Part 1 in. Long, Purple, Remainder Male. Per. 0.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Geneina & Jur Ghattas).

744 =Colocasia Antiquorum= Schott. KOLOKASS—Arab; MANZI—Zande.

Tuberous rooted herb, with large stoutly petioled, peltate, ovate- cordate, sagittate leaves. Originally introduced from Asia.

Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

Cultivated for its tuber, but all parts are utilised after being well boiled to separate the acrid matter common to most aroids.

745 =Culcasia scandens= P. Beauv.

Slender climber. Leaves lanc. to elliptic, 3-7 in. long, gland-dotted; pet. 1-3 in. long, sheathing. Ped. 1-4 at ends of branches, up to 3 in. long; spathe ab. 1½ in. long, convolute, hooded. Spadix ab. 2 in. long; fem. part ½ in. long, male 1-1¼ in.; appendix 0; per. 0.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: River Mokloio near Dukuttu; Jur: Geneina & Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Lado: Doka’s).

=HYDROCHARITACEÆ.=

746 =Hydrilla verticillata= Royle. =var. brevifolia= Casp.

Diœcious aquatic herb; stems elongate, branched. Leaves in verticils of 4 ovate or ovate-oblong, dentate, ab. ¼ in. long; lower leaves much shorter than internodes. Male spathe 1-flowered, axillary, solitary; perianth double of 3 segments each, outer ovate, inner linear; sta. 3. Fem. spathe tubular 2-dentate; per. segments 6, narrower than male; ovary exserted beyond the spathe, long-beaked; styles 3.

Bahr El Jebel (2° N.L.).

747 =Lagarosiphon Schweinfurthii= Casp.

Aquatic herb. Leaves alt., lin.-lanceolate, ½ in. long, minutely toothed. Male spathes many-flowered; per. 2-seriate; sta. 3; staminodes often 2-3. Fem. spathe narrowly oblong, 1-flowered, with 1-3 teeth on either side; styles 3.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Bongo lands).

=L. cordofanus= Casp.

Leaves scattered, ½-1 in. long, linear. Male spathe sub-globose, 2-fid, 6-8 flowered. Fem. spathe axillary tubular, 2-fid.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).

748 =Vallisneria spiralis= Linn.

Submerged aquatic herb with very short stem and strap-shaped leaves, 4-18 in. long, minutely-toothed. Male spathes axillary on 1-2 in. long stalks, many-flowered; fl. trimerous, detaching themselves when fertile (as also in foregoing genera) and floating to the surface to fertilise the fem. fl. Fem. spathe tubular on long stalk rising to the surface, but withdrawing itself into the mud by spiral contraction after fertilization; stigma 3-lobed, hairy above.

White Nile Prov. (12° 10′ L.N. & Goz Abu Gum’a); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main River); Bahr El Jebel.

=V. æthiopica= Fenzl.

Much like above, but leaves under 3 in. long.

White Nile Prov. (14° 30′ L.N. & J. Nyemati); Fung Prov.

749 =Ottelia alismoides= Pers.

Aquatic herb with very short stem. Leaves with long 3-angled pet., broadly cordate, 4-6 in. wide, 7-11 nerved Fl. hermaphr., solitary; ped. 6-12 in. long, at length spirally contracted; spathe 3-6 toothed and winged, adnate to ovary; outer per. segm. 3, oblong, ½ in. long, inner segm. 3 petaloid, white, 1 in. long; sta. 6-10; styles 6, bifid; ovary 6-celled.

White Nile Prov. (Tawila); Kordofan Prov.

=O. lancifolia= A. Rich.

Leaves radical, lanceolate, tapering into the pet., which is subamplexicaul at the base. Spathe bifid; inner per. lobes yellow.

White Nile Prov. (Tawila); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, Middle Gindi basin, 4,900 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

The seeds are pounded into meal by Nuers, and eaten.

=O. ulvæfolia= Buch.

Leaves attenuate at both ends, 7-nerved, 1½ in. broad. Spathe winged, obtusely 6-angled; inner per. lobes bright yellow, 1 in. long.

White Nile Prov. (Salati); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

=O. near O. ulvæfolia= Buch.

Submerged leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, up to 1 ft. long. Spathes 1¾ in. long, smooth. Flowers yellow.

White Nile Prov. (Tawila).

750 =Boottia scabra= Benth. & Hook. f.

Leaves submerged, thin, oblanceolate, 1½-2 ft. long, 2½ in. wide; petiole 1 ft. long, expanded at the base into an amplexicaul base. Spathe 3½ in. long, unisexual, rugose, toothed. Petals yellow or cream coloured.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

=B. abyssinica= Ridl.

As above, but spathe smooth, and only 2 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Main River); Mongalla Prov. (Kagulu Khor, Yei River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

751 =Thalassia Hemprichii= Ehrb.

Submerged marine plant. Leaves fascicled at intervals, linear, 6 in. long. Infl. diœcious; male spathes solitary, 2-leaved; per. 3-lobed; sta. 6. Fem. fl. at length stalked; ovary long-beaked. Fruit globose.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin & Arakea).

752 =Halophila ovata= Gaud.

Submerged marine herb, just above low-water mark. Leaves 2 from each node, ovate, 1 in. long; pet. 1 in. long. Male fl. solitary; per. 3-lobed; sta. 3. Fem. fl. sessile in the spathe; per. segm. 3, minute; styles 3; ovary beaked.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin).

=H. stipulacea= Aschers.

Leaves linear, 2 in. long; pet. ¼ in. Much as above.

Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab).

=LEMNACEÆ.=

753 =Lemna polyrhiza= Linn.

Duckweed, the floating front bearing several roots.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek).

It has been suggested that this plant might be utilised in anti-mosquito work, as pools covered with it never contain larvae of the Culicidae.

=L. paucicostata= Hegelmeier.

The floating frond nearly ⅓ in. long, bearing 1 root.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Nyemati); Kordofan Prov. (Fula Habsha); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Abwo stream 8,200 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba); Mouth of Bahr El Jebel.

=L. æquinoctialis= Welw.

Floating frond minute with a keel above, bearing 1 root.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Makporru Hill & Nganye near the River Ibba).

754 =Wolffia Delilii= Schleid.

Duckweed; frond minute, rootless.

Kordofan Prov. (Bara); Darfur Prov. (Suruj District: J. Barkin).

=LILIACEÆ.=

755 =Smilax kraussiana= Meisn.

Climbing shrub with prickly stem. Leaves oblong or orbicular, 5-6 in. long with 3 basal nerves and 2 stipular tendrils from base of petiole. Infl. diœcious in short-peduncled, many-flowered axillary umbels. Per. segm. 6; male fl.: sta. 6; filam. short; fem. fl.: staminodes 6 or fewer; ovary 3-celled, superior as in all this Order. Berry size of a pea.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: River Buddu); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

756 =Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi= Solms. DALADE & DILEH—Golo.

Erect undershr., 4-5 ft. high. Leaves minute, scale-like, with a hooked prickle at the bases, bearing in their axils 1-5 narrow, linear pointed leaf-like branchlets (cladodes), ¼ in. long. Fl. axillary solitary or paired; per. white, minute, 6-partite; sta. 6; style short, stigmas 3; berry size of a pea.

Nubia; Kordofan Prov. (Agari); Upper White Nile Prov. (Renk); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Jur River & Wau, Dinka country, Ghabat El Arab, Rek District); Bahr El Jebel.

=A. Schweinfurthii= Baker.

Prickly shrub. Cladodes in fascicles of 3-6, ¾-1¼ in. long. Fl. in axillary pairs.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: on the banks of the River Gendua).

=A. asiaticus= Linn.

Prickly climbing shrub. Cladodes 6-15 in a cluster, ½ in. long, stout. Fl. several in axillary clusters.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.).

=A. africanus= Lam. DAHUAB—Hadendowa; UM MUSHBUT & MESHEIT (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GAGALI—Bari; BUT—Dinka; TIANKA—Burun.

Tall, prickly shrub. Cladodes densely fascicled, stout, ½-1 in. long. Fl. umbellate from sides and tips of branchlets.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Mulbeis); Darfur Prov. (J. Murra: Niurnya 6,500 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf to mouth of Sobat River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel.

=A. racemosus= Willd. DAYOK (Fung) & BEKHEISET—Arab; CHII—Golo; BARAKURI—Zande.

Rambling and scandent, prickly undershr. Cladodes 2-6 in a cluster, ½-¾ in. long. Racemes solitary or fascicled, 1-2 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan, Suakin: 19° 30′ N.L.); Fung Prov. Sherif; Kordofan Prov.; Sobat River; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.

The fruit is eaten by the Golos. The root is used as a demulcent, diuretic, anti-dysenteric, etc., also as a demulcent in veterinary medicine.

757 =Sanseviera Ehrenbergii= Schweinfth. TUMBAT—Hadendowa.

Perennial, somewhat aloe-like herb. Leaves 12-15 distichous, basal, thick, striated, up to 5-6 ft. long. Infl. a panicle, 5-6 ft. long, with peduncle; per. tubular with 6 linear lobes, white tinged with red, ½-¾ in. long, lobes longer than tube; sta. 6, as long as the lobes, anthers versatile; style filiform.

Nubia (between Atbara & the Red Sea); Red Sea Prov. (Khor Ashat & Wadi Qossir near Suakin).

=S. nilotica= Baker.

Leaves 3 ft. long, flat, mottled, 1½ in. broad. Raceme lax, bearing clusters of 3-9 white, tinged with green, flowers; per. ¾-1 in. long, lobes longer than tube.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu: Mvolo).

=S. abyssinica= N.E. Brown. BASSAL EL WADI (Kassala), ZA’AF EL FIL, Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf), UM KUSM (Kordofan), KHAZAN (Baggara)—Arab; RRUK (J. Daier), GILLIA (J. El Amira), NALIAK (J. Eliri)—Nuba; TOI or TOIRO—Jur; TAR—Dinka (Bahr El Ghazal); BARANGA—Zande.

Leaves 2 ft. long or more, lanceolate, acute, rugose. Raceme up to 2½ ft. long; clusters 4-5 flowered. Flowers not described.

Fung Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Zeriba Agad, Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel.

Used as a source of fibre, in Bongo-land the women make kilts of the fibre which resemble horse tails.

758 =Aloe Schweinfurthii= Baker.

Fleshy plant. Leaves rosulate, ensiform, 18 in. long, 2 in. broad at base, margined with deltoid spines. Peduncle stout, compressed, branched, 2 ft. long, bearing racemes 6-9 in. long; per. pale-red, up to 1 in. long; tube short; segm. 6; sta. 6. Fr. oblong, 3-angled, 3-valved.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=A. commutata= Todaro.

Acaulescent. Leaves rosulate, oblong, lanceolate, 10-12 in. long, spotted white; marginal teeth large. Ped. branched, 2-3 ft. long; racemes 3-6 in. long; per. bright-red, 1½ in. long, constricted above the ovary.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,000 ft.).

=A. abyssinica= Lam. KALANDO—Hadendowa.

Stem short. Leaves rosulate ensiform, 2 ft. long, spotted when young; marginal teeth large. Ped. branched, 2 ft. long; racemes dense, 3-4 in. long; per. yellow, 1 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat, Wadi Sarrawib, Erkowit, J. Sihaba).

=A. crassipes= Baker.

Leaves ensiform, 1 ft. long and under 1 in. broad; teeth large, rather hooked. Ped. stout, 18 in. long; raceme 6 in. long with 2 short branches at base; per. 1¼ in. long, constricted above the ovary.

Nubia (between Suakin & Berber at Kishi).

=A. sp.= NARURA (J. Eliri)—Nuba.

Leaves 1 ft. long, gradually tapered upwards, repand-dentate, about 2 in. broad near the base. Fruiting panicle about 1 ft. long. Fruits ellipsoid, 1 in. long.

Nuba Mts. Prov, (J. Eliri to El Amira).

759 =Dracæna Ombet= Kotschy & Peyr. BATT—Hadendowa.

Many times branched, palm-like tree, 8 ft. or over, bearing dense clusters of ensiform leaves, 2 ft. long at ends of branches. Infl. panicled, 1 ft. or more long; fl. white, ¼ in. long; per. segm. 6; sta. 6; fr. a 3-celled berry.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, Khor Ashat, Anguab mountain, west of Suakin).

=D. elliptica= Thunb. & Dalm.

Shrub with much-branched, slender woody stems. Leaves oblong, 5-6 in. long; pet. short, channelled. Infl. panicled; per. whitish, ½ in. long; segm. 6; sta. 6; berry 3-lobed, 3-seeded.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River: Kagiko).

760 =Asphodelus fistulosus= Linn. =var. tenuifolius= Baker.

Herb with rosette of radical, hollow, pointed leaves, 6-9 in. long. Ped. shorter than leaves; infl. panicled; racemes lax, pedicels jointed at middle; per. white, ⅓ in. long; segm. 6, keeled with brown, spreading from a short tube; sta. 6; anthers versatile; fr. globose, ⅛ in. diam.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Berber Prov. (Abu Hashim).

The seeds are officinal and are said to be diuretic.

761 =Bulbine asphodeloides= Roem. & Schult.

Tuberous acaulescent herb. Leaves 10-20 in dense basal rosette, 6-18 in. long. Ped. shorter than leaves; raceme 3-6 in. long; pedicels solitary, jointed at top; per. bright yellow, ⅓ in. long, segm. 6, divided to base; sta. 6; filam. densely bearded; anthers versatile; caps. 3-angled, ⅓ in. long.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Abu Gurun’s Zariba).

762 =Eriospermum abyssinicum= Baker.

Tuberous herb. Leaf solitary, lanceolate, 5-6 in. long, appearing after flowers. Ped. wiry, 3-6 in. long; racemes lax, 6-8 in. long; pedicels jointed at apex; per. segm. 6, separate, white, keeled brown, ¼ in. long; sta. 6, unequal, shorter than per.; caps. ¼ in. long with 3 obovate, reflexing valves.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: banks of the River Gendua); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Zariba Kutshok Ali); Mongalla Prov. (Lado District: Doka’s).

763 =Acrospira sp.?=

Anthers basi-fixed, twisting up spirally.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.).

764 =Anthericum monophyllum= Baker.

Herb with tuber crowned with bristles; stem slender, angled, ½ in. long. Leaf solitary, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, with a clasping base from the middle, enclosed by a sheath. Raceme simple 1-3 in. long; pedicels solitary, ¼ in. long, jointed at the middle; per. ½ in. long, white; segm. 6, free, as all in this genus, with a brown, 3-nerved keel; sta. 6; anthers basifixed, as all in the genus, as long as filam.; caps. 3-angled, shallowly lobed, also as others in this genus; seeds angular.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=A. triphyllum= Baker.

Rootstock tuberous; fibres wiry. Leaves ab. 3, with long sheathing base and lanceolate blade, 4-6 in. long and ab. ½ in. broad, with raised veins and thickened margins. Ped. slender, pubescent, grooved, 6-8 in. long; raceme 3-4 in. long; pedicels short, articulated, lower geminate; bracts lanceolate, up to ¾ in. long. Per. ¼ in. long; segm. separate, white with 3 brown ribs.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: by the River Jur).

=A. cf. A. triphyllum= Baker.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=A. superpositum= Baker.

Rootstock and root-leaves not known. Ped. 24-30 in. long, bearing 3-4 sessile, oblong leaves 3-6 in. long. Racemes 1-3, lax, 2-3 in. long; pedicels short, articulated at middle, lower 3-4-nate; per. ⅙ in. long; segm. linear, white, with a green keel; sta. nearly as long as per., anthers small; caps. ⅙ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: River Ibba).

=A. triflorum= Ait. BERĪD (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Rootstock fibrous, not tuberous; neck crowned by a dense ring of bristles. Leaves linear, 1 ft. or more long. Ped. 12-18 in. long, angled; raceme dense, 3-6 in. long; pedicels 1-4-nate, jointed in middle; per. ab. ½ in. long; segm. lanceolate, 5-7 nerved, white with red-brown keel; sta. ¼ in. long; filam. scabrous. Caps. oblong.

Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo: Lessi River); Mongalla Prov. (Bor & Mongalla).

Said to be poisonous to cattle.

=A. near A. usseramense= Baker.

Leaves several, basal, ensiform. Ped. long, flattened; pedicels short, articulated at middle, lower geminate; racemes panicled; per. greenish- white, ¼ in. long.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

765 =Chlorophytum macrophyllum= Aschers.

Herb, not tuberous; root fibres long. Leaves 4-5 to a stem; blade membranous, lanceolate, 12-18 in. long, narrowed at both ends; pet. 6-12 in. long, channelled. Ped. 6-12 in. long; raceme simple or branched at base, 6-8 in. long; pedicels articulated, ab. ⅓ in. long, the lower fascicled; lower bracts ab. 1 in. long. Per. white, ⅓ in. long, segm. 6, free, with a 3-5 nerved brown keel; sta. 6, shorter than per., filam. and anthers ⅛ in. long resp.; caps. ⅓ in. long and as others in this genus deeply 3-lobed and seeds flat.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: banks of the River Gendua); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=C. blepharophyllum= Schweinfth.

Root crowned with dense bristles. Leaves ab. 4 sheathing base of stem, lowest small, others oblong-lanceolate, 4-8 in. long. Ped. slender, shorter than leaves; rac. dense, 2-3 in. long, simple or forked at base; pedicels short, articulated, lowest 2-3-nate. Per. dark-green, ⅓ in. long; segm. linear with 5-nerved keel. Caps. deeply emarginate, ⅓ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=C. pusillum= Schweinfth.

Tuberous herb. Leaves ab. 4, basal, oblong, 4-5 in. long, sessile, crisped at margin. Rac. dense, simple, 1-2 in. long, sessile in centre of rosette of leaves; pedicels short, articulated, clustered. Per. ⅙ in. long, white; segm. with a greenish-brown keel. Caps. globose, ¼ in. diam.

=C. Schweinfurthii= Baker.

Leaves 5-6 to a stem, oblong-lanceolate, not distinctly petiolate, 12-15 in. long, 2 in. broad. Ped. 2-3 in. long; rac. 2-3 in. long, dense, simple or branched at base; pedicels short, articulated at middle, lower 2-3-nate. Per. ¼ in. long, greenish. Caps. ⅙ in. long, ¼ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. gallabatense= Schweinfth.

Rootstock horizontal. Leaves 6-8 to a stem, thin, lanceolate, narrowly clasping, 12-18 in. long. Ped. slender, 1 ft. long; rac. many, ascending, the end one 6-9 in. long; pedic. short, articulated at middle, lower 2-3-nate. Per. dull greenish-white, ⅙ in. long. Caps. ¼ in. diam.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. ciliatum= Baker.

Neck of rootstock crowned with a ring of bristles. Leaves 3-4, with sheathing base and lanceolate blade, 4-6 in. long, ciliated on margin. Ped. slender, up to as long as leaves; racemes usually simple, dense upwards, ab. 3 in. long, lower 3-4-nate, ab. ⅓ in. long. Per. ¼ in. long. Caps. ⅓ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali).

=C. tenuifolium= Baker.

Leaves 5-6 to a stem, linear, 12-18 long, ⅓-½ in. broad, narrowed to base. Ped. long, slender; rac. lax, cylindric, up to 6-9 in. long; pedicels solitary ab. ⅓ in. long, articulated below the middle. Per. ⅓ in. long, segm. linear, white with a green keel; anthers small; caps. subglobose, emarginate, ⅓ in. long.

Mongalla Prov.

=C. andongense= Baker.

Tall herb. Leaves up to 2 ft. long, oblanceolate. Ped. up to 3 ft. long, bearing a lax panicle of many ascending racemes 1-2 ft. long; pedicels articulated at middle, lower 5-6-nate, finally 1 in. long. Per. ab. ½ in. long, brownish-green or white with 3-nerved green keel. Caps. oblong, ⅓-½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Mongalla Prov.: Bor).

=C. longifolium= Schweinfth.

Rootstock horizontal, crowned with bristles. Leaves ab. 6 to a stem, firm, linear, 12-18 in. long, ½-¾ in. broad, ciliate on margin. Ped. 12-18 in. long; rac. simple, 3-5 in. long, dense; pedicels very short, lower 2-3-nate. Per ⅓ in. long, segm. lanceolate; anthers small. Caps. deeply emarginate ¼-⅓ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=C. micranthum= Baker.

Neck of root crowned with a dense ring of fibres. Produced leaves firm, linear, 4-6 in. long, ¼ in. broad. Ped. slender, as long as leaves; rac. lax, simple or forked, at length 6-8 in. long; pedicels very short, artic. at middle, lower 3-4-nate. Per. greenish-white, ⅛ in. long; segm. linear laxly 3-nerved; anthers minute. Caps. ⅙ in diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba).

=C. tuberosum= Baker. SHANDAHA or SHANDAHAT & ASLANGA—Arab.

Root fibres bearing tubers at end; rootstock crowned with a dense ring of bristles. Leaves 6-10, firm, lanceolate, base sheathing the stem, 3-12 in. long, ciliated at margin. Rac. 5-6 in. long, including ped., often forked near the base; fl. fairly dense on rachis, white; pedic. short, artic. below middle, lower 2-3-nate. Per. ½ in. and more long; segm. oblong, obscurely 7-nerved; filam. ⅙-¼ in. long; anthers ab. same length, linear, curling after dehiscence. Caps. obovoid, ⅓ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz & Dinder River); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (southwards from Hillet Abbas); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.

Edible.

=C. polystachyum= Baker.

Neck of rootstock crowned with a few bristles. Produced leaves ab. 6 to a stem, linear, ab. 1 ft. long, ¼-⅓ in. broad. Ped. as long as leaves; rac. several, panicled, lax, the lower forked; pedic. ⅙-¼ in. long, artic. at middle, lower 3-4-nate; per. campanulate, ⅛ in. long; segm. green with white margin; anthers minute.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. breviscapum= Dalz.

Rootstock erect, not bristly. Leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 9 in. long and 1¼ in. broad. Racemes longer than the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about ½ in. long, ciliolate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambe).

=C. Tinneæ= Baker.

Root leaves not known. Ped. very slender 6-12 in. long, bearing several linear reduced leaves. Rac. very lax 6 in. long; pedic. very short, lower 2-3-nate. Per. 1/5 in. long; segm. oblong with 3-nerved keel; sta. rather shorter than per.; anthers linear, twice as long as filam.; ovules 12 in a cell.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur).

=C. spp.=

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Wau); Mongalla Prov. (Lado: Doka’s, & Kagulu).

766 =Dasystachys aurea= Baker.

Herb; leaves 5-6 to a stem, erect, glabrous, linear, 24-30 in. long, 1 in. broad at middle, base sheathing, margins obscurely ciliated. Ped. erect, 3 ft. long, bearing a few reduced leaves, pubescent. Raceme subspicate, 6-12 in. long; lower bracts large, lanceolate; fl. at first clothed with golden pubescence. Per. ¼ in. long; segm. 6, oblong, white with red-brown keel; sta. 6, as long as per.; anthers longer than filam.; style much exserted. Caps. deeply 3-lobed; seeds flat.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba, Niamniam-land: Hu River).

767 =Allium (Molium) spathaceum= Steud.

Herb; bulb globose 3 in. diam. Leaves 1-2, linear, thin, up to 9 in. long. Ped. 4-9 in. long; umbel of 10-15 fl.; spathe of 1 short ovate valve; pedic. ½-¾ in. long. Per. ⅙ in. long, white; segm. with distinct brown keel; sta. 6.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).

=A. ascalonicum= Linn.

Herb; bulb ovoid, ¾ in. diam. Leaves few, linear, up to 1 ft. long and ¼ in. broad. Peduncle longer than the leaves, stout; pedicels slender, crowded, about ⅓ in. long. Per. ⅙ in. long, white.

Kordofan Prov. (Bara).

=A. alibile= A. Rich.

Bulb globose, ab. 1 in. diam. Leaves not known. Ped. 18 in. long; umbel many-flowered; pedic. short; spathe short, many-valved. Per. campanulate, pale rose, segm. ovate-obl., acute; filam. of 3 inner sta. tri-cuspidate, 3 outer lanceolate.

Sudan?

768 =Dipcadi unifolium= Baker.

Bulb ½ in. diam. Leaf 1, linear, 6-7 in. long, base long sheathing. Ped. ab. 5 in. long; rac. laxly 3-6 flowered; pedic. very short. Per. green as others in this genus; tube ⅙ in. long; inner segm. flat, ⅙ in. long, outer caudate, 1/5 in. long; anthers subsessile.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Gendua River).

=D. fesoghlense= Baker.

Leaves 2, 6-8 in. long, very narrow. Ped. 4 in. long; rac. laxly many- flowered; pedic. very short. Per. ½ in. long, tube and inner segm. ¼ in., outer segm. caudate, just longer.

Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post).

=D. filifolium= Baker.

Bulb ab. ½ in. diam. Leaves 2, subterete, 1 ft. long. Ped. 1 ft. or more; rac. lax 3-10 flowered; pedic. short. Per. fulvous green; tube and inner segm. ⅙ in., outer up to ⅓ in. long.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=D. tacazzeanum= Baker.

Bulb 1 in. diam. Leaves 2-3, linear, flat, 3-4 in. long. Ped. 6-9 in. long; rac. 6-12 flowered; pedic. very short. Per. tube and inner segm. ¼ in. long respectively, outer segm. ⅓ in., subulate-falcate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Abu Gurun’s Zariba); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=D. lanceolatum= Baker.

Leaves 4-5, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long. Ped. 8-18 in. long; rac. very lax, ½-1 ft. long; pedic. very short. Per. tube ab. 1/5 in. long; inner segm. a little longer, outer complicate, ab. ¼ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gir).

769 =Drimia laxiflora= Baker.

Bulb and leaves not known. Ped. slender, 15-18 in. long; rac. very lax, 6-8 in. long; lower pedic. up to ½ in. long. Per. gamophyllous, ab. ⅓ in. long, greenish-brown; tube campanulate; segm. oblong twice as long as tube; style slightly exserted. Caps. deeply lobed; seeds flat.

White Nile Prov. (Khor Attar).

770 =Albuca tayloriana= Rendle.

Bulb ¾ in. diam. Leaves radical, narrow-linear. Ped. ab. 2 ft. long; rac. 4-5 in. long, laxly 10-12 fld., cylindrical; lower pedic. ⅓ in. long. Per. segm. free, ½ in. long, outer spreading, oblong greenish- white, with a broad, purple, 7-nerved keel, inner segm. connivent, hooded; sta. 6, filam. subulate; style subulate, more than twice length of ovary. Caps. 3-valved; seeds flat, black.

Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla to Gemeiza).

=A. Schweinfurthii= Engl.

Bulb 1 in. diam. Leaves linear, 24-30 in. long, ⅓ in. broad. Ped. longer than leaves; rac. 1 ft. or more, 20-30 fld.; pedic. short; lower bracts up to 1½ in. long. Per. nearly 1 in. long; segm. linear-obl., pale yellow with a broad red-brown keel. Caps. ovoid, ab. ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam: at the River Buddu, near Abu Samat’s Zariba).

=A. purpurascens= Engl.

Bulb 2-3 in. diam. Leaves linear 12-18 in. long. Ped. slightly longer; rac. 6-8 in. long, 10-15 fld.; pedic. half as long as fl.; lower bracts ab. ½ in. long. Per. ab. ½ in. long; segm. lin.-obl., with a broad purplish keel. Caps. ovoid, ab. ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba, Jur River; Mittu; Kuragerra & Dimindu).

=A. Steudneri= Schweinfth.

Bulb over 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-10 in. long, ⅓-½ in. broad below. Ped. 1 ft. or more long; rac. lax, 8-10 fld.; pedic. half as long as fl. Per. over ½ in. long; segm. linear, with a broad green keel. Caps. oblong, ½ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).

771 =Urginea micrantha= Solms. ABUTKULA—Hadendowa.

Bulb 2-3 in. diam. Leaves linear, appearing after the flowers. Ped. 1-2 ft. long; raceme 12-18 in., moderately dense; pedic. rigid, jointed at apex, up to ¾ in. long. Per. ⅙ in. long, segm. 6, free, white with 1-nerved brown keel; sta. 6, shorter than per.; anthers versatile, small. Caps. globose, acutely angled, ¼ in. diam.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Fung Prov. (Roseires, Jongol’s Post, etc., etc.); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 5,800 ft.); South of 13° N.L.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba, Abu Gurun’s Zariba; Mittu at Reggo; Dar Fertit; Deim Zubeir & near Chak-Chak).

The starch contained in the bulbs is used by the Hadendowas to stiffen their hair.

=U. indica= Kunth.

Bulb and leaves much as above. Ped. 1-2 ft. long; rac. 6-12 in., very lax; pedic. ascending, lower 1-2 in. long. Per. ⅓-½ in. long; segm. whitish, keel brownish-green, 2-3 nerved. Caps. oblong, ½-¾ in. long.

Fung Prov. (J. Moya & Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek).

The bruised bulbs are applied as a poultice for rheumatic pains or contusions.

=U. Petitiana= Solms.

Bulb 1½ in. diam. Leaves linear, appearing after fl. Ped. up to 2 ft. long; raceme 6 in., dense above; pedic. very short; bracts linear, ¼-⅓ in. long. Per. 1/5 in. long, segm. white; keel 2-3 nerved, greenish- brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Mongalla Prov. (Bor to Mongalla).

=U. nigritana= Baker.

Bulb moderately large. Leaves linear, channelled, 12-18 in. long. Ped. 18-24 in. long; rac. up to 18 in., lax; upper pedic. short, lower up to 1½ in.; bracts up to ¾ in. long. Per. ab. ¾ in. long, segm. whitish with a broad 5-nerved red-brown keel. Caps. ovoid, ½-¾ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu: Dimindu; Niamniam-land: River Buddu).

772 =Scilla spicata= Baker.

Bulb 1 in. diam. Leaves 2, lanceolate, 2-5 in. long. Ped. 4-6 in. long; spike 1-2 in., dense. Per. campanulate, bright purple; segm. 6, 1-nerved, minute; sta. 6, short; anthers versatile. Caps. 3-valved.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau River).

=S. edulis= Engl. MAKPĀRA—Bongo.

Bulb over ½ in. diam. Leaves 4-6, linear, up to 3 in. long. Ped. slender, 2-3 in. long; raceme up to 2 in. long, fairly dense; pedic. short; per. mauve-purple, ⅛ in. long; sta. ab as long, filam. mauve- purple.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=S. indica= Baker.

Bulb up to 2 in. diam. Leaves 5-6, lanceolate, 6 in. long, sheathing. Ped. ab. 6 in. long; rac. 3-4 in. lax; ped. ¼-⅓ in. longer, lower drooping. Per. campanulate, greenish-purple, ⅛ in. long; filam. purple.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=S. Schweinfurthii= Engl.

Bulb ¾ in. diam. Leaves 3-6, linear, 2-3 in. long. Ped. 2-3 in. long; raceme ab. 1½ in. lax, lower fl. drooping; centr. pedic. ⅙ in. long. Per. campanulate, green, ⅙ in. long; filam. pale.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. mæsta= Baker.

Bulb ab. 1½ in. diam. Leaves 5-6, lanceolate with a few purple spots, 4-6 in. long. Ped. 2-3 to a bulb, ab. 4 in. long; rac. 1-2 in. dense, lower ped. drooping, ⅓ in. long. Per. campanulate, green, ⅛ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=S. modesta= Baker.

Bulb ab. 1½ in. diam. Leaves 2, obl. or lanc., 2-6 in. long. Ped. 2-6 in. long; rac. 2-3 in., lax; pedic. ab. ⅙ in. long. Per. campanulate, green, ⅛ in. long; filam. pale.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Wau).

=S. chlorantha= Baker.

Bulb 1½ in. diam. Leaves 3, obl. or obl.-lanc., 6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, sheathing at base. Ped. 4 in. long; rac. 3-5 in., moderately dense; pedic. ab. ⅙ in. long. Per. campanulate, green, ⅛ in. long; filam. green.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. lilacina= Baker. BASSAL EL KELB, KILGA & BERID (Blue Nile)—Arab.

Bulb ½ in. diam. Leaves 6-8, obl.-lanc., thin, 3-4 in. long, ab. 1 in. broad. Ped. 4-6 in. long; rac. 3-5 in., lax; pedic. ab. ⅓ in. long. Per. tubular-campanulate, ¼ in. long, pale purple; filam. bright mauve- purple.

Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Upper White Nile Prov. (Renk); Kordofan Prov.

=S. cf. S. lanceæfolia= Baker.

Leaves obl. or obl.-lanc., spotted dark green. Rac. 2-3 in. long; pedic. longer than fl. Per. campanulate, purplish, ab. ¼ in. long; filam. purple.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

773 =Ornithogalum Eckloni= Schlecht.

Bulb 1-2 in. diam. Leaves 4-6, linear, 1-2 ft. long, ab. ¾ in. broad near base. Ped. fairly stout 18-24 in. long; rac. 3-4 in., rather dense; pedic. short, ascending. Per. ¼ in. long; segm. free, obl., white with green keel; sta. 6, hypogynous, shorter than per.; filam. linear; anthers versatile. Caps. globose, ¼ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

774 =Gloriosa virescens= Lindl. HABALEKO—Rashida.

Sarmentose herb climbing by means of prehensile leaf-tips. Leaves usually obl. or obl.-lanc., with tendril-like tips, 5-6 in. long, the lower verticillate or opp. Infl. a lax terminal corymb; pedic. long, nodding at tip. Per. ab. 2 in. long; segm. free, lanceolate-cuspidate, slightly or not crisped, usually bright red, ultimately strongly reflexed; sta. 6, hypogynous, shorter than per.; style over 1 in. long, 3-forked above. Caps. ab. 2 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Karora); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Kio); Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Wau; Shambe); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla & Lado. Asugi).

Probably has medicinal properties; the tuber is poisonous.

=G. virescens= Lindl. =var. grandiflora= Baker.

Fl. larger; per. segm. 3-4 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Abu Kuka).

=PONTEDERIACEÆ.=

775 =Eichornia natans= Solms.

Aquatic herb; stems floating or creeping in the mud. Submerged leaves sessile, linear, 2-4 in. long; floating leaves petiolate, ½-1 in. long, ½-1 in. broad ovate or orbicular, cordate; produced sheath of petiole (so-called stipule) up to 1¼ in. long. Fl. apparently issuing from below middle of pet. of floating leaves. Perianth inferior; segm. 5, united below, blue, ¼ in. diam.; sta. 6; ovary 3-celled; style shortly 3-6 lobed. Caps. spindle-shaped, ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: between Gir & Addai; Ghazal R.).

776 =Heteranthera kotschyana= Fenzl.

Aquatic herb; stem creeping in the mud. Leaves 1-3 in. long ovate, cordate; pet. 2-8 in. long, whose sheath embraces the membranous spathe out of which issues the 2-4 in. long spike. Per. segm. 6; sta. 3. Caps. ½-¾ in. long.

Kordofan Prov. (between Melbes & El Obeid); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gurfala).

777 =Monochoria africana= N.E. Br.

Aquatic herb. Leaves radical, 3-4 in. long, ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate; pet. long. Flowering stems 11-14 in. long with a leaf or tubular leaf-sheath at their summit enclosing a filiform-pointed spathe 1 in. long. Raceme 2-4 in. long, emerging from the spathe. Per. segm. 6, free, blue or violet; sta. 6, unequal, the filam. of largest toothed; stigma of 3 bifid lobes.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=TACCACEÆ.=

778 =Tacca pinnatifida= Forst.

Rootstock tuberous, up to 1 ft. diam. Leaves radical, long-petioled (1-3 ft. long), large, dividing into 3 forked branches; final segments ovate or lanceolate. Fl. many in an umbel; ped. 1-3 ft. long; bracts 4-6 in a whorl; per. superior; segm. 6, all small, greenish-brown; sta. 6, filam. hooded, purple; stigma peltate; lobes 3, bifid; berry 1 in. long, subglobose.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bor to Gigging, Yei River).

The tuber yields starch, which is said to be similar to arrow-root, but of poor quality. It is not cultivated, but is gathered wild and eaten.

=DIOSCOREACEÆ.=

779 =Dioscorea (Helmia) sativa= Linn. MAYDOK or NYTI, also MERE (aerial tuber) & BARANDOKA (undergr. tuber)—Zande. The Yam.

Herbaceous twiner with edible tuber. Leaves alt., ovate or orbicular, cuspidate, cordate, 1 ft. long, 7-9 nerved, often with bulbils in the axils. Infl. diœcious, spicate, the male spikes fascicled at leafless nodes. Male fl. minute; per. segm. 6; sta. 6. Fem. fl. also minute; per. segm. 6; styles 3. Caps. deeply 3-lobed; seeds broadly winged at base.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé).

The plant is cultivated throughout Tropical Africa for food, and flour being made from the dried tubers.

=D. sagittifolia= Pax.

Twining herb with tuberous root. Leaves triangular-sagittate, 4-5 in. long, 5-nerved. Male spikes geminate. Fem. fl. and fruit unknown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Okale).

Tuber probably edible.

=D. alata= Linn.

Twiner with 4-winged stem; tuber large, edible. Leaves usually opp., ovate-acuminate, cordate, 7-nerved, 6-9 in. long. Caps. glabrous, 1¼ in. diam., 3-winged; seeds orbicular, winged all round.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River). Cultivated, see above D. sativa L.

=D. abyssinica= Hochst.

Twiner; stem terete. Leaves ovate-acuminate, cordate, 7-nerved, 3-4 in. long. Caps. orbicular, deeply-lobed, 1¼ in. diam.; seeds orbicular, winged all round.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=D. schimperiana= Hochst.

Leaves as above, but 5-nerved and rather larger and hairy. Infl. pubescent. Caps. with 3 orbicular lobes, 1 in. long and 1½ in. diam.; seeds orbicular, winged all round.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Gumango Hill); Fung Prov. (Bunzaga).

=D. (Helmia) dumetorum= Pax.

Twiner, often prickly. Leaves 3-fol., pubescent beneath; end leaflet obovate, cuspidate, 5-6 in. long, side leaflets oblique. Male fl. in short axillary panicles; fem. fl. laxly racemed. Caps. 3-angled, 2 in. long; seeds 1 in. long, with large basal wing.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Khor Ganna near Kadugli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Tuhami’s Zariba); Mongalla Prov. (Lado Dist.: Yambi Khor).

Poisonous, but can be rendered edible by pounding and washing.

=D. phaseoloides= Pax.

Unarmed twiner. Leaves 3-fol.; end leaflet oblong, 2½ in. long. Male fl. in fascicled axillary spikes; fem. fl. and fr. unknown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Gumango Hill).

=D. (Helmia) beccariana= Martelli f.

Unarmed twiner. Leaves 5-fol.; leaflets obovate or oblong 3-4 in. long. Male fl. in fascicled axillary spikes. Fem. fl. in long lax spikes. Caps. oblong, acutely 3-angled, ¾ in. long; seeds with long oblong basal wing.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=COMMELINACEÆ.=

780 =Palisota Schweinfurthii= C. B. Ce.

Herb 3-7 ft. long; young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hairs. Leaves whorled up to 26 by 8 in., elliptic, densely hairy on the margin. Flowers in a dense cylindric panicle, very numerous.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Boddo R. & Nabambisso R.).

781 =Commelina nudiflora= Linn. BE-EID (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Marsh herb; stems decumbent, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves alt., 1-3 in. long, lanceolate; sheaths 1-2 in. long. Infl. of 2 racemes enclosed in a folded ovate-lanceolate, ½-2 in. long spathe; fl. 1-3 in the lower and 3-8 in upper rac.; sep. 3; pet. 3, 2 with long claws, blue; sta. 2-3 perfect, 2-3 sterile; seeds 5, reticulated.

White Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft. & J. Marra 4-5,500 ft.); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd from southwards); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

It is said to be medicinal and to be eaten by cattle.

=C. subulata= Roth.

Weak herb 6-15 in. long. Leaves 2 in. long, linear. Spathes nearly sessile, ½ in. long ovate. Fl. blue, hardly exserted from spathe; seeds 5, pitted and wrinkled.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad).

=C. benghalensis= Linn. BAYAD (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Hairy herb, 1-3 ft. long. Leaves ovate-elliptic 1-3½ in. long; spathes subsessile, funnel-shaped by lower margins being connate ⅓ in., ½-⅔ in. long, crowded near tips of branches; seeds 5, rough or wrinkled.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, near Suakin, Khor Tamanib); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

The fleshy rhizomes sometimes contain much starch and are wholesome food when cooked.

=C. Forskalæi= Vahl. DUEID (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; NIOK (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.

Pubescent branched herb, 8-24 in. long. Leaves oblong, up to 2 in. long. Spathes ½-⅔ in. long, funnel-shaped on ped. up to ⅓ in. long. Pet. blue; seeds 1-3, smooth.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Wadi Erkowit, Suakin, Sea-coast to between 3,000-4,000 ft.); Kassala Prov. Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Bir Sodari, J. Kurbaj, El Obeid); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).

=C. africana= Linn.

Glabrous trailing herb, 1-3 ft. long. Leaves up to 3 in., oblong subsessile. Spathes 1-2 in. long, folded, ovate on ped. up to ⅔ in. long. Pet. yellow; seeds reticulated.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River, Makporru Hill).

=C. involucrosa= A. Rich.

Large herb. Leaves 1½-5 in. long, lanceolate, pubescent. Spathes 2½ in. long, simply folded; ped. 1 in. long. Fl. probably yellow.

Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib).

=C. krebsiana= Kunth.

Leaves hairy on both sides when mature, otherwise as C. africana.

Red Sea Prov. (near Erkowit); Upper White Nile Prov. (mouth of Bahr El Jebel).

=C. Kotschyi= Hassk.

Glabrous herb. Leaves 2 in. long, lin.-lanceolate, subsessile, often crenulated. Spathes subsessile, ½-⅔ in. long, broadly ovate, 1-3 near ends of branches. Pet. intensely blue. Caps. small, constricted; seeds smooth, brown.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).

=C. imberbis= Hassk.

Herb, 1-2 ft. high; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves narrow- to ovate- lanceolate, 5 in. long, the upper sessile, often auricled at base. Ped. few, scattered, exserted ½-1½ in. Spathes broadly ovate, ab. 1 in. long, margins free or nearly so. Pet. blue. Caps. ¼ in. long; seeds 4, nearly smooth, brown.

Fung Prov. (Roseires).

=C. latifolia= A. Rich.

Slightly hairy herb; internodes long. Leaves obl.-lanc., sessile, upper cordate or nearly sagittate, 3½ in. long. Ped. 1-2 at top of branch, exserted ½-1 in.; spathes broadly ovate, ¾ in. long, margins shortly connate at base. Pet. blue. Caps. ¼ in. long; seeds 4, nearly smooth, brown.

Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza).

=C. bracteosa= Hassk.

Slightly hairy herb, 15 in. high; internodes 2 in. long. Leaves elliptic-acuminate, 3½ in. long. Ped. 1-2 at ends of branches, slightly exserted; spathes broadly ovate, ab. 1 in. long, slightly white-hairy, margins connate at base. Pet. blue. Caps. ⅙ in. long, papery; seeds 3.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambe).

=C. æthiopica= C. B. Clarke.

Tufted herb, 8-14 in. high; internodes 1-2½ in. long. Leaves broadly obl.-lanc., 3½ in. long. Ped. 1-2 at ends of branches, hardly exserted; spathes and fl. as above. Caps. 2-seeded.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Barboi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Jur Ghattas, Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba).

782 =Aneilema sinicum= Lindl.

Herb; stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves linear, 8-10 in. long, ¼ in. broad. Infl. a cymose panicle, subtended by a bract (not spathe) ½-2 in. long, lin.-lanc. Sep. 3, minute; pet. 3, blue or dull purple, ¼ in. long or more; sta. 6, 2 fertile; filam. bearded at base. Caps. 1/5 in. long; seeds 6.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Agad Zariba, Wau); Mongalla Prov. (Bor southwards).

=var.= (β) =longifolia= C. B. Clarke.

Rather larger in all parts; fertile sta. sometimes 3.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas; Niamniam-land: Sway River).

=A. tacazzeanum= Hochst.

Weak decumbent herb, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves elliptic, 3 in. long. Fl. in terminal cymose panicles; bracts minute, ovate. Pet. probably yellow; filam. bearded at base; seeds 2-6.

Red Sea Prov. (Khor Gwob).

=A. beniniense= Kunth.

Trailing herb, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obl., acuminate, 2-5 in. long. Fl. in 1-2 terminal panicles; cyme peduncles often 100 or more. Pet. very small, blue or white; fertile sta. usually 3, filam. without hairs; seeds 5-7.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku River & Nabambisso River).

=A. Schweinfurthii= C. B. Clarke.

Minutely pubescent herb; stems 8-14 in. high. Leaves on barren stems obl.-lin., 4½ in. long but on flowering stems few, oblong, 1-2 in. long. Pan. terminal, dense, pubescent, at length 1¼ by ¾ in.; bracts and bracteoles small. Pet. small, blue. Caps. nearly ¼ in. long, white; 4 seeded.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas; Bongo: Gir. Khor Ajok, between Wau & Chakchak).

=A. near A. soudanicum= C. B. Clarke.

Hispid herb, up to 15 in. high. Leaves obl. or elliptic-lanc., sessile, obtuse, 3 in. long, lowest reduced to scales. Pan. dense, 1½ by ¾ in. terminal; bracts ⅙ in. long, bracteoles smaller. Pet. white or pale blue.

Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=A. pedunculosum= C. B. Clarke.

Weak, trailing, sparsely hairy herb; stems 6-24 in. long. Leaves elliptic or ovate, acuminate, 2 in. long. Pan. terminal, small, frequently on short lateral branches; sep. minute; pet. very small, blue; fertile sta. usually 3, filam. slightly bearded. Caps. 1/5 in. long, shining, pale; seeds 4, pale.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambe).

=A. Russegeri= C. B. Clarke.

Much like A. Schweinfurthii.

Nubia; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

783 =Cyanotis hirsuta= Fisch. & Mey.

Stems from a bulb; flowers in small heads exserted from the leaf- sheaths; leaves oblong-lanceolate.

Red Sea Prov. (Karora Hills).

=C. lanata= Benth.

Annual with fine woolly hair when young; stems 4-18 in. long. Leaves narrowly obl.-lanc.; up to 3 in. long. Infl. scattered, axillary and peduncled, of 1-4 clustered scorpioid cymes ab. ½ in. diam.; outermost bract usually ½-1 in. long; bracts falcate, in 2 rows or densely packed. Sep. 3, more or less connate at base; pet. 3, small, blue (?), the claws more or less coherent into a tube; sta. 6, perfect; filam. bearded. Caps. thin, 3-celled; seeds 5-6.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo: Gurfala).

=C. djurensis= C. B. Clarke.

Herb with white wool on young parts; sterile stem short, bearing linear leaves up to 10 in. by ½ in.; flowering stems 12-20 in. long with linear leaves 6 in. long when present. Heads of several clustered cymes; outer bracts to terminal heads 2-3 in. long, linear; bracts distinctly 2-ranked; fl. blue.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=C. Cæspitosa= Kotschy & Peyr.

Herb, at first villous, then glabrate; sterile stems abrupt; basal leaves tufted, obl.-lanc., 3 in. long, shaggy at base. Leaves on flowering stems 0-1 (besides floral leaves) reduced to sheaths with a triangular point. Fl. heads hardly ½ in. long of 1 or few cymes; outer bracts ½-1 in. long; falcate bracts 2-seriate in cymes, hairy. Fl. red.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).

784 =Floscopa rivularis= C. B. Clarke.

Decumbent herb; stems 1-2 ft. long. Leaves obl.-lanc., sessile on sheaths 2-4 in. long. Panicle 1-2½ in. long, dense, brown-hairy, terminal. Sep. 3; pet. 3, purple or rose; sta. 6; filam.-naked; caps. 2-valved, 2-seeded, small.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=F. Schweinfurthii= C. B. Clarke.

Thinly hairy annual, 6-8 in. high. Leaves ovate-lanc., sessile, 2 in. long. Pan. terminal, leafy; cymes 1½ in. long, hairy, dense. Caps. minute. Colour of fl. not known, probably yellow.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Sabbi and Kulengo).

=F. flavida= C. B. Clarke.

Slightly hairy annual, 2-5 in. high. Leaves lanc., sessile, 2½ in. long. Pan. terminal, slender; cymes few, ½-1½ in. long. Cal. purple; cor. yellow. Caps. small.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Agada, Jur Ghattas, Abu Gurun’s Zariba).

=AMARYLLIDACEÆ.=

785 =Hypoxis angustifolia= Lam.

Tuberous-rooted herb. Leaves 6-12, radical, 6-12 in. long. Ped. 1-4, shorter than leaves. Corymbs lax 2-6 flowered; per. yellow, ⅓ in. long, 3 outer segm. green and hairy outside; sta. 6; stigmas 3; ovary inferior, 3-celled, as in all this family.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=H. sp.=

Leaves few, linear, 9-12 in. long, 1/5 in. broad, 3-nerved, thinly pilose. Flower (only 1 seen) ⅓ in. long, long-pilose outside; segments yellow, ovate-lanceolate.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River: Kagulu).

786 =Curculigo gallabatensis= Schweinfth.

Herb; tuber 2 in. long. Leaves 3-4, linear, plicate, 1-2 ft. long. Fl. solitary; per. superior, base adnate to ovary, produced into a beak-like tube, 2 in. long; segm. 6, yellow, spreading, ab. ½ in. long, the 3 outer lobes reddish and hairy outside; sta. 6; stig. 3, united.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: banks of the River Gendua); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas and by the River Wau); Mongalla Prov. (Gemeiza).

787 =Crinum tinneanum= Kotschy & Peyr.

Bulbed herb; leaves not known. Fl. 12-30 in an umbel, rose-red; spathes 2-3 in. long; per. tube 3 in. long; segm. 6, linear, spreading, 1½ in. long; sta. 6, filiform; anthers versatile; stigma capitate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main-river); Bahr El Jebel (Gondokoro).

=C. purpurascens= Herb.

Bulbed herb. Leaves numerous, strap-shaped, 1½-3 ft. long. Ped. shorter than leaves; fl. 4-6 in an umbel, red; spathes 2-3 in. long; per. tube 5-6 in. long; segm. 2-3 in. long, lanceolate; sta. 6, filaments 2-3 in. long, purple; style capitate, longer than stamens.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Wau and Deim Zubeir.)

=C. ammocharoides= Baker.

Leaves 6-8 to a bulb, 1 ft. long, 1 in. broad. Ped. stout, compressed, 3-6 in. long, bearing an umbel of 10-20 bright-red flowers; spathes 2-3 in. long; per. tube 3-4 in. long; segm. linear, 2-3 in. long; sta. 6, filaments bright red, 2-3 in. long; style capitate, rather longer.

Kordofan Prov. (Obeid); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. pauciflorum= Baker.

Bulb 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 6-8, 12-18 in. long, only ¼ in. broad, erect. Ped. slender, 6-8 in. long; fl. 1-2 to an umbel; spathe valves 2-3 in. long. Per. tube curved, 4-5 in. long; segm. 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute, white with a distinct red keel. Filaments 1 in. shorter than per. segm.; anthers ½ in. long; style overtopping anthers.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. scabrum= Herb. LANGABO—Golo.

Bulb 5-6 in. diam. Leaves 12 or more, 2-3 ft. long, 1½-2 in. broad at middle, scabrous at margin. Ped. fairly stout, 1-2 ft. long; umbel 4-8 flowered; spathe valves 2-3 in. long. Per. tube curved, greenish, 4-5 in. long; segm. ab. 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute, white with a distinct red keel; filam. rather shorter than and style reaching tip of per. segm.

Fung. Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Darfur Prov. (Kulme and J. Marra, 5,000 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo: Gir).

=C. giganteum= Andr.

Differs from above by leaves 3-4 in. broad in middle and narrowing to the base and by the pure white flowers.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Rumbek and Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

788 =Hæmanthus multiflorus= Martyn. GASH-EL-FIL—Arab; OU—Golo.

Bulb 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 3-4, 6-12 in. long, 3-4 in. broad. Ped. separate from the leafy stem; fl. in dense globose umbels, 3-6 in. diam., blood-red; spathe-valves 6-8, 2 in. long. Per. tube cylindric, ½ in. long; segm. linear, 3-nerved, 1 in. long; filam. longer than per. segm.; fruit a scarlet berry.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.

=H. filiflorus= Hiern.

Differs from above chiefly by broader leaves, 5-6 in. broad and 1-nerved per. segments.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, Jur: Jur Ghattas, Dar Fertit: Pongo River).

=H. rupestris= Baker.

Bulb small. Leaves 2, 6 in. long, 4 in. broad. Spathe valves 4-5, reddish, 1½ in. long; per. segm. 3-nerved, ½ in. long.

Kordofan Prov. (Melbes).

789 =Pancratium tortuosum= Herb.

Bulb long-necked, 2 in. diam. Leaves 6-12, 6-12 in. long, spirally twisted. Ped. very short; umbel 2-4 flowered; spathe valve 1. Per. tube 5-6 in. long; segm. linear, white. Filam. connate into a cup 1 in. long, toothed between the filam. tips, all white.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Erkowit, between Suakin and Khor Tamanib).

=P. trianthum= Herb. ATTAB—Golo.

Leaves 6-8, 12 in. or more, not twisted. Umbel of 1-3 flowers; spathe valves and teeth of staminal cup bifid, otherwise as above.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Red Sea Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas and Jur Aweit); Bahr El Jebel.

=P. maximum= Forsk.

Leaves 4-5. Ped. 1-flowered; per. tube greenish, 4 in. long; segm. 2½ in., white; cup 2 in. long, faintly lobed.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin).

=IRIDACEÆ.=

790 =Lapeyrousia abyssinica= Baker.

Herb with bulbous stem (corm), 6-12 in. high. Leaves 3-4, distichous, 3-6 in. long. Spikes lax 2-6 flowered; per. corolline, lilac, 6-lobed, ¾ in. long; sta. 3, ⅓ in. long; ovary inferior, 3-celled; style 3-branched, branches bifid.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

791 =Tritonia bongensis= Pax.

Cormed herb; stem 1 ft. long. Leaves 2, distichous, 1 ft. long. Spikes lax, 3-6 in. long; per. red-purple; tube ⅓ in. long; segm. 6, oblong, clawed, ¼ in. long; sta. 3; style 3-branched, branches simple, clavate; ovary inferior.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo; Lessi River); S.E. Sudan.

792 =Gladiolus quartinianus= A. Rich.

Cormed herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves distichous 3-4, 18 in. long. Spikes 6-12 in. long, 6-9 flowered; spathe ab. 2 in. long; per. blood-red, more commonly pale-yellow; tube 1½ in. long; segm. 6, 2 in. long and 1 in. broad; sta. 3; style branches 3, spreading, flattened; ovary inferior.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov. (Kio); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land: Gumango Hill); Bahr El Jebel.

=G. unguiculatus= Baker.

Herb with 2-3 sheathing leaves, 18 in. long. Per. 1¼ in. long, white, tinged with greenish-brown; segm. clawed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo: south-west of Tonj River).

793 =Romulea Bulbocodium= Seb. & Mauri.

Small crocus-like herb with membranous truncated bulb-scales; leaves linear, recurved; flowers blue-purplish with yellow anthers; common in the Mediterranean region.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, 4,000 ft.).

=ZINGIBERACEÆ.=

794 =Kæmpferia æthiopica= Benth. TONYANGWI (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; KAMUTWEN—Jur.

Herb, the handsome solitary flowers appearing out of the ground before the leaves. Leaves 3-5, oblong-lanceolate, 9-18 in. long. Calyx funnel- shaped, 1½ in. long; cor. tube exserted from calyx, lobes lanceolate, 1½ in. long, lilac-coloured; fertile sta. 1, anther ½ in. long; staminodes 5, petaloid, ab. 3 in. long, bright red-purple; ovary 3-celled.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Gendua River); Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Dar Fertit: between Chak Chak & Deim Zubeir); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=K. rosea= Schweinf.

Flowers pink or lilac with yellow and deep purple streaks, many on a raceme, contemporary with the leaves.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam- land: Gumango Hill); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

795 =Cadalvena spectabilis= Fenzl.

Acaulescent herb with leaves in a rosette and few pale-yellow fl., 3 in. long, on short stalks from the centre. Calyx funnel-shaped, shortly toothed; cor. lobes 3, lanceolate, 2 in. long; fertile stamen shorter than cor. lobes; anther ½ in. with pale yellow strap-shaped appendage; side staminodes small, anterior one (lip) 3 in. long, pale yellow.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

796 =Costus pterometra= Schumann.

A tall herb. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute, acuminate, about 8 in. long and 3½ in. broad. Spikes ellipsoid, 3 in. long. Bracts elliptic.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).

=C. trachyphyllus= Schumann.

Tall herb. Leaves oblong ab. 1 ft. long. Spikes many-flowered, 3 in. long, terminal; outer bracts orbicular, 1¼ in. diam., inner oblong, membranous. Cal. funnel-shaped, ½ in. long; cor. lobes oblong, 1½ in. long; fertile sta. 2 in. long petaloid, anther ¼ in., half-way down; lateral staminodes minute, 2 or absent; lip obovate 3 in. long white or tipped rose; style filiform, passing between lobes of anther, as in most others of this family.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole & Yuru Rivers).

797 =Amomum polyanthum= Schumann. AKORI—Zande.

Stem tall, leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1 ft. or more, pilose beneath. Fl. in a globose head on a basal peduncle 6-12 in. long, with large, imbricate bracts. Cal. funnel-shaped, slit one side; cor. tube cylindrical, dorsal lobe boat-shaped, lateral lanceolate spreading; lateral staminodes 0; lip oblong purplish-yellow 1 in. long: fertile anther with 3-lobed crest; filaments filiform.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Linduku River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Diamvonu Stream).

=A. luteo-album= Schumann.

Leafy herb with stout root-stock; leaves hairy on veins. Much as above; lip white with yellow middle.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Wando Village).

=A. sanguineum= Schumann.

Stem up to 15 ft. high. Leaves 1½ in. long, pubescent beneath. Infl. globose, simple or branched, radical; fl. enclosed in large brown bracts; dorsal cor. lobe bright red, 1½ in. long; lip pale yellow, 1½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Assika & Nabanda & Yuru Rivers).

=A. Korarima= Pereira. HABAHAN—Arab; ?NONGA—Zande.

Fruit flask-shaped 2 in. long, flattened one one side, glabrous.

Found in Abyssinia, on the Upper Sobat, from where its fruit is exported to the Sudan as a kind of Cardamom. It is said to be found also in the Southern B. El Ghazal Prov.

=A. giganteum= Oliv. & Hamb.

Stems 15-20 ft. Leaves up to 2 ft. long and 6 in. broad. Flowering stem radical, 2 ft. long; flower spikes distichous enclosed in bracts; cor. lobes 2 in. long; lip 3 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi).

=A. spp.=

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Atasilli River & Yuru River).

=MARANTACEÆ.=

798 =Thalia geniculata= Linn.

Herb, up to 6 ft. high. Leaves with long petioles, sheathing the stem at the base, blades up to 1 ft. long and 6 in. broad. Infl. in a large lax panicle; bracts oblong, ½-1 in. long enclosing pairs of flowers; sep. 3, small; pet. 3, purple; staminodes violet, longer than petals; lip obovate, purple, crested; anther 1-celled on a narrow lobe.

Sobat River (Nasser); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam- land: Gumango Hill).

799 =Clinogyne cuspidata= K. Schum.

Stems branched and leafy up to 12 ft. high. Leaves 1 ft. or more by 6 in., pinnately streaked with white, cuspidate, with sheathing pet. Panicles copious: flowers in pairs, one on a longer pedicel; sep. 3, ⅓ in. long; pet. 3; staminodes united in a tube at the base, ⅔ in. long, yellow or purple; lip obovate, keeled inside; sta. 1, anther 1-celled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Diagbe River).

=C. ugandensis= K. Schum.

Stems moderately stout. Leaves grey-green, 4-6 in. long, cusp eccentric; pet. sheath 5 in. long. Fl. much as above.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District, Doka’s).

=C. azurea= Schum.

Stems tufted. Leaves 4-8 in. long, lower ones reduced to sheaths, cusp very acute. Bracts 2-flowered, 1 in. or more long; fl. bright blue, 1 in. long.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Wando’s village).

800 =Trachyphrynium Braunianum= Baker.

Tall shrub with slender branchlets. Leaves oblong, cuspidate, 3-6 in. long; sheaths 2-4 in. long. Infl. terminal, simple; bracts oblong- lanceolate, 1 in. long, enclosing pairs of whitish flowers, 1 in. long; sep. 3, lanceolate, ½ in. long; pet. 3, connate at base; staminodes connate, 1 in. long; lip broad obliquely crested; sta. ligulate, anther adnate, 1-celled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Lado); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole & Atassili Brook).

=MUSACEÆ.=

801 =Musa Schweinfurthii= K. Schum. et Warb. Niamnian-land.

=M. Ensete= Gmel. BOGGUMBOLI or BOO—Zande.

Plant 30-40 ft. high with a stem ventricose at base and a plume of leaves up to 20 ft. long and 3 ft. broad. Fl. in terminal spicate panicles, unisexual; peduncle short; flowering panicle short; bracts densely imbricate, dark-brown, the lower 1 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad. Fl. whitish 1½-2 in. long, in 2 dense rows, each of up to 20 flowers. Fruit 2-3 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

=M. paradisiaca= Linn. =subsp. sapientum= O. Ktze. SHAGAR EL MUZ—Arab; FATH—Nuer; BEDIGAWA (tall plant with long triangular fruit), BIRA (medium-sized) & TINGI-TINGI (dwarf plant)—Zande. The Banana Plant.

Cultivated.

=ORCHIDACEÆ.=

802 =Microstylis sp.=

Herb about 6 in. high. Leaves 2 or 3, ovate, acute, 2-3 in. long, 1-1½ in. broad, 5-nerved at the base. Peduncle with 3 or 4 bracts. Flowers subcapitate, flesh-coloured, transparent. Lip bilobed, slightly fringed, ⅙ in. broad.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District: Ngoi).

803 =Megaclinium sp.=

Epiphyte on tree trunks. Pseudobulbs sessile in the axil, 2 in. long. Leaves lanceolate, emarginate, 4 in. long, 1 in. broad. Inflorescence about 1 ft. long. Rhachis 8 in. long, ⅓ in. broad. Flowers sessile, about 30 in each inflorescence.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District).

804 =Eulophia lutea= Lindl.

Ground orchid with corm.-like base. Leaves distichous, usually plicate, linear to elliptic-lanceolate. Fl. scapes ab. 1 ft. long; racemes lax; bracts lanceolate, ¼ in. long; 3 sepals and 2 yellow petals ¼ in. long; lip oblong, 3-lobed; spur oblong 1/10 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District; Kagulu Khor).

=E. baginsensis= Reichb. f.

Ground orchid with conical pseudobulbs. Leaves ensiform 1-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad, crenulate. Scape 3 ft. high, panicled above; bracts ovate lanceolate ¼ in. long. Sep. 3 and pet. 2 (as in all this family, excluding the lip); lip oblong, 3-lobed; front lobe rhomboid 3-many- toothed; spur shorter than ovary.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=E. stachyodes= Reichb. f.

Ground orchid. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, 5-10 in. long, appearing after the fl. Scapes 2 ft. high; racemes 6 in. long, many flowered; bracts lanceolate, ¾ in. long, green and purple; pet. white, ¾ in. long; lip white with maroon streaks, 3-lobed; spur curved, 1/10 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Yubbo River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District: Ngoi); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).

=E. flavopurpurea= Rolfe.

Ground orchid. Leaves elongate-linear, under ½ in. broad. Scape 2¼ ft. high; raceme 1 ft. long, few-flowered; petals yellowish-green, ¾ in. long; lip ligulate, 3-fid, striped purple; spur retrose, yellow at apex, small.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=E. Woodfordii= Rolfe.

Ground orchid with tuberous rhizome. Leaves lanceolate, 8-18 in. long, tapering to sheathing petiole. Scapes up to 3 ft. high; racemes 6-15 in. long with many greenish and light lilac flowers; sep. ¾ in. long, pet. a little shorter; lip ¾ in. long, somewhat trilobed, with 4 tubercles; spur broadly saccate.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District: Allumas).

=E. Schweinfurthii= Kraenzl.

Ground orchid. Leaves elongate-linear. Scapes 2 ft. high; racemes few- flowered; sep. ¼ in. long, orbicular; pet. ¼ in. long, ligulate; lip 3-lobed, 3-ridged; spur stout, conical.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land).

=E. guineensis= Lindl.

Terrestrial orchid, with large conical pseudobulbs. Leaves lanceolate- or obovate-oblong, 4-12 in. long; pet. ½-5 in. long. Scapes 2-3 ft. long; racemes 8-12 in. long, many-flowered; sep. and pet. 1-1½ in. long, brown; lip pink, ovate; spur ¾-1 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land & Niamniam-land).

=E. sp. near E. Zeyheri= Sond.

Erect herb about 1½ ft. high. Leaves not seen. Flowers few, beautiful light yellow with brown lip.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei, Ngoi).

805 =Lissochilus pyrophilus= Reichb.

In this genus all are terrestrial herbs with elongate lanceolate or linear, plicate leaves, rising from a creeping rhizome. In this sp.: scape 18 in. high; racemes 6-10 in. laxly many flowered; fl. brown, sep. and pet. ¼ in. long; lip 1/5 in. long, 3-lobed; spur minute.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Kuraggera).

=L. paludicolus= Reichb. f.

Leaves 1½-2 ft. long, ½ in. broad. Scape 3 ft. long; raceme 10 in. long, laxly many yellow-flowered; sep. and pet. ½ in. long; lip obscurely 3-lobed, with 3 crenulate ridges; spur saccate, ¼ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River); Bahr El Jebel.

=L. Millsonii= Rolfe.

Scape 2-2½ ft. long; raceme 6-8 in. long; sep. and pet. ab. 1 in. long, cream-coloured; lip chocolate-coloured 3-lobed, with 5-9 crenulate ridges; spur ab. ⅙ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Kagulu).

=L. purpuratus= Lindl.

Leaves 1-2 ft. long. Scape 3-4 ft. and raceme 9-12 in. long, many flowered. Sep. and pet. faint-pink, ¾ in. long, petals broader; lip 3-lobed, side lobes purplish brown, front lobe lilac with 2-4 darker crenulate ridges; spur conical, 1/5 in. long, pink.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshook Ali, Dar Fertit: Biselli, Niamniam- land); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=L. arenarius= Lindl.

Leaves 1-1½ ft. long, ½ in. broad, appearing after flowers. Scapes 2-3 ft. high, racemes 4-8 in., 6-10 flowers. Fl. purple with greenish sepals; sep. ¾-1¼ in. long, lanceolate; pet. same length, broad- elliptic; lip ab. same length; broadly pandurate 3-lobed, with thickened crenulate median nerve; spur ab. ⅓ in. long, yellow inside.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=L. Roscheri= Reichb. f.

Fl. small lilac, probably a small form of above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Bongo: Gafal River).

=L. porphyroglossus= Reichb. f.

Leaves long petioled, 3½ ft. long, 1¾ in. broad. Scapes tall; racemes 1 ft. long, many-flowered; sep. lanceolate, 1 in. long; pet. suborbicular, ab. 1 in., pale lilac: lip 3-lobed, 1¼ in. long, purple with 3-5 crenulate ridges; spur ⅓ in. conical.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Hoo River).

=L. Schweinfurthii= Reichb. f.

Leaves 18 in. or more. Scapes tall, racemes 1 ft., many-flowered; sep. ovate-oblong, 1 in.; pet. suborbicular, slightly longer; lip suborbicular, undulate, 1 in. long, with 3, dividing into 5, ridges; spur ⅓ in. conical, curved.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Tuhami’s Zariba).

=L. orthoplectrus= Reichb. f.

Scape 2 ft. high; raceme lax many-flowered. Fl. brown, striped with purple. Sep. triangular; pet. elliptical, ab. ½ in.; lip 3-lobed, front lobe ligulate, 5-ridged; spur conical, straight, ab. ¼ in.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: north of Uzze River).

=L. Wakefieldii= Reichb. f. & S. Moore.

Leaves 4-5, about 12 in. long. Scapes 2-4 ft. long; raceme ab. 1 ft., laxly many-flowered; sep. ovate-oblong, ⅓ in. long, green; pet. broad- ovate, ¾ in. bright yellow; lip pandurate-oblong, ¾ in. long with 3-yellow ridges, spur conical, ab. ¼ in.

Mongalla Prov. (Bor to Gameiza).

806 =Tridactyle filifolia= Schlechter.

Epiphyte on rocks or trees. Stems terete, jointed, rugose. Leaves very few, linear-acicular, acute, about 3½ in. long, glabrous. Flowers white, with a slender spur ¼ in. long.

Lado: Rocks at Asugi (Sillitoe 146).

807 =Angræcum kotschyanum= Reichb. f.

Epiphyte, 3-6 leaved. Leaves distichous obovate-oblong 2-5 in. long. Racemes pendulous 9-15 in. long, many-flowered; sep. elliptic- lanceolate, ½-1 in.; petals slightly smaller; lip pandurate ½-1 in. long; spur curved 5-8 in. long.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli: near Kamamil); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=A. sp.=

Epiphyte on Landolphia owariensis and other trees; roots very numerous, straw-coloured, up to about 8 in. long. Leaves oblanceolate, 6 in. long, with about 30 nerves. Flowers not seen.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Chak-Chak & W. of Pongo River).

808 =Corymbis corymbosa= Thou.

Tall ground orchid; stem leafy. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, sheathing, 7-9 in. long. Panicles axillary; fl. large white; sep. and pet. narrow below, somewhat dilated above; lip erect, linear, channelled, apex recurved.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

809 =Nervilia Kotschyi= Schlechter.

Terrestrial herb; rhizome tuberiferous. Leaves appearing after flowers, variable in shape. Fl. racemose; sep and pet. ligulate, greenish; lip white, oblong-flabellate, trifid at apex.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

810 =Habenaria njamnjamica= Kränzl.

Terrestrial herb. Leaves 3-4, oblong or lanceolate, ab. 1 in. long, sheathing. Racemes elongate 7 in. long; bracts ovate, longer than fl.; dorsal sep., oblong, ¼ in. long, lateral sep. deflexed; pet. bipartite, lobes linear-falcate; lip 3-partite, ⅓ in. long; spur inflated ⅓ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=H. armatissima= Reichb. f.

Tuber large, over 1½ in. long; leaves 2, subopposite, basal ovate- orbicular, 3-4 in. long, 4-5 in. broad; bracts ovate, acuminate, ¾ in. long; flowers white.

=H. Bongensium= Reichb. f.

Ground orchid, growing in grass in moist places, 1 ft. high. Leaves 5-10, ovate-lanceolate, cauline, 1-2½ in. long. Scape 1 ft. high; raceme 6 in. dense; bracts lanceolate, ½ in.; dorsal sep. elliptic, lateral oblong 3-nerved; pet. 2-partite, one lobe very small; lip 3-partite, median lobe much longer; spur curved ab. ⅓ in.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, J. Ghattas).

=H. Walleri= Reichb. f.

Tall ground orchid with brilliant green foliage (Sillitoe), upper leaves oblong-linear reduced. Racemes with 4 large white fl. on 3-4 in. long pedicels; bracts ovate, ab. 1½ in. long; dorsal sep. ovate, hooded, ½ in. long, lateral elliptic-oblong, ¾ in.; pet. 2-partite; lip 3-lobed, side-lobes 1 in. long, front lobes shorter; spurs 3-4 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=H. cirrhata= Reichb. f.

Ground orchid with 2 in. long, oblong tuber and 3 in. stem. Leaves 4-5, suborbicular, 2-3 in. long. Racemes few-flowered; bracts oblong, 2 in. long; fl. large, white, vanilla-scented; dorsal sep. oblong, ½ in. lateral deflexed, ¾ in.; pet. 2-partite, posterior lobe linear, 1 in., anterior filiform, 3-4 in. long; lip 3-partite, lobes filiform, ab. 1 in. long; spur 5-8 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, among bushes).

=H. sp.=

Herb, about 1 ft. high, with two suborbicular leaves at the base. Bracts large and membranous, about 1½ in. long, venose. Spurs very slender, about 4 in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River), Sillitoe 140.

811 =Brachycorythis hispidula= Schltr.

Densely leafy, velvety ground orchid, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate decreasing from ab. 1 in. to lanceolate, ½-1 in. long bracts. Racemes 3-8 in. long; fl. dense white and purple; dorsal sep. elliptic-oblong, ¼ in., lateral broader, oblique; pet. ovate, ¼ in. long; lip 3-lobed ⅓ in. long, front lobe shorter, broadly triangular.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District: Asugi & Ngoi).

=B. Schweinfurthii= Reichb. f.

Leafy ground orchid, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-3 in. long, imbricate, cuneate, ligulate. Infl. spicate or racemose, dense, 6 in. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the purple flowers; dorsal sep. elliptic, lateral axe-shaped; pet. oblong, incurved; lip 3-lobed, side lobe semi-lunate, front lobe triangular, minute; spur obtuse-angled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: on Steppes).

=B. grandis, var. sudanica= Braid.

Erect herb, 2 ft. high; leafy from base. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, 2 in. long, ½ in. broad, 3-nerved, glabrous. Flowers pale pink. Spur very short.

Mongalla Prov. (Lado Dist.: Doka’s).

812 =Bonatea sudanensis= Rolfe.

Cauline leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, 2½-4½ in. long, 1¼ in. broad. Racemes 5-flowered; bracts 3 cm. long. Pedicel and ovary 2 in. long. Spur 4 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).

813 =Platycoryne crocea= Rolfe.

Slender ground orchid, 1 ft. high. Leaves ab. 7, cauline, lanceolate, ab. 1 in. long. Racemes 3-4 flowered, short; bracts ovate-oblong, ¼-½ in.; fl. orange-buff; lateral sep. and petals ovate-oblong, 1/5 in. long; dorsal sep. ovate, hooded; lip 3-lobed, side lobes minute, front lobe 1/5 in.; spur over ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: south of the Lessi River).

=PALMÆ.=

814 =Phœnix dactylifera= Linn. NAKHLA—Arab. The Date Palm.

Cultivated, especially in the Northern parts of the Sudan, for its fruit, which is called BALAH or TAMR by Arabs.

The timber is used for beams and posts; mats, fans, baskets and ropes are made from the leaves and crates and baskets from the petioles. The tree yields a gum which is considered a useful remedy for diarrhœa. A perfume is obtained by distillation, from the spathes. Date sugar can be obtained from the juice tapped from the stem, but at the expense of the fruit crop. (Male DAKAR, female NITAYA, green date DUFFEIG or ROTAB, leave stalk GEREIDAH, spathe AF, male flowers ARGUN, female ZABATA, seed NAWA)—Arab.

=P. reclinata= Jacq. KINGE—Zande.

Much like a small date palm; stems 3-5 ft. high; leaves 2-5 ft. long, midrib white-woolly underneath.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Genana & Jur Ghattas, near Tonj & Southern B. El Ghazal).

Fruit edible, leaves used for hats, mats, etc., and the trunk for building.

815 =Raphia Monbuttorum= Drude. NAKHL EL FARAUN—Arab.

Acaulescent, or stem up to 5 ft. long, densely annulate; leaves in a terminal crown, large, pinnatisect. Infl. monœcious; spadices branched, large, pendulous, cylindrical, branches and branchlets compressed, the latter pectinately arranged; fl. solitary in cup-shaped bracts, male at base and fem. above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Okale).

The stalks of the leaves, oval in section and 2 in. by 1 in. thick, are used as carrying poles.

816 =Calamus Barteri= Becc.

Climbing palm, up to 50 ft. high; stem ab. 1 in. thick. Leaves distant, equally pinnate, margins, midrib and nerves of leaflets spinosely hairy, sheaths also spiny. Spadix polygamous diœcious, branched, each branch bearing 30-40 fl.; bracteoles of male fl. with 2 wing-like keels.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Khor Tela).

=C. sp.?= PODO (the fruit)—Zande.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (South).

817 =Ancistrophyllum Schweinfurthii= Mann & Wendl.

Climbing palm up to 60 ft. high. Leaves 12-14 ft. long, equally pinnate, midrib gradually tapering to a whip-like, sometimes spiny tendril, 5-6 ft. long; pet., sheaths and spaces between leaflets spinous. Fl. hermaphrodite.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Mansilli Brook).

818 =Borassus flabellifer= Linn. =var. æthiopum= Warburg. DELEIB—Arab; GAGGIAM (the small tree) & DAGGĀT (full grown tree) (Dilling) GIĀT (J. Ghulfan) & MUNLI (J. Eliri)—Nuba; INJIR—Bari; TUK (Bahr El Jebel)—Dinka & Jur; DALANZE—Golo; NURR—Nuer; OKWA—Zande.

Tall, erect, usually unbranched palm, up to 60-70 ft. high; stem robust annulate, thickened above the middle. Leaves fan-shaped, broader than long, in a terminal crown. Infl. diœcious. Drupe obscurely 3-angled, smooth, orange-coloured, with a fibrous epicarp.

Southern Sudan.

Almost every part of this palm is put to some use. The fibres from the leaves and leaf-stalks are used for rope making; the leaves for thatching; the pericarp of the fruit is edible, and the kernel itself is eaten when young. The wood is heavy, hard and durable, and is useful for building, canoes, water-pipes, etc. From the unopen spathes a sap is drawn which when fresh is sweet and when boiled down yields Date Sugar or Jaggery, it quickly ferments, and gives a raw spirit called toddy. The root tip as it emerges from the germinating seed is eaten as a vegetable.

819 =Hyphæne thebaica= Mart. DOM—Arab; ANDO (J. Daier), KARIAI (J. Eliri) & AMURTE (J. Ghulfan)—Nuba; GORA—Hameg; KEIR & TUNUSHO—Bari; NIAT (Kaka) & TAAM—Dinka; DAYA & LEL—Nuer; KAYU—Shilluk; TAANG—Burun. The Dom Palm.

Tree up to 50 ft. high; stems branching dichotomously. Leaves 20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch, fan-shaped; petiole sheathing at base, spiny on margins. Fruit 3 in. long, obliquely ovoid, obscurely 3-angled.

Usually near running water, throughout the Sudan; Nubia; Dongola Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; White Nile Prov.

The leaves are made into mats and their fibre is used for rope-making. The pulp round the seeds is insipid but is eaten. The kernels give a vegetable ivory. The timber is strong and is used for posts and beams.

820 =Medemia Argun= P.G. von Württemburg. DOM—Arab.

Tree with undivided stems and fan-shaped leaves. Fruit ellipsoid, dull brown, 1 5/6 in. long.

Nubia (Wadi Delah, near Murrat wells in the Great Nubian Desert, between Korosko & Abu Hamed); Halfa Prov. (Upper reaches of Wadi Gebgaba, Lat. 21° 45′ N. & Long. 33° E.); Kordofan Prov. (20-21° Lat. N.).

The leaves yield a strong fibre.

=M. abiadensis= Wendl.

Much as above; fruit ellipsoid, bright brown, 1½ in. long. On the White Nile.

821 =Elæis guineensis= Jacq. The Oil Palm.

Erect palm; stem 20-30 ft. high, annulate, bearing remains of old leaves. Leaves many in a terminal crown, 10-15 ft. long; pet. 4 ft. long, spiny on margins; leaflets 18 in. or more long. Fruit ovoid, umbilicate at apex, 1-3 seeded.

White Nile; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).

Introduced. Not cultivated to any extent in the Sudan at present.

=PANDANACEÆ.=

822 =Pandanus sp.=

Leaves sword-like, sharply toothed, probably about 4 ft. long, thick and leathery. Flowers not seen.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Diagbe River).

=ERIOCAULACEÆ.=

823 =Eriocaulon bifistulosum= Van Heurck & Muell. Arg.

Aquatic herb; stem elongated, densely leafy above. Leaves filiform, 1-3½ in. long. Ped. numerous, 1½-5 in. long, with sheaths, ab. 1 in. long, obtuse or bifid at apex. Fl. minute, in globose-depressed brownish monœcious heads, ⅙ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Biri River; Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=E. bongense= Engl. & Ruhland.

Stemless aquatic herb. Leaves radical, linear, 1½-3 in. long. Ped. 5-16 to a plant, 3-12 in. long; sheaths 1-3½ in. long, rather loose. Heads light straw-coloured, subglobose, ab. ⅓ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Agaza River near Jur Ghattas; Bongo: at Bulu near Sabbi).

=E. elegantulum= Engl.

Stemless aquatic or marsh herb. Leaves 4-10, linear, ⅓-3 in. long. Ped. 2-16, acutely 3-4 angled, 1-8 in. long; sheaths ⅓-3 in. long, inflated. Heads ab. ⅙ in. diam., globose; male fl. usually central, greyish-white; fem. brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=CYPERACEÆ (Sedges).=

(i) Empty glumes at base of spikelet 1-2; fertile glumes 1 to many, distichous; hypogynous bristles or scales 0; infl. umbellate or capitate; fl. hermaphrodite.

(a) Style 2-branched.

824 =Kyllinga erecta= Schum. & Thonn.

Glabrous herb; rhizome creeping, up to 8 in. long; stems more or less distant, nodeless. Leaves close to base of stem and up to half its length, ⅛ in. broad. Head of 1 spike, ¼-⅓ in. diam., ovoid, dense, golden tinged; bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long; spikelets with 1 fertile glume, which is not winged; nut yellow-brown, turning black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei R.).

=K. melanosperma= Nees.

Glabrous herb; rhizome thick, ½-1½ in. long; stems 20-30 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves up to 6 in. long, ⅙ in. broad. Head of 1 spike, ⅓ in. long, ovoid; bracts 3-4, up to 4 in. long; spikelets with 1 fertile, not winged glume; nut black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=K. crassipes= Boeck.

Rhizome short; stems 4-8 in. long. Leaves up to 9 in. long. Heads of 1-3 spikes, pale brown; bracts 4-5, up to 9 in. long; spikelets with 1 fertile glume, which is not winged, but has sunk red glands.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Atwot District).

=K. pungens= Link.

Rhizome thick, brown-scaly; stem 8-18 in. long. Leaves under 9 in. long. Head of 1 spike, subglobose, ¼-⅓ in. diam.; bracts 4-5, 1-4 in. long; fertile glume 1, not winged; nut black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Matju River).

=K. triceps= Rottb.

Stems sub-bulbous at base, tufted, 2-12 in. long. Leaves up to 12 in. long. Heads of usually 3, sometimes 1 spike, white or green, 1/5-⅓ in. long; bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long; fertile glume in spikelet 1, sometimes red gland-dotted; nuts yellow-brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba & Jur Ghattas).

=K. squamulata= Vahl.

Root fibrous; stems tufted. Leaves as long as stem. Head green to brown, globose, usually of 1 spike, ⅓ in. diam.; bracts 3, up to 4 in. long; spikelets numerous; fertile glume 1 with a toothed winged keel; nuts dull-brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & J. Kurbaj); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=K. controversa= Steud. =var. subexalata= C. B. Clarke.

Roots, stems and leaves as above, but sheaths of last much torn. Head globose of usually 3 spikes; bracts 3-4, up to 6 in. long; spikelets numerous; fertile glume 1, keel with narrow ciliate wing.

Kordofan Prov. (J. Kurbaj).

=K. polyphylla= Willd.

Rhizome short, thick; stems 10-20 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves up to ab. 1 ft. long. Head of 1, sometimes 3, orange-green spikes; bracts 5-8, sometimes over 4 in. long; spikes ⅓ in. diam., ovoid; fertile glume in spikelet 1, wingless; nuts red-brown.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=K. sphærocephala= Boeck.

Rhizome slender; stems 1 ft. long, slender. Leaves up to 8 in. long. Head pale cinnamon-coloured, globose, ¼ in. diam.; spike 1; bracts 2-3, up to 2 in. long; spikelets with 1, 4-ribbed fertile glume; nut yellow- brown.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=K. pumila= Mich.

Roots fibrous; stems tufted, 4-18 in. long, slender; sheaths reddish. Leaves up to ab. 1 ft. long. Head green or greenish-white; spikes 1-3, middle spike ab. ⅓ in. long; bracts 2-4, 2-6 in. long; spikelets dense; fertile glume 1, rarely 2, not winged; nut yellow-brown.

Nubia; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

825 =Pycreus flavescens= Nees.

Annual; stems 1-12 in. long. Leaves up to 8 in., crowded close to the base. Spikes 1 or more, loosely umbelled, of 3-12 clustered ebracteolate spikelets; bracts 2-4, overtopping umbel; spikelets straw-coloured, red- tinged; fertile glumes 8-36, boat-shaped; nuts whitish, laterally compressed.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Main River: Nuer country; Bongo: Addai).

=P. Mundtii= Nees. UMTUGG (N. Kordn.)—Arab.

Stems 8-24 in. long, decumbent and rooting at base and clothed with leaf-sheaths up to ¾ of its length. Leaves 4-10 in. long. Spikes usually in many-rayed simple umbels, rarely subcompound or 1 spike only, bearing 3-8 ebracteolate spikelets; bracts 4 to many, overtopping the umbel; spikelets containing 12-16 fertile glumes, brown; nuts biconvex, dotted.

Khartoum Prov.; North Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Kallokitting 4,000 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov. (mouth of Sobat River & Khor Attar); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (mouth of Bahr El Arab); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

=P. nitens= Nees.

Annual; stems tufted up to 12 in. long. Leaves ab. same length. Umbels simple; spikes 1-6; bracts 3-6, ½-6 in. long; spikelets straw-coloured, 5-30 per spike; fertile glumes 8-44, boat-shaped; nuts pale-brown, laterally compressed.

Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad).

=P. polystachyos= P. Beauv.

Roots fibrous; stems tufted, 12-30 in. long. Leaves basal, up to length of stem. Umbels usually compound of 1-7 rays; spikes of 10-50 ebracteolate spikelets; bracts 3-6, 4-12 in. long; fertile glumes in spikelet 20-50; straw-coloured or reddish; nut brown.

=var. laxiflora= Benth.

Spikes open, subcorymbose or umbellate; spikelets subsolitary.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=P. globosus= Reichb. =var. nilagirica= C. B. Clarke.

Annual or biennial; stems tufted, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves up to 16 in. long. Umbels 1-6 in. diam., simple or compound or 1 compound head, bracts 3-5, lowest overtopping inflorescence; spikelets up to ¾ in. long, compressed, dark-brown; fertile glumes 8-30; nuts blackish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei R.).

=P. propinquus= Nees.

Stems and leaves 12-18 in. long. Spikes 10-16 in 1 compound, pale-yellow head; bracts 3, 3-7 in. long; spikelets ½ in. long; fertile glumes 20-36, slightly inflated; nuts red-brown.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. capillifolius= C. B. Clarke.

Annual; stems tufted, very slender, 4-8 in. long. Leaves same length, almost hair-like. Head 1, lateral, of 4-18 ebracteolate spikelets which are ½-¾ in. long and have 10-30 fertile, pale-yellow inflated glumes; bracts 2, 1-2½ in. long; nut black, smooth, half the length of glume.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=P. elegantulus= C. B. Clarke.

Annual; stems 8-28 in. long. Leaves ⅔ length of stem, narrow. Umbel of 1-7 dense, compound spikes, each of 5-30 dense spikelets or by congestion forming a mass of 80 spikelets or more; bracts 3-5, 3-9 in. long; spikelets up to ⅔ in. long, ebracteolate, 6-16 fld.; glumes not overlapping in fruit, dark-brown with green keel; nut obovoid, ab. ½ length of glume; style short.

Between Khartoum & Shendi.

=P. umbrosus= Nees.

Rhizome woody, giving out suckers 12 in. long or more, clothed with dark-brown scales; stems 12-18 in. long. Leaves ⅙ in. broad, longer than stem; sheaths fleshy, with transverse lines. Umbels subsimple, rays 3-7, up to 2 in. long; bracts 4, lowest 6 in. long; spikes of 3-8 ebracteolate spikelets; spikelets 16-fld., brown to black, keels yellowish-brown or green; style shorter than nut, which is ¼ length of glume, dark-brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main river: Nuer villages).

=P. albomarginatus= Nees.

Annual; stem solitary, 1-3 ft. high, 3-angled at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem, ab. ¼ in. broad. Umbel usually compound; primary rays 3-11, 1-7 in. long; bracts 3-6, lowest 8-18 in. long. Spikes subglobose or elongate, 1¼-2 in. long, of 8-12 usually ebracteolate spikelets; spikelets straw-coloured, 18-30 fld.; glumes with white margins; nut black, ⅔ length of glume.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

826 =Juncellus alopecuroides= C. B. Clarke. SEID & SAMAR BALADI (Egypt)—Arab.

Large herb; stem solitary, 18-36 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves length of stem, ⅓ in. broad. Umbel 6 in. and more in diam., compound; rays 4-10; bracts 3-8, lowest 6 in. and more long; spikes 3-5 together, sessile, 1-1½ in. long, dense; spikelets 8-30 fld.; compressed, straw- coloured; glumes closely imbricate; nut ⅓ length of glume, anterior angle flattened.

Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Kallokitting 4,200 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov. (Mouth of Bahr El Zeraf).

Cultivated in Lower Egypt for its stems which are made into mats, also for sweetening land about to be reclaimed.

=J. pustulatus= C. B. Clarke.

Annual; stems tufted, 4-16 in. long. Leaves few, ab. ⅔ length of stem, narrow. Umbels simple, rays 1-5, 0-2½ in. long; bracts 3, lowest 3-7 in. long. Spikes of 2-5 subsessile spikelets, ebracteolate; spikelets white, purple-marked, up to ½ in. long; rhachilla persistent; flowering glumes 8-18; nut 2/5 length of glume, much flattened on anterior angle.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=J. pygmæus= C. B. Clarke.

Annual; stems densely tufted, 1-10 in. high. Leaves as long, narrow. Infl. a dense compound head of numerous spikelets; bracts 3-8, dilated at base, lowest up to 3-6 in. long; spikelets green to pale-brown, 1/5 in. long, compressed, 8-24. fld.; glumes deciduous from lowest, rhachilla persistent; nut ab. ⅓ length of glume, plano-convex, brown, smooth.

Dongola Prov. (banks of the Nile); Khartoum Prov. (North); Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.

=J. lævigatus= C. B. Clarke.

Rhizome woody; stems crowded or distant, 6-24 in. long, bases enclosed by red-brown scales. Leaves variable, usually short. Spike solitary, lateral, of 1-30 spikelets; bracts 2, lowest continuing the stem, 1-3 in. long; spikelets ⅓ in. long, straw-coloured, 12-24. fld.; nut ab. ⅔ length of glume, plano-convex; rhachilla persistent.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat & 21° N.L.); Darfur Prov. (J. Meidob, 2,400 ft.).

827 =Cyperus nudicaulis= Poir.

Floating herb; rhizome long; stems tufted, 12-30 in. long. Leaves reduced to pale-brown leaf-sheaths. Head of 1-12 sessile spikelets; bracts 1-3, the lowest suberect, continuing the stem, shorter than head; spikelets ½-1 in. long, flattened, 30-70 fld., pale or reddish; glumes 3-nerved, falling off seriatim from lowest from persistent rhachilla; sta. 3; style long, branches short; nut ⅔ length of glume, flattened, base corky, thickened.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Sudd); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main river).

=C. Colymbetes= Kotschy & Peyr.

Stems tufted, 1-2 ft. long, 3-angled. Leaves 0. Head of 6-30 spikelets; bracts 2; spikelets ½-⅔ in. long, up to 40 fld., otherwise as above.

Fung Prov. (Saoleil & Sherif); Mouth of Bahr El Jebel.

=C. leucocephalus= Retz.

Glabrous herb; stems bulbous at base, 4-10 in. long, tufted. Leaves up to ⅔ length of stem. Head 1 globose, white or pale brown, up to ⅔ in. diam., of 6-40 spikelets; bracts 3, lowest 2 in. long; spikelets up to ⅓ in. long, compressed; glumes 1-3 nerved close; sta. 1; style shorter than nut which is ⅓-⅔ length of glume, yellow, bluntly 3-angled.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.).

=C. compactus= Lam. ’ESHŪB, SE’ED—Arab.

Perennial; rhizome short; stem 4-16 in. long, with hard, dark brown leaf-sheaths at base. Leaves up to length of stem. Head 1 of 5-20 spikelets, ½-1½ in. diam., yellowish; bracts 3-4, dilated at base, lowest 2-4 in. long; spikelets ⅓-⅔ in., oblong, compressed, 8-18 fld.; glumes ab. ¼ in. long, close, striate; nut ⅓ length of glume, 3-angled; style shorter than nut.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Abu Gurun’s Zariba).

=C. conglomeratus= Rottb.

Glabrous herb; rhizome usually short; roots woolly; stems 4-24 in. long, somewhat 3-angled at top. Leaves half to twice as long as stem. Simple umbel or head of few spikes; bracts 3-5, lowest 3-6 in. long, suberect, dilated at base; spikelets 3-25 to a head, ab. ½ in. long, 8-16 fld., straw-coloured or pale brown; glumes minutely mucronate, ribbed; style short, branches rather long; nut ⅓ length of glume, 3-angled.

Nubian Desert (Wadi El Derood); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Darfur Prov.

=C. cruentus= Rottb. TOROG—Hadendowa; ASHAM—Rashida.

Spikelets narrower and glumes closer on rhachilla, but otherwise as above.

Nubia (between Suakin & Berber: Obak); Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Atbara, near Bulak); Kassala Prov. (Gash Delta: Um Adam); Red Sea Prov. (Er-Rih Island, Red Sea); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad).

=C. amabilis= Vahl.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 2-8 in. long. Leaves up to ½ length of stem. Umbel simple or compound (rarely 1 head), rays up to 14 and 4 in. long; bracts up to 4, shorter than umbel. Spikelets 3-10 together, ⅔ in long, golden-brown, 16-36 fld.; glumes minutely mucronate, keel of 3-5 green nerves; style as long as nut; nut 2/5 length of glume, obovoid, brown.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=C. uncinatus= Poir.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 2-10 in. long. Leaves length of stem, bristly. Umbels usually simple; bracts 3-6, bristly, longer than umbel; spikelets digitate, usually 3-10 together, ½ in. long, 8-28 fld., compressed, pale-rusty to brown; glumes 3-nerved, the green keel produced into a prominent bristle; nut half as long as glume (excl. mucro), oblong-obovoid.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

=C. reduncus= Hochst.

Glabrous herb; stems tufted, 2-10 in. long. Leaves length of stem. Umbel usually compound, 3-4 in. diam.; bracts longer than umbel. Spikes digitate, of 3-20 spikelets, which are flattened and 30 fld.; glumes with short recurved mucro; style short, as are the branches; nut ab. ¾ in. length of glume, narrow, brown.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=C. difformis= Linn.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 4-20 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves ½-⅔ length of stem. Spikes in simple or compound umbel or contracted into 1 head; bracts 2-4, lowest 2-10 in. long. Spikelets many in dense heads, dusky or brown, 10-30 fld.; glumes close packed, obtuse; sta. 1 (rarely 2); style much shorter than nut, branches short: nut nearly as long as glume, 3-angled, straw-coloured to brown.

Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,300 ft.); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas; Niamniam-land: Linduku River).

=C. microlepis= Boeck.

Spikelets whitish; glumes more elongate and less obtuse, and nut more elongate and narrower than in above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gir; Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. dichroostachyus= Hochst.

Glabrous herb; rhizome 4-8 in. long; stems distant, 18-36 in. long, sharply 3-angled at top. Leaves ½-¾ length of stem, up to ½ in. broad. Umbel lateral, compound, 2-5 in. diam.; bracts 3-4, up to 8 in. long, lowest in continuation of stem. Spikes of 3-5 spikelets, digitate, numerous; spikelets white, brown spotted, 6-14 fld.; glumes 1-nerved, obtuse; sta. 2; style very short; nut ¾ length of glume, yellow-brown.

North Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

=C. Haspan= Linn.

Glabrous herb; rhizome creeping; stems distant or close together, 4-28 in. long, 3-angled or winged at top. Leaves almost absent to longer than stem. Umbel usually compound once or more, rarely simple; bracts 2-3, lowest suberect, shorter to longer than the umbel. Spikelets digitate, 2-6 together, up to ½ in. long, compressed, 10-40 fld.; glumes 1-3 nerved, greenish or purplish; sta. 2-3; style short; nut ab. ½ length of glume, pale-brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. Yei River).

=C. flavidus= Retz.

Short-lived annual; stems tufted, 2-8 in. long, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves longer than stem. Umbel very compound, yellow to blackish; bracts longer than umbel; sta. 1; nut white; otherwise as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. podocarpus= Boeck.

Glabrous herb; rhizome scaly; stems tufted, obtusely 3-angled, 10 in. long. Leaves ⅔ length of stem. Umbel simple; rays 2-4, ab. ½ in. long; bracts 3, lowest suberect, 4-8 in. long. Spikes of 3-7 spikelets, ebracteate; spikelets 2/5 in. long, 8-12 fld., purple mottled; glumes obtuse; sta. 3; style shorter than nut, which is ½ length of glume, broad ellipsoid, 3-angled, suddenly narrowed into a minute stalk, black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. sphærospermus= Schrad.

Glabrous herb; rhizome woody, 2 in. long; stems 6-14 in. long, more or less sharply 3-angled at top. Leaves from ½ the length to (rarely) more than length of stems. Umbel simple or compound, 1-5 in. diam.; bracts varying from 1 in. to length in infl. Spikes of 3-8 digitate spikelets, straw-coloured or rich brown; spikelets ½ in. long, compressed, 10-30 fld.; sta. 3; style short, branches longer than the minute nut.

Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

=C. flabelliformis= Rottb.

Rhizome stout; stems 2-3 ft. long, tufted, rounded or angular at top. Leaves 0, except on early sterile shoots. Umbel usually compound, 4-12 in. diam.; primary rays 6 to numerous, subequal; bracts 8-12 subequal, longer than umbel; spikes whitish-yellow to rusty, of 2-15 digitate spikelets which are compressed and 10-20 fld.; glumes hard, shining, pointed; sta. 3; style short, branches long; nut ½ length of glume.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

=C. dichromenæformis= Kunth. =var. major= Boeck.

Rhizome woody; stems 12-30 in. long, almost flattened at top. Leaves nearly as long, up to ½ in. broad. Head of 12-34 spikelets; bracts 4-5, lowest up to 10 in. long; spikelets ½ in. long, flattened, straw- coloured, 12-20 fld.; glumes distant; sta. 3; styles shorter than nut, branches long; nut ⅔ length of glume, 3-angled, brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Kulenjo).

=C. Renschii= Boeck.

Tall glabrous herb; stems up to 6 ft. high, 3-angled to 3-winged at top. Leaves up to 4 ft. by 1 in., 3-nerved. Umbel 8-24 in. diam., decompound; bracts 2 ft. long. Spikes abundant, green to red-brown, small, of 2-7 clustered spikelets which are 1/12 in. long, oblong, 3-6 fld.; glumes distichous, mucronate; sta. 2-3; style half the length and branches length of the nut which is ab. ½ length of glume.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=C. Iria= Linn.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 4-20 in. long. Leaves ab. as long as stem. Umbel usually compound, 2-20 in. diam.; rays often long; bracts longer than umbel. Spikes of 5-20 spikelets loosely spicate on a ⅓-2 in. long rhachis; spikelets slender, ab. ½ in. long, yellow or brown, 6-20 fld.; nut nearly length of glume, black; style short, branches shortly exserted.

Nubia; Kordofan Prov. (Obeid); Darfur Prov. (J. Barkin); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=C. aristatus= Rottb.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 1-7 in. long. Leaves up to length of stem. Umbel appearing simple (or 1 spike); rays 1-6, up to 3 in. long, lowest bract usually longer than umbel. Spikes ½ in. long, cylindric, of 5-40 spikelets, brown when ripe; spikelets up to ½ in. long, compressed, 6-30 fld.; glumes striate, ending in a conspicuous recurved bristle; sta. 1; nut ⅓ length of glume, brown; style shorter than nut, branches shortly exserted.

Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad); Upper White Nile Prov. (Taufikia); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=C. distans= Linn. f.

Glabrous herb; rhizome stout; stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves up to length of stem. Umbel compound, 8-12 in. diam., sometimes congested or scanty; bracts usually longer than umbel. Rhachis of spike ⅓-2 in. long; spikelets spicate, almost acicular, 10-12 fld., reddish; glumes distant; style shorter than nut, branches shortly exserted; nut ab. ½ length of glume, black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River, Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=C. eleusinoides= Kunth.

Stems 1-3 ft. long, throwing out lateral shoots at base. Spikes 1 in. long dense cylindric; spikelets obliquely spreading, green or grey- brown, ½ in. long, ab. 10 fld.; glumes mucronate, approximate; otherwise as above.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

=C. latifolius= Poir.

Glabrous herb; stolons (runners) long; stem 2-3 ft. long, acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves ¾ length of stem, ¾ in. broad. Umbel compound, dense, secondary umbels corymbose; bracts longer than umbel. Spikes of 4-8 spikelets: spikelets ½ in. long, pallid or reddish, 8-16 fld.; glumes obtuse, imbricated; nut ½ length of glume, black.

Bahr El Jebel (Hillet El Nuer).

=C. pilosus= Vahl.

Glabrous, except spike-rhachis which is minutely hairy; stem 12-30 in. long, acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves ¾ length of stem. Umbel usually compound; bracts several, lowest longer than umbel. Spikelets ½ in. long at right angles to the rhachis, pale reddish, 10-24 fld.; glumes obtuse, rather loose; nut 3/5 length of glume, black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. bulbosus= Vahl.

Glabrous bulbed herb; stolons slender, ending in small bulb; stem 4-12 in. long, very slender. Leaves longer than stem, tapering. Umbel contracted, subcorymbose; bracts 3-6 overtopping umbel. Spikelets 4-6 to the spike, compressed, red; rhachilla winged; flowering glumes 8-26, obtuse, striate; nut ½ length of glume, black; style short, branches long.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Wadi El Omari & Khor Tamanib).

The roots are used as flour in times of scarcity and eaten roasted or boiled.

=C. microbolbos= C. B. Clarke.

Bulbed glabrous herb; stems 3 in. high, slender; stolons capillary, ending in minute bulbs. Leaves 6 in. long. Spikes 1 or 2 together, ped. ¼ in. long; bracts 2, longer than spike. Spikelets 3-5 per spike, ½ in. long, compressed red-brown, 24 fld.; glumes green-mucronate; sta. 3; style length of nut, branches long; nut ½ length of glume, brown.

Red Sea Prov. (coast-land to between 3,000-4,000 ft., Suakin).

=C. esculentus= Linn. SAAD—Arab.

Bulbed herb; stolons slender, ending in bulbs ½ in. diam., ringed by transverse lines; stems 6-24 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves up to ¾ length of stem. Umbel more or less compound, 3-12 in. diam.; bracts 3-5, ab. as long as umbel. Spikes of 4-30 spikelets which are ¼-¾ in. long, pale yellow to brown, 6-30 fld., rhachilla winged; glumes blunt, striate; style shorter than nut, branches long; nut ab. ½ length of glume.

Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=C. articulatus= Linn.

Glabrous herb, stolons hardening into long rhizomes; stems 3-6 ft. high, when dry showing joints ½-1½ in. apart. Leaves reduced to sheaths. Umbel usually compound, 1-8 in. diam.; bracts elliptic-lanceolate. Spikelets 3-4 to spike, or more by congestion of spikes into one, ⅓-1 in. long, 12-50 fld., straw-coloured to brown; glumes obtuse; style branches long; nut 3/5 length of glume, black.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.

=C. schimperianus= Steud. DIS & SID—Arab.

Glabrous herb; rhizome woody; stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves under ⅓ length of stem. Umbel usually compound, 3-10 in. diam.; bracts 4-7. Spikes of 3-20 loosely arranged, often drooping, 12-24 fld. spikelets, which are ½-¾ in. long, compressed, red-brown; rhachilla winged, wings deciduous; glumes distant, obtuse; style branches long; nut ½ length of glume.

Nubia; Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Atbara: Shallalat); Khartoum Prov. (Nile near J. Royan); Fung Prov.

=C. nubicus= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stolons hardening into rhizomes; stems up to 2 ft. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves 12 in. by ¼ in. Umbel compound, 5-8 in. diam. Spikelets numerous, rusty-red, up to 1 in. long, 20-30 fld., compressed; rhachilla wings ovate, deciduous; glumes acute, distant; style short, branches long; nut 2/5 length of glume, black. Bracts 3-4, longer than umbel.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

=C. schweinfurthianus= Boeck.

Tall scabrous herb; stems 1-3 fl. long, 3-angled. Leaves ½-⅔ length of stem. Umbel irregular, simple or compound primary rays up to 12 in. long; bracts few to many, according to number of rays equalling or overtopping the umbel. Spikes loose; spikelets 3-9 per spike, 1 in. long, 20 fld., straw-coloured, compressed; wings of rhachilla oblong, deciduous; glumes distant, apiculate; style short, branches long; nut ½ length of glume, black.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=C. elatior= Boeck.

Stem 30 in. high, stout, smooth. Umbel compound; rays up to 10 in. high; spikelets 1 in. long, 20-30 fld., suberect, otherwise as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. gracilinux= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stems 2 ft. high, 3-angled at top; stolons numerous. Leaves up to 16 in. long. Umbel compound, 6-12 in. diam.; bracts overtopping umbel. Spikes loose with 5-11 spikelets, which are ⅔ in. long, compressed, 10-16 fld., whitish; wings of rhachilla elliptic- lanceolate; glumes subobtuse, close; nut 3/5 length of glume.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=C. maculatus= Boeck. SEID—Arab.

Glabrous herb; stems 12-20 in. long, 3-angled at top, bulbous at base. Leaves nearly length of stem. Umbel compound, of 5-11 spikelets, which are ½ in. long, compressed, 20 fld., straw-coloured, usually purple- spotted; rhachilla wings narrow; glumes obtuse, close; styles shorter than nut, branches exserted.

Nubia; Berber Prov. (Mograt Island near Abu Hamad); Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Khor Attar).

=C. rotundus= Linn.

Glabrous herb; stems 8-24 in. long, bulbous at base, 3-angled at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem. Umbel simple or compound, 1-8 in. diam.; rays long or short; bracts 3-4, overtopping umbel. Spikes loose; spikelets red-brown, ⅔ in. long and 8-30 fld., or 2 in. long and 50-60 fld.; rhachilla wings joining the pointed, closely placed glumes; style shorter than nut, branches long; nut ½ length of glume, dark brown.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Wadi El Omari, Wadi El Arab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Berber Prov. (Ben Naga, between Berber & Khartoum); Khartoum Prov. (North); Banks of the Blue Nile (Bunzaga); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid, Abu Haraza); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

Used in certain dye preparations to impart perfume to the fabric. The rhizomes yield an essential oil which is used as a perfume. The fresh roots are diaphoretic and astringent; they are used for indigestion in children and in fevers.

=var. spadiceus= Boeck.

Stem usually tall, scabrous at top. Spikelets strongly compressed, sometimes darker brown, shining.

Kordofan Prov.

=C. nuerensis= Boeck.

Glabrous herb; stolons hardening into rhizome, 8 in. long; stems 8-20 in. long, 3-angled at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem, ⅓ in. broad. Umbel compound, 6-8 in. diam. (sometimes reduced to a head); primary rays 3-7; bracts 3-5, 2-6 in. broad; bracts 3-5 overtopping umbel. Spikes loose overtopping umbel. Spikes of 3-5 red-brown to nearly black spikelets, which are 2/5 in. long by 1/12 in., 8-16 fld.; wings of rhachilla ovate- lanceolate; glumes obtuse, reddish-black on sides and 5-nerved, yellow- green on back; otherwise as above sp.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Nuer villages).

=C. Fenzelianus= Steud.

Tall herb; stolons long, thick. Umbel open. Spikelets pale to dusky straw-coloured; otherwise as C. rotundus.

Nubia; Berber Prov. (Zeidab); Between Berber & Khartoum: Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (J. Kuhn).

=C. radiatus= Vahl.

Glabrous herb; rhizome 0; lateral shoots at base of stem; stem 6-24 in. long. Leaves ⅔ length of stem. Umbel up to 6-10 in. diam., but often contracted, sometimes into 1 dense head; bracts overtopping infl. Spikes digitate, 1 in. by ab. ½ in., almost sessile; spikelets 1/5-2/5 in. long, narrow, 10-36 fld., compressed, pale to brownish; wings of rhachilla oblong, persistent; glumes apiculate tightly imbricate; sta. 3; nut ½ length of glume; style ½ length of nut, branches short.

Nubia; Dongola; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Wau River; Bongo: Addai).

=C. exaltatus= Retz.

Stems up to 3-4 ft. high. Some spikes peduncled; spikelets larger, less crowded and more yellowish or reddish, but otherwise as above.

Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Harun; Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Sagattur); Upper White Nile Prov. (Tonga Island); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba).

=var. dives= C. B. Clarke.

Umbel rigid. Spikes rigid, dense; ripe spikelets divaricate or reflexed, hard, often shining and yellowish.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).

=C. Pethericki= C. B. Clarke.

Very tall, stout herb. Umbel large, compound with large cylindric spikes; lowest bract very long, ⅔ in. broad. Spikelets nearly ½ in. long, 36 fld., pale yellowish-brown; glumes thin; otherwise as C. exaltatus.

Mongalla Prov. (Gigging, Mongalla & 7° 25′ N.L.).

=C. digitatus= Roxb.

Glabrous herb; stem 2-6 ft. high, 3-angled at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem. Umbel compound, 8-24 in. diam.; lowest bract longer than umbel. Spike 2 by 1 in.; spikelets many, at right angles to spike, ab. ½ in. long, narrow, 20 fld., yellowish-brown; wings of rhachilla caducous, lanceolate, yellow; glumes scarcely mucronate, yellow and brown; sta. 3.; nut ½ length of glume, black; style shorter than nut. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

=C. auricomus= Sieber.

Stem at top almost 3-winged; umbel not very large; otherwise as above.

Blue Nile Prov. (Khor Agalin at Doleib); Kordofan Prov. (Birket Kolli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghaba Shambé; Bongo: Addai); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).

=var. minor= C. B. Clarke.

Slender; umbels small; spikelets slender, red-brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=C. Papyrus= Linn. =var. Antiquorum= C. B. Clarke. BURDI, DIS & BABIRUSA—Arab; BODUMOH—Zande; YELL—Nuer. The Papyrus Plant.

Plant up to 15 ft. high; rhizome woody; stems smooth with basal sheaths only. Leaves up to 1 in. by ⅓ in. on barren shoots. Umbels compound, up to 3 ft. diam.; primary rays up 30, up to 1 ft. long; bracts up to 7 in. long, reddish. Spikelets numerous sessile, ovate, ¼-⅓ in. long, compressed; bracts of secondary umbel 3, green, up to 2½ in. long. Spikes ab. 1 in. by ½ in. with 12-30 spreading spikelets; spikelets ⅓ long, brown; glumes ovate-oblong with a green median line; rhachilla wings yellow deciduous late; sta. 3; style length of nut; branches rather short; nut ½-3/5 length of glume, black.

White Nile and affluents; Bahr El Ghazal and affluents.

The slices of the stem, pressed together, were used by the ancient Egyptians as a writing material. Attempts have been made of recent years to utilise the plant for paper making and for fuel.

=C. cephalotes= Vahl.

Stolons slender; stem 6-10 in. long, 3-angled. Leaves longer or shorter than stem. Head globose, ½ diam.; bracts 3-4; spikelets numerous, sessile, ovate, ¼-⅓ in. long, compressed, 20-30 fld.; rhachilla not winged; glumes cuspidate, imbricate, red-brown; sta. 2-3; nut oblong, narrowed into a long beak, style jointed on beak of nut, slender, entire or 2-3 toothed.

Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).

828 =Mariscus coloratus= Nees. =var. macrocephala= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stolons 0; stems 6-14 in. long, 3-angled at top, thickened at base by brownish leaf sheaths. Leaves up to length of stem, weak. Spikes 5-6, large, in one head; bracts 3-4, spreading, lowest 3-7 in. long; spikelets ovate or lanc., acute, 2-6 fld., straw-coloured; glumes subacute, 13-15 ribbed, margins running into the elliptic wings of rhachilla; style shorter than nut, branches longish; nut ½ length of glume, black; sta. 2-3.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Makporru Hill); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=M. djurensis= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stolons numerous, 1-2 in. long, red-scaly; stems approximate, 4-12 in. long, slender, 3-angled at top. Leaves up to length of stem, weak. Head 1, ovoid, ⅓ in. diam., whitish; bracts 4, up to 6 in. long. Spikelets 1/5 in. long, 2-6 fld.; glumes distant, ovate, 11-13 ribbed, with small red glands; nut ½-2/5 length of glume, black; style ab. same length.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas; Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=M. macropus= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stems 10-20 in. long, 3-angled at top, much thickened at base by fibrous remnants of sheaths, tufted. Leaves ½-⅔ length of stems, long-bristly at tips. Head 1, ovoid, ½ in. diam., dirty-white; bracts 3, lowest 1-2 in. long. Spikelets 1/5 in. long, 8-10 fld., producing 6-8 nuts; glumes obscurely 7-11 ribbed; nut ½-⅔ length of glume; style same length.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba & Jur Ghattas).

=M. leptophyllus= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stems approximate, thickened at base by withering leaf- sheaths, 3-angled at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem, weak. Infl. umbellate; rays 2-3, ¼-1½ in. long, each with 1-3 spikes; bracts 4, up to 6 in. long. Spikelets ⅓ in. long, white to brown, ripening 6-8 nuts; glumes obtuse, 7-ribbed, distant; nut ½-⅔ length of glume, brown; style shorter, branches exserted.

Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib).

=M. mollipes= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous herb; stems thickened at base by fibrous torn leaf-sheaths, 3-angled at top, 4-6 in. long. Leaves ⅔ length of stem. Head of 1 spike, ovoid, pale straw-coloured; bracts 3-4, lowest up to 3 in. long. Spikelets ⅛ in. long, ripening 1 nut only; glumes ovate, acuminate, obscurely 5-7 ribbed; nut line.-obl., ½ length of glume, black; style shorter; branches long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Mayob).

=M. Sieberianus= Nees.

Glabrous herb; stems 12-30 in. long, 3-angled at top, thickened at base by green to red leaf-sheaths, approximate. Leaves up to ⅔ length of stem. Umbel simple, 1-5 in. diam.; rays 5-12 up to 4 in. long; bracts 5-10, lowest up to 8 in. long. Spikes solitary, ab. 1 in. by ¼ in., cylindric; bracts to spike 0; spikelets numerous, spreading or deflexed below, lin.-lanc., bearing 1 or 2 nuts; lowest flower-glume twice as long as upper empty glume, ovate-ob., obtuse, 7-11 ribbed; style ½ length of nut; branches length of nut; nut ⅔ length of glume.

Mongalla Prov. (Lado District & Bor).

=M. umbellatus= Vahl.

Some of rays of umbel many times longer than spikes, which are ½ by ⅙ in.; spikelets small, denser and more rigid than in above sp. and in fruit all strongly deflexed; nut almost ellipsoid; otherwise as above.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

The rhizomes are edible.

=M. sublimis= C. B. Clarke.

Umbel simple; rays 7-10, up to 2½ in. long. Spikes up to ¾ by ¼ in., dense, pale grey; ripe spikelets appressed, obliquely erect. Nut 1 only per spikelet, ellipsoid; otherwise as M. Sieberianus.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=M. macrocarpus= Kunth.

Spikes ovoid, ab. ½ in. wide, subsessile or shortly peduncled. Ripe spikelets with 2-3 nuts; lowest empty glume mucronate. Nut ¾ length of glume, broadly oblong; otherwise as large forms of M. Sieberianus.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

(ii) Empty glumes at base of spikelet 0-2; fertile glumes usually numerous, spirally arranged with few exceptions (nearly distichous in some spp. of Fimbristylis); hypogynous scales or bristles 0-7; infl. umbellate or capitate; fl. hermaphrodite; stem naked (except Fuirena).

829 =Eleocharis fistulosa= Schultes.

Glabrous herb; stolons long; stems 1-3 ft. long, sharply 3-angled at top, leafless. Infl. of 1 terminal spikelet, 1-1¼ by 1/6-1/5 in., straw- coloured to brown; fertile glumes numerous, obovate, obtuse; sta. 1-3; hypogynous bristles 6, as long as nut, retrorse, rusty-red; style 2-3-fid, base enlarged, distinct from nut which is ½ length of glume, straw-coloured, marked like a grill (cancellate).

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=E. atropurpurea= Kunth.

Leafless glabrous annual; stems tufted, 2-6 in. long, slender. Spikelet 1, ovoid, ⅛-¼ in. long, many-fld., greenish-red; glumes obtuse, caducous; hypog. bristles 7, white, ½-¾ length of nut, retrorse, sometimes short or reduced to a minute cup; style branches 2, ½-⅔ length of glume, black.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).

=E. chætaria= Roem. & Schultes.

Glabrous leafless herb; stems tufted 1-6 in. long. Spikelets 1-2, ⅛-⅙ in. long, ovoid, pallid or reddish, maturing 1-5 nuts; hypog. bristles 6, retrorse, length of nut, sometimes fewer; sta. 2-3; styles 3-fid; nut obovoid white, cancellate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=E. complanata= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous leafless annual; stems tufted, 6-9 in. long, flattened. Spikelet ab. ⅙ in. long, cylindric, green marked with red, densely fld.; glumes obtuse; hypog. bristles 0; style 3-fid; nut ½ length of glume, white; style base bulbous, small.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).

=E. microcarpa= Torrey.

Glabrous leafless annual; stems tufted, 4-8 in. long.—Spikelet ⅙-¼ in. long, 10-20 fld., pale brown-green; glumes obtuse; hypog. bristles 3-5, ⅓-⅔ length of nut, retrorse, white; style 3-fid; nut hardly ½ length of glume, brownish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

830 =Fimbristylis squarrosa= Vahl.

Annual; stems tufted, 2-7 in. long. Leaves ½-¾ length of stem. Umbel usually compound, sometimes reduced to 2 spikelets to a stem; bracts 3-4 ab. as long as umbel; spikelets solitary up to ¼ by 1/12 in.; fl. dense, straw-coloured; glumes 3-5 nerved ending in recurved bristle; sta. usually 2, style 2-fid, hairy below bifurcation and round base of style; hypog. bristles 0 in this genus; nut ½ length of glume, biconvex.

White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Majob & Wau).

=F. dichotoma= Vahl.

Pubescent or puberulous annual; stems tufted, 2-10 in. long. Leaves length of stem. Umbel compound; bracts 3-4 as long as umbel. Spikelets many, solitary, ¼ in. long, obscurely polygonal; fertile glumes in many spirals, rust-coloured, ovate acute, greenish or yellowish keeled; style 2-fid, flattened, pubescent on margins; nut ⅓ length of glume, biconvex, 5-9 ribbed, white.

Nubia; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Shendi); Khartoum Prov. (Tuti Island); Fung Prov. (Abdin); White Nile Prov. (Geteina).

=F. diphylla= Vahl.

Annual, glabrous to pubescent; stems tufted, 4-28 in. long. Leaves ⅓-⅔ length of stem. Umbel compound of usually many spikelets; bracts 3-4, shorter than umbel. Spikelets solitary, ¼-½ in. long, terete, straw- coloured, rusty brown, or variegated; fertile glumes hardly keeled, often ciliate; style 2-fid, dilated at base, flattened, villous on margins; nut ⅓ length of glume, biconvex, whitish.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli, Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Jur Aweit; Bongo-land: Addai); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=F. ferruginea= Vahl.

Herb, frequently biennial; stems tufted, 8-28 in. long. Leaves from ⅓ length of stem to almost absent, hairy or glabrous. Umbel simple or slightly compound, of usually 5-10 spikelets; bracts shorter than umbel. Spikelets solitary, 2/5 in. long, ovoid oblong, dense, rust-coloured, more or less variegated with red-brown or green; glumes ovate, upper part of back grey-puberulous. Style 2-fid, longer than nut, flattened; nut ½ length of glume, biconvex, pale yellow to brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=F. exilis= Roem. & Schultes.

Hairy annual; stems tufted, 4-16 in. long. Leaves ⅓-½ length of stem. Umbel of 3-14 pedicelled spikelets; bracts 3-4, as long as umbel. Spikelets ¼-⅓ in. long, 10-12 fld., pale rusty and chestnut; glumes ovate, acute, pubescent, keeled and mucronate; sta. 2-3; style slightly shorter than nut, 3-fid, base dilated with a constriction; nut ab. ½ length of glume, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled, white to pale brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé, Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=F. cioniana= P. Savi.

Umbel of 10-25 spikelets, rather dense. Spikelets 1/8-1/5 in. long, pale-rusty; points of glumes rather long; nut small, yellowish, with transverse lines; otherwise as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=F. Schweinfurthiana= Boeck.

Glabrous herb; stems tufted, 8-12 in. long: basal sheaths brown, fringed. Leaf of uppermost sheath ½ length of stem. Umbel of 2-9 spikelets, subcompound; bracts 2-3, ½ in. long. Spikelets 1/5 by ⅛ in., dull brown; glumes obtuse; style shorter than nut, deciduous with pyramidal base, branches 3, long; nut less than ½ length of glume, smooth, brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=F. subaphylla= Boeck.

Glabrous herb; rhizome short; stems approximate, 12-16 in. long, 4-angled at top. Leaves ½-2 in. long. Umbel 2-4 in. diam., of 30-60 spikelets; bracts 2-3, under 1 in.; spikelets ⅓ by 1/12 in., 5-14 fld., light brown; style longer than nut, deciduous with style base, 3-fid; nut ab. ⅓ length of glume, obovoid, smooth or warted, white or yellowish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main river).

=F. monostachya= Vahl.

Glabrous herb; stems tufted, 2-16 in. long. Leaves ½ length of stem. Spikelet usually 1 (1-3) on each stem, ½ by 1/5 in. and few-flowered or larger and many-fld., greenish-white or yellowish; glumes ovate, keeled, mucronate, lower distichous, upper spiral; style longer than nut, hairy deciduous with base, 3-fid; nut less than ½ length of glume, pyriform, straw-coloured or pale brown, tubercled.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nganye).

=F. falcifolia= Boeck.

Pale green, glabrous herb; stems tufted, 4-6 in. long, 5-angled compressed. Leaves few, 2-3 in. long, falcate, margins serrulate, sheaths short. Umbel subcompound, 5-7 rayed; bracts 3-4, ab. ½ length of umbel; rays capillary, up to 1 in. long, with 2-3 branches. Spikelets obl.-lanc., 10-13 fld., ¼ in. long; glumes rigid, appressed, broad ovate, shortly mucronate; nut under ½ length of glume, pale straw- coloured.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

831 =Bulbostylis sphærocarpus= C. B. Clarke.

Tufted annual; stem 2-5 in. long, glabrous, with 1 spikelet. Leaves ¾ length of stem, capillary minutely hairy, sheaths somewhat bearded in mouth. Bract ½ in. long, setaceous; spikelet ¼ by 1/14 in., bearing a few nuts at base, male above; fertile glumes ovate, acuminate, rust- coloured, scabrous-hairy; hypog. bristles, none in this genus; sta. 2-3; style 3-fid, nearly as long as nut, base persistent on nut, black; nut less than ½ length of glume, obovoid, transverse-wavy, straw-coloured.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=B. filamentosa= Kunth.

Tufted herb; stems 8-20 in. long, 3-angled and hairy at top. Leaves ⅔ length of stem, setaceous; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, 1/3-2/5 in. diam., of 6-14 bright brown spikelets; bracts 2-3, lowest overtopping the head. Spikelets 1/6 by 1/12 in., to 6-10 fld.; glumes ovate, pubescent; sta. 3; style 3-fid, base persistent, ovoid, slightly darker than nut; nut 2/5 length of glume, acutely 3-angled, pallid, with obscure transverse lines.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=B. pusilla= C. B. Clarke.

Tufted annual; stems 1-5 in. long with 1-9 spikelets, glabrous. Leaves ½ length of stems, setaceous. Spikelets in simple or compound lax umbel, all solitary or some clustered 2-3 together; bracts short, setaceous; spikelets ab. ⅛ by ½ in., but sometimes up ¼ in. broad, ab. 12 fld.; glumes ovate; sta. 2; style 3-fid, length of nut, base persistent; nut ⅔ length of glume, broadly obovoid, black with 2 transverse wavy lines.

Kordofan Prov. (El Abiad).

=B. abortiva= C. B. Clarke.

Densely tufted herb; stems 6-24 in. long, very slender, glabrous. Leaves ½ length of stem, filiform; sheath with few white hairs at throat. Umbel up to 4-6 in. diam., compound; bracts much shorter than umbel, setaceous. Spikelets numerous, pedicelled; otherwise as above.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=B. coleotricha= C. B. Clarke.

Stems densely tufted, 4-16 in. long, very slender, minutely hairy at top. Leaves ½ length of stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in throat. Umbel usually simple or compound, 2 in. diam., of numerous solitary spikelets (rarely 1-3 spikelets only); bracts setaceous, often overtopping umbel. Spikelets ovoid, ¼ in. long, brown; glumes ovate, obtuse, keel green; style 3-fid, as long as nut, base persistent as a small, dark button; nut ½ length of glume, pale brown, smooth, appearing dotted.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

832 =Scirpus cubensis= Poeppig & Kunth.

Glabrous, except glumes; stolons present or stem decumbent and rooting; stem 1-2 ft. long, stout 3-angled at top, nodeless. Leaves ab. as long as stem, 1/5 in. broad. Umbel simple; heads 1-12, stellate-globose, ½ in. diam., on ped. ½-2½ in. long; bracts up to 5-10, up to 1 ft. long. Spikelets numerous in head, ⅙-⅓ in. long, many fld.; glumes ovate, acute, rigid, margins ciliate; hypog. bristles 0; sta. 1-3; style linear, confluent into ovary, 2-fid; nut ⅔ length of glume, narrowly obovoid, corky at base, smooth, beaked.

Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Main river).

=S. supinus= Linn.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted; nodeless, 2-12 in. long, terete. Leaves usually under 1 in. long. Head 1; lowest bract continuing the stem; 1-6 in. long. Spikelets 1-7 in the head, 1/5-½ in. long, ellipsoid, dusky green; glumes ovate, acute, entire at tip; hypog. bristles 0; style linear, usually 3-fid; nut obovoid, black with transverse wavy lines.

Darfur Prov.

=S. articulatus= Linn.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 2-12 in. long, when dry showing transverse false septa. Leaves 0. Head 1, globose, apparently lateral owing to lowest bract (terete as the stem) continuing the latter, and up to 2 ft. long. Spikelets ¼-¾ in. long, cylindric, green or mottled- purple and brown; glumes ovate, incurved, tip entire; hypog. bristles 0; style linear, 3-fid; nut ab. ½ length of glume, brown, smooth or transversely wavy.

Blue Nile Prov. (Ganeib Assad); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad); White Nile Prov. (Kosti); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba; Bongo: Gir & Atuoli).

=S. corymbosus= Roth.

Glabrous herb; rhizome 2-4 in. long; stems 3 ft. long, stout, terete. Leaves 0. Umbel apparently lateral, the lower bract 1-4 in. long continuing the stem. Spikelets clustered, ¼-⅓ in. long, ellipsoid, dusky brown; glumes ovate, mucronate, glabrous; hypog. bristles 0; style linear, 3-fid; nut 2/5 length of glume, 3-angled, black, smooth, slightly wavy.

Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Mid Robo 8,700 ft.).

=S. maritimus= Linn.

Glabrous herb; stolons becoming rhizomes; stems 1-3 ft. long, stout, 3-angled. Leaves as long as stem, ¼-⅓ in. broad. Umbel compound or simple or reduced to a head of 1-3 spikelets, rarely over 4-6 in. diam.; bracts several, lowest up to 8 in. long. Spikelets 30-40 to the umbel, oblong, ½-1 in. long, dark brown, often clustered; glumes ovate emarginate and mucronate, hairy at tip; hypog. bristles 3-6, usually shorter than nut; style long, branches 2-3, long; nut variable in size, 3-angled, obovoid, black, smooth or reticulate.

Berber Prov. (Shendi).

=S. kyllingioides= Boeck.

Glabrous perennial; stems rarely over 6 in. long, slender, nodeless. Leaves ½ length of stem. Head 1, subglobose, ab. ⅙ in. diam., green or pale brown with glume points prominent on all sides; bracts 3-4, spreading, longer than head. Glumes ovate, contracted into a linear obtuse end; hypog. bristles 0; style shorter than nut; branches 3, long; nut ⅓ length of glume, smooth, black-brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Gendua River); Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. squarrosus= Linn.

Small glabrous, tufted annual; stems 2-8 in. high, nodeless. Leaves ⅓ length of stem. Head of 1-6 (rarely 10) squarrose spikelets; bracts 3-5, 1-4 in. long. Spikelets ⅛-¼ in. long, many-fld., greenish or brownish; glumes caducous in fruit, narrowly obovate, narrowed into a mucro not longer than glume; hypog. bristles 0; style hardly any, branches 3 short, recurved; nut ⅔ length of glume, obovoid, 3-angled, smooth; sta. 1, or rarely 2.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. Isolepis= Boeck.

Glabrous annual; stems tufted, 1-10 in. long, setaceous. Leaves ¼-1½ in. long, setaceous. Spikelet 1 to a stem, ⅛-⅙ in. long, ovoid, not squarrose, nut-coloured, apparently lateral owing to ¼-1 in. long bract continuing the stem; glumes obovate, triangular at top, caducous in fruit; hypog. bristles 0, but a very thin scale is sometimes present; sta. 1-2; style hardly any, branches 2, short, recurved; nut length of glume, black, smooth.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

833 =Fuirena pubescens= Kunth.

Hairy herb; rhizome long; stems often solitary, 4-16 in. long, 3-angled, nodose. Leaves 6 in. long, base with a prominent ligule, lowest bract as highest leaf. Infl. a panicle 10 by 2 in., with remote peduncles, or reduced to 1-2 few-fld. corymbose clusters. Spikelets ovoid, ¼-⅓ in. long; glumes broad-elliptic, obtuse, hairy on back, blackish-green, ending in a bristle ⅓-½ length of glume; hypog. bristles 0 or rudimentary; style 3-fid; nut less than ½ length of glume, white.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (main river near Nuer villages).

=F. glomerata= Lam.

Hairy annual; stems 4-16 in. long. Leaves 4-6 in. long. Panicle oblong of a few clusters. Spikelets ⅓-½ by ⅛-⅙ in.; glumes dark green to dull brown, keel continued in a long bristle; hypog. bristles 3 or 6, outer linear or 0, 3 inner as long as nut, broad, quadrate, toothed, clawed, falling with the nut; nut ½ length of glume, pallid, acuminate both ends, beak narrow; style 3-fid.

Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=F. leptostachya= Oliv.

Annual. Leaves 4-8 in. long. Spikelets ¼-⅓ by 1/16-1/10 in.; 3 interior hypog. bristles as long as nut, lamina small, oval, or with 2 recurved teeth.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas; Bongo: Gir); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

=F. umbellata= Rottb.

Hairy or only the glumes; rhizome stout; stems 1½-5 ft. long, nodose. Leaves up to 6 by ½ in. Pan. long, oblong often with many axillary compound corymbs and 200-600 spikelets. Spikelets ¼-⅓ by ⅛-⅙ green or dull chestnut-coloured. Glume elliptic, keel produced into a curved bristle; hypog. bristles: 3 outer small or absent, 3 inner as long as nut, obovate, hardly clawed; style 3-fid, linear; nut ½ length of glume, acuminate at both ends, pallid to brown, beak small, narrow.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas; Niamniam-land: Yubbo River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

834 =Lipocarpha argentea= R. Br.

Glabrous herb; rhizome up to 1½ in.; stems tufted, 4-24 in. long, nodeless. Leaves ⅓ to full length of stem. Head 1; bracts 2-3, horizontal, lowest 1-4 in. long. Spikelets 3-10, ¼-½ in. long, ovoid or cylindric; glumes dense in numerous spirals, obovate, obtuse, incurved in fruit; hypog. scales (not bristles) shorter than glume; sta. 2; style ⅔ length of nut, branches 2-3 short; nut ½ length of scale, brown-black, smooth.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Meshra El Rek); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=L. Prieuriana= Steud.

Glabrous herb; stems tufted, 4-16 in. long, 3-angled. Leaves ¼-½ length of stem. Spikelets 3-18 to a head, ⅓ by ⅛ in., cylindric, dense, smooth, reddish to purple; bracts 3-7, spreading, up to 4 in. long; glumes broadly obovate, obtuse; hypog. hyaline scales 2, lower suborbicular, 5-nerved; nut obovoid-globose; style branches 3, almost sessile.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

835 =Ascolepis protea= Welw. =var.= β. =bellidiflora= Welw.

Glabrous herb; stems 4-15 in. long, nodeless. Leaves ½ length of stem. Head 1 of 1-6 spikelets, straw-coloured, ¼-¾ in. diam., hemispheric or subglobose; bracts 3-4, 1-2½ in. long. Glumes lin.-lanc., hyaline scale (squamella) solitary, up to ⅓-½ in. long or more; protruding beyond glume; sta. 1; style ½ length of nut, 2-3-fid; nut minute, dark brown.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=A. capensis= Benth.

Glabrous herb; stems tufted, 8-20 in. long. Leaves ½-¾ length of stem, narrow. Head of 1-3 spikelets, fused or nearly distinct, whitish; bracts 3, lowest 1-4 in. long, spreading. Spikelets ⅓-½ in. long, ovoid, dense; glumes oblong, shorter than the solitary squamella, which is flattened and shaped as a watch-pocket with a beak to the front up to ⅙ in. long. Style 2-fid, hardly exserted from the pocket; nut sessile, black, compressed.

Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Jur Aweit); Bahr El Jebel.

(iii) Empty glumes at base of spikelet 3; fertile glume 1; hypogynous bristles 6; inflorescence panicled; fertile fl. bisexual.

836 =Rhynchospora aurea= Vahl.

Nearly glabrous herb; stem nodose, 3-6 ft. long. Leaves 1-2 ft. by ½ in. Panicle up to 16 in. long with lower axillary distant corymbs 2-5 in. diam., bearing 100-200 spikelets. Spikelets usually in clusters of 3-10; hypog. bristles 6, barbed upwards; style subentire or obscurely 2-fid, base dilated; nut ½ length of glume, notched each side, beak as long as nut.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

(iv) Flowers unisexual; spikelets with 1 fem. flower only; infl. panicled or capitate; hypog. bristles 0 to many.

837 =Scleria pergracilis= Kunth.

Almost glabrous annual; stems tufted, 1-2 ft. long, nodose, slender. Leaves 4-12 in. long, narrow. Spikelets many, bearing both male and fem. fl. in clusters of 2-5, ⅛-⅙ in. long, sessile, on a spike 2-5 in. long; bracts to the clusters ovate, acute, ab. length of clusters, 2-sexual (monœcious) spikelet of ab. 7 glumes, 2 lowest empty, the third carrying the nut, ⅛-⅙ in. long, elliptic-oblong, dark brown; upper glumes male or empty; also many spikelets similar to foregoing, without fem. fl.; sta. 1-3; anthers crested; style linear 3-fid, not dilated at base; nut minute, white; hypog. bristles 0.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. melanotricha= A. Rich.

Hairy annual; stems 4-24 in. long, slender. Leaves ½-⅔ length of stem. Spike 2-7 in. long, ciliate, with long rusty-black or white hairs, with cluster of 3-12 spikelets, ¼-⅓ in. diam., sessile, pendent; bracts inconspicuous. Spikelets 1/5 in. long, black-red or pallid; nut 1/16 in. long, straw-coloured; otherwise much as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gir).

=S. Buchanani= Boeck.

Sparsely hairy perennial; stems 12-20 in. long, base bulbous. Leaves 4-12 in. long. Spike subsimple, 3-6 in. long; lower bracts often longer than the clusters of 4-10 spikelets, which are suberect in fruit and 1/5 in. long; nut minute, white, smooth.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

=S. Schweinfurthiana= Boeck.

Thinly hairy perennial; stems 1-2 ft. long, not bulbous. Leaves 4-12 in. long. Spike subsimple with 10-14 clusters of often 10-12 spikelets on a rhachis 4-8 in. long; spikelets ¼ in. long, ellipsoid-oblong, chestnut- coloured; nut white, tubercled on shoulders, minute.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. glandiformis= Boeck.

Herb, nearly glabrous except ligule; stems 16-24 in. long. Leaves up to 1 ft. long. Panicle with lower peduncle remote, nearly included in sheath of the bract, carrying oblong inflorescences with 6-12 nuts, whence bracts ½-1½ in. long diverge; monœcious spikes none, or very few. Spikelets nearly ¼ in. long, straw-coloured, marked with brown; nut ⅙ in. long, cylindric, tessellated, stalked, with short pallid 3- (ovate) lobed straw-coloured hypog. disk, hardly longer than the stalks of the nut.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. globonux= C. B. Clarke.

Leaves with spreading hairs or glabrate. Nut large, globose, tessellate, minutely hairy on edge of reticulations; hypog. disc 3-lobed, lobes subquadrate; otherwise as above.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=S. complanata= Boeck.

Annual; stems 3 ft. long, minutely rusty retrorse scabrous. Leaves 4-12 in. long. Lowest axillary ped. hardly exserted from sheath; ped. carrying 1-4 fem. fl.; nut-bearing spikelets ab. ¼ in. long, pale green or reddish; spikelet bract as long as it; nut small, subglobose, tessellated, pallid; hypog. disc short funnel-shaped with 3 thin straw- coloured ovate lobes.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. Schimperiana= Boeck. =var. hypoxis= C. B. Clarke.

Slightly hairy herb; stems 16 in. long. Leaves 12 in. long, ¼ in. or more broad, very obtuse at tip. Lowest axillary ped. exserted 1-2 in., carrying 3-5 nuts. Fem. spikelets ¼ in. long, chestnut-brown; nut large, depressed globose, smooth, white; hypog. disc with 3 small oblong, pallid lobes.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).

=S. canaliculato-triquetra= Boeck.

Robust herb; stem 3-5 ft. long. Leaves 8-12 by ¼-⅓ in. Lowest axillary peduncle remote, often exserted 3-6 in., carrying up to 20-50 spikelets. Nut ⅛ in. long, ovoid, white, smooth; 3 lobes of disc small, tipped with minute tails.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. gracillima= Boeck.

Very slender, glabrous herb; stems 16-24 in. long, almost capillary, each bearing 2-3 nuts. Leaves 4-8 in. long, narrow. Pan. very slender, with few branches; lowest ped. remote, exserted ½-1½ in., nodding, with 1 nut. Spikelets all 1-sexual, the fem. scarcer, 1/6-1/5 in. long; nut minute, globose, smooth, white; lobes of disc 3, short, rounded.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).

=S. melanomphala= Kunth.

Robust, glabrate to hairy herb; rhizome creeping; stems 2-3 ft. long, scabrous to smooth, 3-angled. Leaves up to 24 by ⅓ in., scabrous on margins. Infl. straggling 1-2 ft., compound, partial panicles dense oblong to linear. Spikelets 1-sexual, ¼-⅓ in. long, green or mottled with brown; nut ⅛ in. long, ovoid, smooth, white or with black tip; disc obpyramidal, large, ruddy black, margin triangular yellow; lobes 0.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: River Hoo, Buddu); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. racemosa= Poir.

Robust, glabrous herb; rhizome thick scaly; stems 3-6 ft. long. Leaves 1-2 ft. by ½-1¼ in. 3-nerved, scabrous on margins, near top suddenly narrowed; sheaths 3-winged; ligule ovate 3-angular, up to ¼ in. long. Infl. up to 1 ft. long; partial panicles 2-3 in. long on stout axillary peduncles, forming a terminal compound panicle. Spikelets 1-sexual, 1/5 in. long, pallid or dark; fem. glumes ovate, shorter than nut; nut ¼-⅙ in. long, ovoid, white or coloured; disc thickened, the lobes forming a cup with densely ciliate margin, holding the base of the nut.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

838 =Diplacrum africanum= C. B. Clarke.

Weak, nearly glabrous annual; stems tufted, 2-5 in. long, leafy. Leaves 1-1½ in. by 1/8-1/5 in., tip suddenly acuminate. Infl. of minute axillary heads often all up the stem. Spikelets ab. 1/10 in. long, ovate-lanc., greenish, all 1-sexual; nut minute, subglobose, white, striate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).

839 =Eriospora schweinfurthiana= C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous perennial; stems tufted, 2 ft. high, bearing leaves all the way up. Leaves 4-16 by ¼ in.; sheaths stout, straw-coloured, imbricate, striate, split as in grasses with a ring of short hairs in the mouth. Pan. 8-14 in. long with several peduncles, 3-6 in. long, from each sheath, often carrying narrow panicles. Spikelets ⅓ in. long, 2-3-fid, dusky straw-coloured; bracts ovate, acuminate; glumes ovate; hypog. hairs numerous, fine; sta. 1-3; nut from an ovoid base tapering into a beak, altogether ab. 1/5 in. long; style short, branches 3, longer.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Baginze mountain).

=GRAMINEÆ.=

A KEY TO THE GENERA OF GRASSES.

Adapted from O. Stapf. in Flora of Tropical Africa, vol. ix.

Subfamily I. PANICOIDEÆ.

Mature spikelets falling entire from their pedicels, or with them; perfect spikelets with two heteromorphous flowers, the upper perfect, the lower male or barren.

Tribe I. MAYDEÆ. Sexes in different inflorescences, male spikelets in large terminal panicles, female spikelets in “cobs” in the axils of the lower leaves.

Only genus.

840 =Zea=

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEÆ.

Spikelets in pairs, usually one sessile, the other stalked, very rarely both stalked. Glumes more or less rigid, and firmer than the valves, the lower always larger than the florets. Valves membranous, often transparent, that of the upper floret awned or reduced to an awn, or blunt.

A. Joints and pedicels more or less stout, three cornered or rounded.

i. Fertile spikelets 2-flowered; fertile floret awned from the sinus of the 2-divided or 2-toothed valve.

(a) Racemes in pairs or digitate.

(b) Pedicelled spikelets developed; lower glume flat, keels frequently winged or marginate.

841 =Ischæmum=

(bb) Pedicelled spikelets represented by a narrow curved pedicel, lower glume convex, covered all over with transverse much raised teeth or warts, not keeled.

842 =Thelepogon=

(aa) Racemes always solitary on the stems or branches. Glumes not winged, the upper of the sessile spikelets with a silky-haired awn.

843 =Sehima=

ii. Fertile spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, fertile florets awnless.

(a) Racemes in spatheate inflorescences, racemosely arranged on a common axis, or subpaniculate or solitary.

(b) Lower glume smooth, long tailed, racemes digitate, spikelets 2-flowered.

844 =Vossia=

(bb) Lower glume rough, not tailed, racemes panicled, spikelets 1-flowered.

845 =Jardinea=

(aa) Racemes at the end of the stems and their branches, in a false spatheate panicle, or solitary and terminal on simple or sparingly branched stems.

(b) Sessile spikelets small, globose, 1-flowered; joints and pedicels fused.

846 =Manisuris=

(bb) Sessile spikelets not globose.

(c) Racemes usually more or less with long soft hairs, never cylindrical, joints and pedicels moderately, stout, gaping.

(d) Spikelets 2-flowered, very softly hairy all over.

847 =Lasiurus=

(dd) Spikelets 1-flowered, racemes more or less hairy from the joints and pedicels or the edges of the spikelets; lower glume with a transparent oil-duct inside each keel, or a fringe of hairy warts.

848 =Elyonurus=

(cc) Racemes smooth (not hairy), cylindrical, particularly when the spikelets are closed.

(d) Pedicels and joints fused.

(e) Racemes stout, few from each stem, sessile spikelets 2-flowered.

849 =Rottbœllia=

(ee) Racemes slender in ample spatheate panicles, sessile, spikelets 1-flowered.

850 =Ophiurus=

(dd) Pedicels free from the joints.

(e) Pedicels club-shaped, joints cup-shaped, gaping, spikelets of each pair similar, 2-flowered smooth.

851 =Chasmopodium=

(ee) Pedicels and joints touching the main axis behind. Pedicels spikelets usually much reduced, back of the lower glume usually transversely rough.

852 =Rhytachne=

AA. Joints and pedicels slender, thread-like, of uniform width or wedge or club-shaped; fertile spikelets usually 1-flowered and awned.

(i) All spikelets alike in shape and sex.

(a) Axis of racemes tough, all spikelets pedicelled. Racemes in spike-like or spindle-shaped solitary panicles, spikelets blunt, not awned, glumes delicate.

853 =Imperata=

(aa) Axis of racemes readily breaking up at joints; spikelets paired, one sessile, the other pedicelled. Panicles wide, more or less silvery and feathery; spikelets usually armed.

854 =Saccharum=

(ii) The spikelets of each pair different in sex and frequently also in shape and size, or if alike in sex, then both male or neuter.

(a) Racemes in more or less compound espatheate panicles; pedicels without a translucent middle line. Stalked spikelets male, neuter, or quite suppressed. Awn from the sinus of the 2 divided valve.

(b) Spikelets compressed on the back (at least when in flower).

855 =Sorghum=

(bb) Spikelets more or less compressed laterally.

(c) Racemes of many pairs of spikelets.

856 =Vetiveria=

(cc) Racemes usually reduced to 1 sessile male, and 2 pedicelled or barren spikelets.

857 =Chrysopogon=

(aa) Racemes not in compound espatheate panicles, or if so, then the pedicels with a translucent middle line.

(b) Fertile valve awned from low down on the back.

859 =Arthraxon=

(bb) Fertile valve awned from the sinus of a 2-divided or 2-dentate valve, or continuing the more or less minutely stalked valve.

(c) Margins of the lower glume of the fertile spikelets incurved and the glume sharply 2-keeled more or less all along, with a short, obtuse, hard point. Awn smooth or roughish, very rarely hairy. Andropogon (sp.).

(d) spikelets awned, the awn forming a continuation of the minutely stalked fertile glume.

(e) Racemes digitate or racemosely arranged.

(f) Sessile spikelets of all pairs perfect, awned.

860 =Amphilophis=

(ff) Sessile spikelets of the lowest 1-3 pairs male or neuter, and awnless.

861 =Dichanthium=

(ee) Racemes solitary.

858 =Eremopogon=

(dd) Awn from the sinus of the 2-divided or 2-toothed fertile valve.

(e) Racemes solitary at the ends of the stalks and their branches, usually gathered into a narrow, lax, spatheate, false panicle; joints and pedicels often somewhat stout.

(f) Pedicelled spikelets not conspicuously larger than the sessile, very often smaller to very small, upper glume awnless.

862 =Schizachyrium=

(ff) Pedicelled spikelets very much larger than the sessile, almost concealing them; upper glume awned.

863 =Diectomis=

(ee) Racemes mostly in pairs at the end of undivided stalks, or gathered into spatheate false, or true, panicles, each pair supported or surrounded by a spathe; more rarely the racemes digitate, the lateral always sessile, joints and pedicels narrow and of uniform width.

(f) Racemes mostly in pairs or sometimes digitate at the end of simple or almost simple stems.

864 =Andropogon=

(ff) Racemes always in pairs, with a spathe or sheath supporting or surrounding each pair, gathered into often much divided spatheate panicles, mostly aromatic grasses.

865 =Cymbopogon=

(cc) Margins of the lower glume of the fertile spikelet inrolled and 2-keeled only close to the tips, with the hardened base elongate and sharp pointed. Awn hairy or glabrous.

(d) Awn from the sinus of the 2-divided fertile valve.

(e) Racemes paired in more or less compound panicles; awn hairy.

Only genus.

866 =Hyparrhenia=

(ee) Racemes usually much reduced, solitary at the end of the stalks and their branches, or in more or less compound panicles; awns smooth.

Only genus.

867 =Monocymbium=

(dd) Awn from the minutely stalked fertile valve, hairy.

(e) Racemes many-jointed, solitary.

Only genus.

868 =Heteropogon=

(ee) Racemes few-jointed, much contracted solitary on the branches of decompound panicles.

Only genus.

869 =Themeda=

Tribe III. PANICEÆ.

Spikelets in usually continuous spikes, racemes or panicles. Glumes thin and green or membranous, the lower generally smaller, very small or suppressed. Lower valve generally resembling the glumes in structure and nerves, the upper fertile firmer, at length rigid, often papery to brittle, awnless, very rarely shortly pointed (Urochloa, Alloteropsis sp.), or finely awned (Alloteropsis sp.).

A. Inflorescence of usually slender (stout in Alloteropsis) spike- like, digitate, very rarely solitary racemes. Fruiting valve with usually flat, thin to transparent margins, often brown or black.

(a) Spikelets quite awnless.

870 =Digitaria=

(aa) Spikelets slender awned from the fertile valve.

871 =Alloteropsis=

AA. Inflorescence various, not as A. Fruiting valve with more or less inrolled margins, usually brittle, straw coloured or whitish.

(a) Spikelets falling entire and singly from the persistent pedicels.

(b) Spikelets not awned, or if awned, with the awn from the undivided tips of the upper glume and lower valve.

(c) Inflorescence not an open or contracted and cylindrical panicle, usually composed of spikelike racemes, the spikelets of which face one direction.

(d) Back of the fruit away from the axis.

(e) Lower glume rudimentary, forming with the base of its stalk a swollen annular callus. Fruit minutely pointed.

872 =Eriochloa=

(ee) No callus at the base of the spikelet, lower glume present.

873 =Brachiaria=

(dd) Back of fruit turned to axis.

(e) Lower glume absent.

874 =Paspalum=

(ee) Lower glume developed.

(f) Glumes neither awned nor tailed.

(g) Spikelets crowded, more or less contiguous.

(h) Fruiting valve acute, not shortly pointed, spikelets solitary, closely 2-rowed, false spikes rigid.

875 =Paspalidium=

(hh) Fruiting valve obtuse, abruptly short pointed or tipped, spikelets solitary or paired, false spikes often curved or bent.

876 =Urochloa=

(gg) Spikelets very laxly arranged, in one row.

878 =Acroceras=

(ff) Glumes with a tail or awn.

(g) Glumes awned from the undivided, acute or tapering tip, or prolonged into a tail. Racemes dense, more or less one sided.

877 =Echinochloa=

(gg) Glumes awned from the slightly notched tip.

879 =Oplismenus=

(cc) Inflorescence an open panicle, or cylindrical and spikelike.

(d) Spikelets not supported by bristle-like branches, inflorescence a panicle.

880 =Panicum=

(dd) Spikelets without bristles, but inflorescence composed of cylindrical false spikes with a stout axis, spikelets more or less swollen.

881 =Sacciolepis=

(ddd) All the spikelets, or only the upper of each branch supported by bristle-like branchlets. Inflorescence cylindrical and spike- like.

882 =Setaria=

(bb) Spikelets finely awned from the notched tips of the upper glume, and barren valve.

(c) Upper glume swollen at or below middle, 5-nerved, nerves faint, hidden by copious and long silky hairs.

883 =Tricholæna=

(cc) Upper glume, not swollen, 5-7-nerved, nerves conspicuous.

884 =Melinis=

(aa) Spikelets falling in groups, or if singly, then surrounded by a whorl of bristles, or at least supported by 1 to several bristles.

(b) Whorl of bracts formed by hardened lower glumes of the spikelets of each cluster, clusters spike-like.

885 =Anthephora=

(bb) Whorl formed of bristles, sometimes feathery, free, is not united.

886 =Pennisetum=

(bbb) Whorl of spines or rigid bristles united at the base into a hard cup.

887 =Cenchrus=

Subfamily II. POOIDEÆ.

Mature spikelets breaking up, leaving the persistent or sub-persistent glumes on the pedicel, or if falling entire, not consisting of 2 heteromorphous flowers as in Panicoideæ.

A. Blades of leaves never transversely veined.

B. Awn of the fertile floret, if present, kneed and twisted below the knee, or straight in reduced forms. (Up to Perotis.)

C. Florets 2 or more. (Up to Phragmites.)

Tribe IV. ARUNDINELLEÆ.

Florets 2, heteromorphous, the lower awnless or barren. Lower valve awnless, upper always awned, at length firm or hard. Awn from the sinus between 2 sometimes minute lobes, usually kneed and twisted below the knee.

(a) Spikelets solitary on distinct pedicels.

888 =Trichopteryx=

(aa) Spikelets in clusters of 3.

889 =Tristachya=

Tribe V. AVENEÆ.

Florets 2 to many, all alike, glumes generally transparent, thin, and dry. Awn if present, from the back or from the sinus, kneed and usually twisted below the knee.

(a) Valves awned from the back.

890 =Avena=

(aa) Valve awned from the sinus of the more or less distinctly 2-lobed tip.

891 =Danthonia=

Tribe VI. ARUNDINEÆ.

Florets 2 to many, enveloped by very long hairs. Glumes and valves membranous, often clear, awnless or minutely awned from the tips.

Only genus.

892 =Phragmites=

CC. Floret one. (Up to Perotis.)

Tribe VII. AGROSTEÆ.

Floret 1. Valve membranous or thin and green, not or hardly changed when mature, usually ending abruptly. Awn, if present, from the back.

(a) Spikelets in compact heads or false spikes, glumes awnless.

893 =Heleochloa=

(aa) Spikelets not in compact false spikes, more or less spike- like, glumes awned from the notched or lobed tips.

894 =Polypogon=

Tribe VIII. STIPEÆ.

Floret 1. Valve hardened when mature, tightly enveloping the fruit, awn terminal. Awns 3, from the entire tip; or one, simple below and 3 branched above.

895 =Aristida=

Tribe IX. ZOYSIEÆ.

Floret 1, mature spikelets falling entire and singly, or in clusters. Valve small, delicately membranous. Spikelets in slender spike-like panicles or racemes.

(a) Glumes awnless and at least the upper rough.

(b) Spikelets in sessile clusters of 2-4; lower glume minute, transparent or suppressed.

896 =Tragus=

(bb) Spikelets in pairs, or solitary on a flattened stalk and falling with it, both glumes rough.

897 =Latipes=

(aa) Glumes drawn out into a long fine awn. Spikelets solitary, smooth, spikes usually long.

898 =Perotis=

BB. Awn of fertile floret, if present, never kneed and twisted below the knee. (Up to Bromus.)

C. Valves typically 3-nerved. (Up to Tripogon.)

Tribe X. SPOROBOLEÆ.

Floret 1. Glumes and valves very similar. Valve membranous, acute or obtuse, not changed when ripe, awnless, usually olive or olive grey. Seed often free in the delicate seed-coat.

Only genus.

899 =Sporobolus=

Tribe XI. ERAGROSTEÆ.

Florets usually numerous (1 in Leptochloa sp.) and protruding from the glumes. Spikelets pedicelled and variously panicled, or sessile or subsessile in spikes which are racemosely arranged. Glumes and valves rather similar. Valves membranous, very often olive green or olive grey, very rarely with a very short awn. (Diplachne sp.).

(a) Valves undivided, not short pointed, usually smooth, occasionally hairy. (Eragrostis sp.).

(b) Spikes straight, crowded into a long narrow dense panicle, spikelets very closely packed.

900 =Desmostachya=

(bb) Spikelets usually in panicles, rarely in spikes.

901 =Eragrostis=

(aa) Valves usually notched and minutely pointed, frequently more or less hairy near the base or along the sides.

(b) Spikelets much over 1/25 in. long, in often flexuous spike- like racemes, or in short contracted panicles; valves often dark.

902 =Diplachne=

(bb) Spikelets rarely over 1/25 in. long in very slender spikes on a long common axis, valves usually pale with green nerves.

903 =Leptochloa=

Tribe XII. CHLORIDEÆ.

Spikelets sessile or subsessile, in 2-ranked, secund, usually very dense, rarely loose spikes; spikes solitary, or digitate, or racemosely arranged on a common axis. Valves generally membranous to papery. Awn, if any, straight, fine, from the blunt or notched tip, or all 3 nerves running out into short awns or bristles.

(a) Valves undivided, notched, or more or less 2-toothed or 2-lobed, blunt, or with the middle nerve running out into an awn, or minute point. (Trichoneura.)

(b) Spikelets 1-flowered.

(c) Spikelets with long flexuous awns in dense digitate spikes.

904 =Schœnefeldia=

(cc) Spikelets awnless or very shortly awned.

(d) Spikes solitary.

905 =Microchloa=

(dd) Spikes always digitate.

906 =Cynodon=

(bb) Spikelets with several florets.

(c) Spikelets with 1, rarely 2 (Chloris sp.), fertile, and 1 or several imperfect florets above or below the fertile.

(d) Fertile florets with imperfect florets above it.

(e) Valves with a short erect awn from the notched tips. Spikelets in long, secund solitary spikes.

907 =Enteropogon=

(ee) Spikelets in digitate spikes, rarely solitary; valves awned from below the tips.

908 =Chloris=

(dd) Fertile florets with 2 imperfect florets below and 2 or more above. Spikes solitary, secund, compact, upper glume turning from the axis, with a stiff bristle from the back.

909 =Ctenium=

(cc) Spikelets with 2 or more fertile florets, and without imperfect ones below them.

(d) Valves awnless, or with a rigid point or very short awn from the fine tips, undivided or nearly so.

(e) Spikelets in digitate or subdigitate spikes.

(f) Glumes broad, not keeled, grain deeply hollowed out on the face.

910 =Cœlachyrum=

(ff) Glumes strongly keeled; grain not hollowed out.

(g) Spikes terminated by a spikelet, glumes and valves not finely pointed or obscurely so.

911 =Eleusine=

(gg) Spikes terminating with a sharp point; upper glume and valves rigidly sharp pointed or shortly awned.

912 =Dactyloctenium=

(ee) Spikelets in racemose spikes.

913 =Dinebra=

(dd) Valves distinctly blunt, toothed or lobed, the middle nerve of the valve running out into a fine point or short awn.

914 =Trichoneura=

(aa) Valves variously toothed or lobed, with the middle and side nerves running out into awns or sharp points.

(b) Spikelets usually pedicelled, in open or contracted panicles, valves toothed, or lobed, and 3-awned, awns fine and bristle-like.

915 =Triraphis=

(bb) Spikelets sessile, in solitary or racemosely arranged, often very short spikes.

916 =Tripogon=

CC. Valves 5- to many-nerved. (Up to Bromus.)

Tribe XIII. PAPPOPHOREÆ.

Valves broad, cleft into 2 to many, sometimes, awnlike lobes, with or without alternating straight awns from the sinuses.

(a) Fertile floret 1; valves cleft into 9 awl-like, awn-like lobes.

917 =Enneapogon=

(aa) Fertile florets 3-5; valves cleft into 4 transparent lobes alternating with 5 straight awns from the sinuses.

918 =Schmidtia=

Tribe XIV. ORYZEÆ.

Spikelets all alike, or more or less differing and unisexual. Fertile floret 1, awnless, rarely even with a bristle; terminal with 2 minute empty florets below it, solitary; glumes very minute or suppressed.

(a) Spikelets panicled, fertile valve coriaceous, lower florets represented by two scales or bristles falling with the mature fruit.

919 =Oryza=

(aa) Spikelets panicled, fertile valves papery, lower florets quite suppressed.

920 =Leersia=

Tribe XV. FESTUCEÆ. Fertile florets 2 to many, rarely 1, protruding from the glumes. Glumes more or less resembling the valves in general appearance. Awns, if any, not kneed, terminal or subterminal.

(a) Spikelets sessile in long cylindric dense or often interrupted spikes, spikelets breaking up at maturity. Glumes and valves drawn out into long fine points.

921 =Elytrophorus=

(aa) Spikelets in compact ovoid heads, or short interrupted spikes; glumes and valves broad.

922 =Æluropus=

(aaa) Spikelets in loose, more or less open panicles; valves lance- shaped, rounded on the back.

923 =Bromus=

AA. Leaf blades transversely veined, or if not so, then tall shrubs with woody stems.

Tribe XVI. PHAREÆ.

Spikelets heteromorphous, unisexual, monoecious, the male small. Floret 1. One or both glumes of the male often minute. Leaf blades flat, very broad, many nerved, and definitely stalked.

Only genus.

924 =Olyra=

Tribe XVII. BAMBUSEÆ.

Shrubs or trees, leaf blades flat. Florets one to many. Valves thin green to leathery.

Only genus.

925 =Oxytenanthera=

840 =Zea Mays= Linn. DURA SHAMI, EISH ER RIF—Arab; MAINTAF—Nuer.

The Maize Plant. A tall annual grass with sexes in different inflorescences, the male spikelets in terminal panicles, the female in the axils of the sheathing leaves, forming a “cob.”

Pollination is affected by the wind.

Cultivated throughout the Sudan.

841 =Ischæmum brachyatherum= Fenzl. BEGHEIL, GHARAZ (N. Kordn.)—Arab; NUN—Shilluk.

Perennial densely tufted grass up to over 3 ft. high; racemes in pairs or threes, joints very stout, club-shaped. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicelled and developed, the sessile spikelet variably hairy, rendering the appearance very different. Awn to 5/12 in. long, twisted, sometimes purplish.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (near Rahad); Upper White Nile Prov.

842 =Thelepogon elegans= Roth.

A coarse annual grass; stems tufted, as thick as a crow quill below, and branching above, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves up to 10 in. long and 1 in. broad, coarsely hairy on the edges and base; racemes 2-12 in number, 2-6 in. long. Pedicelled spikelets represented by linear curved pedicel. Glumes prominently ridged on the back. Awn up to 1 in. long, kneed at and twisted below the middle.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post.).

843 =Sehima ischæmoides= Forsk.

Annual with slender stems in small bundles, rarely over 1½ ft. high; racemes solitary, sessile, 1-3 in. long, joints and pedicels densely hairy; glume of sessile spikelet deeply channelled. Awn up to 1¾ in. long, hairy, spirally twisted, brown in colour.

Nubia (Wadi Læmeb, between Suakin and Berber); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Snun).

844 =Vossia cuspidata= Griff. UM SUF—Arab.

A very large floating grass, perennial, one of the principal constituents of the Sudd, copiously rooting from enlarged nodes, aerial portion up to over 3 ft. high; racemes solitary, or 2-6 on a common axis, 6-9 in. long, short, erect, or slightly nodding; joints about ⅓ in. long, curved, swollen, lower glume of sessile spikelets smooth with a channelled, pointed tail up to 1 in. long; spikelets 2-flowered, awnless.

Kordofan Prov. (Takari and Birket Rahad); Upper White Nile Prov. (Moghren El Behur); Bahr El Jebel.

845 =Jardinea congoensis= Franch.

Tall coarse grass up to 10 ft. high, inhabiting swampy places; racemes very numerous, slender; spikelets 1-flowered, the lower glume of the sessile spikelets running out into a sharp point with sharp pointed tubercles on the back, much spreading during flowering. This grass is used for making mats, screens and baskets on the West Coast.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Kulongo).

846 =Manisuris granularis= Sw.

Much branched annual grass up to over 3 ft. high; stems leafy to the top with shortish, soft, hairy foliage; spikes solitary, axillary and terminal, up to 1 in. long, partly enclosed in a spathe-like sheath; spikelets in dissimilar pairs, sessile spikelets conspicuous on account of their grain-like appearance.

This grass occurs in open loamy soil and is a good fodder.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Zeriba Ghattas).

847 =Lasiurus hirsutus= Boiss.

Perennial grass, more or less branched and woody below, branches often in dense bundles; racemes at the end of the stalks enclosed in a spathe- like sheath, up to 4½ inches long. Spikelets 2-flowered, densely hairy all over; glume of sessile spikelet narrowed into a long divided beak.

Nubia (between Suakin and Berber, Wadi El Omari), Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Jebel Waratab).

848 =Elyonurus Royleanus= Nees.

Aromatic annual grass; stems from a few inches up to 1 ft. high, erect, tufted, especially above. Racemes 1¼-2¼ in. long, gathered in bunches, straight, embraced by the spathe, only slightly protruding, often tinged with red; spikelets 1-flowered, with the edges hairy, the lower glume with brush-like tubercles on the margins.

Red Sea Prov. (L. 21° to 22° N.); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Blue Nile Prov. (Sh. Talha).

849 =Rottbœllia exaltata= Linn. f.

A tall coarse grass up to 12 ft. high, annual; stems stout, erect, hispid, branching from the base. Racemes stout, 3-6 in. long, cylindrical, particularly when the spikelets are closed.

A good fodder grass.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Jur Ghattas).

850 =Ophiurus papillosus= Hochst.

Annual grass with rather stout stems 1½-4½ ft. high, much branched, the branches forming ultimately a rather leafy, hairy panicle. Racemes cylindric, slender, in simple spatheate panicles; spikelets sessile, 1-flowered. Grains oblong, 1/12 of an inch long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

851 =Chasmopodium caudatum= Stapf.

Annual grass up to 10 ft. high, rooting from the lower nodes. Racemes stout, cylindric, terminal, spike-like, up to 3 in. long, with a tail formed by the elongated glume of the terminal spikelet.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

852 =Rhytachne rottbœllioides= Desv.

Perennial, densely tufted grass; stems 1-2½ ft. high, sometimes reddish in colour. Leaves long, narrow, especially when folded; racemes solitary, very slender, 3-6 in. long, wavy with longitudinal grooves; lower glumes of spikelets with transverse ridges.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Geneina.).

=R. triaristata= Stapf.

Annual grass up to 1½ ft. high; stems in small tufts; leaves very narrow and folded, as above. Racemes similar to above; pedicelled spikelet represented by a terminal pair of unequal bristles.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Gir.).

853 =Imperata cylindrica= Beauv. =var. Koenigii= Durand & Schinz. BINGBA—Zande.

Erect, perennial grass, up to 4 ft. high; leaf sheaths long, bearded at the nodes. Panicle spike-like, 2-8 in. long, cylindric, very dense, axis not breaking up into joints; spikelets surrounded by long white hairs, giving the whole a silvery appearance.

This grass is used for thatching. A bad weed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Gir); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

854 =Saccharum spontaneum= Linn. =var ægyptiacum.= UM GHRUF (Fung)—Arab.

Tall, perennial, grass up to 12 ft. high, many jointed, silky below the panicles, and coated with wax below the joints. Panicle up to 1½ ft. long and 5 in. wide, dense, plumose, silvery; axis breaking up.

This grass is largely used for thatching; the reeds are made into arrow shafts.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma) Blue Nile Prov. Fung Prov. (Fazoghli, Jongol’s Post, Harun). Darfur Prov. (in wadis). Upper Nile Prov. (Malakal).

855 =Sorghum virgatum= Stapf.

Annual, with slender stems branched from lower and middle nodes. Panicle narrow, very lax, ½ to over 2 ft. long, branches erect, the lowest up to 6 in. long, fine; sessile spikelets lanceolate, finely awned, deciduous with the pedicelled spikelet, pale straw colour, greenish in the upper portion, occasionally flushed with purplish brown.

Widely distributed in the northern Sudan, along river; also in Kordofan and Kassala Provinces.

=S. lanceolatum= Stapf.

Annual, with slender stems up to 10 ft. high. Panicle 9-15 in. long, loose, more or less nodding. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, acutely acuminate, sparingly hairy to almost smooth, straw coloured, slightly greenish, on maturity turning bright red, finely awned. Pedicelled spikelets deciduous. Grain obovate oblong, compressed on the back, yellowish above, paler below, 1/8 by 1/12 in. in size.

White Nile Prov. Upper Nile Prov.

=S. sudanense= Stapf. GARAWI—Arab; KAWKAW—Zande.

Tall annual, up to 10 ft. high; panicle open, pyramidal, spreading, 6-12 in. long, erect, up to 6 in. wide at the base. Sessile spikelet lanceolate to elliptic oblong, rather acute, finely hairy (white hairs), straw-colour to light yellow, with dull green, striate tips when young. Awned. Pedicelled spikelets persistent. Grain oval, flattened, orange, 16 in. long.

Widely distributed in northern and central Sudan. A fodder grass of growing importance.

=S. halepense= Pers. ADDAR—Arab.

Perennial, up to 5 ft. high; stems slender, springing from strong creeping rhizomes. Panicle open and spreading, 6 in.-2 ft. long. Fertile spikelet at first hairy, later becoming smooth; pedicelled spikelets falling early. This grass resembles Sudan Grass, but differs in the rootstock being perennial. It is therefore not suited to cultivation.

Khartoum Prov.

=S. arundinaceum= Stapf. ADDAR, ADDAR ABU SHAR (Kordn.)—Arab.

Tall annual, stems up to 12 ft. high; panicle pyramidal, larger and denser than S. sudanense. Pedicelled spikelets falling, narrowed to an acute point, oblong, not minutely-stalked; with yellowish or reddish hairs.

A good fodder grass.

Kordofan (Khor Abu Habl). Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. verticilliflorum= Stapf.

Annual, 4-8 ft. high. Leaf blades 1 in. broad, sometimes flushed with purple. Panicle up to 15 in. long, pyramidal; sessile spikelets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shortly narrowed to a point, hairs whitish or purplish, awn up to ½ in. long.

Bahr El Jebel (Lat. 7° N.).

=S. abyssinicum= Stapf.

Tall annual grass; leaves up to 2½ in. wide, panicle obovate lanceolate in shape, over 1 ft. long and about 4 in. wide; sessile spikelets ovate- oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute, with pale yellow hairs; awns up to 1 in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).

=S. æthiopicum= Rupr.

Annual, slender stalks up to 10 ft. high. Leaves up to 1 ft. long and up to over 1 in. wide, usually strongly flushed with red or purple. Panicle narrow, linear to linear-oblong, up to over 1 ft. long, often secund. Sessile spikelet ovate to elliptic lanceolate, clay colour, often reddish below; pedicelled spikelet linear lanceolate, often bright red. Awn about 1 in. long.

Nubia (Sagadi between Suakin and Berber); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol).

=S. aterrimum= Stapf. ?BURRI—Arab (Schweinf).

Annual, with slender stalks up to 6 ft. high. Leaf sheath strongly blotched with blackish purple. Panicle narrowly oblong to ovate lanceolate. Sessile spikelet finally glossy jet black. Awn up to ¾ in. long, but sometimes reduced to short point.

Said to be cultivated in the South.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=S. guineense= Stapf. =var. robustum.= VUNDE—Zande; BELL—Nuer.

Tall annual up to 7 ft. high; stems stout, wavy; leaf up to over 2 ft. by 3 in. Panicle oblong, mature spikelets gaping, exposing the grain, which is round and dark red in colour. Glumes also dark red, glossy.

Cultivated as a food crop in the Southern Sudan. A red dye is obtained from the leaf sheaths.

Mongalla, and Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

=S. Durra= Stapf. HAMAIZI, AKLIMAWI, and SAFRA KOHIA—Arab.

Tall annual grass up to 14 ft. high, leaf blades up to 15 in. by 2 in. Panicle much more compact than preceding, ovoid or ellipsoid; spikelets densely clustered; sessile spikelets rhombic-obovate in flower; mature grain subglobose with a broad, round, much exposed top, white, yellow, or reddish-yellow in colour.

Types. Aklimawi—glumes dull whitish with a brown band across just below the tip, more or less white hairy; grain with very broad and almost flattened yellow tops.

Safra Kohia—glumes more or less glossy without a dark band, straw yellow, frequently brown or blackish at the base, grains ivory colour.

Hamaizi—glumes more or less glossy without the dark band, burnt sienna colour to blackish, particularly below, grains reddish ochre.

Cultivated as a food crop.

White Nile Prov. (Geteina) and Blue Nile Prov.

=S. caudatum= Stapf.

Tall annual up to 14 ft., stems stout. Panicle erect, oblong, moderately to very dense. Sessile spikelets elliptic oblong, subobtuse or minutely pointed, sparingly hairy. Grain very broad-elliptic to orbicular, exposed.

=var. angolensis.= Grain up to ⅛ in. long, broad obovate in outline, dark red, glume black. Panicle erect, oblong, rather small and compact.

Largely grown in Southern Sudan. Type KAKWA—Arab.

=var. Cerevisiæ.= Grain up to ⅛ in. long, broad obovate in outline, purplish red in colour, glume black, panicle umbrella-shaped owing to shortening of axis.

Grown in Southern Sudan for preparation of native beer.

=var. Schweinfurthii.= Grain over ⅛ in. long, roundish, white or ochre salmon in colour, panicle oblong with axis running through; pedicelled spikelets more or less persistent, up to ⅛ in. long, mature glumes straw colour to whitish.

Types ZERZEREIH, BAHANA—Arab.

=var. fragile.= Grain over ⅛ in. long, obovate, rather flattened, mature glumes white, brittle upwards. Panicle slightly open, branches long ascending. Pedicelled spikelets persistent.

Type RUBAI (Sennar)—Arab.

=var. umbonatum.= Panicle as var. fragile, grain much flattened with a central boss, apricot colour, lower glume transversely constricted. Pedicelled spikelets persistent.

Type LAGHRAB EL HOMAR (Gezira)—Arab.

=var. rutilum.= Panicle obovate, rather open, mature glumes straw coloured, tinged with red, grain ochre red to salmon on the top, paler below. Pedicelled spikelet persistent.

Type HEGARIG—Arab.

=var. atrolutescens.= Panicle obovate, somewhat irregular and loose, branches long and flexuous. Mature glumes black, grains sulphur or maize yellow to ochre buff, large, flattened at the sides. Pedicelled spikelet persistent.

Type SAFRA, HEGIRI, ABU GARADA, SHABAT AHMAR—Arab.

=var. gibbum.= Panicle rather oblong, fairly dense; pedicelled spikelets readily deciduous; mature glumes black; grain ochre, salmon colour, terracotta or Indian red, more or less swollen on one side.

Type WAD MASNAB, EL TORAK, ABU GARADA—Arab.

=var. Feterita.= Panicle usually oblong, rather narrow, moderately open to dense, glumes glossy black, grain white with an enamelled appearance.

Type FETERITA.

=var. Gassabi.= Panicle dense, broadly elliptic to obovate. Glumes white, margins, often hairy. Grain creamy globose, rather large.

Type GASSABI.

=S. papyrascens= Stapf.

Tall annual up to 12 ft. high. Panicle oblong to oblanceolate in outline, moderately dense, branches long, flexuous. Mature glumes transparent, papery and brittle, breaking irregularly at the tips; grain shorter than the glumes and completely enclosed by them, or partly exposed where glumes are broken, obovate in shape, compressed, dull white or orange.

=var. vesiculare= Stapf. Mature spikelets somewhat inflated, pale straw colour, rather hairy, grain white.

Type FIKI EL MOSTAHI—Arab.

=var. lateritium= Stapf. Mature spikelets strongly flushed with brick red, grain orange, glume very brittle upwards.

Type GADDUM EL TEITAL—Arab.

Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.

=S. Melaleucum= Stapf. SHELSHELEIH—Arab.

Tall annual. Panicles large, oblong, rather one-sided, somewhat loose; branches slender, nodding, purple; grain white, as long as the rather brittle, glossy black, glumes; glumes hairy upwards.

Blue Nile Province.

=S. Ankolib= Stapf. ANKOLIB—Arab.

Tall annual. Panicle oblong, contracted, somewhat loose when mature, branches not very long, stout and branched, sessile spikelets very acute, thinly leathery below and sometimes separated from the papery upper portion by a transverse line. Grain enclosed, almost round in outline.

The canes contain sugar and are chewed. Cultivated. Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Blue Nile Prov. (Sh. Talha); Fung Prov. (Roseires).

=S. cernuum= Host. DURA SEIFI—Arab.

Tall annual up to 14 ft. Panicle eventually recurved, ovoid, very compact, lower glume leathery at the base, whitish hairy all over. Grain exposed or protruding, dull white, large. Cultivated.

Northern Sudan; Kassala Prov.

=S. purpureo-sericeum= Aschers. & Schweinf.

Erect annual up to 3 ft. high; leaves up to 9 in. long by ⅓ in. wide. Panicle up to 8 in. long, very loose; sessile spikelets lanceolate, acuminate; lower glume wholly leathery, dark brown to black except at the tip, with a band of soft brown hairs at the base. Awn up to 2 in. long twisted to the middle.

Kassala Prov. (along eastern borders); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=S. dimidiatum= Stapf.

Perennial about 2 ft. high. Panicle very narrow and small. Sessile spikelet lanceolate acuminate, lower glume firmly coriaceous up to half way, then abruptly thinner, the coriaceous portion turning glossy brown or black. Awn slender, about 1 in. long.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=S. bipennatum= Stapf.

Annual up to 4 ft. high. Panicle narrow, oblong, up to 7 in. long, lax; racemes reduced to a single spikelet accompanied by two slender pedicels. Glumes coriaceous, brown, the lower whitish at the base, silkily hairy. Awn about 1½ in. long, kneed at, and twisted below the middle.

Bahr El Ghazal (Jurland).

856 =Vetiveria nigritana= Stapf.

Tall, densely tufted perennial grass, with branching rootstocks and spongy aromatic roots, up to 6 ft. high. Panicle up to over 1 ft. long, with long slender whisk-like branches. Sessile spikelets very narrowly lanceolate, dull green or somewhat purplish with a small bristle-like awn.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Bongo, and Addai).

857 =Chrysopogon Aucheri= Stapf. =var. quinqueplumis= Stapf.

Tufted perennial grass up to 2 ft. high, with very slender stems, panicled, narrow, 2-4 in. long, loose with the tips of the branches bearded; racemes reduced to 1 or 2 joints. Spikelets hairy, greyish; awn also hairy, up to 1 in. long, yellow in colour.

Nubia (between Suakin and Berber, Wadi Læmeb and Wadi Derumkad, Long. 35° 25′ E.).

858 =Eremopogon foveolatus= Stapf.

Tufted grass up to 2 ft. high (often under 1 ft.); leaves greyish, narrow. Panicle narrow, up to 3 in. long, spikelets pinkish, surrounded by white silky hairs. Awn up to 1½ in. long, kneed, brown.

Red Sea Prov. (maritime plain and up to 3,000 to 4,000 ft. Soturba range, Lat. 21° N.).

859 =Arthraxon serrulatus= Hochst.

Perennial grass up to 2 ft. high; stems from a short rhizome. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, ½-¾ in. wide, with cartilaginous margins, hairy, particularly along the edges and on the sheaths. Racemes 2-5, slender, greenish or suffused with purple, 1¼ to over 2 in. long, on a short common axis; sessile spikelet narrow with small short teeth along the edges. Fertile valve awned from low down on the back. Awn up to over ½ in., fine, kneed about the middle.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma).

860 =Amphilophis pertusa= Stapf.

Perennial grass up to 2½ ft. high, stems slender. Panicles digitate, up to 2½ in. long, branches up to 10; racemes whitish or dull purplish with silky hairs. Sessile spikelets pale green, with a pronounced pit on the glume, awned; the awn forming a continuation of the valve, 1 in. long, kneed at the middle.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River, Rejaf road).

=A. insculpta= Stapf. =var. vegetior= Stapf.

Similar to above but with 1-3 pits on the glume of pedicelled spikelets; sessile spikelets usually olive green or flushed with purple. Leaves rough and reed-like.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Atbara River (Gerba).

861 =Dichanthium annulatum= Stapf. MALHI (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.

Very tufted perennial grass up to over 3 ft. high, stems many noded. Leaves narrow, strongly ribbed. Inflorescence digitate, racemes 3-9, thinly hairy with long silky hairs, pale or flushed with purple; sessile spikelets of the lowest 1-3 pairs staminate or neuter and awnless; awn of fertile valve a continuation of the valve, nearly 1 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (near Tokar, Port Sudan, Wadi Yumga, Wadi Læmeb); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Sennar).

862 =Schizachyrium urceolatum= Stapf.

Annual up to 1 ft. high, stems slender; leaves very narrow, reddish, the upper spathe-like, enclosing the racemes. Spikes solitary, joints and pedicels short, thickened, with a large slipper-like appendage. Awn about ¾ in. long, from the hollow of the 2-toothed fertile valve, which is divided to beyond the middle. Racemes smooth, except for a silky tuft of hairs at the base of the joint. Pedicelled spikelets not larger than the sessile.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma).

=S. exile= Stapf.

Annual, stems in bundles, from ½ to 2 ft. high. Leaf blades eventually pinkish, very narrow, tapering to a fine point, uppermost spathe-like, enclosing the racemes, which are conspicuously hairy. Joints up to ¼ in. long, club-shaped, with a oblique minutely toothed membranous appendage, otherwise as S. urceolatum.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); White Nile (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Darfur Prov. (El Fasher); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas Zariba).

=S. Schweinfurthii= Stapf.

Perennial grass up to 2 ft. high, leaves narrow, tapering. Uppermost spathe-like. Inflorescence simpler and much less tufted than the preceding. Fertile valve shortly two toothed, joints very narrow. Sessile spikelets very close, almost smooth, awned.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Tokuto River).

863 =Diectomis fastigiata= Kunth.

Annual, up to 5 ft. high; stems slender, kneed at the base; leaves, narrow, tapering to a fine bristle-like point. Inflorescence enclosed in a spathe, branches 2 or 3. Pedicelled spikelets larger than sessile, surrounded by long, soft, white hairs, very different from the sessile. Awn 1¼-2 in. long, kneed at the middle, twisted, yellow and brown.

Fung Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra 6,000 to 8,000 ft.).

864 =Andropogon tenuiberbis= Hack.

Tall perennial grass up to 15 ft. high. Leaf blades narrow, over 1 ft. long, tapering to a fine point. Inflorescence a loose spatheate panicle up to 2½ ft. long, with about 6, 2-4-rayed tiers. All sessile spikelets alike, awns from the sinus of the 2-divided fertile valve, joints and pedicels very narrow and slender.

Bahr El Ghazal (Jur, Geneina, Jur Ghattas, Kutshuk Ali’s Zariba).

=A. linearis= Stapf.

Perennial up to 3 ft. high, leaves very narrow, sheaths often purplish. Inflorescence small, partly enclosed in a spathe, awn of sessile spikelet stout.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 8,000 ft.).

=A. schirensis= Hochst.

Perennial grass 3-10 ft. high, leaf blades narrowed, tapering, often 1½ ft. long. Inflorescence consisting of stout racemes in pairs, with compressed, long awned (as above) spikelets.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Khor Utrab); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=A. gayanus= Kunth, =var. genuinus= Hack.

Tufted perennial grass, from a few feet to 10 ft. high. Leaves narrow, tapering, leaf sheath often wider than the blade, forming rounded shoulders at the junction. Inflorescence consisting of racemes in pairs; spikelets with long, soft, white hairs. Awns ½-¾ in. long. Joints and pedicels hairy on one side.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=var. squamulatus= Stapf. As above, but joints and pedicels hairy on both margins. Awn ¾-1¼ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Upper Nile Prov. (Sobat River, Nasser); Kordofan (Rahad); Darfur (Jebel Marra, 9,300 ft.).

=var. bisquamulatus= Hack. ABU RIKHIS—Arab.

As above, joints and pedicels hairy on one or both margins, spikelets more or less hidden by silky hairs.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid and between Um Ruaba and Eilafun); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongoland, between Uringama and Ngoli).

865 =Cymbopogon sennarensis= Chiov.

Densely tufted perennial up to 3 ft. high, often reddish in colour; leaves narrow, up to 8 in. long. Inflorescence a spatheate obovoid panicle, formed of more or less dense balls of racemes which are in pairs and each surrounded by a spathe. The sessile spikelets at the base of the spike are different from the rest; the lower glume of female spikelets with 4 nerves. Awn only ¼ in. long, bristle-like, spikelet surrounded by long, fine, white hairs.

Fung Prov.

=C. proximus= Stapf. MAHAREIB—Arab.

Similar to above, but spatheate panicle narrow, long, much interrupted below; the lower glume of the fertile spikelets with 2 short nerves. Awn a fine straight bristle up to ¼ in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (sea coast, Wadi El Omari); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Khartoum Prov. (Jebel Royan, Omdurman and Soba); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Abu Naama); Kordofan Prov. (Jebel Abu Sunun); Darfur Prov. (E. of El Fasher and Kulme).

=C. near C. proximus= Stapf.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=C. nervatus= Chiov. NĀL. HAMAREIB, MARHABEIB, MAHAREIB, and TEITALIB (Kord)—Arab; SHIREIH (Dilling)—Nuba; NGEINY (Ying)—Nuer.

Annual (?) grass up to 3 ft. high. Panicle narrow, spatheate, similar to previous species, but lower glume of fertile spikelet with conspicuous long oil streaks on both ends of the groove.

This grass is much used for thatching. It contains a volatile oil which has been examined by the Govt. Chemist; vide W.T.R.L. report, 1921.

Widely distributed in plains of Central Sudan.

=C. excavatus= Stapf.

Perennial 2-4 ft. high. Inflorescence smaller and more open than above, also darker in colour, oil streaks obscure. Base and adjacent pedicel of sessile raceme joined together.

Khartoum Prov. (Soba); Blue Nile Prov. (Dinder River).

=C. giganteus= Chiov. MARAIRA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; NŪR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.

Tall perennial up to 8 ft. high. Inflorescence frequently over 1 ft. long, very open, spatheate, and clustered as preceding; joints and pedicels densely hairy; base and adjacent pedicel of sessile raceme joined; oil streaks confined to upper portion of the lower glume of the sessile spikelet. Awn up to ½ in. long, bent about the middle.

Kordofan Prov. (Megenas and J. Kōn); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf to Hillet Kaka); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

866 =Hyparrhenia finitima= Stapf.

Perennial grass up to 6 ft. high. Inflorescence long, narrow, open, reddish. Racemes in pairs, dense, enclosed in a narrow, pointed spathe with reddish hairs. Awns slender, about 1¾ in. long, bent, twisted, and hairy.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma), Khor Utrub.

=H. rufa= Stapf. BURNUS (Rahad River)—Arab.

Perennial grass up to 8 ft. long, tufted. Spatheate panicle large, very lax; peduncles of racemes up to 2½ in. long, protruding from the tightly rolled spatheoles; spikelets reddish with reddish short hairs. Awns ¾ to 1¼ in., hairy below the bend. Used for thatching and fencing.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post and Zamarka); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Kulongo Jm, Jur Ghattas); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Bahr El Jebel (Lat. 5° N.).

=H. hirta= Stapf. HAMERAI Arab.

Perennial grass up to 3 ft. high, densely tufted; leaf blades very narrow, from a few inches to 12 in. long. Spatheate panicle up to 12 in. long, racemes scanty and far apart. Spatheoles very narrow, reddish, tapering to a long fine point; racemes with white hairs. Awns up to 1 in. long, dark brown.

Nubia (J. Waratab; Wadi Arab, between Suakin and Berber); Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, near Khor Ashat); Kordofan Prov. (Khor Abu Habl).

=H. Barteri= Stapf, =var. calvescens= Stapf.

Annual up to 1 ft. high. Leaves up to 1 ft. by 1/5 in. Spatheate panicle rather dense, with long slender branches bearing fan-shaped groups of spatheolate racemes. Awns 2 per raceme pair, up to over 2 in. long, shortly hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Gigging).

=H. Ruprechtii= Fourn.

Perennial, up to 10 ft. high, forming dense clumps. Leaves very narrow and tapering. Spatheate panicle erect, narrow and interrupted, spatheoles narrow, pointed, up to 3 in. long, reddish; fertile spikelets over ¼ in. long, oblong. Awns about 3 in. long.

Used for thatching and fencing.

Bahr El Jebel (Shambe and Madi).

=H. macrolepis= Stapf.

Annual 5-8 ft. high. Inflorescence similar to H. Ruprechtii, but fertile spikelets larger (nearly ½ in. long), and awns up to 5 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=H. pseudocymbaria= Stapf. ANSORA (River Rahad)—Arab.

Annual up to over 3 ft. high, showy by reason of the boat-shaped spatheoles, which remain after maturity, and enclose the racemes; these spatheoles are vividly coloured from bright red to yellowish brown. Awns up to 2½ in. long with brown silky hairs.

Fung Prov. (Roseires and Jongol’s Post); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 7,500 ft. and Kulme, 3,600 ft.).

=H. cymbaria= Stapf.

Tall handsome grass, perennial, 6-20 ft. high; leaf blades very narrow. Spatheate panicle often very large and dense, spatheoles boat-shaped, coloured vivid red or purple, racemes protruding from the spatheoles; spikelets hairy, coloured green and purple; awns about ½ in. long.

Darfur (Jebel Marra, 8,000 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land; Atasilli Brook).

=H. variabilis= Stapf.

Tall handsome perennial grass up to 10 ft. high. Inflorescence over 1 ft. long, narrow, fairly open, very similar to preceding, but peduncles rather larger (¼ in.) and sessile spikelets up to nearly ½ in. long, awns up to 1¼ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=H. confinis= Anders.

Annual grass, 3 ft. and over high. Inflorescence long, very loose and open, more or less leafy. Spatheoles boat-shaped, up to 2 in. long, narrow and tapering. Peduncles about equalling the spatheoles. Awns up to 3 in. long, stout and twisted. The whole plant light reddish brown.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=var. pellita= Stapf. Leaves more rigid and narrower than in the type.

Kassala Prov. (Matamma, Gallabat).

=H. macrarrhena= Stapf.

Handsome annual grass about 3 ft. high. Inflorescence long, very open. Spatheoles purplish, up to 1½ in. long, narrow, boat-shaped; spikelets light yellow, hairy; peduncle much shorter than spatheoles. Awns stout, about 3 in. long. Joints of stem with a spreading beard.

Bahr El Ghazal (Bongo land).

=H. diplandra= Stapf.

Tall perennial, up to over 12 ft. high, densely tufted from a short rhizome. Spatheate panicle large, narrow, loose, often over 2 ft. long. Spatheoles very narrow, 1-1¼ in. long, edges finally inrolled, purplish or brown in colour. Long spikelets in tufts on long slender peduncles. Awns finely hairy, 1½-2½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Bongo, Tonj River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=H. cornucopiæ= Stapf.

Handsome grass, spatheate panicle leafy, very loose and open, up to 1 ft. high, spatheoles narrowly lanceolate, up to 3 in. long, purplish; axis of the racemes produced into a cup-like appendage nearly ½ in. long. Awn stout, up to 4½ in. long, very hairy with short brown hairs.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

867 =Monocymbium ceresiiforme= Stapf.

Perennial grass 1-4 ft. high; leaves often very hairy. Inflorescence narrow, loose; racemes solitary, much reduced in size, enclosed in a larger coloured spatheole which is narrow and boat-shaped. Awns fine, up to ½ in. long, kneed at and twisted below the middle, not hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Gir & Jur land); Jur Ghattas.

868 =Heteropogon contortus= Roem. & Schult.

Tufted perennial up to over 3 ft. high, leaves narrow, mostly growing from the base. Inflorescence a single slender terminal raceme, from 1½ to over 6 in. long. Spatheoles narrow, tapering, about ⅓ in. long, hairy. Awns, stout, kneed, 2 to over 4 in. long, dark brown, often twisted together.

This grass is known as Spear Grass. It frequently causes trouble to cattle and horses, as the sharp-pointed seeds stick in the mouth and penetrate the skin. It forms good hay if cut before it flowers.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Ghulfan); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam land); Mongalla Prov. (Gemeiza).

869 =Themeda triandra= Forsk.

Coarse perennial grass 1½-4 ft. high, tufted, often with a layer of withered fibres at the base. Inflorescence of scanty, scattered, spatheate panicles and long stalks, resembling tassels. Spatheoles narrow, purple or red, up to 2 in. long; spikelets much shorter, about ½ in., with long hairs; awns long, black, twisted, stout.

A valuable fodder grass.

Darfur Prov.

870 =Digitaria horizontalis= Willd.

Annual grass, from one to several feet high; stems tufted, ascending from a bent, more or less prostrate base, hairy, up to ½ in. wide. Inflorescence of 4 to many racemes on a common axis (digitate), 1½-6 in. long, finely hairy. Spikelets continuous, pressed close to the axis, up to ½ in. long, awnless, lower glume reduced to a small, ovate, membranous scale; upper 3-nerved with lines of silky hairs between the hairs on the margins, axis with long, spreading, very fine glistening hairs.

A good fodder grass.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.; sea coast, to between 3,000 to 4,000 ft.); Fung Prov. (Bunzaga); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=D. marginata= Link.

Annual grass, 1 to over 2 ft. high. Leaves up to ⅓ in. broad, hairy. Racemes 4-9, digitate, consisting of small spikelets, appressed to the axils, rather larger than above, also upper glume more pointed.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=var. fimbriata= Stapf. More silky than above.

Berber Prov.

=var. nubica= Stapf. Spikelets smooth, not hairy.

Halfa Prov.; Dongola Prov. (Between Old Dongola and Merowe); Berber and Khartoum Prov.

=D. gayana= Stapf.

Annual, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves with coarse pale hairs; racemes 2-6, digitate. Spikelets up to nearly ⅙ in. long, with a copious silvery or purplish lateral fringe of hairs, which is produced into a long brush- like point.

Kordofan Prov. (Um Marba).

=D. xanthotricha= Stapf.

Annual, 2-3 ft. high, smooth or sparingly hairy. Racemes two, one sessile, the other shortly peduncled, or 3-4 sessile, digitate. Spikelets with one transverse and two lateral fringes of brown coloured or reddish hairs.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=D. ternata= Stapf.

Annual, stems ½-2 ft. long. Leaves sparingly hairy. Racemes 2-7, digitate, very slender, 2-6 in. long, with spikelets not so close as in preceding. Spikelets ½ in. long, ovate, hairy, hairs with thick walls and club-shaped tips, produced to form a short terminal tuft or beard.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=D. abyssinica= Stapf.

Perennial grass with a long, slender, creeping, often branching rhizome; up to 1 ft. high. Leaves smooth, narrow, strongly ribbed. Racemes 2-9, at the apex of a common axis. Spikelets rather loose, elliptic acute, 1/12 in. long.

A bad weed.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River, Kagulu).

=D. debilis= Willd.

Annual, springing from a prostrate, branching and rooting base, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, small, upper 4 in. by ¼ in., lower 1 in. by ⅛ in. Racemes 5-11, digitate, pale green. Spikelets rather loose, up to ⅛ in. long, slender, very pointed, not hairy.

A good fodder grass.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli) Kordofan Prov.

=D. pennata= Chiov.

Bushy grass up to 3 ft. high (generally smaller), with a short rhizome producing tufts of fresh growths, covered at the base with white hairy scales. Stems very slender, wiry, producing barren branches from the lower, and tufted flowering branches from the upper joints. Racemes 6-10 in a whorl, very slender, up to 5 in. long, digitately arranged. Spikelets oval, about ⅛ in. long, in pairs, widely spaced, with long fine spreading hairs.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov.

=D. uniglumis= Stapf, =var. major= Stapf.

Tall perennial grass up to 10 ft. high. Leaves 2 ft. long and ½ in. wide. Inflorescence up to 2 ft. long, consisting of racemes (up to 10 in. long), gathered into a panicle. Spikelets small, rarely 1/12 in. long, oval, closely arranged, glossy chestnut brown in colour.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo; Gurfala; Niamniam-land, near Nganye by the Ibba River).

=D. intecta= Stapf.

Annual, up to 3 ft. high. Leaf sheath strongly ribbed, covered with short stiff hairs. Racemes 8-20, gathered into a brush-like panicle 5-8 in. long. Spikelets very small, about 1/20 in. long, beset with fine white hairs, glossy chestnut brown in colour.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma).

871 =Alloteropsis semialata= Hitchcock.

Perennial grass, compactly tufted on a short rhizome, with a thick basal coat of silky hairy leaf bases or their remains. Stems erect, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves strongly ribbed, very narrow. Inflorescence mostly of 2-3 racemes, occasionally one, sometimes 3-4, springing from the same joint, 1½-8 in. long. Axis wavy, triangular in section. Spikelets loosely arranged, tassel-like. Lower floret of papery texture, transparent, mottled with brown; upper with valve, produced into a fine bristle up to ⅛ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Gendua River).

872 =Eriochloa acrotricha= Hack.

Tufted annual. Stems leafy, ½ to over 2 ft. long. Inflorescence a narrow panicle 1½-4 in. long with a few, or up to 10, racemes widely spaced on the same axis. Spikelets in 2 series, dorsally compressed; lower glume rudimentary, forming with the base of the stalk a bead-like process, oval pointed, with a fine bristle, up to ⅙ in. long.

Nubia, Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).

873 =Brachiaria dictyoneura= Stapf.

Perennial 1½-3 ft. high, leaves narrow, sheathing the flower stalk. Inflorescence consisting of 3-6 widely spaced spike-like racemes, having the spikelets arranged on one side. Racemes dense, about 2 in. long; spikelets largish, 1/5 in. long, oval, silkily hairy, often flushed with purple, lower glume present, almost as long as the spikelet, 11-nerved.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.

=B. fulva= Stapf.

Perennial up to 3 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Inflorescence of a similar type to above, but racemes 4-12, closer spaced, 1¾ in. long, arched, with reddish or yellowish hairs. Spikelets densely hairy, closely arranged, about ⅛ in. long, oval.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur. Agada, Bongo land, Matia Addai); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=B. stigmatisata= Stapf.

Annual, over 2 ft. high, ascending from a leafy base. Leaves broad, narrowly oval with crisped spiny margins, from 1 to over 7 in. long by ¼-½ in. wide. Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like racemes, widely spaced on a common axis, ¾-2 in. long. Racemes dense, 1-2½ in. long; spikelets closely arranged, 1/16 to 1/5 in. long, not hairy, prominently nerved, pale yellowish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=B. mutica= Stapf.

Perennial grass 3-6 ft. high (occasionally 8 ft.). Leaves smooth, narrow, hairy on the sheaths. Inflorescence 4-8 in. long, consisting of numerous, sometimes paired racemes 1-3 in. long. Spikelets about ⅛ in. long, almost touching, oval; stigmas blackish purple, very conspicuous.

A valuable fodder grass.

White Nile Prov. (Lat. 12° 10′ N.); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=B. brizantha= Stapf.

Perennial, coarse grass up to over 6 ft. high, leaves narrow, up to 15 in. long. Inflorescence one-sided, consisting of 2-8 arching racemes, widely set apart on a common axis, which is triangular in section. Racemes usually long, up to 6 in., closely set with rather large (¼ in. long) swollen spikelets. Lower glume small, conspicuously nerved, often purple, clasping the spikelet.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam country, Ibba River, Nganye and Bongo-Land, Gir and Kulongo); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=B. callopus= Stapf.

Annual, over 2 ft. high, copiously rooting from the lower nodes. Leaves sheathing the flowering stem, narrow, finely hairy inside. Inflorescence erect, about 6 in. long, of 6-8 erect, one-sided, almost equally distant racemes. Axis sharply triangular, racemes dense, 2-ranked, 2 in. long (the lowest), to ⅔ in. long (the upper). Spikelets touching, elliptic, acute, pale straw coloured, definitely stalked, stalk globose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land: Gir).

=B. obtusiflora= Stapf. UM KHIRR—Arab; AJOAK—Dinka.

Annual up to 6 ft. high, stems stout. Leaves narrow, generally smooth. Inflorescence up to over 6 in. long, very loose, consisting of 5-8 dense, spike-like racemes widely spaced on a common axis. Racemes 2-3 in. long; spikelets stalked, ½ in. long, ellipsoid in shape, swollen, pale yellow.

A good fodder grass, the ripe seeds are edible.

Red Sea Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Khor Abu Habl, Wad El Ghall, 40 miles S. of Abu Zabbad); Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz el Siada).

=B. regularis= Stapf.

Annual, rarely over 1½ ft. high, stems leafy; leaves broad (up to ½ in.) and up to 6 in. long, tapering to a fine point. Inflorescence a loose panicle of 5 to many lax racemes, which are about 2-3 in. long. Spikelets long stalked, loosely scattered, small, elliptic.

Nubia (Shores of the Red Sea at Mirza Eleri, Lat. 22° 12′ N.L., Wadi Dimehadit, between Suakin and Berber); Fung Prov. (Shellal); Kordofan Prov. (Um Ruaba); Darfur Prov. (Suruj District and Kulme).

=B. glauca= Stapf.

Perennial (?), 1 to almost 2 ft. high, densely tufted on a short rhizome, pale green, stems slender. Leaves narrow, tapering. Inflorescence 3-5 in. long, of 3-9 racemes, 1-1½ in. long at the base, the upper shorter. Spikelets broad oblong, slightly swollen, about ⅛ in. long, fairly closely set.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Wadi Omareg, Sinkat).

=B. leersioides= Stapf.

Annual, 1-2 ft. high, whole plant pale green, tufted, stems leafy, leaves narrow, tapering. Inflorescence up to 6 in. long, very lax, racemes 4-12, widely spaced, short (1½ in. long). Spikelets fairly dense, on a wavy slightly hairy axis, about ⅛ in. long, rather narrow, stalked.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Wadi Omareg, Sinkat).

=B. Isachne= Stapf. DEFERA, EL KURDA (Kordn)—Arab.

Annual, 1-2 ft. high, loosely tufted, with fine fibrous roots and slender spreading stems. The leaves are smooth, occasionally hairy, 1-2 in. long, by ¼-⅓ in. broad. The inflorescence is an erect narrow panicle, 2-3 in. long of 5-12 erect racemes, which are pressed to the axis and are ½-1 in. long; the spikelets are small, 1/16 in. long, all arranged on one side, and closely packed in two rows, pale green or purplish in colour, with very short stalks, which are softly hairy; the lower glume is reduced to a minute nerveless scale.

A good fodder grass (not the common Defera, see No. 877).

Widely distributed.

=B. epaleata= Stapf.

Annual, up to 1½ ft. high. Leaves fairly broad, tapering to a point, 2-4 in. by 1/6-5/12 in., margins crisped, cartilaginous. Panicle very loose, 2½-4 in. by 1-2 in., of 6-8 moderately distant racemes. Spikelets widely set on racemes, which are 1½-3 in. long, stalks ⅛ in. long; lower glume ⅓ to ½ length of the spikelet, distinctly nerved.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat and Metamma).

=B. Kotschyana= Stapf.

Annual, ½ to over 2 ft. high, stems rather stout and leafy; leaves broad at the base and tapering to a point, 1-3 in. by 1/6-5/12 in., stiff and somewhat succulent, margins cartilaginous, minutely spiny, markedly crisped. Panicle up to over 6 in. long, loose, consisting to 6 to many oblique, moderately distant racemes, the lowest ½ to over 3 in., the upper gradually shortening. Spikelets in clusters, which are separated by about their own length, lower glumes purple.

Kordofan Prov. (J. Kōn); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=B. jubata= Stapf.

Kordofan Prov.

874 =Paspalum auriculatum= Presl.

Probably perennial grass up to over 1½ ft. high; leaves broad, rounded at the base, tapering to a fine point, 6-8 in. by ⅓-1 in. Inflorescence of 3 racemes, with sometimes a fourth from the base of the peduncle, 1-2 in. long, axis winged at sides. Racemes 1½-3 in. long; spikelets 2-ranked crowded, ovate, ⅛ in. long, brown, smooth, conspicuously flat on one side, which side is turned from the axis. Lower glume absent.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land; Tuhami’s Zariba).

=P. scrobiculatum= Linn. =var. Commersonii= Stapf.

Perennial, 1 to over 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, up to 9 in. by ⅓ in., from an equally wide or slightly narrowed base. Inflorescence of mostly 2, less often 3 or 1, very rarely 4, spike-like racemes at the end of a flattened common axis. Racemes hairy at the base, from 1-2 in. long. Spikelets 2-ranked, mostly back to back, roundly ovate, dull brown in colour, lower glume absent.

A fodder grass, but reputed unwholesome at the time of ripening.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat Metamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Niamniam land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

875 =Paspalidium desertorum= Stapf.

Tufted perennial, springing from a hard, stout, brownish, creeping rhizome; stems many jointed, often trailing, throwing up leafy branches with swollen joints. Leaves smooth, grey-green in colour, and covered with a waxy bloom, narrow from an equally wide base, tapering to a point. Inflorescence from 1 to 6 in. long, of a varying number of short, spike-like racemes pressed close to the axis, rather widely spaced below, closer above. Racemes slender, 2 ranked; spikelets numerous, ovate, acute, touching, about ⅛ in. long, sometimes tinged with purple, falling at maturity. Lower glume developed.

A desert grass.

Red Sea Prov. (Wadi Omari, Wadi Yumga); Berber Prov. (Walad el Assal); Kordofan Prov.

876 =Urochloa trichopus= Stapf.

Annual, forming small tufts, 1-3 ft. high; leaves fairly broad, sheathing at the base, tapering to an acute point, 2½-6 in. by ½-6 in., pale, smooth with hairy margins, or sometimes hairy all over. Inflorescence of 4-9 erect, often slightly bent, plump, one-sided racemes. Racemes very dense, 2-ranked, up to 2½ in. long. Spikelets very close, overlapping, broad ovate, over ⅙ in. long, pale green. Glumes papery, hairy, lower glume developed.

Very similar to Brachiaria, but distinguished by the arrangement of the spikelets, and by the presence of a short fine point from the obtuse apex of the fertile valve.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza, Katul Gambara).

=U. pullulans= Stapf.

Perennial, from a short rhizome covered with thin yellowish scales, stems erect, up to 3 ft. Leaves often hairy, rather broad in the well developed specimens, base broad, clasping, tapering to a fine point. Inflorescence of 5-10 (sometimes fewer), spikelike, one-sided racemes, 2-3½ in. long. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, often purplish, axis wavy. Glumes membranous, the lower almost as long as the upper; the short sharp point of the fertile valve conspicuous, not very hairy in Sudan specimens.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin-Tokar road).

=U. Helopus= Stapf.

Annual, tufted grass, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves pale, hairy, up to ½ in. wide by up to 6 in. long. Lance-shaped. Inflorescence of 4-7, erect, rather stiff, 2-ranked racemes, 1-2 in. long. Spikelets oval, sharply pointed, strongly ribbed, rather swollen, lower glume less than ½ the length of the spikelet.

Dongola Prov. Nubian Desert.

=U. insculpta= Stapf.

Annual, grass up to 4-5 ft. high, growing in scanty tufts. Leaves broad and round at the base, long tapering to a slender point, up to 9 in. long, and 1 in. wide, pale, very slightly, if at all, hairy along the edges. Inflorescence borne on a slender stalk, brush-like, consisting of many (sometimes reduced to 5 or 6), erect, crowded racemes, 1-3 in. long. Spikelets up to ⅛ in. long (elliptic in shape, with a short strong point), finely hairy. Lower glume ⅓ to ½ the length of the spikelet, with 3-5 nerves.

A good fodder grass.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Metamma); Fung Prov. (Disa); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=U. reptans= Stapf.

Prostrate or creeping grass, throwing up stems from the rooting joints of the long decumbent base, the erect stems up to 1½ in. high. Leaves broad, lance-shaped, up to 2½ in. long and ¾ in. broad, rounded at the base, acutely pointed at the tip. Inflorescence from 1-3 in. long, consisting of a few up to 12 obliquely erect, slender one-sided racemes about 1 in. long, which are fairly widely placed on the axis. Spikelets small (1/12 in.), often purplish, elliptic (lower glume very small). A good fodder grass.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

877 =Echinochloa colona= Link. DEFERA or DIFERA—Arab.

Annual, growing in small spreading tufts. Leaves sometimes hairy, narrow, often with dark purple cross bands. Inflorescence up to 5 in. long, narrow, consisting of few to 6 widely spaced short branches. Spikelets crowded, often purplish, ovate or elliptic, sharply pointed, 5-7-nerved, minutely hairy between the nerves. Grain 1/16 in. long, broad elliptic in outline.

One of the best fodder grasses.

Widely distributed in Northern and Central Sudan, including Darfur.

=E. Crus Pavonis= Schult. KUZ—Nuer; KAM (or AKAM) (Bahr el Jebel)—Dinka.

Annual up to 5 ft. high, with copious plump root fibres. Stems erect, up to ¼ in. thick, spongy below. Leaves 5-15 in. long, and up to 1¼ in. wide, from a narrowed base, and tapering to a fine point. Inflorescence erect, large (4-12 in. long), lance-shaped, rather feathery; lower branches up to 4 in. long, dense. Spikelets nearly ⅛ in. long, narrow, strongly ribbed, glumes shortly awned (⅛ in.) from the entire acute tip, minutely hairy, purplish or dark in colour.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land).

=E. pyramidalis= Hitchcock and Chase. UM SUF—Arab; KUZ—Nuer; KAM (or AKAM) (Bahr el Jebel)—Dinka.

Perennial, reed-like grass up to 15 ft. high. Stems ascending from a long thick abundantly rooting, often floating base. Leaves narrow, 1-2 ft. long by ¼-1 in. broad, flat, narrow at the base, long tapering to a point, the lower sheathing portion coarsely bearded. Inflorescence erect or somewhat nodding, up to over 1 ft. long, rather narrow, dense, branches numerous, 1-6 in. long. Spikelets ovate, up to ⅙ in. long, very crowded, often coloured blackish purple, awnless, but strongly tipped. Axis hairy with long silky hairs.

One of the common plants of the Sudd region. A good fodder grass, the grain is sometimes used for food.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, Niurnya, 6,500 ft.); Kordofan Prov. (Birket Rahad); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Tonj, Niamniam land); Upper Nile Prov. (Tonga); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River, Bor, Mongalla); Bahr el Jebel (Lat. 7° 25 N. and 8° 30 N.).

=E. stagnina= P. Beauv. HELEW—Arab.

Stout perennial grass, rising to 6 ft. from long creeping and copiously rooting rhizomes; leaves narrow, long tapering to a fine point, up to 1½ ft. long by 1 in. wide, very rough upwards. Inflorescence up to 10 in. long, nodding, narrow and often open, branches dense. Spikelets up to ¼ in. long, plump, tapering at both ends, awns up to 1 in. long (often less).

An excellent fodder.

Red Sea Prov. (near Tokar); Blue Nile Prov. (Sherif); Upper White Nile Prov. (Mouth of Sobat River); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Shambe, Meshra El Rek & Jur Ghattas).

878 =Acroceras amplectens= Stapf.

Annual grass, 2-2½ ft. high, stems ascending from a prostrate and rooting base, or sometimes floating in water. Lower portion of leaf, i.e., leaf sheath, strongly developed, prominently striate. Leaf blades narrow, from a broad clasping rounded base, tapering to a fine point, 3-6 in. long by ¼ to ½ in. at the base. Inflorescence very long and slender, consisting of 4-6 long, slender, branches, widely spaced. Spikelets large (¼ in.), narrow, stalked, distantly placed, pressed to the axis, pale in colour, bluntly pointed.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

879 =Oplismenus Burmannii= P. Beauv.

Annual, up to 1½ ft. high, stems very slender, ascending from a long prostrate rambling and rooting base. Leaf sheaths loose and very hairy, blades hairy, lance-shaped, narrowed at the base and tapered to a fine point, ¾-2 in. long by ⅙-½ in. wide. Inflorescence very narrow, 1-3 in. long, consisting of 3-8 small branches ½ in. long. Spikelets crowded, very hairy, glumes awned from the slightly notched tip, awn fine, about ½ in. long.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Abu Gurun’s Zariba).

880 =Panicum Meyerianum= Nees.

Perennial, about 3 ft. high; stems rigid, hairy at the joints. Leaf sheaths long, clasping the stem, pale green or straw coloured, blades narrow, lance-shaped, from a contracted base, 3-8 in. by ¼-½ in. Inflorescence an open panicle 3-6 in. long, lower branches 2-3 in. long. Spikelets rather crowded, ovate, ⅛ in. long, often tinged with purple, pedicels very short. Glumes very different, lower minute, upper membranous, faintly 5 nerved, fertile valve minutely pointed.

Between Berber and Khartoum; Blue Nile Prov. (Dinder mouth); Fung Prov. (Singa); Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bor).

=P. maximum= Jacq.

Perennial, grass up to 10 ft. high, densely tufted. Stems stout, hairy at the joints. Leaves often thinly covered with long fine hairs, narrow, little contracted at the base. Inflorescence an erect or nodding open panicle, from ½ to over 1½ ft. long, lower branches in a whorl, up to 1 ft. long, flowering in the upper half. Spikelets widely set, stalked, up to ⅙ in. long, shiny light green or tinged with purple. Lower glume ¼ to ⅓ length of spikelet, upper same size as spikelet.

This grass is often called Guinea Grass, and is cultivated as a fodder in various parts of the tropics.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land, Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. trichocladum= Hack.

Perennial, rambling or climbing up to 8 ft. Stems slender, many jointed, branched, forming a dense mass, roots often found in swamps or standing water. Leaf sheaths long, often breaking away from the stem, blades spreading horizontally, lance-shaped from a very contracted base, 1½-6 in. by ¼-½ in. Panicle very loose and rather scanty, 2-6 in. by 2-3 in., branches slender, very wavy. Spikelets widely set, often long stalked, up to ⅛ in. Lower glume very small.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. carinifolium= Stapf.

Perennial, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves long, narrow towards the base with recurved margins and a much projecting midrib. Inflorescence fairly dense, rather irregular, 4-5 in. by 1-2 in., branches very slender. Spikelets rather swollen, very small, prominently ribbed.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=P. fulgens= Stapf.

Perennial, up to 2 ft. high, forming large tufts. Leaves very narrow, 2-5 in. by 1-12 to ⅛ in. Panicle erect, fairly loose and open, 2½-5 in. by 1-1½ in. Spikelets smooth with a conspicuous bronze lustre, almost globose, very small.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. Dregeanum= Nees.

Perennial, compactly tufted, with a coat of persistent leaf bases, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves very narrow, up to 9 in. long by 1/12 to 1/5 in. wide, tapering to a slender point. Panicle fairly dense, brush-like, 3-7 in. by 1½-3 in. Spikelets about ⅛ in. long, purplish, more or less gaping.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=P. aphanoneurum= Stapf.

Perennial, densely tufted, 4-7 ft. high, stems stout, reed-like. Leaves ½ to 1½ ft. by ⅙-½ in., narrow from an equally wide base, tapering. Panicle rather loose, ½ to over 1 ft. by 2-5 in., irregularly branched at the base. Spikelets widely gaping; tinged with purple, upper glume faintly 5-nerved.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Dukutu, River Roah).

=P. callosum= Hochst.

Annual, up to 3 ft. high, stems slender. Leaves narrow from an attenuated base, up to over 1½ ft. by ¼-5/12 in., often finely hairy. Panicles broom-like, open, loose and narrow, often over 1 ft. long. Spikelets large, elliptic, ¼ in. long, on long fine stalks up to ¾ in. long.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat Metamma).

=P. sociale= Stapf.

A delicate annual, up to almost 1 ft. high, growing in dense stands, finely hairy all over. Leaves erect, 1-1½ in. by ⅛-⅙ in., yellowish green. Panicles 2-3 in. by 1½ in., widely open. Spikelets ⅛ in. long, upper floret dark chestnut brown to black, finely polished, forming a false fruit.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma).

=P. atrosanguineum= Hochst.

A tufted annual grass from a few inches to over 1 ft. high, hairy all over except the panicle. Leaves lance-shaped from a rounded base, 1-4 in. by ⅙-⅓ in. Panicle very open and spreading, 3-6 in. by 1½-3 in. Spikelets elliptic, minutely pointed, purple.

Nubian Desert; Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. haplocaulos= Pilger.

Annual about 1 ft. high, growing in close stands. Stems very slender. Leaves very narrow and pointed. Panicles reduced to a common axis and 1-3 widely spaced branches each bearing 1-4 spikelets. Spikelets 1/9 in. long, striate.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=P. turgidum= Forsk. TUMAM & ABU RUKBA—Arab; SHUSH—Hadendowa.

Bushy grass up to 4 ft. high with stout roots and hard rigid stems, and having secondary shoots springing from the joints. Leaves very variable in size, tapering to a fine point, those supporting branches soon drying and becoming straw coloured. Panicles variable in size, often scanty, branches slender, spikelets about ⅙ in. long, ovoid, tapering; glumes membranous, ribbed.

Widely distributed in North and Central Sudan and Darfur.

=P. repens= Linn.

Perennial up to 2 (rarely 4 ft.) high; rhizome long, creeping stem very leafy, many jointed; leaves very narrow, sharply pointed, hairy at the base, folded inwards. Panicle 3-8 in. long, loose; branches 2-6 in. long. Spikelets 1/12-1/10 in. Said to be good fodder plant and also useful as a sandbinder.

Bahr el Jebel (Hillet el Nuer).

=P. porphyrrhizos= Steud.

Perennial up to over 3 ft. high, densely tufted on a short rhizome. Leaves narrow, long tapering to a hard slender point. Panicles large and loose, slender, spikelets 1/10-1/6 in. long, with a long slender point, green or often tinged with purple.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat Metamma); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).

=P. coloratum= Linn.

Tufted perennial grass up to 4 ft. high. Stems stout, often shortly creeping at the base before ascending. Leaves 3-12 in. by ¼-½ in., tapering. Panicle open, composed of long slender branches, bearing scattered spikelets on slender pedicels. Spikelets small 1/12-1/8 in., moderately gaping, green or tinged with purple.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=P. hygrocharis= Steud.

Annual tufted grass up to 2 ft. high. Stems slender, soft, bent at the joints, leafy. Leaves narrow from a rounded base, shortly tapering to a rather hard point. Panicles 3-5 in. long, rather loose and sometimes spreading, branches fairly stout, up to 3 in. long, wavy. Spikelets acutely pointed, tips cut off square, green, stalked.

Found in dried up rain pools.

Kordofan (Abu Gerad).

881 =Sacciolepis ciliocincta= Stapf.

Annual, growing in colonies up to 1½ ft. high, stems very erect, spongy in texture, about ⅙ in. diameter. Leaf blades stiff and erect, mostly overtopping the inflorescence, linear from a narrowed base, tapering to a hard point. Inflorescence erect, straight, rather cylindric, about 1 in. long, very compact, bearded, attenuated downwards, branches fused with the axis against which the pedicels are crowded; spikelets laterally compressed, upper glume 7-nerved with a line of hairs along each side of the keel and margins.

Bahr el Ghazal (Jur Ghattas).

=S. micrococca= Mez.

Annual, growing in tufts or clumps up to 2½ ft. high, stems very slender from a stouter base, leaf blades very narrow, folded, almost bristle- like, up to 6 in. long. Inflorescence long, narrow, cylindric, 2½-5 in. long by 1/12-1/8 in. broad, dense. Spikelets crowded, swollen, 1/24 in. long, olive green or brown, glumes nerved.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=S. interrupta= Stapf.

Perennial from a short, stout, creeping rhizome, up to 5 ft. high, stems at the base copiously rooted from the nodes, sheathed all along. Leaves narrow, tapering, up to 12 in. long by ¼-½ in. wide, flat, soft, somewhat plump. Inflorescence at first sheathed by leaves, finally protruding, from the few inches to over 1 ft. by ¼-⅓ in., dense. Spikelets slightly compressed, not gaping, up to over ⅛ in., yellowish- green, with darker or brownish tips.

Upper White Nile (Tonga); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. typhura= Stapf.

Perennial, tufted from a short rhizome, up to 3 ft. high. Stems erect, slender, leaves narrow, 6-12 in. by 1/8-5/12 in. Inflorescence erect, 5-10 in. by ¼ in., very dense. Spikelets more or less hairy, very dark in colour.

Bahr el Ghazal. (Jur Agada).

882 =Setaria verticillata= P. Beauv. LUSEIG—Arab.

Annual grass with erect leafy stems, more or less branched and varying in height from 1-5 ft. Leaves are thin, flat, sparsely hairy, base usually narrowed, tapering to a fine point, 4-10 in. long and ¼-¾ in. broad. The inflorescence is cylindric, coarsely bristly, spikelets having more than one bristle, the barbs of which are reversed making inflorescence rough upwards.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar); Berber Prov.; Fung Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Zalingei 3,100 ft.).

=S. ambigua= Stapf.

Annual grass 1-2 ft. high, with rather weak jointed stem. Leaves long and narrow, 12 in. by ⅓ in., base narrowed. The inflorescence is cylindric, but is interrupted, forming two or more lobes. The spikelets are greenish with 3 or more short bristles which are smooth to the feel upwards, i.e., barbs erect. Grain tightly enclosed in hardened glume, about 1/6 in. long.

Khartoum Prov.

=S. viridis= P. Beauv.

Annual grass 1-2 ft. high with slender leafy stems. Leaves very finely pointed from a rounded base, up to 4 in. long by ⅓ in. Inflorescence cylindric, up to 2 in. long, not lobed, bristles spreading, 3 or more to a spikelet, with erect barbs, spikelets greenish, grain elliptic, 1/12 in. long.

Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.

=S. rubiginosa= Miq.

Annual grass of variable character, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, finely pointed, rounded at the base. Inflorescence dense, cylindric, narrow, yellow. Bristles more than one to spikelet, smooth to touch upwards. Grain large, up to ⅛ in., rather swollen.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Khor Abu Habl); White Nile Prov. (Meshra el Zeraf); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=S. lasiothyrsa= Stapf.

Annual grass up to 2 ft. high with slender erect stems; coarsely hairy all over. Leaves long and narrow, up to 1 ft. by ⅓ in. Inflorescence up to 12 in. long, loose, with many fine, hairy branches up to 2½ in. long. Spikelets with one bristle, glumes flushed with purple and yellow.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land, Mashir Hills).

=S. anceps= Stapf. =var. sericea.=

Perennial up to 3 ft. high, densely tufted on a short rhizome. Basal leaves overlapping and arranged fan-like, upper leaves narrow, up to 6 in. long and ¼ in. wide, tapering, tightly folded. Inflorescence a continuous and very dense cylindrical false spike (somewhat resembling a bottle brush) 4-10 in. long. Bristles more than one at the base of the spikelet, fine, silky, bright yellow in colour. Spikelets clustered 1/12 in. long.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=S. aurea= A. Braun. SANGALA (N. Kordn); DANAB EL KELB (M. el Zeraf); HALFA (Fung and Kordn)—Arab; ALLOK (M. el Zeraf)—Dinka.

Strong-growing erect grass about 3 ft. high, with slender stems from a short rhizome which is covered with the remains of old scales and sheaths. Leaves long, narrow, tapering ½-1½ in. by ⅛-⅓ in., usually flat. Inflorescence erect, straight, up to 1 ft. long. Bristles more than one at the base of each spikelet, and exceeding spikelet by 1/12 in., yellowish to bright orange or reddish in colour. Spikelets clustered, ⅛ in. long. A good fodder grass.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land Kaffuluku); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. Schweinfurthii= Herrm.

Perennial, stems stiffly erect, up to 4 ft. high; leaves very narrow from a narrowed base, up to over 2 ft. by ¼ in., tapering to a long bristle-like point, densely hairy at the base with white hairs. Inflorescence an erect, very dense continuous cylindrical false spike 5-6 in. by ¼ in. inclusive of the bristles. Bristles more than one (up to 12) to the spikelet, reddish yellow. Spikelets solitary, or rarely a cluster of 2.

Bahr el Ghazal (Jur Ghattas).

=S. lancea= Stapf.

Leafy annual up to 2 ft. high, stems slender, rather weak and flattened. Leaves tapering at both ends, 5-10 in. by ½-1 in. (at broadest part), thin, flat, plaited downwards fan-fashion. Inflorescence loose, panicle- like, 4-6 in. long, axis hairy. Spikelets with one slender bristle at base, elliptic, about ⅛ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).

=S. sp. (sp. nov.?).=

Stout annual grass about 3 ft. high, stems slender, erect, tapering both ways, folded into ridges downwards, up to 12 in. long by ½ in. wide. Inflorescence open, panicle-like, up to 10 in. long, branches not hairy. Spikelets with one slender bristle from the base, both ultimately purplish or dark in colour, or at least flushed with purple.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=S. sulcata= Raddi.

A coarse perennial from 4-12 ft. high with stout stems. Leaves large, tapering at both ends, plaited downwards fan-wise, up to 2 ft. by 1½-2 in., hairy. Inflorescence a rather dense panicle up to 12 in. long, branches fine, up to 3 in. long, with rough margins. Spikelets with a single bristle at the base, about ⅛ in. long.

A good fodder grass.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (near Gumango Hill and Boddo River).

883 =Tricholæna rosea= Nees.

Perennial or annual grass, stems loosely tufted, bent at the joints, up to 1½ ft. high. Leaves narrow, 2-8 in. by 1/12-⅓ in. long, tapering to a very fine point, sometimes tinged with red. Inflorescence a loose panicle 3-6 in. long, spikelets in tufts surrounded by fine, long, silky hairs without tubercles at the base, the whole often very pinkish in colour, upper glume frequently shortly awned, and swollen at or below the middle.

A good fodder grass.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar and Erkowit); Nubia (Between Korosko and Berber); Fung Prov. (Abdin); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land).

=T. sphacelata= Benth.

Perennial grass up to 3 ft. high, stems creeping at the base, and rooting from the nodes. Leaves rather scanty, long, tapering to a very fine tip. Inflorescence a loose panicle up to 6 in. long (larger than T. rosea). Spikelets (more swollen at the base than T. rosea) and surrounded by long white or pink, silky hairs, those on the outer glumes being tubercular at the base.

A good fodder grass.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=T. leucantha= Hochst.

Perennial grass up to 2 ft. high, stems wiry, sometimes branched from the base. Panicle up to 4 in. long, loose and somewhat scaly, often narrow. Spikelets narrow, not basally swollen, lanceolate, generally whitish, hairs long, white, silky, not tubercular at the base.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.).

=T. micrantha= Schrad.

Tufted perennial with wiry stems, up to 2 ft. high. Panicle narrow, up to 3 in. long. Spikelets less hairy than above species, hairs tubercular at the base, outer glumes broader than T. leucantha, generally white in colour.

Red Sea Prov. (South of Tokar).

884 =Melinis minutiflora= P. Beauv.

Perennial grass up to 3 ft. high, ascending from a prostrate, slender, much branched base. The whole plant is finely hairy with glandular hairs. Leaves 2-6 in. long by 1/5 to ⅓ in. broad, fine tapering. Panicle 4-8 in. long, narrow, axis and branches very slender, branchlets and stalks of spikelets hair-like. Spikelets 1/12 in. long, purplish, awn fine, ½ in. long.

Recommended as an excellent fodder grass. The glandular hairs secrete an oil which smells rather like Cummin; this is said to be repellant to the tse-tse fly.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River District).

885 =Anthephora elegans= Schrad.

Perennial or annual grass up to 4 ft. high, stems erect, stout, striate. Leaves very narrow, long tapering; ligule prominent, scale-like. Inflorescence a long, narrow, cylindrical spike. Clusters of spikelets spiny with outer glumes hardened and scale-like, pressed against central axis. Spikelets smooth, pale green or yellow.

A useful fodder grass.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=A. Hochstetteri= Nees.

Perennial, similar in habit to above. Rhizome very short. Spike dark coloured, glumes narrower, tailed and hairy.

Nubia (between Korosko and Berber); Fung Prov. (opposite Zamarka).

886 =Pennisetum polystachyum= Schult.

Erect, handsome, annual grass about 2 ft. tall. Spikes up to 6 in. long, cylindrical, continuous, with bristles up to 1½ in. in diameter, purplish-brown in colour. Anther tips not bearded, bristles slender, all free to the base, the inner copiously hairy.

A good fodder grass.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=P. near P. polystachyum= Schultes.

Similar to above, spikes smaller, more compressed.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, (9,000 ft.).

=P. pedicellatum= Trin.

Erect, handsome, annual grass about 2½ ft. high; spikes 2-5 in. long, cylindrical, more or less interrupted, the spikelets being in small clusters. Bristles copious, fine, densely hairy.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid to Mulbes); Darfur Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bari country).

=P. cf. P. pedicellatum= Trin.

Similar to above, spikelets densely hairy, clusters large.

Darfur Prov. (Zalingei).

=P. Schweinfurthii= Pilger.

Erect grass with stout stems and strongly ribbed leaves about 1 in. broad, long tapering to a fine point. Inflorescence at first enclosed in a sheath, finally up to 6 in. long, interrupted. Spikelets in clusters of 3-12, glumes hard, chaffy, with blunt ends. Bristles few, rough.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=P. pentastachyum= Hochst.

Tall annual grass with stout stems up to 4-5 ft. high. Spike cylindrical, up to 6 in. long (variable). Bristles feathery, not much exceeding the spikelets, which are long stalked.

Kordofan Prov.

=P. orientale= Rich.

Perennial 2-6 ft. high, erect or ascending from a densely tufted, often stout, creeping rootstock. Spike 5-16 in. long, more or less lax. Bristles much longer than the spikelet, fine, feathery, purplish. Spikelets sessile or shortly stalked.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.).

=P. unisetum= Benth. MUGHREIB (Fung)—Arab.

Perennial, 3-12 ft. high, branched particularly from the upper joints, leaf sheaths conspicuously long. Inflorescence very loose and feathery. Racemes numerous, ½-2 in. long, on very slender stalks. Spikelets single, overlapping, one bristle at the base of each, rough, not feathery.

Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Roseires, J. Moya and Jongol’s Post); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Red Sea Prov. (Tokar); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra 9,200 ft.); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=P. ovale= Rupr. GASH EL NAL—Arab.

Perennial about 2 ft. high, erect from a stoutish rootstock, lower stem deeply channelled. Spike resembling a bottle brush, up to 4 in. long, bristles stout, rough, up to 1 in. long, several to a spikelet. Spikelets single on axis. Glume 5- or more nerved.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin and Tokar); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (Hillet Abbas); Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok); Bahr el Jebel (Bari land).

=P. purpureum= Schum.

Tall perennial grass up to 20 ft. high, spreading by creeping underground stems; spikelets arranged round a densely hairy central axis forming a compact, erect, bristly cylindrical spike which becomes bent at maturity; spike up to 1 ft. long. Anther tips minutely hairy.

This grass is known as Elephant Grass or Napier’s Fodder. It is occasionally cultivated for fodder. It is also used for building and fencing.

Mongalla Prov. (near Yei River); Bahr el Jebel (Madi).

=P. typhoideum= Rich. DUKHN—Arab.

Annual up to 6 ft. high, stems erect, stout. Inflorescence a cylindrical dense spike up to 8 in. long, purplish. Grain when ripe, nearly round, yellow.

Cultivated as a food crop in most parts of the country. It is commonly known as Bulrush Millet.

=P. mollissimum= Hochst. GUNGARA (Fung), EL LUINDA (Kord)—Arab.

Annual grass up to 3 ft. high, often branched above. Leaf sheaths very hairy. Inflorescence cylindrical, up to 4 in. long, often purplish, very dense. Bristles silky, feathery, very numerous. Axis densely hairy.

Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (El Dueim); Kordofan Prov. (Takari).

=P. cenchroides= Rich. HESKANIT, & DANAB EL KELB—Arab; WIGAR (?)—Nuer.

Perennial grass, stems often bending upwards from a prostrate base, up to 2 ft. long. Inflorescence dense, cylindrical, 1-4 in. long, often purplish. Bristles copious, stiffer than preceding with the bases thickened into a disc. Anther tip free from hairs.

Note.—Differs from true Heskanit (see 887) in that the spines are not rigid.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit and Tokar); Berber Prov. (Wadi el Arab & Kokreb); Khartoum Prov. (Jebel Royan); Blue Nile Prov. (Sheikh Talha); Fung Prov. (Bunzaga); White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.

887 =Cenchrus catharticus= Del. HESKANIT & KOREIB—Arab.

Annual, variable in height (up to 2 ft.). Inflorescence cylindrical, up to 4 in. long. Spikelets surrounded by bristles which are hardened into rigid spines and united at the base to form a cup. Spines at the base widely spreading.

Widely distributed in Northern and Central Sudan.

=C. biflorus= Roxb. ARDIAKH—Rashida, KUREIT—Hadendowa.

Annual grass similar to above but smaller, basal spines not spreading.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi el Omari, Jebel Okurr and Wadi Laemab); Blue Nile Prov. (Wadi el Haddad).

=C. macrostachys= Hochst.

Similar in habit to above but much larger. Spines long, fine, flexuous, sometimes dark purple, united into a hard cup at the base.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Eremit); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).

888 =Trichopteryx gigantea= Stapf.

Tall perennial grass 5-12 ft. high, stems stout, rough to the touch; leaves long, narrow, ½-1 ft. long by ½-¾ in. broad, strongly ribbed. Inflorescence very narrow and loose, ½-1 ft. long. Spikelets brown, narrow, up to 1½ in. long; glumes hard and pointed, single on distinct stalks.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Dukutu by the Roah River).

=T. flammida= Benth.

Tall perennial, strongly growing grass, up to over 8 ft. high. Inflorescence up to over 1 ft. long by 4 in. wide, brush-like, dense. Spikelets up to ⅓ in. long, narrow, yellow, with a fine awn up to 1 in. long, single on distinct stalks.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Jur Ghattas, Geneina and Kutshuk Ali); Mongalla Prov. (Kagulu swamp).

=T. annua= Stapf.

Annual grass up to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, 2½-4 in. long. Inflorescence a loose, erect, panicle. Spikelets nearly ¾ in. long occurring singly on long stalks, yellow. Glumes covered with black glands, from which spring fine, silky, white hairs, awns 1-1¾ in. long, fine.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

889 =Tristachya barbata= Nees. MASHAB—Hadendowa.

Perennial grass 6-18 in., woody and tufted at the root. Leaves greyish- green. Inflorescence somewhat resembling the oat. Spikelets in clusters of 3, up to ½ in. long; glumes narrow and pointed, sometimes purple at the base. Awn about 1 in., with a blackened swollen joint below the centre.

Red Sea Prov. (Jebel Soturba, Lat. 22° N.); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Laemab and Wadi Derumkad).

890 =Avena sp.=

A species of oats.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).

891 =Danthonia Forskalei= Trin.

Woody, grey-green, desert grass up to 1 ft. high. Leaves up to 2 in. long. Inflorescence up to 6 in. long (generally less), moderately dense, narrow. Spikelets under ½ in. long, narrow, pointed, chaffy.

Kordofan Prov.

=D. sp. nov.=

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra; Abwo waterfall 8,200 ft.).

892 =Phragmites communis= Trin. BUS, BUZZ’AM (N. Kordn)—Arab; RUR, ARUR (Bahr el Jebel)—Dinka; KURR and KWIR—Nuer; NGANZIDUPER and POPUKI—Zande.

Tall perennial grass, erect, 4-12 ft. high or taller, many jointed. Inflorescence large, tassel-like, brownish, branches of panicle very membranous, fine. Spikelets ½-¾ in. long, with fine white silky hairs, glumes narrow, pointed.

One of the commonest species of the “Sudd” region. The stems are used for building huts, and also for making arrow shafts and pipe stems by the Shilluks.

Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov (North); White Nile Prov.; Bahr el Ghazal Prov.; Bahr el Jebel.

893 =Heleochloa schoenoides= Host. GOGHEIB or GUGHEIB (Kordn)—Arab.

Small prostrate annual grass with wiry jointed stems. Leaves few, 1-2 in. long, narrow, pointed. Inflorescences small, compact, grouped at the end of the stems, surrounded by the cup-like leaf sheaths.

Nubia (Banks of the Nile); Berber Prov. (Kalli near Shendi); Blue Nile Prov. (Sennar); Kordofan Prov. (Debak and Sagia).

894 =Polypogon monspeliensis= Desf.

Annual grass up to 2 ft. high, generally less. Leaves mostly from the base forming a dense tuft. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical, spike- like panicle composed of short branches crowded on the main axis. Spikelets crowded on branches with a fine bristle-like awn.

Dongola Prov. (Banks of the Nile).

895 =Aristida Cummingiana= Nees.

Small annual grass up to 1 ft. high, stems thin and wiry. Leaves scaly, almost thread-like. Panicle loose, spikelets single on long, very fine branches, yellow or purplish, about 1/12 in. long. Awns 3, divided from the foot, not jointed to glume, smooth, persistent.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=A. Adscensionis= Linn. HEMRA—Arab.

Annual (generally), stems thin, wiry, growing in tussocks, from a few inches to 2 ft. high. Leaves very narrow, rolled, thread-like. Panicle narrow, fairly dense, interrupted. Spikelets crowded on short branches. Awn divided into three from the foot, divisions long, column short, smooth, persistent, not jointed to glume.

One of the common grasses of the plains, largely collected for stock food.

Widely distributed over the whole of Northern and Central Sudan, including Darfur.

=A. steudeliana= Trin. and Rupr. DANABAYA, DEIL EL FAR—Arab; SIMILUL—Rashida; HUNSIG—Hadendowa.

Annual grass about 1 ft. high, fairly leafy. Leaves ⅛ in. broad, flat, greyish. Inflorescence up to 4 in. long, very dense like a fox tail. Awns not jointed to glume, long (2 in.) and fine. Widely distributed in Northern and Central regions, and also in Upper White Nile Prov. and Bahr el Jebel (Bari country).

=A. mutabilis= Trin and Rupr. GAU UMSHARA (N. Kordn.), DUNBALAB (S. Kordn)—Arab; TUMFAR—Hadendowa.

Annual grass like A. Adscensionis, but growing more thinly. Panicle very narrow, loose, branches long and fine. Spikelets shortly stalked, collected into bunches. Awn not jointed to glume, smooth, persistent, column long, branches comparatively short.

Nubian Desert; Berber Prov. (Wad Ben Naga); Kordofan Prov.

=A. Sieberiana= Trin. SUMEIMA (N. Kordn)—Arab.

Perennial, ½-3 ft. high, wiry. Leaves greyish rolled or twisted, narrow (1/12 in.). Panicle narrow, rarely open, spikelets comparatively few on slender short branches. Awns very long and fine, jointed at the junction with the glume from which they ultimately break off, smooth.

Kordofan Prov. Widely distributed.

=A. stipoides= Lam. AGEIG, EGEIG (N. Kordn), UM SUBEIBA (Fung) Arab.

Perennial, tufted grass, over 4 ft. high, stems stout. Leaf sheaths often with a flake of woolly hairs at the base. Leaves up to 2 ft. long. Panicle large (1 ft.), very open, nodding, with long fine branches bearing solitary spikelets. Awns similar to A. Sieberiana.

White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid, and between Um Ruaba and Eilafun).

=A. funiculata= Trin. and Rupr. GAU, HEMRA, UM ASLEILA, NUSSA and ABU HAREIB (Kordn)—Arab; EILAB—Rashida; WAEILA—Hadendowa.

Annual, growing in tussocks, stems slender, wiry, 10-18 in. high. Panicle very narrow, lax, branches short, spikelets few. Awns very long, jointed at the glume, ultimately breaking at the junction, smooth.

Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Eremit); Kassala Prov. (Um Adam, Gallabat, Gendua River); Atbara River; Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov.

=A. ciliata= Desf.

Perennial grass growing in low compact tufts, from which wiry slender stems arise 1-2 ft. high. Leaves basal, wire-like, greyish, from 1-4 in. long. Inflorescence narrow, 4-6 in. long, rarely larger. Spikelets shortly stalked, up to ½ in. long, narrow, 3-nerved. Awns very long and slender, one branch conspicuously feathery, breaking from the glume.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba Mts.: Wadi Hebera); between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Omari).

=A. hirtigluma= Steud. AGEIG EL BAGGAR—Arab.

Slender perennial arising from a basal tuft of wiry leaves, 1-2 ft. high. Inflorescence slender, up to 6 in. long. Spikelets ⅓ in. long on short fine stalks. Glumes hairy. Awns hairy, column as well as the long middle branch.

Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat and Khor Tamanib); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=A. papposa= Trin. and Rupr.

Annual, growing in small scanty tufts up to 2 ft. high. Leaves not all basal, wiry. Inflorescence narrow, lax; spikelets narrow, pointed, ⅓ in. long. Awn long, with a tuft of fine silky hairs at the junction of the column and the branches. One branch long and feathery at the tip.

Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Prairies 20-80 miles N.E. of El Fasher).

=A. plumosa= Linn. SIMEIMA (or SUMEIMA), GABBAH (Kordn), BAYAD (N. Kordn), ANNAS (W. Dongola)—Arab.

Perennial, similar in habit to A. papposa, but generally denser in growth and shorter. Awn with middle branch 2-3 in. long, feathery above, smooth below.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.); Between Halfa and Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Abu Hamed).

=A. acutiflora= Trin.

Perennial grass up to 2 ft. high with thin, wiry, hairy stems. Leaves also wiry, drying light brown, often in tufts on the stem. Inflorescence up to 4 in. long, very narrow, lax, with very narrow, acute pointed spikelets. Awn feathery.

Between Suakin and Berber; Kordofan Prov. (Hassania).

896 =Tragus racemosus= All.

Annual grass growing in tufts, from a few inches to 1 ft. high. Stems many-jointed and bent, leafy. Panicle 1-4 in. long, slender, moderately dense. Spikelets about ⅛-⅙ in. long, narrow, and pointed, with rows of strong hooked spines along the five prominent ribs.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.); Blue Nile Prov. (general); Kordofan Prov. (Um Marba and Abu Garad).

=T. paucispina= Hack. MASABIGH (Khartoum Prov.)—Arab.

Small tufted desert grass up to 8 in. high (generally much less). Stems leafy. Leaf blades short (about 1 in.). Inflorescence generally not so dense as T. racemosus and the spines finer and straighter.

Between Suakim and Berber (Wadi Sarrawib and Khor Kokreb); Khartoum Prov. (Soba).

897 =Latipes senegalensis= Kunth.

A perennial grass, growing in tufts with thin wiry leafy stems up to 10 in. high. Leaves very narrow, inrolled. Inflorescence 2-6 in. long, very loose, narrow, with a conspicuously wavy axis. Spikelets dark coloured on wide spaced, wavy, flattened stalks, two to a stalk. The lowest partly enclosed in a long leaf sheath. Glumes covered below with thick fleshy spines drawn to a fine point in upper half with the edges thickly fringed with fine spines.

Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat and Lat. 21° N.). Kordofan Prov. (Bareis and Shitangul).

898 =Perotis latifolia= Ait.

Annual or subperennial grass, tufted and leafy at the base, stems bent, from a few inches to 1½ ft. long. Leaves lance-shaped, up to 3 in. by ⅓ in. wavy, with rigid hairs along the edge. Spike slender, 3-8 in. long, often purplish, rather dense. Spikelets about 1/12 in. long with a long soft awn which gives the resemblance of a dog’s tail to the inflorescence.

Bahr el Ghazal (Mittu land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

899 =Sporobolus= near =S. minutiflorus= Link. TENTIT (Meshra el Zeraf)—Arab.

Annual grass 1½-3 ft. high, with tufted slender stems. Leaves 6-9 in. long, narrow and fine pointed. Panicle large (12-18 in.), open, branches very fine and numerous. Spikelets on the end of very fine branchlets, dark, about 1/30 in. long.

White Nile Prov.; Upper Nile Prov. (Meshra el Zeraf); Mongalla Prov. (Bor.).

=S. festivus= Hochst. DEFERA-MELAIHA—Arab.

Perennial, compactly tufted grass ½-1 ft. long; leaves mostly basal, thin and wiry, the sheaths persisting and forming dense tufts at the base. Panicles 2-6 in. broad, oval in outline, very loose and spreading, erect. Spikelets small, 1/25 in. long, solitary on very slender pedicels.

Northern Sudan; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan (Khor Abu Habl); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land).

=var. fibrosus= Stapf.

Similar in habit to above but with fibrous tufts of leaf sheaths at the base. The stems are somewhat longer, also the panicle larger but the spikelets are smaller.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=var. stuppeus= Stapf.

Resembling type, but with the basal inner fibrous leaf sheaths covered with pallid, tow-like hairs. The panicle is less spreading, and the spikelets larger (1/16 in.) than S. festivus.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Jur: Kutshuk Ali).

=S. spicatus= Kunth.

Perennial grass with rigid, jointed stems, ½-1½ ft. high, growing in small tufts on long runners. Leaves mostly basal, rigid, wiry, awl-like. Panicle very narrow, cylindric, 2-3 in. long. Spikelets not stalked, glossy.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar, Dongonab, Soturba at Merza Gubetur. Lat. 21° N.); Bahr el Jebel (Hillet el Nuer).

=S. pyramidalis= P. Beauv.

Large grass, often robust, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves long, narrow, strongly ribbed. Panicle ½-1¼ ft. long by 1-2 in. wide, branches fine, ⅓ in. long, not spreading much. Spikelets small (about 1/20 in), very short stalked, crowded on the branches.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Banks of the Nile; Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Bongo, Gurfala; Niamniam land); Bahr el Jebel (Hillet el Nuer and Bari).

=S. scabriflorus= Stapf.

Annual, 6-18 in. high, frequently having flowering branches springing from a leaf sheath about the middle of the stem. Leaves 1-2 in. long by ⅓ in. broad, lance-shaped, with short coarse bristles along the edges. Panicle up to 4 in. long by 1½ in. wide, lax, open, branches in whorls. Spikelets 1/20-1/9 in. long, slightly hairy, stamens 2, seeds black.

Bahr el Ghazal (Jur Ghattas).

=S. humifusus= Kunth. =var. cordofanus= Stapf.

Annual, tufted, grass up to 1 ft. high, with many fine, jointed, bent stems rising from a common base. Leaves lance-shaped, about 1 in. long, bordered with fine white bristles. Panicle 1½ in. by 1 in., fairly compact. Branches fine, about 1 in. long, spreading. Spikelets up to 1/12 in. long, stamens 3.

Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Geteina); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad).

=S. Schweinfurthii= Stapf.

Tall perennial grass. Stems erect, stout. Leaves long, narrow, with fine white hairs. Panicle 1 ft. by 1½-2½ in., branches fine, up to 2 in. long, not spreading much. Spikelets on short stalks, grain blackish.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land, Ibba River near Nganye).

=S. robustus= Kunth.

Tall, perennial, strong growing grass, stems 3-8 ft. long, from an often prostrate and rooting base. Leaves long and narrow, ½-1 ft. by ⅛-¼ in., with weak white hairs. Panicle long and narrow with branches interrupted from the base. Spikelets up to 1/10 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N., Khor Tamaneb, Tokar); Between Suakin and Berber (Khor Haraza); Darfur Prov.

=S. glaucifolius= Hochst. AKRASH (Meshra el Zeraf) & LUH or LUKH (Kordn)—Arab; ERKA—Rashida; EINWI—Hadendowa.

Perennial, densely tufted grass, grey green in colour and covered with a waxy bloom. Stems 12-18 in. long, many jointed, woody and bent below. Leaves mostly short and narrow. Panicle narrow, interrupted, 3-5 in. long, very pale. Spikelets very shortly stalked, up to 1/14 in. long.

A good fodder grass.

Northern Sudan and Red Sea District; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Katul Gombara, Safra, Khor Abu Habl); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra el Zeraf).

900 =Desmostachya cynosuroides= Stapf. HALFA—Arab.

Tall, coarse, perennial grass growing in clumps up to 3½ ft. high, branched from the base, branches covered with leathery sheaths. Leaves very long, rigid, tips fine pointed. Panicle 6-18 in. by about 1 in. erect, spikelets crowded on short branches.

The leaves are used for making coarse ropes.

Widely distributed in Northern Sudan along river banks and in Khors; Kassala Prov.

901 =Eragrostis pilosa= P. Beauv. NUA—Dinka; AROA—Shilluk.

Annual grass growing in tufts, very variable in height (3 in. to 3 ft.), stems slender, shiny. Leaves few, short and narrow. Panicle very variable in size, very delicate, flexuous, loose. Branches long and fine, spikelets on fine branchlets, 5-11 flowered, up to 1/5 in. long, very narrow.

Widely distributed throughout the Sudan.

=E. cf. E. pilosa= Beauv.

Similar to E. pilosa, but larger generally and more leafy. (Panicle up to 1 ft.).

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar, south of delta).

=E. cf. E. ægyptiaca= Del.

Annual growing in low tufts. Sudan specimen much reduced; structurally similar to E. pilosa but spikelets not stalked. 15-20 flowered.

White Nile Prov. (Geteina).

=E. tenuifolia= Hochst.

Perennial grass with slender stems 1½-3 ft. high, leaves very narrow, needle-like, often long. Panicle 3-6 in., very open. Spikelets on long, fine stalks, ⅓ in. by ⅙ in., glumes long pointed, giving a saw-edge effect.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River, in cultivation).

=E. chalcantha= Trin.

Perennial, densely tufted grass, stems slender, ½-1 ft. long, 1-jointed, upper joint ¾ length of stem. Leaves mostly basal, narrow, fine tapering, 1-4 in. long by 1/12-⅛ in., crowned with soft white glandular hairs. Panicle narrow, branches short, spikelets olive grey, up to ⅓ in. long, narrowly oval.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=E. major= Host. BANU (Khartoum)—Arab.

Annual grass, growing in small tufts, stems slender, but strong, ½-2 ft. high. Leaves few, 2-6 in. long, tapering to fine point, glandular along the edges. Panicle 2-6 in. long, moderately dense, erect. Branches spreading, stiff, longer at base. Spikelets large, up to ⅓ in. by ⅛ in., many flowered. Grain round.

Northern and Central Sudan; Kordofan and Bahr el Ghazal (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam land).

=E. Barrelierii= Desv.

Annual grass growing in tufts up to about 1 ft. high. Stems slender, many jointed. Leaves not glandular. Inflorescence rigid, 1½-3 in. long, 1-1½ in. broad. Branches many, subopposite. Spikelets short stalked, many flowered, up to ½ in. long by 1/16 in. broad.

Halfa Prov. (Halfa).

=E. tremula= Hochst. BINNU or BANU (Kordn)—Arab.

Tufted annual, 6 in. to 2½ ft., stems 3-4-jointed. Leaves narrow, mostly basal, sometimes glandular. Panicle very large, broad, very loose, branches solitary. Spikelets nodding, on long, very fine stalks, many- flowered, up to 1 in. long by 1/12 in. broad.

Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad, Hilla el Jebel, El Obeid, Khor Abu Habl); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land).

=E. superba= Peyr.

Perennial, densely tufted grass with offshoots along the stems, 2-3 ft. high. Panicle erect, 4-10 in. long, often interrupted below. Spikelets almost round or oval, large, ¼-¾ in. by 1/5-1/3 in., straw coloured or purplish, irregularly placed on very unequal stalks.

Mongalla Prov. (Rejaf, near mountain).

=E. obtusa= Munro.

Densely tufted perennial with numerous leafy shoots along stem, stems wiry, ½-1½ ft. long. Leaves very narrow, tapering to a very fine point. Panicle 2-4 in. long, rather lax. Spikelets large, 1/8-1/5 in., roundish or oval on very fine stalks, nodding in wind.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=E. rubiginosa= Trin.

Tufted annual, with solitary stems arising from a basal tuft of leaves, up to about 1 ft. high. Leaves about 3 in. long by ¼ in., lance-shaped, tinged with red. Inflorescence small, consisting of 5 or 6 short branches, bearing broad heart-shaped spikelets, which are tinged with red.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=E. near E. Tholloni= Franch.

Grass with dense basal tuft of leaves and fibrous sheaths. Leaves long, narrow, tapering. Flowering stem solitary, up to 2 ft. high. Inflorescence fairly loose, oval, with fine wavy branches about 1 in. long, bearing large, broad, heart-shaped spikelets of yellow colour.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=E. ciliaris= Link.

Tufted annual 2 in.-1 ft. high, or more; stems slender, hairless or nearly so, bent at the base, 3-4-jointed, leaves narrow, finely pointed, short. Spikes dense, 2-6 in. long, narrow, cylindrical. Spikelets densely crowded, pale, sometimes purplish, 1/10 in. long, 6-12 flowered, glumes hairy.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, at Mersa Elei, and Lat. 21° N., Khor Tamanib, Tokar); Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, and Niamniam land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=E. interrupta= P. Beauv. HOLAGOYA & HEILAGŪT (N. Kordn)—Arab.

Annual, very variable in size, 2 in.-3 ft. high, stem bent at base. Panicle with erect stiff branches, more or less contracted or slightly spreading. Spikelets very small, green or pale brown, 1/12-¼ in. long, glumes not hairy.

Atbara River; Berber Prov. (El Mesherif and Gubba); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.

=E. namaquensis= Nees.

Tufted annual, 6 in.-2 ft. high, stem erect, slender. Leaves narrow. Panicle long and narrow, contracted or loose; spikelets usually crowded, 1/12 in. long, 5-6 flowered, light purplish or brownish.

White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=E. aspera= Nees. HEMEIRA (Khartoum)—Arab.

Tufted annual 2-4 in. high. Panicle large, open, 10-20 in. long by 4-6 in. broad. Spikelets narrow, blunt, 1/5 in. long, 4-16 flowered, pale or tinged with purple, glumes rough.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar and Lat. 21° N.); Blue Nile Prov. (Kamlin); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Roseires); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land).

902 =Diplachne fusca= Beauv.

Coarse perennial growing in compact tufts, stems stout, 3-5 ft. long, 3-jointed, branched, with leafy shoots springing from the lower. Leaf blades more or less rigid, 3-6 in. by 1/12-⅛ in. Panicle 9-18 in. long, narrow, slightly nodding, consisting of numerous slender branches up to 5 in. long, not spreading. Spikelets ¼-½ in. long, 5-10 flowered, very shortly stalked, olive grey in colour.

White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol).

903 =Leptochloa chinensis= Nees.

A rather coarse annual, stems stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high, many jointed. Leaves long, 6-18 in., narrow, grey-green. Panicle 6-18 in., consisting of numerous slender, flexuous branches, often spreading. Spikelets crowded on the branches, not stalked, dark colour, about 1/10 in. long.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Wau).

=L. sp.=

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

904 =Schoenefeldia gracilis= Kunth. DANAB EL NAGA, EMFERID (Blue Nile), GAU DUMBELAD (N. Kordn)—Arab.

Annual with slender wiry stems growing in tufts, up to 18 in. high. Leaves very narrow, inrolled at the edges. Spikes 2 or 3, digitate, each 2-4 in. long, axis densely covered with 2 ranks of small spikelets (1/12 in. long), bearing long, flexuous awns up to 1½ in. long.

Northern and Central Sudan; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Jebel Barkin, Suruj district).

905 =Microchloa setacea= R. Br.

Perennial, growing in compact tufts, stems very slender, from 2 in. to more than 1 ft. long. Leaves crowded at the base, short, rigid and wiry, the basal sheaths breaking into fibres. Spikes solitary, 1-6 in. long, very slender, little thicker than the stems, usually curved, often purplish. Spikelets 1-flowered in a single row, up to ⅛ in. long, widely spaced on the axis of the spike.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

906 =Cynodon Dactylon= Pers. NAGIL, DIFRAT EL KHAIL (N. Kordn)—Arab; BURTIT (Dilling)—Nuba.

Perennial, creeping grass, forming matted tufts, with short, ascending, slender, many jointed branches from a few inches to 1 ft. long. Spikelets minute, 1-2-ranked on 3-6 digitate spikes. A common grass, an excellent fodder, very suited to the making of lawns.

Throughout the Sudan.

907 =Enteropogon macrostachya= Munro.

Rather coarse perennial grass up to 2½ ft. high, stems slender and wiry, branched at the base. Leaves long, up to 1/5 in. broad, grey-green. Spikes up to 6 in. long, solitary, pallid. Spikelets densely packed on one side of the axis, narrow, and with a short awn.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Barkin).

908 =Chloris pycnothrix= Trin.

Slender perennial or annual grass, ½-1 ft. high, stems at the base prostrate, with tufts of barren shoots and stems springing from the rooting joints. Leaves 1½-2 in., very narrow. Spikes 3 to 9, sessile, or some shortly stalked, 1½-3 in. long, digitate. Spikelets minute, awn of lower valve very fine, ½-¾ in. long, upper valve also curved, with fine bristle ⅙-¼ in. long.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei district).

=C. punctulata= Hochst.

Perennial, ½-1 ft. high, stems with stout, wiry, creeping stems rooting at the joints and sending up fresh tufts therefrom. Stems slender, enclosed in the sheathing bases of the leaves up to the base of the inflorescence. Spikes 1-2½ in. long, 3-6, digitate. Spikelets minute, rigid, and bristle-like, about ½ in. long, yellow.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21-22° N.); Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Joka).

=C. virgata= Swartz. TIMALA—Hadendowa.

Perennial or annual, 1-3 ft. high. Stems often prostrate below, and giving off barren shoots from the rooting joints. Spikes 6-15 or more, digitate, whitish green or purplish, 1-2½ in. long. Spikelets about ⅙ in. long, 2-awned, on upper valve ¼-½ in. long, on lower ½-¾ in. long, lower valve also hairy and bearded below the tip.

A fodder grass.

Widely distributed in Northern and Central Sudan (Fung Prov. (Shellal).

=var. elegans= Stapf.

Similar to type, but spikes up to 3 in. long, lower valve of spikelets conspicuously swollen.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Tokar).

=C. gayana= Kunth.

Perennial or annual, 2-4 ft. high. Stems often stout with runners at the base from which spring barren shoots. Leaves narrow, long tapering, ½ to more than 1 ft. long. Spikes 6-15, digitate, not stalked, rarely spreading, 2½-4 in. long. Spikelets ⅛ in. long, shortly 2-awned, dense on the spikes.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei Valley District).

=C. barbata= Sw.

Perennial very variable in size and habit. Stems stout, 1-3 ft. high, with long creeping runners at the base. Spikes 4-20, ½-4 in. long, digitate. Spikelets 1/10-⅙ in., green or red-purple, 3-awned, awn ¼-⅓ in. long; glumes very hairy, and pointed at the tip.

Darfur Prov.

=C. breviseta= Benth. DAZ (Meshra el Zeraf) UM ASABA—Arab; YOLOVAN (Meshra el Zeraf)—Dinka.

Perennial up to 2 ft. high, with stout stems and creeping basal runners. Leaves long and narrow. Spikes up to 12, about 3 in. long. Spikelets about ⅙ in. long, 3-awned, but awns only short bristles, glumes slightly hairy, often fringed with purple.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraz); Darfur Prov. (Kulme, 3,600 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra el Zeraf); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River, Gondokoro).

=C. villosa= Pers.

Perennial from a densely tufted stout woody base which is clothed with broad overlapping leaf-sheaths. Stems slender, up to 3 ft. high, but generally smaller. Leaves very narrow 1-3 in. Spikes solitary up to 3 in. long. Spikelets 4-awned, awns up to ⅓ in. long, very dense on the axis, triangular, with the base upwards, glumes very hairy.

A good fodder grass in desert regions.

Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Omari).

=C. spathacea= Hochst.

Tufted perennial up to 1 ft. high, similar in habit to C. villosa, but generally smaller, and the solitary spike wholly or partly enclosed in spathe-like leaf-sheaths. The awns also are rather more rigid.

Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Laemab); Atbara River (Jebel Erimbat, Goz Regeb); Blue Nile Prov. (Wad el Haddad, Wad el Gamali); White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Bir Sodari and Abu Haraz).

909 =Ctenium elegans= Kunth. DANAB EL NAGA, ABU-DHANABI—Arab.

Perennial densely tufted grass, stems thin, wiry, 1½-2½ ft. high. Leaves scanty, narrow. Spikes solitary up to 1 ft. long. Spikelets very narrow, densely packed on one side of the axis like the teeth of a comb, shortly awned with a fine bristle. Glumes and axis finely hairy.

Blue Nile Prov. (Sennar); Kordofan Prov. (Jebel Kon, Khor Abu Habl); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gir).

=C. Schweinfurthii= Gilg.

Similar in general habit to C. elegans, but differs in that two of the glumes are strongly hairy, the inner glume is not glandular and the awn from the side nerve is conspicuous.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Bongo land).

910 =Coelachyrum brevifolium= Nees.

Small annual tufted grass 3-6 in. high, frequently bearing long trailing stems with leafy branches at the joints. Leaves 1-2 in. long, lance- shaped. Panicle loose, branches up to six in number, about 1 in. long, irregularly arranged. Spikelets crowded on the branches, about ⅛ in. long, 3-4-flowered, glumes ovate.

Red Sea Prov. (Tokar and Lat. 21° N.).

911 =Eleusine indica= Gaertn.

Annual, often strong growing, but variable according to locality, from a few inches to 2 ft. in height. Stems flattened, 2-3-jointed. Leaves often numerous, crowded near the base, long, narrow, midrib conspicuous. Spikes 2-14, 1-7 in. long, digitate, with usually 1 or 2 extra below. Spikes slender, straight, axis breaking above the glumes. Spikelets 1/8-1/6 in. long, in two rows all crowded on one side of the axis. Seed heart-shaped in cross section.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Nubia Mts. Prov. (Talodi); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro, Mongalla and Yei River); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam land).

=E. coracana= Gaertn. TELABUN—Arab; KOELL—Bongo; MONU or MARO—Zande.

Very like E. indica, but more robust, up to 5 ft. high. Spikes thick, often curved, axis tough, grain roundish.

Cultivated for the grain in the Southern Sudan, where it is used both for food and in the preparation of native beer.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam land); Bahr el Jebel (Bari country).

=E. flagellifera= Nees. HOMRA (Red Sea Prov.)—Arab; IGLA—Rashida; TOKSHIN—Hadendowa.

Perennial with long, stiff, wiry, creeping stems, much branched and rooting at the joints, which are often leafy and thickened. Erect flowering stems about 10 in. long. Spikes 3-6, 1-1½ in. long. Spikelets crowded, overlapping, ⅛-⅓ in. long, often purplish.

Desert grass.

Red Sea Prov. (littoral, Lat. 22° N., Wadi el Arab and Tokar); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Laemab); Berber Prov. (Atbara river); Kassala Prov. (Um Adam).

=E. verticillata= Roxb.

Tufted annual 1-3 ft. high, with many strong leafy stems. Leaves rather broad. Spikes numerous, rather scattered on the axis or arranged in whorls, up to 3 in. long. Spikelets large, up to ¼ in., densely crowded, glumes very pointed, overlapping.

Between Suakin and Berber (Jebel Okurr).

912 =Dactyloctenium ægypticum= Willd. KOREIB (Khartoum), UM ASABA (Kordn)—Arab.

Annual, 1-1½ ft. high, stems stoutish, sometimes prostrate and rooting from the joints at the base. Leaves long, tapering to a fine point, 1-5 in. long by 1½-⅙ in. wide. Often hairy with white hairs bearing a small tubercle at the base. Spikes 2-6, digitate, ½-2 in. long, axis stout with spikelets densely packed in 2 rows facing in one direction and spreading at right angles. Spikelets up to ⅛ in. long, stiff, armed with a short curved rigid awn.

A good fodder plant; the seed is eaten at times.

Widely distributed in the Sudan.

=D. glauciphyllum= Courb.

Perennial with long creeping stems bearing leafy flowering tufts at the thickened joints, 8 in.-1 ft. high. Leaves mainly basal, 1-5 in. long, very narrow, thinly covered with long soft white hairs. Spikes about 4 in number, digitate, up to 1 in. long, branches densely packed with spikelets about 1/5 in. long, glumes prolonged into a sharp hard point.

A desert grass, eaten readily by cattle, sheep, and goats, but dangerous to horses causing irritation to the bladder and kidneys if eaten in large quantities.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N., Tokar, Khor Tamanib); Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Sarrawib and Wadi el Omari).

913 =Dinebra arabica= Stapf. EL MILEIHA (Khartoum) and MAMLEIHA (Fung)—Arab.

Annual leafy grass 1-3 ft. high, growing in dense tufts, stems stout, branching from the base. Leaves flat, 3-8 in. long. Inflorescence up to 1 ft. long, axis stout, rigid, erect. Branches rather irregularly and widely spaced, becoming closer towards the apex, ½-2½ in. long. Spikelets overlapping, ⅙ in. long, outer glumes drawn out into a long, fine, rigid point.

Widely distributed in the Sudan.

914 =Trichoneura arenaria= Ekman.

Small tufted annual grass, woody at the base up to 4 in. long, finely dense. Spikelets flattened, shortly awned.

Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Mersa Elei).

915 =Triraphis nana= Boiss.

Dwarf desert grass, annual, about 4 in. high. Leaves very narrow and fine pointed. Panicle brush-like, oval, about 1 in. long. Spikelets dense, very hairy, with a fine bristle-like awn.

Red Sea Prov. (Lat. 21° N.).

916 =Tripogon sp.= (See Key).

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, high zone).

917 =Enneapogon elegans= Stapf. MASABIGH—Arab.

Perennial grass about 15 in. high, with tufted woody base. Leaves mostly basal, with tight woody sheaths, blades very narrow, finely hairy. Inflorescence spike-like, whitish or purplish, up to 4 in. long. Spikelets in clusters, fairly dense on the axis. Glumes narrow, divided apically into 9 feathery awns. Grain oval, with long silky white hairs springing from the upper half.

A good fodder grass.

Between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Eremit); Khartoum Prov. (Jebel Malakhit).

=E. mollis= Lehm.

Perennial, more or less finely hairy all over. Stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves long, up to ⅜ in. broad, mostly narrower. Inflorescence spike- like, often interrupted and lobed below, ⅙ in. long. Spikelets crowded, up to 1/5 in. long, awns 9, feathery, up to ¼ in. long, glumes often tinged with black, the whole rather like a fox tail.

Blue Nile Prov. (Near mouth of Dinder River). Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.

918 =Schmidtia pappophoroides= Steud. EL MILEIHA (N. Kordn)—Arab.

Coarse tufted perennial grass up to 1½ ft. high, covered with fine short hairs. Stems bent and woody below. Panicle up to 4 in. long, spike-like, narrow, fairly dense. Spikelets in clusters of 4-6, hairy. Glumes 9-nerved, five being prolonged into straight fine bristle-like awns, of a brownish yellow colour.

A good fodder grass.

Kordofan Prov. (Wadi Gotta and Kheiran); Darfur Prov. (Jebel Sungur, Suruj district).

919 =Oryza brachyantha= Stapf. RUZ EL WADI—Arab.

Tall leafy grass with stout stems growing in inundated or swampy soil, about 2 ft. high or more. Leaves long, tapering to a fine point. Spikelets large, flat, oblong, about ⅜ in. long, shortly stalked on the wavy branches of an elongated narrow panicle, including the awn over 1 ft. long. Awns slender, rigid, rough, 6 in. or more long.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=O. Barthii= Chev. RUZ—Arab, ALABU—Dinka and Shilluk.

Coarse leafy grass with stout ribbed stems growing in inundated khors near river; about 2 ft. high. Leaves up to ½ in. wide. Panicle rather lax, up to 1 ft. long. Spikelets reddish-yellow, with short stiff white hairs, ⅓ in. long, narrow, and tapering to a fine tip. Awns wavy, less than 3 in. long.

Upper White Nile Prov. (Kio plantation).

=O. punctata= Kotschy. RUZ EL WADI, UM SHEBITI or TIBN—Arab.

Aquatic grass growing in flooded khors, 2-3 ft. high, stems moderately stout. Leaves under ½ in. wide, finely ribbed. Panicle very lax, up to 10 in. long, branches few. Spikelets oblong, ¼ in. long, hairy on the ribs. Awn slightly curved, about 1½ in. long.

White Nile Prov. (Jebel Arashkol); Kordofan (Khor Abu Habl.); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=O. officinalis= Wall.

Tall leafy grass up to 6 ft. high, stems slender. Leaves 1-2 ft. by ½-1½ in., pale grey green. Panicle up to 8 in. long, very lax, branches spreading. Spikelets ⅙ in., white. Awn up to ½ in. long.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land, Nabambisso River).

920 =Leersia hexandra= Sw.

Rice-like grass growing in swampy soil, smaller and more slender than true Rice, 2-4 ft. high. Inflorescence a loose panicle 2-4 in. long. Spikelets ⅙ in. long, lower florets absent, glumes not awned. Leaves 8-12 in. long by ⅓-½ in. broad, flat, sharp edged.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land, Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=L. angustifolia= Munro.

Tufted grass up to 2 ft. high, growing in swamps. Inflorescence loose, purplish, bristles on edges of glumes nearly straight and set at an acute angle. Leaves very narrow, awl-like, folded.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=L. drepanothria= Stapf.

Similar to above in habit. Bristles on glumes curled.

Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

921 =Elytrophorus articulatus= P. Beauv.

An erect annual grass 6-18 in. high. Leaves as long as the stem and spikes very narrow. Inflorescence often larger than the stem, reddish yellow in colour. Spikelets in globose clusters that are densely packed along a central axis, forming a long cylindric or interrupted spike. Spikelets ⅙ in. long, with awned glumes surrounded by many empty glumes. Awns about ¼ in. long.

Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad, El Mareikib); Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

922 =Aeluropus repens= Parl.

A rigid grass with long wiry roots. Stems 6-12 in. long, densely tufted, branched, hard, erect or prostrate, with long, often creeping runners. Leaves ⅙-1 in., mostly spreading at right angles to the stem, inrolled and sharp pointed resembling thorns in appearance. Inflorescence ¼-⅔ in. in diameter, globose or ovoid. Spikelets densely compacted.

Red Sea (Coastal region).

923 =Bromus adoensis= Hochst.

Annual about 1 ft. high, stems slender, leaves long, narrow. Panicle lax, spikelets 6-9 flowered on slender flexuous stalks, tassel-like, purplish. Awns up to ¾ in. long.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, Niurnya 6,500 ft.). Red Sea Prov. (between 3-4,000 ft.).

924 =Olyra latifolia= Linn.

Tall branched perennial 10-15 ft. high, growing in shady moist khors. Leaves large, 4-7 in. long, by 1-2¾ in. broad, flat, narrowed to a fine tip. Inflorescence 3-6 in. long, somewhat loose. Spikelets oval, about ¼ in. long, awn up to nearly an inch, flexuous. Glumes papery.

Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam land, Boddo River). Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

925 =Oxytenanthera abyssinica= Munro. GANNA—Arab; MEDERA—Hameg; TAL (J. Daier), LUI (J. Eliri)—Nuba; LAU—Nuer; NGANZI—Zande.

Tall leafy shrub with woody stems (canes) rising from a thick rhizome. Leaves lance-head shaped, up to 6 in. by 1 in. wide. Spikelets in dense terminal heads in more or less globose whorls.

The Bamboo; the stems are used for building and many other purposes.

Kassala Prov. (Gallabat, Matamma); Fung Prov. (J. Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Khors); Atbara River; Bahr el Ghazal Prov. (Khors).

INDEX TO NATIVE NAMES.

=ARABIC NAMES=

SERIAL NO.

Abbaka 480

Abdugulgul 698

Abhamāda 370

Abjalajel 22

Abkileh 291

Abl 155

Abongandur 693

Abrukab 111

Abu Ain Safra 543

Abu Beka 480

Abu Dhanabi 909

Abu ’Eleiba 618

Abu Fas 689

Abu Galagel 22

Abu Garada 855

Abu Gawi 334, 480

Abu Halagin 618

Abu Hamāda 370

Abu Hareib 895

Abu Hosaba 628

Abu Khalafof 199

Abu Khameira 270, 368

Abu Khamir 430

Abu Lebben 142, 229, 440, 451, 460

Abu Leila 276

Abu Likeita 30

Abu Liseig 256

Abu Marfein 478

Abu Nuwara 674

Abu Rikhis 864

Abu Rukba 880

Abu Shoka 119

Abu Shutur 662

Abu Shweika 119, 570

Abu Sidra 662

Abu Surug 282

Abu Tamara 38

Abu Tifa 722

Abu Tumra 113

Addar Abu Shar 855

Addar 855

Addimir 37

Adlib 102

’Ads Sudani 339

’Ads Surgam 323

Af 814

Agash 461

Agassir 244

Ageig 895

Ageig El Baggar 895

Agur 164

Ain El Jenel 593

Ajur 164

Ajur El Ghazal 164

Ajur El Kelb 164

Akasa 244

Akeish 461

Aklimawi 855

’Akrash 899

Alag 38

Alankuwe 368

Algulu-ar 430

Alloseg 200

Alluseig 200

Amayok 303

Ambaj 311

Ambatch 311

Amboru 218

Amgineidilad 344

Amzaq 402

Anaba 370

Anawidik 111

Ankolib 855

Annas 895

Ansora 866

Ara 107

Araa Aassali 174

Araa Kossa 164

Araa Stambuli 174

Araka 367

Ararib 86

Ardeib 275

Argun 814

Arish 402

Arkala 133, 440, 618

Arrada 288

Arrawal 543

Arsh 161

Asad el Tugule 413

Asat el Gird 413

Asfar 105, 571

Asin 30

Aslanga 765

Ass’aib 38

Attar 244

Aud 287

Azanaya 599

Babanus 342

Babirusa 827

Baggis 480

Bahana 855

Bal 340

Balah 814

Bambit 104

Bamia 224

Banaduro 611

Bango 361

Banu 901

Basham 199

Bassal El Kelb 772

Bassal El Wadi 757

Battikh 172

Bayad (See also Be-eid.) 781, 895

Bebit 105

Bedingan 608

Bedingan El Guta 608

Be-Eid (See also Bayad.) 781

Begheil 676, 841

Bekheiset 756

Berīd 764, 772

Bersīm baladi 296

Bersīm hegazi 295

Bet el Arus 329

Beylasān 163

Bigm 155

Biltik 550

Binnu 901

Bombay 618

Bortugan 379

Buda 652

Burdi 738, 827

Burnus 866

Burri 855

Bus 892

Buzz’am 892

Dabalab 239

Dabkar 33, 392

Dafara 602

Dahaian 44

Dahassir 300

Dakar 814

Dakheyan 44

Dalle 86

Danaban 692

Danabaya 895

Danab El Abilani 111

Danab El Kelb 104, 882, 886

Danab El Naga 904, 909

Danab El Tut 88

Darot 188

Dawa na Samaki 303

Dayok 756

Daz 908

Deberrah 101

Defera 873, 877

Defera Melaiha 899

Deil El Far 895

Deilu 86

Deleib 818

Demchirai 256, 257

Denaba 57

Dereisa (See also Dreisa.) 117

Derma 300

Difera 877

Difrat El Khei 906

Dinsis 528

Dis 738, 827

Dom 819, 820

Dreisa 117

Dreys (See also Dreisa.) 117

Dubagha 204

Dueid 781

Duffeig 814

Dukhan 616

Dukhān El Azabat 602

Dukhn 886

Dunbalab 895

Dura Seifi 855

Dura Shami 840

Duruba 394

Durūt 188

Egeig 895

Eibnusa 342

Eish Er Rif 840

El Ara 107

El Aud 287

El Bueida 104

El Erra 163

El Gurun 121

El Hād 628

El Kurda 873

El Luinda 886

El Mileiha 913, 918

El Rak 367

El Sha’aluk 163

El Sherei’a 300

El Torak 855

El Tübbür 739

El Turba 340

El Ut 287

El Wein 652

El Yeir 163

Emferid 904

Enab El Dib 608

Ergana 238

Erg El Agrab 22, 326

Erg El Akrab 22

Erg El Asda 111

Erg El Bugr 692

Erg El Dam 111

Erg El Haggar 16

Erg El Mehabba 38

Erg El M’oterash 619

Erg El Moya 657

Erg El Nāl 207

Erg El Nimr 682

Erg El Saggat 426

Erg El Shagat 657

Erg el Tueirat 142

Erg El Tundub 657

Erg Habūb El Kheil 460

Erra 163

Eshūb 827

Fagus 164

Fakhah 111, 685

Faki Baladawaya 722

Farah El Gumri 340

Fareq 155

Fartaga 291

Faru 618

Feraisha 320

Feterita 855

Figl 53

Fiki Mostahi 855

Fikki 41

Filfil Ahmar 610

Fiss El Kelb 106

Fiss El Kelab 96

Foqqesh 612

Forgeyh 533

Ful 322

Ful Sudani 315

Gabbah 895

Gaddeim 199

Gaddum El Teital 855

Gafal 385, 386

Gambil 599

Gameiz 352

Gandah 742

Ganna 925

Garaa Aasali 174

Garaa Kossa 164

Garaa Stambuli 174

Garad 287

Garadaya 269, 288

Garawi 855

Gargadan (See also Karkadan.) 218

Garguir 47

Gash El Fil 788

Gash El Nāl 886

Gassabi 855

Gatgat 544

Gatha 117

Gau 895

Gau Dumbelad 904

Gauumshara 895

Gereigdan (See also Gregdan.) 199

Gereidah 814

Gerfet El Dūd 288

Gesharingeik 332

Gharaz 841

Gharba 44

Ghareir 602, 606

Ghubeish 107, 224

Ghubeyra 543, 602, 624

Gibbein 608

Gid El Gutn 225

Gilban 324

Gimbil 599

Gishta 8

Gogheib 893

Gongoleis 212

Gonoih 229

Gregdan (See also Gereigdan.) 205

Gubein 608

Gueir 352

Gughan 417, 418

Gugheib 893

Gula 370

Gulgul 698

Gulum 34

Gumali 19

Gungara 886

Gurdi 60

Gurdum 571

Guta 608

Gutn Americani 227

Gutn Arabi 227

Gutn El Khala 225

Gutn Mumtaz 227

Gutub 225

Habahan 797

Habaq 649

Habashkol 164

Habat El Ain (See also Hab bita El Ain.) 269

Habbas 286

Habb El Meluk 241

Hab bita El Ain (See also Hab El Ain.) 286

Hab El Ain (See also Hab bita El Ain.) 269

Habīl 191

Habilarus 325, 329

Habil Er Rus 325

Halfa 882, 900

Halleyu 440

Haluk 657, 658

Hamaisi 855

Hamareib 865

Hamerai 866

Hanbūk 218

Handal 172

Hantud 618

Har 77

Hara 77

Harayrah 105

Haraz 287

Hareish 84

Hargal 447

Harhar 344

Harr 562

Harra 50

Harrīsh 603

Harsh 608

Hashab 287

Hashish 361

Hashish El Farras 513

Hebeibu 61

Hegarig 855

Heglig 382

Hegiri 855

Heilagūt 901

Hekkabit 34

Helba 294

Helew 877

Hemeira 901

Hemra 895

Henna 131

Hereishah 269

Hersha 688

Heskanit 886, 887

Hinnat El Abilain 356

Hog El Fil 426

Holagoya 901

Homeid 402, 404

Homeira 212

Homra 84, 393, 911

Homraya 393

Hummus 321

Humr 212

Hunbug 34

Hurhar 342

Hurua 255

Ibnu 258

Ideinat El Far 303

Inderab 599

Inderab Entaya 599

Inderab Gimbil 599

Irkis 37

Jo 224

Jukhan 417, 418

Kadada 284

Kahali 607

Kakamūt 287

Kakwa 855

Kalto 368

Kamanga 361

Karauerau 35, 270

Karb El Wadi 383

Karkadan (See also Gargadan.) 36

Karkade 224

Karmudoda 466

Kasharingi 332

Kereira 602

Kereiwit El Ghurab 303

Khantut 618

Kharaq El Bahr 547

Kharub 270

Kharūm 478

Kharuma 287

Khashkhash 661

Khashkhash Abiad 661

Khashkhash Azrak 344

Khashkhash el Sughur 344

Khazan 756

Khelisan 199

Khiar 164

Khiruwi 255

Khubbeiza 214

Kilga 772

Kintara 577

Kirken 224

Kirkir 478

Kittir 287

Kol 306

Kolokass 744

Koreib 887, 912

Koreish Battikh 172

Kowal 30

Kowoge 38

Kudur 156

Kūk 287

Kulam 221

Kulkul 270

Kunutal 221

Kurain 698

Kurdan 36

Kurkaban 229

Kurmut 37

Kurmut Sogheir 37

Kursan 35

Kushu-Kushu 722

Kutkat 543

Labakh 288

Lablab Ahmar 105

Ladua 142

Laghrab El Homar 855

Lalōb 382

Laot 287

Lara 107

Lasakwa 243

Lassaf 34

Layuk 280

Lebbek 288

Lebinga 258

Leru 107

Leyun 402

Libbein 229

Libbeyn 229

Libbia 691

Lif 161, 375

Limoun Baladi 379

Limoun Hindi 379

Limoun Hellu 379

Lisan El Teir 30, 106

Luban 386

Lubbun 593

Lubia Afin 336

Lubia El Fil 331

Lubia Hamra 332

Lubia Hellu 333

Lubia Khadra 332

Lufa 161, 375

Luh 899

Lukh 899

Lulu 419

Luseig 200, 882

Lussaq 360

Lūtabelain 297

Luweis 340, 460, 691

Mableben (See also Malbeina.) 229, 460

Mahad 48

Mahagaya 258

Mahalab 689

Mahareib 865

Mahbab 684

Mai 39

Makhshash El Rigal 218

Malaita 579

Malbeina 229

Malbeina Hamra 229

Malhi 861

Malot 579

Mamleiha 913

Managiga 225

Maraira 865

Marakh 460

Marhabeib 865

Mari (Khasa) 38

Masabigh 896, 917

Mashika 669

Mashtura 662

Meikah 366

Merakh 460

Mesheit 756

Mideka 368

Mileiha 913, 918

Mimligada 224

Miremit 71

Mirmid 71

Mishka 467

Mistika 467

Miswak 367

Mokheit 35

Molokhia 202

Morgan 612

Morreya 695

Muddeyd 57, 142, 624

Mudus 279

Mufrak El Rowair 30

Mughad 173

Mughreib 886

Mulley 101, 628

Mulukhia 202

Munderab 599

Murdu 34

Murmit 624

Murraya 393

Mutrak 199

Na’anaa 30, 688, 111

Nabak 372

Nabak El Fil 372

Nadawe 628

Nagīl 906

Nakhla 814

Nakhl El Faraun 815

Nakhshash El Dubban 528

Nāl 865

Namnam 48

Nar El Assad 652

Nar El Fil 657

Naring 379

Nawa 814

Nideiana 631

Nil Baladi 300

Nitaya 814

Nuarah 105

Nu’em 628

Nur El Assad 652

Nussa 895

Nussaq 360

Nuttash 291

Obeish 190

Orf Ed Dik 106

Owarida 619

Qortom 571

Quta 608

Ra’afa 340

Ra’al 717

Raba’a (See also Rab’ah, Rubaa’ and Rubai.) 81, 86

Rab’ah (See also Raba’a.) 86

Rakab 687

Rashad 50

Rau Er Au 38

Reshad El Bahr 51

Reykha 77

Rhimta 602

Rigla 87, 142

Rihan 30, 513, 543, 544, 701

Rimith 71, 524, 532, 543

Rotab 814

Rotaro 385

Rubaa’ (See also Raba’a). 84

Rubai 855

Rubbul 543

Rubeish 190

Rubl 298

Ruml 298

Rummān 132

Rutrut 385

Ruz 919

Ruz El Wadi 919

Saad 827

Saat 697

Sabarig 291

Sabungheyt 593

Safeira 30, 32, 291

Safeira El Bahr 68

Safra 855

Safra Kohia 855

Safsaf (See also Sofsaf.) 349

Saggar 42

Saggat 62

Saghlift 533

Sahaba 189

Sahai 35

Sakaran 612, 614, 615, 663

Sala’alaa 375

Salala 375

Salgam 287

Sallam 287

Sam 370

Samar Baladi 826

Samr 287, 661

Sangala 882

Sanna 269

Sant 287

Sardol 352

Sareh 38

Sarha 38

Sayal 287

Sebakh 628

Se’ed 827

Segar 652

Seid 826, 827

Seilag 189

Sena 306

Senat 164

Senat Ajur 164

Senat Tibish 164

Senna 269

Senna El Kelb 269

Senna El Rif 269

Senna Mekka 269

Sereira 288

Sesaban 268, 280, 306

Sesifan 35

Seyid 352

Sha’aluk 163, 169

Shabat Ahmar 855

Sha’eret El Bahayam 82

Shagar El Dud 38

Shagar El Fas 286

Shagar El Fil (See also Shag El Fil.) 459

Shagar El Muz 801

Shagar El Sim 229, 438

Shagar El Tin 352

Shagar El Zeraf 38

Shag El Fil (See also Shagar El Fil.) 440, 619

Sh’aibeit 34

Shaiir 685

Shaliga 224

Shammam 164

Shandaha 765

Shandahat 765

Sharoba 34

Shatta 610

Shau 367

Sheheit 191

Sheher 619

Sheiba 104, 107

Shekheit 191

Shelini 320

Shelsheleih 855

Shia 562

Shidr El Marfein 478

Shiltam 51

Shiltem 51

Shinemaq 142

Shirtem 51

Sholib 119

Shora 700

Shueika 669

Shuheit 191

Sibb El Ard 657

Sid 827

Siddir 372

Sim 438

Sim ahmar 438

Simeima 895

Simein 478

Sim El Far 612

Simsim 664

Simsim Afrit 663

Sinein 287

Singid 340

Sirh 38

Sirr El Ward 533

Snut 287

Soffar 287

Sofsaf (See also Safsaf.) 133

Sogheit 191, 478

Subahi 287

Subakh 188, 191

Subakh Beida 191

Subakh Soda 191

Subaraya 188

Sumeima 397, 895

Sunt 287

Sura 306

Surep 303

Surib 269, 306, 515

Surraya 37

Surrakh 38

Surreih 37, 38

Suteib 15

Suteih 202

Suweid 661

Taghal 42

Takirni 288, 478

Taktak 385

Taktaka 291

Talha 287

Talh Beid 287

Talh Hamra 287

Tamaleika 31

Tamareib (See also Tambareib.) 188

Tambareib (See also Tamareib.) 270

Tamr 814

Tamr El Abid 163, 199

Tamr El Far 130

Tamr El Ghanam 550

Tamr Hindi 275

Taraktarak 385

Taraya 343

Tarba (See also Terba.) 84, 244

Tarfa 155

Tartar 210

Tartus 24

Tatamba 619

Tauri 306

Tawila 291, 326

Tebeldi 212

Tebr 618

Teitalib 865

Telabun 911

Teleh 287

Tentit 899

Terba (See also Tarba.) 142, 244

Tibn 919

Tibr 618

Til 224

Tileitilla 35

Timsahiya 90

Tirmis 292

Tomatum 611

Torfrid 619

Toto 133

Tubbur 739

Tukku 199

Tumam 880

Tumareib 599

Tundub 34

Tura 497

Turfas 657

Turor 311

Ullaf 287

Ulleya 624

Um Ankheit 291

Um Asaba 908, 912

Um Asleila 895

Um Atfeir 303

Um Baru 218

Um Begheil 676

Um Berru 221

Um Boru 218

Um Bukheisa 33, 426

Umbur 218

Um Dareiwa 722

Umdi Gulgul 698

Um Dileidman 240

Um Galagel 22

Um Galōt 721

Um Gereisat 22, 619

Um Ghaleila 621

Um Ghruf 854

Um Girsh 288

Um Habeiba 44

Um Hagri 392

Um Kalol 478

Um Kasho 280

Um Katshu 269

Um Khalatot 199

Um Kheit 35

Um Khirr 873

Um Kusm 757

Um Lebeina 229, 460

Um Manakhir 602

Um Mushbut 756

Um Rashad 279

Um Rehaun 513

Um Saba 303

Um Shalalo 478

Um Shara 392

Um Shebiti 919

Um She’era 618

Um Shiteih 202

Um Shutur 662

Um Shweika 161

Um Sisi 352

Um Subeiba 895

Um Suf 844, 877

Um Sumain 191

Um Suruj 402

Um Takirni 288

Um Teleih 210

Um Tugg 825

Ushar 450

Wadan El Far 340

Wade 68

Wad Masnab 855

Wassi 161

Weikah 224

Weikat El Badeib 665

Yabelayus 199

Yau 478

Yeir 163

Yo 468

Yoi 362

Yo’oi 362

Yusef effendi 379

Za’af El Fil 757

Za’an Sherab Elmi 460

Zabata 814

Zaghil 543

Zan 329

Zegai 19

Zegain 19

Zeitun 428, 698

Zerzereih 855

Zinzilakh 390

=HADENDOWA NAMES=

Abutkula 224, 771

Agwait 460

Ambarki 269

Ankhau 229

Ariai 418

Ariap 418

Arrad 287

Balud 720

Baras 450

Basadem 720

Batt 759

Berba’a 30

Berberan 30

Brittein 176

Bullas 255

Dabalab 362

Dadd’a 428

Dahuab 756

Daratniuwa 111

Derbake 200

Eigab 107, 724

Eil Hāsal 368

Einwi 899

Eirarib 154

Fanteib 352

Gabāt 372

Garrad 287

Gum 416

Hadanit 701

Hadembui 716

Hamadab 402

Hamashanak 608

Hamashindi 362

Hammadai 402

Harfifoit 65

Harnab 432

Hashuk 544

Heid 229

Hendamalawe 427

Humar 212

Hunsig 895

Hurgig 298

Kāhab 709

Kalando 758

Kaliah 709

Kamop 38

Kareib 464

Kāt-ut 375

Keirani 524

Koriāb 123

Kureit 887

Kwanab 569

Lahla 401

Lalai 401

Magok 443

Maniop 608

Mashab 889

Meik 366

Meika-is 612

Mūt 249

Nabbalam 718

Ogoi 267

Ogum 416

Okrit 71

Olei 532

Orhan 701

Osar 119

Ot-Hauk 678

Saddām 714

Samōp 401

Samōt 401

Sangadd 300

Sanganē 287

Sanganeip 287

Sarop 34

’Sassud 382

Sēmok 352

Shaddeip 10

Shāf 191

Shaleib 38

Shashot 382

Sheishig 117

Shush 880

Tabar 618

Tagaba 372

Tattas 399

Tawar 287

Telgin 68

Termis 596

Tilt 352

Timala 908

Tishanu 613

Tokshin 911

Tomut 199

Torog 827

Towai 287

Tumbat 757

Tumfar 895

Waeila 895

Wakerishaq 32

Yam 37

=RASHIDA NAMES=

Agam 432

Ardiakh 887

Arrad 287

Asham 827

Dambotit 229

Daro 189

Dosh 544

Eilab 895

Erka 899

Gamerōt 287

Garrad 287

Girgetti 362

Gutab 117

Habaleko 774

Haiferet 515

Hamalma 699

Hamiltob 370

Hedda 199

Igla 911

Kassla 372

Metowi 375

Milmilo 427

Riktuda 249

Rubel 524

Sakbē 287

Samūnat 613

Sasa-dim 707

Similul 895

Sita 71

Tahat 188

Tarob 191

Tashas 399

Teimer 68

Um Musēg 532

Wagri 428

Zeibug 32

=NUBA NAMES=

Abelainy 287

All’a 269

Amurte 819

Anaba 370

Ando 819

Anjera 287

Aruing 199

Ashāshi 269

Ashāshini 269

Atete 375

Auri 229

Barto 284

Bāsigsi 270

Bokarak 210

Boluki 331

Bombor 255

Buggultyen 239

Burtūt 906

Bururu 33

Butnieid 218, 224

Chuwei 7

Dā 616

Dagarag 438

Daggāt 818

Dahkikak 414

Danufi 275

Dillum 368

Doeiri 218

Doghing 38

Dombelabai 258

Dullam 352

Dungur 368

Eibelainy 288

Eigera 199

Eilukwaten 111

Eirāl 258

Embeilu 689

Fak 212

Fataa 352

Feider 210

Forwek 287

Furfurruk 377

Gaggiam 818

Garad 287

Giāt 818

Gillia 757

Hada 385, 386

Heimor 210

Haggiarn 191

Horuri 392

Imgeil 229

Imgyen 287

Indenu 404

Indyeik 352

Ingyil 370

Jagia 229

Kadawdo 270

Kailkail 306

Kaitelang 269

Kalialmo 287

Kamre 34

Kandia 287

Kandimuwindi 722

Kangaru 352

Kari 220

Kariai 819

Karii 199, 661

Karso 191

Kateing 8

Kaurdak 352

Kaurok 450

Kawkawl 22

Kāwtāw 287

Kentii 306

Kētīer 284

Kharif 388

Kindal 199

Kindamoi 205

Kirbi 386

Kirīd 189

Kirkongaw 270

Kishawiyi 212

Klieh 33

Kluruf 698

Kōi 404

Kokoro 224

Kolwakai 35

Koptunindeir 722

Korak 382

Kotundurak 413

Kotwang 188

Kuam 199

Kuashi 275

Kubdi 34

Kubuy 270

Kuguli 599

Kui 190

Kuii 599

Kulowi 210

Kuluwei 402

Kung 342

Kuri 382

Kurinyil 397

Kuruwang 352

Kuruwi 497

Kusi 191

Kussi 287

Kwae 191

Kwaii 372

Kwakelang 599

Kwar 284, 418

Kwarnyāl 701

Kweinde 224

Kweile 287

Kweyi 352

Lagi 385

Lambūri 450

Levii 364

Luæ 618

Luī 199, 925

Ma 287

Madimu 698

Magal 480

Main 287

Maintu 478

Mansallo 212

Marte 191

M’bra 188

Me 287

Meirten 362

Meremeret 397

Mindigīri 191

Minkigili 288

Muarta 34

Munli 818

Nagan 287

Najikar 226

Naliak 757

Nalti 368

Narura 758

Narurai 438

N’darabwa 413

N’daru 191

N’dmusso 382

N’dula 661

N’guhin 352

N’gwani 352

Nihing 352

Nimardak 240

Ogūn 450

Ora 212

Orbol 288

Orūm 342

Pankaja 287

Pwa 255

Rīs 229

Rrek 352

Rruk 757

Rūt 478

Shaleih 287

Shaleih-Wiwi 287

Shangye 430

Sheiala 352

Shekere 275

Shimeil 34

Shireih 865

Shirgi 189

Shūm 418

Shumti 329

Sirtu 287

Suk 288

Sukosuko 663

Tal 352, 925

Tambui 331

Tamuru 189

Tarme 614

Tarwara 270

Teide 515

Teili 287

Teterling 661

Tidogi 698

Timla 662

Timleirruk 497

Tindure 368

Tingāligāli 352

Tingra 372

Tintukuki 426

Tinturing 478

Tira 382

Tirigo 287

Tirling 35

Tittawyi 372

Tuberli 212

Tudu 618

Tùlung 397

Tumbu 38, 199

Tumu 438

Tūr 697

Tūt 287

Ubūn 450

Ulgyin 375

Umdamun 478

Ungus 287

Urād 287

Urūm 287

Zān 599

=DINKA NAMES=

Abangiur 375

Abban 34

Addit 311

Adelfur 693

Adīt 311

Adong 480

Afat 618

Afiat (See also Apiat.) 38

Afinin 432

Afor 199

Afwār 199

Agadiang 256

Aganama 602

Aghei 478

Agowyak-Wyak 367

Ajoak 873

Akaki 31

Akam 877

Akamil 404

Akia 30, 297

Akieira 515

Akiul 367

Akog 599

Akoit 599

Akon 279, 461

Akosh 599

Akuwat 362

Alabu 919

Alas 227

Aldukoi 148

Allok 882

Allwi 287

Alonkoy 401

Alume 684

Amagak 579

Ammal 105

Ammet 189

Anan 287

Aneit 37, 38

Angoto 468

Anyain 61

Apet 164

Apiat 230

Apinrot 8

Apor 199

Areng 375

Arnīk 375

Arur 892

Ashenon 460

Ashwal 367

Ashwel 367

Atendit 199

Atīl 669

Atitāk 608

Atīydok 287

Ban 34

Belin 274

Bende 288

Bī 287

Bindi 283

Birr 435

Biut 33

Bol 229

Borid 34

Bual 229

Bulakolin 375

But 37, 756

Chiandak 287

Chiandok 287

Chuwalageir 135

Dai 652

Daritar 381, 470

Daung 480

Diagne 291

Digdig 343

Ditaak 608

Dong 480

Dungwol 212

Donjijuak 348

Dunk 480

Erianga 272

Errit 342

Fiit 287

Fiok 188

Fog 35

Fomah 224

Gadiang 256

Galanva 515

Getaki 81

Ghanem 244

Gniōr 229

Goak 191

Godobo 396

Grename 326

Gudi 276

Gunkeit 199

Hrerva 550

Jier 282

Kai 33

Kait 33, 599

Kam 877

Kara 618

Kat 33

Kem 199

Ki 284

Kiar 269

Kiat 599

Kīr 284

Kit 33

Kiungwan 369

Knār 459

Koba 272

Kog 33, 37, 287

Konaiyer 287

Kongoggoi 661

Konink 698

Konyai 287

Kuru 278

Kuum 479

Kwel 352

Kwuil 367

Lag 352

Lakshuai 61

Lānf 372

Lang 372

Lant 372

Lefir 22

Linga 188

Lo 300

Lom 86

Lublub 199

Lung 133

Madiab-diab 257

Mana 430

Melat 368

Mella 181

Milloa 288

Nagap 352

Narah 287

Neit 37

N’gab 352

Nguassa 283

Nianlalwel 420

Niat 819

Niok 781

Nua 901

Nūr 865

Odiloh 430

Pai 270

Pait 287

Paj 270

Phuk 188

Phut 394

Poik 394

Rak 419

Ratt 287

Rāwar 662

Red 342

Rēt 342

Riang 273

Riat 34

Rīt 342

Rur 892

Ruwāl 662

Shanda 274

Shat 599

Shat-Akog 599

Shīr 284

Shom 417, 418

Showi 275

Shwai 275

Shwayai 275

Siap 288

Taam 819

Tab 616

Tabbo 616

Tanga 178

Tar 757

Tau 382

Tchuwoi 275

Teb 142

Tep 287

Thiepagok (See also Tipagok.) 278

Til 669

Till 685

Tip 287

Tīpagok (See also Thiepagok.) 287

Tit 393

Tonyangwi 794

Tu 382

Tuk 818

Wor 311

Wuliado 661

Yolovan 908

=JUR NAMES=

Abdalour 164

Adit 352

Adot 352

Adwang 480

Akalakwala 148

Akan 236

Akanja 480

Akatagan 288

Akit 147

Aknalkuala 401

Akos 381, 470

Akuti 276

Alema 368

Amau 370

Ambalu 8

Apwamah 430

Aray 35

Ariengo 329

Atilob 430

Bei 273

Biama 468

Bindi 283

Birkwa 478

Denya 420

Dera 191

Digdig 343

Fiok 188

Gari 352

Kadol 282

Kamutwen 794

Koba 272

Kolu 278

Kudul 156

Kula 182

Kuloh 182

Kwaya 352

Nianlalwel 420

Nwana 279

Okil 269

Paj 270

Payo 352

Phut 394

Poh 188

Rak 419

Rīt 342

Shanda 274

Showi 275

Tanga 178

Tau 382

Tido 393

Tiro 393

Toi 757

Toiro 757

Tuk 818

Ungono 34

Winga 4

Yalah 698

Yau 419

Yiad 375

=GOLO NAMES=

Abro 36

Agua 182

Agud 182

Akka 272

Aklimbo 480

Alimu 368

Arub 275

Atoka 35

Attab 789

Baa 419

Bafi 8

Bak 419

Bakango 284

Bak-Bele 38

Bamburti 199

Bangi 278, 435

Bei 278, 420

Bejugolo 5

Bekili 288

Bele 393

Bembu 191

Bende 288

Bī 420

Bih 430

Bili 381

Binda 274

Biri 288

Bishi 283

Bokango 342

Boli 348

Bologu 426

Boyeh 269

Bu 274

Bururu 139

Butrungu 515

Chii 480, 756

Chinya 348

Choko 661

Chumu 418

Da 210

Dalade 756

Dalanze 818

Dele 375

Dere 20

Dileh 756

Du 8

Dungdung 404

Dungo 430

Ebanos 342

Euwi 199

Fiawe 188

Fungu 352

Gafa 662

Gafele 269

Gana 343

Gara 236

Gasse 352

Gumberti 394

Gumboto 362

Iji 282

Inji 282

Inzi 230

Irdoko 420

Ivi 430

Jekoro 336

Ji 282

Ka 272

Kandi 210

Kela 352

Klanda 402

Kofo 279

Koh 431

Korongo 182

Koropongo 238

Krupu 368

Kuvu 352

Kwange 236

Kwiella 270

Langabo 787

Loigo 276

Loyo 276

Lu 279

Mana 191

Manga-manga 34

M’ba 189

M’banda 5

M’banga 346

M’base 286

M’bili 381, 470

M’bolo 276, 343

M’bosso 283

Merekoti 375

M’komve 364

M’na 191

Mporo 276

Mundongo 479

N’dala 430

N’du 8, 466

N’du-N’du 402

N’dungo 468

Nu 8

Oro 698

Ou 788

Palanjeke 498

Pelle 432

Pighadi 426

Pili 420

Po 273

Poro 5

Rivia 419

Rupu 368

Sabrongo 392

Sekia 377

Shomu 417, 418

Singa 189

Sioro 188

Sorongo 382

Tepelu 191

Tina 348

Tindi 432

Tiri 381, 470

To 188

Ulu 279

Ulumba 199

Uru 291

Usin 270

Vanga 430

Vulasin 401

Wassa 275

Wungo 352

Yagomo 325

Yamala 479

Yukdashi 234

Zebalaba 369

Zili 394

=BARI NAMES=

Bakka 258

Bakungi 229

Basha 275

Bogweh 191

Budu 38

Chawdaw 599

Daya 36

Dikeri Timallo 109

Dufiti 480

Faiti 342

Fik 377

Fufumi 229

Funiti 342

Gagali 756

Injir 818

Kadofi 287

Kafito 38

Kayu 369

Keir 819

Kelisho 352

Kīr 393

Kireilli 383

Kitteh 275

Kubuli 662

Kukati 287

Kuluji 478

Kumi 418

Kurreh 367

Lakbur 224

Lakudi 344

Lallok 382

Lamraga 109

Langi 372

Lelinga 19

Lodoreh 375

Loring 156

Lufari 367

Lujurut 661

Lukati 372

Lulumeh 34

Lumili 382

Mandomi 288

Mat 404

Mit 287

Mojungi 375

Mutu 287

Niada 37

Nieteh 38

Owi 600

Patta 275

Poffeh 270

Pukuli 287

Rega 191

Riadi 34

Rileh 284

Rufi 404

Shadashu 599

Sirkuka 432

Surreh 362

Tarasho 618

Teleleh 608

Tifta 33

Tunusho 819

Yakadi 601

=HAMEG NAMES=

Agaili 33

Allanfa 404

Angaloa 199

Antamana-wanshu 199

Arakh 352

Arbit 284

Argada 191

Bagu 287

Baidi 199

Banjam 599

Bazi 191

Bibi 368

Bizu 599

Busa 372

Damfulan 386

Derder 205

Deza 280

Eru 155

Garandak-Meshirg-edin 287

Ghot 372

Gora 819

Gulgula 385

Hollola 255

Immirora 343

Karan 224

Kha 382

Khai 189

Kora 270

Kowa 402

Kurmuz 199

Malat 275

Mali 239

Medera 925

Mela 287

Merish 375

Merzis 682

Mosaghani 286

Muggal 270

Nensha 352

Oba 352

Odu 287

Omfa 210

Omkursan 372

Runda 480

Shebil 287

Shugeit 515

Shunshumut 255

Tari 342

Tharat 352

Tishu 392

Uffa 212

Um-Flogoru 269

Uru 349

=NUER NAMES=

Bam 287

Bara 224

Bell 855

Bul Gwath 315

Bull 229

Bwau 372

Dang 270

Daya 819

Deb 35

Deuganai 375

Daub 172

Fap 255

Fath 801

Fiath 382

Gel 342

Gok 191

Kaich 33

Kam 199

Kof 739

Kuar 275

Kurr 892

Kürwai 117

Kusha 212

Kuz 877

Kwät 275

Kwil 367

Kwir 892

Kwoich 362

Lao 468

Lau 925

Lēl 819

Luēl 662

Lûôr 287

Lurr 342

Maintaf 840

Mêt 189

Nak 662

Nap 352

Ngêiny 865

Ngof 352

Ngwaïn 270

Ngwēr 287

Niot 599

Nium 664

Nurr 818

Nyuat 599

Pau 367

Riëk 419

Rir 394

Rur 311

Tau 382

Ted 224

Tef 287

Teib 287

Tiit 38

Tol 616

Twâl 15

Tyef 311

Wigar 886

Yell 827

=SHILLUK NAMES=

Abertgh 164

Abudeh 33

Adhwag 287

Afiad 287

Age 461

Agwar 288

Alabu 919

Allad 287

Aroa 901

Ashar 287

Awolam 352

But 34

Delpa 693

Gag 212

Goi 599

Kayu 819

Kilutum 105

Kiroh 284

Lāng 372

Nangot 34

Niarud 287

Nun 841

Obailoh 367

Ofadoh 199

Shwah 275

Tiap 287

Tu 382

=BURUN NAMES=

Boadun 191

Bimya 288

Bul 212

Bun 38

Dig 478

Digra 282

Dili 199

Dilman 199

Foicha 270

Funna 661

Giuom 342

Kabti 404

Kafa 269

Kelaiin 199

Kitchun 284

Kilko 394

Leng 287

Mell 685

Mienna 417

Munda 375

Taang 819

Tianka 756

Tilla 284, 402

Toan 382

Towollo 386

Yenno 275

Yin 189

=BONGO NAMES=

Airi 282

Bakwa 332

Gall 282

Gare 236

Gere 236

Gier 282, 283

Gurfa 188

Kakob 229

Kahili 394

Kawbaw 272

Kela 274

Kholo 291

Kindi 713

Koar 419

Kobbo 271

Koell 911

Kolome 418

Kor 419

Kori 419

Kubo 352

Kuga-Tabba 88

Kugo 480

Lebbe 346

Maha 275

Makpara 772

Malagutu 276

Mamele-ba 480

Mashir 616

Masisi 269

M’balim 288

M’banga 346

Munoh 430

M’volo 368

Ngeleh 430

Ru 279

Siringa 189

Tabba 616

Tirma 343

=ZANDE NAMES=

Abagpa 332

Abanza 275

Abongba 279

Aduraka 25

Akori 797

Ambiria 618

Awirki 291

Babwa 245

Bagbodi 236

Bakaipur 188

Bakiwe 479

Bambe 618

Banga 189

Bangribakake 329

Barakuri 756

Barandoka 779

Baranga 757

Barisango 661

Bazambe 618

Baze 191

Bazmangi 245

Bedigawa 801

Bianga 480

Bingba 853

Bira 801

Blippo 478

Bodumoh 827

Bofufa 529

Boggumboli 801

Bogora 8

Bogu 393

Boo 801

Bovotode 274

Bunga 255

Daglie 287

Dagpa 270

Damma 466

Ditira 172

Doma 466

Garo 278

Gundeh 616

Inge 282

Irrik 278

Jiango 679

Kawkaw 855

Kinge 814

Kiski 375

Kofokofo 468

Kolome 418

Kopa 330

Kukuroku 211

Kure 311

Manzi 744

Maro 911

Maydok 779

M’badi 435

M’begge 480

M’buru 210

Mere 779

Metemboa 205

Monu 911

Morambida 202

Murie Paï 1

N’ganzi 925

N’ganziduper 892

Nomba 224

Nonga 797

Nyti 779

N’zangarne 288

Nzeebee 224

N’zummunia 394

Okwa 818

Pangbaduper 739

Pawe 273

Pipi 175

Podo 816

Poigo 199

Popogi 432

Popuki 892

Popwa 205

Purpur 205

Ramu 227

Rangbarangbo 662

Raria 610

Ratu 269

Rindichwe 432

Rokko 352

Roko 227

Rungaime 15

Sanambiri 182

Sarah 664

Tingitingi 801

Vunde 855

Vurra 287

Wande 315

Weeda 402

Zangare 282

Zawa 178

Zidi 344

=KREJ NAMES=

Durar 283

Juyo 608

Kotto 1

Koyo 352

Nzerahna 331

Sussi 430

Tu 652

Wawa 430

=INDOGO NAMES=

Bih 430

Koh 431

Kotto 1

=TUKU-TUKU NAMES=

Dawa Na Samaki (See Arabic Names.) 181

=KALIKO NAMES=

Doro 350

Kapah 231

=MAKRAKA NAMES=

Kawa 196

INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES.

SERIAL NO.

Abrus 325

Abutilon 218

Acacia 287

Acalypha 249

Acanthus 677

Achyranthes 111

Achyrocline 535

Acrocephalus 703

Acroceras 878

Acrospira 763

Adansonia 212

Adenia 156

Adenium 438

Adenodolichos 338

Adenopus 159

Adenostemma 518

Adina 467

Æluropus 922

Æolanthus 711

Ærva 107

Æschynomene 312

Afrormosia 346

Afzelia 273

Agelæa 406

Ageratum 519

Aizoon 85

Ajuga 725

Albizzia 288

Albuca 770

Alchornea 251

Alectra 650

Alhagi 310

Alisma 726

Allium 767

Alloteropsis 871

Aloe 758

Alsodeia 56

Alstonia 435

Alternanthera 113

Alysicarpus 320

Amanoa 232

Amaralia 481

Amaranthus 106

Amblygonocarpus 283

Ambrosia 546

Ammannia 130

Amomum 797

Amorphophallus 742

Ampelocissus 374

Amphilophis 860

Anagallis 593

Anastatica 43

Anchomanes 743

Ancistrophyllum 817

Andira 345

Andrachne 233

Andropogon 864

Aneilema 782

Angræcum 807

Anisopappus 545

Anogeissus 189

Anona 8

Anthephora 885

Anthericum 764

Antherotoma 185

Anthocleista 425

Anthospermum 475

Antiaris 353

Anticharis 631

Antidesma 234

Antirrhinum 636

Aponogeton 734

Aporrhiza 398

Aptosimum 630

Arachis 315

Arenaria 74

Argemone 27

Argyrolobium 293

Aristida 895

Aristolochia 22, 23

Arnebia 606

Arthraxon 859

Arthrocnemum 100

Arthrosolen 140

Asclepias 452

Ascolepis 835

Asparagus 756

Asphodelus 760

Aspilia 553

Astragalus 307

Astrochlæna 621

Asystasia 681

Atriplex 97

Avena 890

Avicennia 700

Azadirachta 389

Balanites 382

Barleria 678

Basella 114

Bauhinia 270

Becium 706

Belmontia 586

Bergia 71

Berkheya 568

Berlinia 272

Bidens 560

Biophytum 125

Biserula 302

Bixa 146

Blæria 415

Blainvillea 552

Blepharis 676

Blumea 529

Boehmeria 357

Boerhaavia 142

Bonatea 812

Bootia 750

Borassus 818

Boscia 35

Boswellia 385

Bouchea 692

Brachiaria 873

Brachycorythis 811

Brachystelma 462

Bridelia 230

Bromus 923

Bruguiera 193

Bryonopsis 165

Bryophyllum 64

Buchnera 651

Bulbine 761

Bulbostylis 831

Burkea 277

Burnatia 731

Butomopsis 733

Butyrospermum 419

Byrsocarpus 405

Cadaba 37

Cadalvena 795

Cæsalpinia 266

Cajanus 339

Calamus 816

Caldenia 727

Caloncoba 149

Calonyction 620

Calotropis 450

Campanula 585

Canarium 387

Canavalia 331

Cannabis 361

Canscora 589

Canthium 490

Caperonia 243

Capparis 34

Capsicum 610

Caralluma 464

Cardiospermum 396

Carica 175

Carissa 432

Carthamus 571

Casearia 152

Cassia 269

Caylusea 57

Ceiba 213

Celosia 104

Celtis 258

Cenchrus 887

Centaurea 570

Cephaëlis 504

Cephalandra 173

Cephalocroton 246

Cerastium 73

Ceratophyllum 14

Ceratotheca 665

Ceropegia 461

Ceruana 525

Chætacme 260

Chasmanthera 18

Chasmopodium 851

Chenopodium 96

Chloris 908

Chlorophora 350

Chlorophytum 765

Christiana 198

Chrozophora 244

Chrysanthellum 561

Chrysopogon 857

Cicer 321

Cienfuegosia 225

Cissampelos 20

Cissus 275

Cistanche 657

Citrullus 172

Citrus 379

Clausena 378

Clematis 10

Clematopsis 11

Cleome 30

Clerodendron 699

Clinogyne 799

Clitandra 431

Clitoria 326

Cnestis 407

Cocculus 19

Cochlospermum 147

Coelachyrum 910

Coffea 499

Coldenia 601

Cola 211

Coleus 709

Colocasia 744

Combretum 191

Cometes 93

Commelina 781

Commiphora 386

Conopharyngia 437

Convolvulus 624

Conyza 528

Corallocarpus 170

Corchorus 202

Cordia 599

Cordyla 348

Coreopsis 559

Coriandrum 414

Cornulaca 103

Corymbis 808

Costus 796

Cotula 562

Courbonia 36

Cratæva 33

Craterispermum 496

Craterostigma 644

Cremaspora 488

Crepis 576

Cressa 628

Crinum 787

Crossandra 680

Crossopteryx 470

Crotalaria 291

Croton 240

Cryptolepis 439

Ctenium 909

Ctenolepis 171

Cucumis 164

Cucurbita 174

Culcasia 745

Curculigo 786

Cuscuta 629

Cyamopsis 299

Cyanotis 783

Cyathula 108

Cyclostemon 237

Cycnium 654

Cymbopogon 865

Cymodocea 737

Cynanchum 454

Cynodon 906

Cynoglossum 604

Cyperus 827

Dactyloctenium 912

Dæmia 457

Dalbergia 342

Dalechampia 256

Daniellia 274

Danthonia 891

Dasystachys 766

Datura 614

Desmodium 317

Desmonema 17

Desmostachya 900

Detarium 276

Dichanthium 861

Dichapetalum 265

Dichondra 627

Dichrocephala 523

Dichrostachys 284

Dicliptera 687

Dicoma 572

Dicranolepis 141

Diectomis 863

Digera 105

Digitaria 870

Dinebra 913

Diodia 505

Dioscorea 779

Diospyros 418

Dipcadi 768

Diplachne 902

Diplacrum 838

Diplolophium 410

Diplotaxis 46

Dipterygium 32

Dissotis 186

Dobera 366

Dodonæa 399

Dolichos 336

Dombeya 205

Dopatrium 642

Dorstenia 351

Dracæna 759

Drimia 769

Drosera 69

Drypetes 237

Duranta 696

Dyschoriste 670

Ecbolium 686

Echidnopsis 463

Echinochilon 605

Echinochloa 877

Echinodorus 730

Echinops 569

Echium 607

Eclipta 550

Ehretia 600

Eichornia 775

Ekebergia 391

Elæis 821

Elæodendron 363

Eleocharis 829

Elephantopus 517

Eleusine 911

Elyonurus 848

Elytraria 667

Elytrophorus 921

Embelia 422

Emilia 564

Enarthrocarpus 51

Encephalartos 1

Englerastrum 710

Enhydra 549

Enicostema 588

Enneapogon 917

Entada 280

Enteropogon 907

Epaltes 532

Ephedra 2

Epilobium 136

Eragrostis 901

Eranthemum 682

Eremopogon 858

Eriocaulon 823

Eriochloa 872

Eriodendron 213

Eriosema 341

Eriospermum 762

Eriospora 839

Erlangea 514

Erodium 123

Eruca 47

Erythrina 329

Erythrococca 247

Erythrophlæum 278

Ethulia 513

Euclea 416

Eulophia 804

Eupatorium 520

Euphorbia 229

Eureiandra 162

Evolvulus 625

Fadogia 494

Fagonia 119

Faroa 587

Farsetia 44

Felicia 526

Feretia 484

Ficus 352

Fimbristylis 830

Flacourtia 151

Fleurya 355

Floscopa 784

Fluggea 239

Fœniculum 411

Forskohlea 360

Frankenia 154

Fuirena 833

Fumaria 28

Gaillonia 506

Galium 511

Garcinia 197

Gardenia 480

Geigeria 544

Geophila 503

Geranium 122

Gerbera 574

Gisekia 82

Gladiolus 792

Glinus 81

Gloriosa 774

Glossonema 446

Glycine 327

Glycyrrhiza 308

Glyphæa 203

Gnaphalium 536

Gnidia 138

Gomphia 197

Gossypium 227

Grangea 524

Grewia 199

Guettarda 486

Guiera 190

Guizotia 558

Gymnema 458

Gymnosporia 362

Gynandropsis 31

Gynura 563

Habenaria 810

Hæmanthus 788

Halopeplis 99

Halophila 752

Hannoa 380

Haronga 196

Harrisonia 383

Heleochloa 893

Heliotropium 602

Helichrysum 537

Helmia 779

Helminthocarpum 301

Hemigraphis 675

Hermannia 208

Herminiera 311

Heterachæna 578

Heteranthera 776

Heteropogon 868

Hexalobus 5

Hibiscus 224

Hippocratea 364

Hochstetteria 573

Homalium 153

Honckenya 201

Hoslundia 707

Huernia 465

Hugonia 116

Hybanthus 55

Hydnora 24

Hydrilla 746

Hydrocotyle 408

Hydrolea 598

Hygrophila 669

Hymenocardia 236

Hymenodictyon 469

Hyoscyamus 615

Hyparrhenia 866

Hypericum 194

Hyphæne 819

Hypoestes 689

Hypoxis 785

Hyptis 713

Ilysanthes 647

Impatiens 126

Imperata 853

Indigofera 300

Inula 539

Ionidium 55

Iphiona 540

Ipomœa 618

Irvingia 381

Ischæmum 841

Isoberlinia 271

Ixora 497

Jacquemontia 623

Jardinea 845

Jasminum 427

Jatropha 241

Juncellus 826

Jussieua 133

Justicia 684

Kæmpferia 794

Kalanchoe 65

Kanahia 451

Kedrostis 169

Khaya 393

Kigelia 662

Klainedoxa 384

Kochia 98

Kosteletzkya 222

Kyllinga 824

Lactuca 577

Lagarosiphon 747

Lagenaria 160

Laggera 530

Landolphia 430

Lantana 690

Lapeyrousia 790

Lasiosiphon 139

Lasiurus 847

Lathyrus 324

Latipes 897

Laurembergia 137

Lawsonia 131

Lavandula 714

Leersia 920

Lemna 753

Lens 323

Leonitis 722

Lepidagathis 683

Lepidium 49

Lepidoturus 250

Lepistemon 622

Leptadenia 460

Leptochloa 903

Leptonychia 209

Leucas 721

Leysera 538

Lightfootia 582

Limeum 84

Limnanthemum 591

Limnophila 640

Limnophyton 728

Linaria 633

Lindenbergia 638

Lindernia 646

Lindukeria 150

Linociera 429

Linum 115

Lipocarpha 834

Lippia 691

Lissochilus 805

Lobelia 581

Lonchocarpus 344

Lophira 178

Lophotocarpus 729

Loranthus 370

Lotononis 289

Lotus 297

Ludwigia 134

Luffa 161

Lupinus 292

Lycium 613

Lycopersicum 611

Maba 417

Macaranga 254

Macrosphyra 482

Mærua 38

Mæsa 421

Mæsobotrya 235

Mæsopsis 373

Malachra 219

Mallotus 253

Malva 214

Malvastrum 215

Mangifera 400

Manihot 245

Manisuris 846

Manniophyton 242

Margaretta 453

Mariscus 828

Marsdenia 459

Matthiola 40

Medemia 820

Medicago 295

Megabaria 231

Megaclinium 803

Meiocarpidium 4

Melanthera 555

Melhania 204

Melia 390

Melinis 884

Melochia 206

Melothria 168

Mentha 715

Merremia 619

Meyna 492

Micrargeria 656

Microchloa 905

Micrococca 248

Microglossa 527

Micromeria 716

Microstylis 802

Microtrichia 522

Mikania 521

Milletia 305

Mimosa 286

Mimulus 643

Mimusops 420

Mitracarpum 509

Mitragyne 468

Mohlana 94

Molium 767

Mollugo 80

Momordica 163

Monechma 685

Moniera 641

Monochoria 777

Monocymbium 867

Monodora 9

Monotes 181

Monsonia 121

Morelia 479

Morettia 42

Morinda 501

Moringa 39

Moschosma 704

Mostuea 423

Mucuna 330

Mukia 166

Mundulea 304

Musa 801

Mussænda 474

Naias 736

Nasturtium 41

Nelsonia 668

Neoboutonia 252

Nepeta 718

Neptunia 285

Nervilia 809

Nesæa 129

Neuracanthus 679

Neurada 264

Neurotheca 590

Nicotiana 616

Nigella 13

Notonia 565

Nuxia 424

Nymphæa 15

Ochna 177

Ochradenus 60

Ocimum 701, 706

Octodon 508

Odina 402

Oldenlandia 473

Olea 428

Oligomeris 59

Olyra 924

Omphalogonus 442

Oncoba 148

Ophiurus 850

Opilia 369

Oplismenus 879

Opuntia 176

Ornithogalum 773

Orobanche 658

Orthosiphon 705

Orygia 79

Oryza 919

Osbeckia 184, 186

Otomeria 472

Otostegia 720

Ottelia 749

Ouratea 179

Oxalis 124

Oxyanthus 483

Oxygonum 89

Oxystelma 448

Oxytenanthera 925

Pahudia 273

Palisota 780

Pancratium 789

Pandanus 822

Pandiaka 112

Panicum 880

Pararistolochia 23

Parietaria 358

Parinarium 262

Parkia 279

Parkinsonia 268

Paronychia 92

Paspalidium 875

Paspalum 874

Paullinia 395

Paulo-Wilhelmia 672

Pavetta 498

Pavonia 221

Pegolettia 541

Pennisetum 886

Pentanisia 487

Pentas 471

Pentatropis 456

Peperomia 26

Peponia 157

Periploca 443

Peristrophe 688

Perotis 898

Peucedanum 413

Phagnalon 534

Phaseolus 332

Phaylopsis 673

Phœnix 814

Phragmites 892

Phyllanthus 238

Physalis 609

Phytolacca 95

Picridium 579

Pimpinella 409

Piper 25

Piptadenia 281

Pistia 739

Pittosporum 145

Plantago 597

Platycoryne 813

Platystoma 702

Plectranthus 708

Pleiocarpa 434

Pluchea 531

Plumbago 596

Podostelma 445

Poinciana 267

Polycarpæa 77

Polycarpon 76

Polygala 61

Polygonum 90

Polypogon 894

Polysphæria 489

Popowia 6

Portulaca 87

Potamogeton 735

Potentilla 263

Pouzolzia 359

Premna 697

Priva 694

Prosopis 282

Protea 143

Pseudarthria 318

Pseudocedrela 394

Pseudospondias 403

Psidium 183

Psilotrichum 110

Psophocarpus 335

Psoralea 298

Psorospermum 195

Psychotria 502

Pterocarpus 343

Pulicaria 543

Punica 132

Pupalia 109

Pycnostachys 712

Pycreus 825

Randia 478

Ranunculus 12

Raphanus 53

Raphia 815

Raphionacme 441

Rauwolfia 433

Reseda 58

Rhamphicarpa 653

Rhizophora 192

Rhus 401

Rhynchosia 340

Rhynchospora 836

Rhytachne 852

Ricinus 255

Rinorea 56

Rogeria 663

Romulea 793

Rotala 127

Rothia 290

Rottbœllia 849

Rourea 405a

Rubia 510

Rubus 261

Ruellia 671

Rumex 91

Ruta 376

Rutidea 500

Rytiginia 493

Saccharum 854

Sacciolepis 881

Salacia 365

Salix 349

Salsola 101

Salvadora 367

Salvia 717

Samolus 594

Sanseviera 757

Sarcocephalus 466

Sarcostemma 455

Satanocrater 674

Sauromatum 740

Sauvagesia 180

Schizachyrium 862

Schizoglossum 449

Schmidelia 397

Schmidtia 918

Schœnefeldia 904

Schouwia 48

Schweinfurthia 634

Schwenkia 617

Scilla 772

Scirpus 832

Scleria 837

Sclerocarpus 551

Sclerocarya 404

Scolymus 575

Scoparia 648

Scrophularia 635

Scutellaria 719

Secamone 444

Securidaca 62

Seddera 626

Seetzenia 120

Sehima 843

Semonvillea 83

Sempervivum 67

Senebiera 50

Senecio 566

Senra 223

Sesamum 664

Sesbania 306

Setaria 882

Sida 216

Siegesbeckia 548

Silene 72

Sium 412

Sisymbrium 45

Smilax 755

Smithia 313

Solanum 608

Solenostemma 447

Sonchus 580

Sopubia 655

Sorghum 855

Sparganophorus 512

Spathodea 660

Spergula 75

Spermacoce 507

Sphæranthus 533

Sphærocoma 78

Sphenoclea 584

Sphenostylis 337

Spilanthes 557

Sporobolus 899

Stachytarpheta 693

Statice 595

Stemodia 639

Stephania 21

Sterculia 210

Stereospermum 661

Stipularia 476

Striga 652

Strychnos 426

Stylochiton 741

Stylosanthes 314

Suæda 102

Sutera 637

Swarzia 347

Swertia 592

Synadenium 228

Syzygium 182

Tacazzea 440

Tacca 778

Talinum 88

Tamarindus 275

Tamarix 155

Tarenna 477

Taverniera 309

Teclea 377

Temnocalyx 495

Tephrosia 303

Teramnus 328

Terminalia 188

Tetracera 144

Teucrium 724

Thalassia 751

Thalia 798

Thelepogon 842

Themeda 869

Thesium 371

Thespesia 226

Thunbergia 666

Tillæa 63

Tinnea 723

Tinospora 16

Toddalia 377a

Torenia 645

Trachyphrynium 800

Tragia 257

Tragus 896

Trapa 135

Treculia 354

Trema 259

Trianthema 86

Tribulus 117

Tricalysia 485

Trichilia 392

Trichodesma 603

Tricholæna 883

Trichoneura 914

Trichopteryx 888

Tridactyle 806

Trifolium 296

Trigonella 294

Triplotaxis 516

Tripogon 916

Tripteris 567

Triraphis 915

Tristachya 889

Tristemma 187

Tristicha 70

Tritonia 791

Triumfetta 200

Trochomeria 158

Turræa 388

Typha 738

Umbilicus 66

Uraria 319

Urena 220

Urera 356

Urginea 771

Urochloa 876

Utricularia 659

Uvaria 3

Vahlia 68

Vallisneria 748

Vangueria 491

Verbascum 632

Verbena 695

Verbesina 556

Vernonia 515

Veronica 649

Vetiveria 856

Vicia 322

Vicoa 542

Vigna 333

Viola 54

Vitex 698

Voacanga 436

Voandzeia 334

Vossia 844

Wahlenbergia 583

Waltheria 207

Wedelia 554

Wisneria 732

Wissadula 217

Withania 612

Wolffia 754

Woodfordia 128

Wormskioldia 29

Xanthium 547

Ximenesia 556

Ximenia 368

Xylopia 7

Zea 840

Zehneria 167

Zilla 52

Zizyphus 372

Zornia 316

Zygophyllum 118

INDEX TO FAMILY NAMES.

PAGE

Acanthaceæ 337

Alismataceæ 365

Amarantaceæ 81

Amaryllidaceæ 391

Ampelidaceæ 223

Anacardiaceæ 233

Anonaceæ 49

Apocynaceæ 244

Aponogetonaceæ 366

Aristolochiaceæ 54

Araceæ 369

Asclepiadaceæ 248

Balsaminaceæ 89

Basellaceæ 86

Bignoniaceæ 334

Bixaceæ 96

Bombacaceæ 124

Boraginaceæ 302

Burseraceæ 229

Butomaceæ 366

Cactaceæ 106

Caesalpiniaceæ 160

Campanulaceæ 299

Cannabinaceæ 217

Capparidaceæ 56

Caricaceæ 105

Caryophyllaceæ 70

Celastraceæ 218

Ceratophyllaceæ 52

Chailletiaceæ 160

Chenopodiaceæ 79

Cochlospermaceæ 96

Combretaceæ 109

Commelinaceæ 387

Compositæ 274

Connaraceæ 236

Convolvulaceæ 313

Crassulaceæ 68

Cruciferæ 63

Cucurbitaceæ 99

Cycadaceæ 48

Cyperaceæ 404

Dilleniaceæ 96

Dioscoreaceæ 385

Dipterocarpaceæ 107

Droseraceæ 69

Ebenaceæ 238

Elatinaceæ 70

Ericaceæ 238

Eriocaulaceæ 403

Euphorbiaceæ 134

Ficoidaceæ 74

Flacourtiaceæ 97

Frankeniaceæ 98

Fumariaceæ 56

Gentianaceæ 300

Geraniaceæ 88

Gnetaceæ 48

Gramineæ 430

Guttiferæ 117

Halorrhagaceæ 92

Hippocrateaceæ 218

Hydnoraceæ 55

Hydrocharitaceæ 371

Hydrophyllaceæ 302

Hypericaceæ 116

Illecebraceæ 78

Iridaceæ 393

Labiatæ 355

Lemnaceæ 373

Lentibulariaceæ 333

Liliaceæ 373

Linaceæ 86

Lobeliaceæ 298

Loganiaceæ 241

Loranthaceæ 220

Lythraceæ 89

Malvaceæ 125

Marantaceæ 395

Melastomataceæ 108

Meliaceæ 230

Menispermaceæ 53

Mimosaceæ 166

Molluginaceæ 72

Moraceæ 209

Moringaceæ 63

Musaceæ 396

Myrsinaceæ 240

Myrtaceæ 107

Naiadaceæ 367

Nyctaginaceæ 94

Nymphaeaceæ 52

Ochnaceæ 106

Olacaceæ 220

Oleaceæ 242

Onagraceæ 91

Opiliaceæ 220

Orchidaceæ 396

Orobanchaceæ 333

Oxalidaceæ 88

Palmæ 401

Pandanaceæ 403

Papaveraceæ 56

Papilionaceæ 175

Passifloraceæ 98

Pedaliaceæ 336

Phytolaccaceæ 78

Piperaceæ 55

Pittosporaceæ 96

Plantaginaceæ 301

Plumbaginaceæ 301

Podostemonaceæ 70

Polygalaceæ 67

Polygonaceæ 76

Pontederiaceæ 384

Portulacaceæ 75

Potamogetonaceæ 367

Primulaceæ 301

Proteaceæ 95

Punicaceæ 91

Ranunculaceæ 51

Resedaceæ 66

Rhamnaceæ 222

Rhizophoraceæ 116

Rosaceæ 159

Rubiaceæ 257

Rutaceæ 226

Salicaceæ 209

Salvadoraceæ 219

Samydaceæ 97

Santalaceæ 222

Sapindaceæ 232

Sapotaceæ 239

Saxifragaceæ 69

Scrophulariaceæ 324

Simarubaceæ 227

Solanaceæ 308

Sterculiaceæ 122

Taccaceæ 385

Tamaricaceæ 98

Thymelæaceæ 92

Tiliaceæ 117

Turneraceæ 56

Typhaceæ 368

Ulmaceæ 158

Umbelliferæ 237

Urticaceæ 216

Verbenaceæ 349

Violaceæ 66

Vitaceæ 223

Zingiberaceæ 393

Zygophyllaceæ 86

FOOTNOTES:

Transcriber's note:

Several of the Keys to the families (starting pg. 16) have had their key steps marked with letters, in the style of the Key to the genera of Grasses (pg. 430).

pg 1 Changed: male organs of a flowers to: flower

pg 5 Changed: =Gnetaceæ= and =Cyacadaceæ= to: =Cycadaceæ=

pg 5 Changed: glass-like, transparent or trunslucent to: translucent

pg 10 Changed: bundles by junction of filamens to: filaments

pg 11 Changed: generally separate at muturity to: maturity

pg 12 From: stamen, the ovone male organ of the flower. removed: ovone

pg 35 Changed: Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes inbricate to: imbricate

pg 45 Changed: march or aquatic herbs to: marsh

pg 46 Changed: =Pontederiacæ= (part) to: =Pontederiaceæ=

pg 47 Changed: =Zinziberaceæ= to: =Zingiberaceæ=

pg 54 Changed: maroon-coloured, unilateral, legulate to: ligulate

pg 56 Changed: Borber Desert to: Berber

pg 63 Changed: BUN—Borun to: Burun

pg 63 Changed: hairs shellate. Pods subsessile to: stellate

pg 65 Changed: MAHAD, NAMNAM (Egyt) to: Egypt

pg 71 Changed: =P. spicata= Arnolt. to: Arnott.

pg 73 (Under =Glinus lotoides=) Changed: Bahr El Ghazar Prov. to: Ghazal

pg 84 Changed: =Pupalla lappacea= Juss. to: =Pupalia=

pg 85 Changed: terminal, straw-colouerd to: straw-coloured

pg 87 Changed: =Seetzenia africana= Br. to: R. Br.

pg 93 Changed: Bahr El Ghazal Pdov. (Niamniam-land to: Prov.

pg 94 (Under =B. [Boerhaavia] repens var. diffusa=) Changed: Fung. Prov. (Fazowhli) to: Fazoghli

pg 102 Changed: KHIAR—Arabfl to: Arab.

pg 105 Changed: =Cucurbita maxima= Dushesne. to: Duchesne.

pg 108 Changed: Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Grazal to: Ghazal

pg 111 Changed: broadly lanceolate or elliptic accuminate to: acuminate

pg 129 Changed: =Kosteletzkya adoenis= Hochst. to: =adoensis=

pg 133 Changed: =Cienfugosia digitata= Cav. to: =Cienfuegosia=

pg 133 Changed: =G. obtusiolium= Roxb. to: =obtusifolium=

pg 149 Changed: Male fl. calx 5-lobed valvate to: calyx

pg 153 (Under =A. [Acalypha] villicaulis=) Changed: styles 3, lacinate to: laciniate

pg 155 =A. cordata= Benth. formatted as a synonim instead: A. cordata Benth.

pg 160 At the end of: =Parkinsonia aculeata= Linn. SESABAN (wrongly named)— added: Arab.

pg 166 Changed: =P. filicoida= Welw. to: =filicoidea=

pg 167 Changed: =Piptadenia africana= Hook. to: Hook. f.

pg 170 Changed: Flowers globose, yellow, about 1 lin. diam. to: 1 in. diam.

pg 173 Changed: =A. hecataphylla= Steud. to: =hecatophylla=

pg 178 Changed: Pod silky, unde ½ in. to: under

pg 179 "White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol)." moved from right under =C. goreensis= to two lines above, under =C. podocarpa=

pg 180 Changed: =Argyroiobium abyssinicum= Jaub. & Spach. to: =Argyrolobium=

pg 188 Changed: =I. [Indigofera] tripoides= Baker. to: =tritoides=

pg 189 Changed: =Biserula Pelecinus L.= Hochst. to: =Biserula Pelecinus= L.

pg 198 Changed: Dongolo Prov. (Cultivated). to: Dongola

pg 202 Changed: Leaflets 3, cenral roundish to: central

pg 212 Changed: grabrous. Receptacle not known to: glabrous

pg 216 Changed: 3-8 in. long, coriceous to: coriaceous

pg 221 Changed: young parts rusty-tomotose to: rusty-tomentose

pg 222 Changed: usually one straight and one ecurved to: recurved

pg 230 Changed: =Turræa Vogellii= Hook. f. to: =Vogelii=

pg 255 Changed: Rd Sea, Kassala & Kordofan to: Red

pg 267 Changed: Fozoghli and Abu Sugra to: Fazoghli

pg 274 Changed: Leaves vertillate, ovate, cordate to: verticillate

pg 281 Changed: Bahr El Jebel (Sudd 8° 40 in.) to: (Sudd 8° 40″)

pg 282 Changed: Kordofan Prof. (J. Um Darrag) to: Prov.

pg 291 Changed: few minute or more usally wanting to: usually

pg 299 Changed: =L. [Lobelia] trievarchi= R. Good. to: =trierarchi=

pg 300 Changed: =GENTIAMACEÆ= to: =GENTIANACEÆ=

pg 319 Changed: petioles and penduncles winged to: peduncles

pg 353 (Under =C. [Clerodendron] cordifolium=) switched the positions of the line starting with "white, tube ⅔ in. long" and the line starting with "6,000 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov."

pg 360 Changed: =Lavandula pubescens= Dene. to: Decne.

pg 361 Changed: =Salvia nudicalis= Vahl. to: =nudicaulis=

pg 374 (Under =A. [Asparagus] africanus=) Changed: Bash El Jebel to: Bahr

pg 376 Changed: =Asphodelus fistulosus= Linn. =var. tenufolius= Baker. to: =tenuifolius=

pg 402 Changed: somtimes spiny tendril to: sometimes

pg 406 Changed: North Khordofan Prov. to: Kordofan

pg 410 Changed: Spikelets many in dense heads, dusky or brown, 10-30 fid. to: 10-30 fld.

pg 437 Changed: 903 =Leplochloa= to: =Leptochloa=

pg 460 Changed: =E. pyrmidalis= Hitchcock and Chase. to: =pyramidalis=

pg 463 Changed: 81 =Sacciolepis ciliocincta= to: 881

pg 464 (Under =S. [Sacciolepis] micrococca=) Changed: Spikelets crowded, swollen, ¼-in. to: 1/24 in. (Cf. R. Massey Sudan grasses, 1926)

pg 466 Changed: loose panicle up to 6 in. land to: 6 in. long

pg 468 (Under =P. [Pennisetum] ovale=) Changed: Uper White Nile Prov. to: Upper

pg 481 (Under =Eleusine indica=) Changed: Spikelets 1/8-1/16 in. long to: 1/8-1/6

pg 489 Changed: Rikan to: Rihan

pg 493 Changed: Akhalkuala to: Aknalkuala

pg 497 Changed: Antephora to: Anthephora

pg 497 Changed: Cienfugosia to: Cienfuegosia

pg 498 Changed: Enarthocarpus to: Enarthrocarpus

pg 498 Changed: Erpthrophlæum to: Erythrophlæum

pg 498 Changed: Farsettia to: Farsetia

pg 499 Changed: Legenaria to: Lagenaria

pg 500 Changed: Pantatropis to: Pentatropis

pg 502 Changed: Halorraghaceæ to: Halorrhagaceæ

pg 502 Changed: Scrophularaceæ to: Scrophulariaceæ

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.