Foreign Butterflies

Part 1

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Lizars. sc.

LAMARCK

Engraved for the Naturalist’s Library]

THE

NATURALIST’S LIBRARY.

ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON. HENRY G. BOHN. YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

THE

NATURALIST’S LIBRARY.

EDITED BY SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BART. F.R.S.E., F.L.S., ETC., ETC.

VOL. XXXI.

ENTOMOLOGY.

FOREIGN BUTTERFLIES.

BY JAMES DUNCAN, M.W.S., ETC.

EDINBURGH: W. H. LIZARS, 3, ST. JAMES’ SQUARE.

LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1858.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

MEMOIR OF LAMARCK 17

INTRODUCTION 65

GENUS ORNITHOPTERA 87

Ornithoptera Priamus. Plate I. Fig. 1. 89

Ornithoptera Remus. Plate I. Fig. 2. 92

GENUS PAPILIO 93

Papilio Memnon. Plate II. Fig. 1. 97

Papilio Æneas. Plate II. Fig. 2. 99

Part 2

Papilio Ascanius. Plate III. Fig. 1. 101

Papilio Paris. Plate III. Fig. 2. 102

Papilio Protesilaus. Plate IV. Fig. 1. 104

Papilio Sinon. Plate IV. Fig. 2. 106

Leptocircus Curius. Plate V. Fig. 1. 107

Thais Medesicaste. Plate V. Fig. 2. 108

GENUS PIERIS 110

Pieris Epicharis. Plate VI. Figs. 1 and 2. 112

Pieris Philyra. Plate VI. Fig. 3. 113

Pieris Belisama. Plate VII. Fig. 1. 114

GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 115

Anthocharis Danæ. Plate VII. Fig. 2. 116

GENUS IPHIAS 118

Iphias Leucippe. Plate VII. Fig. 3. 119

GENUS CALLIDRYAS 120

Callidryas Eubule. Plate VIII. Fig. 1. 122

GENUS TERIAS 124

Terias Mexicana. Plate VIII. Fig. 4. 125

GENUS EUPLŒA 126

Euplœa Limniace. Plate IX. Fig. 1. 127

Euplœa Plexippe. Plate IX. Fig. 2. 128

GENUS IDEA 130

Idea Agelia. Plate X. Fig. 1. 131

Idea Daos. Plate X. Fig. 2. 132

GENUS HELICONIA 133

Heliconia Erato. Plate XI. Fig. 1. 135

Heliconia Cynisca. Plate XI. Fig. 2. 137

Heliconia Sylvana. Plate XI. Fig. 3. 138

Part 3

Heliconia Flora. Plate XII. Figs. 1 and 2. 139

Heliconia Diaphana. Plate XII. Fig. 3. 141

GENUS ACRÆA 142

Acræa Pasiphæ. Plate XII. Fig. 4. 143

GENUS CETHOSIA 144

Cethosia Dido. Plate XIII. 145

Cethosia Cyane. Plate XIV. 147

GENUS VANESSA 149

Vanessa Juliana. Plate XV. Fig. 1. 150

Vanessa Amathea. Plate XV. Fig. 2. 151

Vanessa Orithya. Plate XV. Fig. 3. 152

Charaxes Jasius. Plate XVI. 154

Nymphalis Etheocles. Plate XVII. Fig. 1. 157

Nymphalis Tiridates. Plate XVII. Figs. 2 and 3. 159

Peridromia Arethusa. Plate XVIII. Fig. 1. 160

Peridromia Amphinome. Plate XVIII. Fig. 2. 162

Marius Thetis. Plate XIX. Fig. 1. 164

Fabius Hippona. Plate XIX. Fig. 2. 167

Catagramma Condomanus. Plate XX. Figs. 1 and 2. 169

Catagramma Pyramus. Plate XX. Figs. 3 and 4. 171

GENUS MORPHO 172

Morpho Helenor. Plate XXI. 174

Morpho Adonis. Plate XXII. Fig. 1. 176

GENUS PAVONIA 178

Pavonia Teucer. Plate XXII. Fig. 2. 179

Arpidea Chorinæa. Plate XXIII. 180

Helicopis Gnidus. Plate XXIV. Figs. 1 and 2. 183

Erycina Octavius. Plate XXIV. Fig. 3. 185

Part 4

Erycina Melibæus. Plate XXV. Figs. 1 and 2. 187

Loxura Alcides. Plate XXV. Fig. 3. 188

Polyommatus Marsyas. Plate XXVI. Figs. 1 and 2. 190

Polyommatus Endymion. Plate XXVI. Figs. 3 and 4. 192

Polyommatus Venus. Plate XXVII. Figs. 1 and 2. 193

Polyommatus Achæus. Plate XXVII. Figs 3 and 4. 194

GENUS THALIURA 195

Thaliura Rhipheus. Plate XXVIII. 197

GENUS URANIA 200

Urania Sloanus. Plate XXIX. Fig. 1. 202

Urania Leilus. Plate XXIX. Fig. 2. 203

Rhipheus Dasycephalus. Plate XXX. 205

Portrait of Lamarck 2

Vignette, Title Page 3

In all, Thirty-two Plates in this Volume. With one Plate double, making the number equal to

THIRTY-THREE.

MEMOIR OF LAMARCK.

MEMOIR OF LAMARCK.

Among the many eminent French naturalists, whose loss to science we have so often had occasion to lament during the few past years, the above individual occupied a conspicuous place. He was long known in Paris by his public prelections, and his numerous writings have procured for him a high degree of reputation throughout Europe. In this country he is best known by his admirable works on invertebrate animals, which may be said to have formed a new era in the history of that extensive department of the animal kingdom. But his studies had a very extensive range; many of the most interesting inquiries which for ages have fixed the attention of mankind, were the subjects of his meditation, and on most of them he formed a number of definite ideas which he promulgated under the form of theories. Although these speculations are of a highly fanciful description, and some of them greatly to be deprecated on account of their hurtful tendency, yet they merit attention as the productions of a mind remarkable for originality and penetration, as well as for extensive and varied knowledge.

* * * * *

JEAN BAPTISTE PIERRE ANTOINE DE MONET, generally called the Chevalier de Lamarck, was descended from an ancient family of some distinction, possessed of considerable property in the province of Bearn. He was born at Bezantin, a small village in Picardy, on the 1st August, 1744. His fathers pecuniary resources having become considerably impaired, among other things by the maintenance of a numerous family, Jean Baptiste being his eleventh child, he found it necessary to educate his sons for some useful profession. Several of them entered the army, and the subject of the present notice was destined for the church, which at that period offered many lucrative and influential appointments to the members of noble families. To qualify him for this office, he was sent to study under the Jesuits at Amiens, with whom he remained for a considerable time. From the first, however, he appears to have had some aversion to the profession selected for him by his father, and this was increased to positive dislike by the mode of life which he was obliged to lead at college. His active and excursive mind submitted with impatience to the punctilious restraints of college discipline, and the mechanical routine of studies prescribed indiscriminately to all, without reference to natural bias or acquired predilection. Most of his companions were actively engaged in the field or in other public services, for France was now occupied with the eventful struggle which commenced in 1756. His eldest brother had fallen in the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom; others of them were still in the army; and all his most cherished associations were connected with the profession of arms. With so much to inspire an aversion to seclusion and comparative inactivity, nothing could have induced him to remain at college but the authority of his father, who still enforced compliance with his wishes. That salutary restraint, however, having been removed by death, in 1760, no time was lost by young Lamarck in following his own inclinations. With nothing but a letter of recommendation from a lady residing in the neighbourhood of his father, addressed to the colonel of a French regiment, he set out for the army, which was then in Germany. Lamarck’s somewhat diminutive stature and boyish appearance, which made him look younger than he really was, were ill fitted to make amends for the want of influential patronage. His reception was by no means flattering, but nothing could daunt the zeal of the young volunteer. He joined a company of grenadiers, and determined to trust to fortune and his own exertions for obtaining that rank which individuals of his birth and education commonly acquire by other means.

Zeal like this seldom fails sooner or later in attaining its object, and in the present instance it was speedily rewarded. Lamarck had joined the army on the day preceding the battle of Fissingshausen, in which a vigorous but unsuccessful attack was made by the combined troops of the marshal de Broglie and the prince of Soubise, on the army commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Cuvier relates, that in the vicissitudes of the contest, the company to which M. Lamarck was attached happened to be thrown into such a position as completely exposed it to the fire of the enemy’s artillery, and that, owing to the confusion which took place in the French army, it was entirely forgotten and left in that perilous situation. All the officers were soon killed, as well as the greater number of privates, when an old grenadier, perceiving that there were no longer any of the French within sight, proposed to the young volunteer, who by the death of the officers had unexpectedly acquired the temporary command, that the little troop should be withdrawn. This, however, he resolutely refused to do until he received regular orders to that effect, which at last were dispatched, when the troop were discovered to be missing, and reached him with the utmost difficulty, owing to the rapid advance of the enemy. This instance of intrepidity and vigorous adherence to orders gave so much satisfaction to the commander-in-chief, that he instantly issued an order for Lamarck’s promotion. Some time afterwards, he was nominated to a lieutenancy, and his warmest anticipations of success, in a profession which he had made so many sacrifices to embrace, promised in time to be realized. But these prospects were speedily overclouded by an accident which completely put a stop to his military career, and gave a different complexion to the whole tenor of his life and habits. Some one of his companions, in sport, had lifted him by the head, and thereby strained so severely the glands of his neck, that he was for some time placed in the greatest danger. After many remedies had been tried to no purpose, a cure was at last effected by the celebrated M. Tenon, by means of a complicated operation. But his health had by this time become so much impaired, that after residing for a length of time in Paris in the hope of its amendment, he found it necessary to abandon all intention of rejoining the army.

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