Part 4

Yew berries (Taxus minor) 1 Pigeon grass seed (Chætochloa sp.) 1 Rush grass seed (Sporobolus minor) 1 False Solomon's seal (Smilacina sp.) 1 Greenbrier berries (Smilax sp.) 2 Hackberries (Celtis occidentalis) 1 Poke berries (Phytolacca decandra) 3 Spice berries (Benzoin æstivale) 2 Service berries (Amelanchier canadensis) 3 June berries (Amelanchier sp.) 9 Mountain ash (Pyrus americana) 1 Crab apples (Pyrus sp.) 1 Strawberries (Fragaria sp.) 3 Blackberries or raspberries (Rubus sp.) 8 Wild black cherries (Prunus serotina) 1 Bird cherries (Prunus pennsylvanica) 1 Chokecherries (Prunus virginiana) 1 Staghorn sumac (Rhus hirta) 2 Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 1 Three-leaved sumac (Rhus trilobata) 1 Other sumac (Rhus sp.) 1 American holly (Ilex opaca) 1 Woodbine berries (Psedera quinquefolia) 1 White cornel (Cornus candidissima) 2 Alternate-leaved cornel (Cornus alternifolia) 3 Rough-leaved cornel (Cornus asperifolia) 1 Dogwood berries (Cornus sp.) 2 Sour gum berries (Nyssa sylvatica) 1 Huckleberries (Gaylussacia sp.) 1 Blueberries (Vaccinium sp.) 4 Snowberries (Symphoricarpos racemosus) 2 Black elderberries (Sambucus canadensis) 2 Red elderberries (Sambucus pubens) 4 Other elderberries (Sambucus sp.) 3 Fruit pulp not further identified 4

Summary.--It is hardly necessary to make a summary of the food of this bird in order to bring out its good points, for it seems to have no others. The animal food includes less than 1 per cent of useful beetles, and the remainder is either harmful or neutral. In the matter of vegetable food there seems to be no chance for criticism, as nature evidently supplies all it needs. The bird has never been harmed, but has been held in high esteem for sentimental reasons; let it also be valued and protected for its economic worth.

GRAY-CHEEKED AND BICKNELL'S THRUSHES.

(Hylocichla aliciæ aliciæ and Hylocichla aliciæ bicknelli.)

The gray-cheeked thrush (H. a. aliciæ) is found in migration over all the Eastern States, but breeds farther north, beyond our limits. Bicknell's thrush (H. a. bicknelli), a closely related form, while having somewhat the same general range, breeds farther south and nests in the mountains of northern New York and New England. Both subspecies have the same general habits as other forms of the genus so far as haunts and choice of residence are concerned, but their far-northern range excludes them from coming into contact with cultivated crops. The species does not seem to be very abundant anywhere, and consequently only a few stomachs have been received for examination. In all they number but 111 and are very irregularly distributed in time. None were taken in August and only one in July and two in June. From so scanty and unevenly distributed material it is impossible to draw final conclusions, but we can get some idea as to the nature of the bird's food and its economic importance.

The first analysis of the food gives 74.86 per cent of animal matter to 25.14 per cent of vegetable. This is the most animal food found in the stomachs of any bird of the genus Hylocichla and the largest but two of any of the thrushes.

Animal food.--Beetles collectively amount to about one-third of all the food (33.32 per cent). Of these, 2.83 per cent are the useful Carabidæ. The rest belong to harmful families, such as the Scarabæidæ, Elateridæ, and the weevils, or snout beetles. Ants amount to 16.34 per cent and are eaten very regularly--the most in the early part of the season. Hymenoptera other than ants, as wasps and bees, were eaten to the extent of 5.60 per cent, and with the ants make 21.94 per cent, placing this food next in rank to beetles. As in the case of ants, most of the bees and wasps were eaten in the first three months of the season. No honey bees were found. Lepidoptera (caterpillars) were third in order of abundance (8.81 per cent). No special pest was discovered, but all caterpillars may be considered as harmful. A few grasshoppers were found in the stomachs taken in April and May, and more in those collected in September and October. They do not appear to be a favorite food and amount to only 1.72 per cent. Other insects, as flies, bugs, and a few others, collectively amount to 2.89 per cent. Among these, it is of interest to note in one stomach the remains of the famous seventeen-year locust (Tibicen septemdecem), rather large game for so small a bird. Spiders are freely eaten by the gray-cheeked thrush in spring, and sparingly in fall. For the season they constitute 5.77 per cent of the food. A few other animals, as crawfish, sowbugs, and angleworms (0.41 per cent), complete the animal food.

Following is a list of the insects identified and the number of stomachs in which found:

HYMENOPTERA.

Lophyrus sp 1 Aphænogaster tennesseense 1

COLEOPTERA.

Cychrus andrewsi 2 Cychrus sp 2 Dyschirius hispidus 1 Hister sedecimstriatus 1 Phelister vernus 1 Epuræa rufa 3 Stelidota 8-maculata 1 Byrrhus murinus 1 Eucinetus morio 1 Monocrepidius vespertinus 1 Agriotes limosus 1 Corymbites signaticollis 1 Podabrus flavicollis 1 Telephorus bilineatus 1 Onthophagus sp 1 Atænius strigatus 1 Atænius ovatulus 1 Atænius sp 3 Aphodius ruricola 1 Aphodius inquinatus 3 Aphodius sp 1 Serica sp 1 Lachnosterna sp 10 Anomala sp 1 Leptura sphæricollis 1 Leptura mutabilis 1 Chrysomela pulchra 4 Blapstinus metallicus 1 Helops micans 1 Hormorus undulatus 1 Otiorhynchus ovatus 1 Cercopeus chrysorrhœus 2 Pandeletejus hilaris 1 Sitones sp 1 Hylobius pales 1 Desmoris constrictus 1 Bagous sellatus 1 Anthonomus sycophanta 1 Conotrachelus posticatus 2 Acalles clavatus 1 Acalles sp 1 Cryptorhynchus ferratus 1 Sphenophorus melanocephalus 1

HEMIPTERA.

Tibicen septendecem 1 Nezara hilaris 1

Vegetable food.--A few Rubus seeds were recorded as cultivated fruit, but they were found in only two stomachs and probably were wild, as the gray-cheeked thrush does not live where it is likely to come in contact with cultivated blackberries or raspberries. In any case they amount to only 0.15 per cent. Wild fruits of 18 different species (23.98 per cent) make up nearly one-fourth of the whole food--in fact, the vegetable food, other than wild fruit, is insignificant. Wild berries supplement the regular food, which consists of insects and spiders.

The following list shows the fruits and seeds identified and the number of stomachs in which found:

False spikenard (Smilacina racemosa) 1 Greenbrier berries (Smilax sp.) 2 Bayberries (Myrica carolinensis) 1 Poke berries (Phytolacca decandra) 2 Crab apples (Pyrus sp.) 1 Wild black cherries (Prunus serotina) 5 Blackberries or raspberries (Rubus sp.) 2 Sumac berries (Rhus sp.) 1 Black-alder berries (Ilex verticillata) 1 Wild grapes (Vitis sp.) 5 Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia sp.) 1 Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) 5 Rough-leaved dogwood (Cornus asperifolia) 2 White cornel (Cornus candidissima) 1 Dogwood (Cornus sp.) 1 Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) 2 Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) 1 Dockmackie (Viburnum acerifolium) 1 Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) 1 Elderberries (Sambucus canadensis) 3 Fruit not further identified 6

Summary.--In the food of the gray-cheeked thrush the only useful element is a small percentage (2.83) of useful beetles. The remainder of the animal food is composed of either harmful or neutral elements. The vegetable food, drawn entirely from nature's great storehouse, contains no product of human industry, either of grain or fruit. Whatever the sentimental reasons for protecting this bird, the economic ones are equally valid.

OLIVE-BACKED AND RUSSET-BACKED THRUSHES.

(Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni and Hylocichla ustulata ustulata.)

The olive-backed thrush and its relative, the russet-backed, occupy the whole of the United States at some time during the year. The olive-back breeds north of our northern border, except in the higher mountains, and the russet-back on the Pacific coast nests as far south as southern California. The habits of birds of this species resemble those of others of the genus in living in swamps and woodlands rather than in gardens and orchards. The russet-back on the Pacific coast, however, seems to have become quite domestic, and wherever a stream runs through or past an orchard or garden, or the orchard is near thick chaparral, this bird is sure to be found taking its toll of the fruit and rearing its young in the thicket beside the stream. During the cherry season it takes a liberal share of the fruit, but its young, then in the nest, are fed almost entirely on insects. The eastern subspecies, on the contrary, does not come in contact with domestic fruit or any other product of husbandry. A great number of the subspecies nest far north of the region of fruit raising.

For this investigation 403 stomachs of the olive-backed thrush were available, collected in 25 States, the District of Columbia, and Canada. Florida, Louisiana, and Texas represent the most southern collections and New Brunswick, Ontario, and Northwest Territory the most northern. In California 157 stomachs were obtained, which, with those taken in Oregon and Washington, fairly represent the Pacific coast region. The whole collection was fairly well distributed over the nine months from March to November. The food consisted of 63.52 per cent of animal matter to 36.48 per cent of vegetable.

Animal food.--Beetles of all kinds amount to 16.29 per cent. Of these 3.14 per cent are the useful Carabidæ. The others belong to harmful or neutral families. Weevils or snout-beetles (Rhynchophora) amount to 5.29 per cent, a high percentage for such insects. One Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was found in a stomach taken on Long Island. Hymenoptera collectively aggregate 21.50 per cent. Of these, 15.20 per cent are ants--a favorite food of Hylocichla. The remainder (6.30 per cent) were wild bees and wasps. No honeybees were found. Caterpillars, which rank next in importance in the food of the olive-back, form a good percentage of the food of every month represented and aggregate 10.30 per cent for the season.

Grasshoppers are not an important element in the food of thrushes, as they chiefly inhabit open areas, while Hylocichla prefers thick damp cover, where grasshoppers are not found. An inspection of the record shows that most of the orthopterous food taken by the olive-back consists of crickets, whose habits are widely different from those of grasshoppers, and which are found under stones, old logs, or dead herbage. The greatest quantity is taken in August and September. The average for the season is 2.42 per cent.

Diptera (flies) reach the rather surprisingly large figure of 6.23 per cent. These insects are usually not eaten to any great extent except by flycatchers and swallows, which take their food upon the wing. The flies eaten by the olive-back are mostly crane flies (Tipulidæ) or March flies (Bibio), both in the adult and larval state. Crane flies are slow of wing and frequent shady places. The larvæ of both groups are developed in moist ground, and often in colonies of several hundred. With these habits it is not surprising that they fall an easy prey to the thrushes.

Hemiptera (bugs), a small but rather constant element of the food, were found in the stomachs collected every month, and in July reach 11.11 per cent. They were of the families of stinkbugs (Pentatomidæ), shield bugs (Scutelleridæ), tree hoppers (Membracidæ), leaf hoppers (Jassidæ), and cicadas. Some scales were found in one stomach. The total for the season is 3.76 per cent. A few insects not included in any of the foregoing categories make up 0.48 per cent of the food. Spiders, with a few millipeds, amount to 2.22 per cent, the lowest figure for this item of any bird of the genus Hylocichla. Snails, sowbugs, angleworms, etc. (0.32 per cent), complete the animal food.

Following is a list of insects identified and the number of stomachs in which found:

HYMENOPTERA.