure of a stamen. Apex—The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i.e., the part opposite the base. Apical—Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex. Appressed—Lying tight or close against. Aromatic—Fragrant; with a pleasing odor. Astringent—Contracting; drawing together. Axil—The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem. Axis—The central line of an organ; a stem.

B Bark—The outer covering of a trunk or branch. Basal—Pertaining to or situated at the base. Berry—A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout, and with several seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass. Bisexual—Having both stamens and pistils, i.e., male and female. Bloom—A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off. Also, to produce or yield blossoms. Bole—The main axis or trunk of a tree. Bract—Modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence. Bud-scales—Modified leaves covering a bud. Bundle-scars—Scars on the surface of a leaf-scar. Severed ends of the fibro-vascular bundles which connected the twigs with the leaves.

C Calyx—The outer perianth or floral envelope, usually green in color; sepals, collectively. Cambium—A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood. The active growing portion of the tree. Carpel—A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil. Capsule—A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting open at maturity. Catkin—An ament or spike of unisexual flowers. Chambered—Said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces at rather regular intervals. Ciliate—Fringed with hairs on the margin. Collateral—Accessory buds at the sides of auxiliary buds. Compound—Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole. Conical—Cone-shaped. Conifers—A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the form of a cone or modified cone. Coniferous—Cone-bearing. Corolla—The petals of a flower collectively. Cordate—Heart-shaped. Crenate—Rounded teeth. Crown—The upper mass of branches; also known as head. Cuneate—Wedge-shaped.

D Deciduous—Falling off, usually at the close of the season. Defoliation—Removal of foliage. Dehiscent—Splitting open at maturity. Deliquescent—Said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading habit. The branches sub-divide until they apparently disappear. Deltoid—Triangular like Greek symbol for delta. Dentate—Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outwards. Diffuse-porous—Equal-pored. Said of wood when pores in a growth ring are equal in size. Dioecious—Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Disseminated—Scattered, thrown, broadcast. Divergent—Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point away from the twigs. Downy—Covered with fine hairs. Drupe—A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone like a cherry.

E Elliptical—Shaped like an ellipse with sloping ends. Elongated—Long, drawn out. Entire-margined—Margin smooth, not cut or toothed. Excurrent—Said of a tree with a continuous trunk and erect habit of growth. Exfoliation—Splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of bark. Exotic—Of foreign origin. Exudation—Oozing out of sap, resin, or other juice.

F Fascicle—A close bundle or cluster. Fetid—Ill smelling. Fissures—Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark. Fluted—Grooved, corrugated, channeled. Follicle—A dry fruit produced from a simple pistil and dehiscing along one line of suture. Fruit—The ripened ovary of a flower.

G Glabrate—Somewhat glabrous or becoming glabrate. Glabrous—Smooth, without hairs. Glandular—Bearing glands or gland-like. Glaucous—Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom. Globose—Ball-like or nearly so. Globular—Ball-like.

H Habitat—Site or place of growth. Hardwood—A collective term for broad-leaved trees, the wood of which may or may not be dense. Heartwood—The physiologically dead, central, usually darker colored portion of the tree trunk. Hybrid—A crossbreed of two species.

I Increment—Growth; increase. Incised—Divided into lobes separated by narrow or acute sinuses which extend halfway or more to midrib. Indehiscent—Applied to fruits that do not split open to discharge the seeds, remaining closed at maturity. Indigenous—Applied to plants that are native to a certain locality. Not introduced. Intolerant—Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight. Involucre—A cluster of bracts subtending a flower.

L Lamina—The blade or flattened portion of a leaf. Lanceolate—Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide, and growing to a point. Lateral—Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the twig. Leaflets—One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf. Leaf-scar—The scar left after a leaf falls. Lenticel—A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark, which admits air to the interior of the twig or branch. Linear—Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges. Lobed—Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or divided.

M Medullary—Pertaining to the pith or medulla. Medullary Ray—Radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings at right angles and extending into the bark. Midrib—The central or main rib or vein of a leaf. Monoecious—Bearing male and female flower parts in separate flowers on the same plant. Mucilaginous—Slimy or gummy when touched or chewed. Multiple fruit—A cluster of fruits of separate flowers crowded together and forming what appears to be a single fruit. Examples: mulberry, strawberry, osage-orange fruits.

N Naked—Said of buds without scales, and seeds without a covering. Naval Stores—Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc. Node—A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate. Nut—A dry, 1-seeded, fruit with a hard indehiscent covering and encased partly or wholly in an involucre or husk. Nutlet—A small nut.

O Oblique—Slanting, uneven. Uneven sided. Oblong—About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel. Obovate—Reversed egg-shaped. Obtuse—Blunt Opposite—Said of leaves and buds, directly across from each other. Orbicular—Circular. Oval—Rounded. Ovate—Egg-shaped. Ovoid—Egg-shaped or nearly so.

P Palmate—Radiately lobed or divided from the petiole; hand-like as leaflets of buckeye. Panicle—A loose, irregularly compound flower cluster with flowers on pedicels. Pedicel—The support or stem of a single flower or fruit in a cluster. Peduncle—A primary flower stalk supporting a cluster of flowers or a solitary flower, later the fruit. A fruit-stem. Perennial—Lasting for more than one year. Persistent—Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing. Petiole—The stalk of a leaf. Pinnate—Feather-like with leaflets on both sides of rachis or leaf stalk. Pistil—Seed bearing organ of flower. May consist of stigma, style, and ovary. Pith—The soft central part of a twig or stem. Pod—Any dry, one chambered, dehiscent fruit. Pollen—The dust-like substance from the anthers of a flower. Pollination—The process of bringing the pollen of the male flower in contact with the stigma of the female flower. Pome—A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple or pear. Porous—With open tubes (through wood). Prickle—A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth. Pubescent—With short, soft, down-like hairs. Pungent—Acrid or sharp to smell. Pyramidal—Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the base.

R Rachis—The stalk supporting the leaflets of a compound leaf. Resin-ducts—A passage for the conduction of resin found in the leaves and wood. Ring-porous—Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the larger ones being found in the spring wood and the smaller ones in the summer wood.