Section 26. the Main Part of the House Was Torn to Pieces and

scattered in every direction, while the wing was left unmoved. The family, consisting of six persons, fled to the cellar and were miraculously preserved. The large barn a few rods further on was completely destroyed. Next in its course was Mr. J. C. Tucker's barn, the roof of which suddenly passed along on the breeze. At this point the storm turned, taking a northeasterly direction, and struck the house of Robert Williams, damaging the house and entirely destroying the barn. A horse tied to a girder in the barn was found, uninjured, sixty feet outside of the limits of the building, with the girder lying across him, and the strap still tied to it. Next in line was a small lake in the southwest corner of section 23. It was almost robbed of its treasure. The water and mud was carried a long distance up the bluffs, fifty feet above the level of the lake. Next came the fine house of John Morey, giving a portion of its roof to the excited wind; then passed into the town of Denmark, continuing its destructive course, killing a horse for W. G. Wagner, near the town line. A man known as Michael Schull, a farm hand, was taken up by the wind and dashed against a pile of wood, injuring his brain, causing him to become dangerous. He is now at St. Peter in the insane asylum. The destruction of property was great. No accurate account of the amount of damage done has been compiled. Mr. Tuttle, living in section 26, suffered the most. He estimated his loss at $7,000. His house was situated in a valley surrounded by oak trees, and we would suppose was protected by the strong bulwarks of Nature, and yet house, barn, farming utensils, and machinery were scattered over the country. The next morning sheets of tin two feet square, found in Mr. Tuttle's yard, were supposed to have come from a church in Dakota county. Portions of Mr. Tuttle's house were found miles away."

The same cyclone visited Lake Elmo and did great damage, blowing down the depot buildings, Lake Elmo Hotel and other structures. The buildings and trees of the agricultural fair grounds were destroyed. Some parts of the buildings were carried miles away by the storm.

THE CYCLONE AT WHITE BEAR AND MARINE, MINNESOTA, AND CLEAR LAKE, WISCONSIN.

Sept. 9, 1884, a storm arose in Hennepin county and did some damage; continuing to White Bear lake, Oneka and Grant, in Washington county, it gathered force and proved very destructive to life and property. As it passed through Oneka and Grant its path was about ten miles in width. Churches, school houses, dwellings, barns, grain stacks, and fences in its way were either partially or wholly destroyed, and the wrecked property was distributed for miles around. The cyclone passed on over Marine, Big Lake and Scandia, crossed the St. Croix, passed over the town of Somerset, Star Prairie, New Richmond, in St. Croix county, and over Black Brook, Clear Lake, Pineville and Clayton in Polk county and Turtle Lake in Barron, pursuing the usual northeasterly direction common to these cyclones, and disappearing in terrific thunderstorms, in the timbered lands of Barron and Chippewa counties. An eye witness, Mr. Ivory Hatch, of Oneka, thus describes the approach of the storm:

"I was standing near a shed in the barnyard, when suddenly the sky became black and threatening. In about five minutes I saw two funnel-shaped clouds descend and approach each other. I started for the house to warn my family, when, as quick as a flash, I was enveloped in the cloud, and while clinging to a post for safety my grain stacks and buildings disappeared. The storm did not continue over a minute and a half. I escaped almost miraculously without a bruise." The testimony of others in the neighborhood is substantially the same. In the town of Oneka the destruction was worse than in any other locality.

In the track of the storm through Washington county not less than fifty houses were demolished. The loss on each averaged $600, making a total of $30,000. Losses on barns, machinery and stock raised this sum to $50,000. The loss at Marine was computed roughly at $75,000, which made a total of $135,000, not including hay and grain. The entire loss to Clear Lake was estimated at $200,000. Three persons lost their lives, Mrs. P. Burdick, Willie Kavanagh and John Saunders. The Methodist, Congregational and Swedish churches were leveled with the ground. The timber losses were close to $1,000,000; private property in villages, loss near $500,000, and all other losses, such as farm property and the like, in the hundred thousands. The total loss in Wisconsin has been placed at six lives and $4,000,000 in property.

THE ST. CLOUD AND SAUK RAPIDS CYCLONE OF 1886.

The most destructive storm yet recorded occurred on the afternoon of April 14, 1886. The clouds were first seen from St. Cloud to gather a short distance over the basin of the Masour cemetery about three o'clock, Sunday afternoon, in dark, overhanging masses. Then sharp tongues of lightning darted down with terrific force, and the storm with all its fury burst upon the doomed cities. The south end, or beginning of the cyclone track, was located two or three miles south and a little west of St. Cloud and its total length was twenty-four miles. The property destroyed amounted to over a quarter of a million of dollars, and the loss of life at St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids was seventy-five. If we include those who died later of injuries from wounds, exposure and fright, we may safely say a hundred.

The first victim of the cyclone was Nicholas Junneman. The cyclone rising, as we have said, over or near Calvary cemetery, for a space of about three hundred yards in diameter the trees were uprooted or twisted off, gravestones were thrown flat, and fences demolished. Crossing over Calvary Hill, in a path about one hundred feet wide, it wrecked the small Catholic chapel and badly injured the crucifix located there. Next in its course was the farm house of Nicholas Junneman which was left a pile of ruins, and Mr. Junneman was killed, while his wife was dangerously injured. The first house struck within the city limits was J. W. Tenvoorde's. Just across the street J. Schwartz's two story brick house was almost wrecked. Here the path of the tornado was about two hundred feet wide, and increased until by the time it reached the Manitoba depot the width was six hundred feet, taking in in its fearful embrace during the length of its course half a hundred or more buildings, which were totally wrecked, moved from their foundations, or more or less damaged. In many instances there was nothing left to show where a house had stood, and the prairie was covered far and wide with the debris of the demolished buildings. Over fifty houses in St. Cloud were totally destroyed and as many more badly damaged. Before striking the river it swerved slightly northward, and thus the costly building blocks and crowded streets in the heart of the city were spared. Had the cyclone veered in its course more to the south, the loss of property and life in St. Cloud would have been incalculable.

Striking the river the cyclone appeared to be almost motionless for a few moments, or moved so slowly as to seem to hang over the face of the water, its huge black column rising toward the zenith. Then leaving the river, this monster of the air struck Sauk Rapids at Stanton's large flouring mill, which was left a heap of ruins. It then took Demeules' store and the Northern Pacific depot, and passed on through the main business part of the place, leaving but one important business house standing, Wood's store, which was badly damaged. Court house, church, school building, post office, newspaper offices, hotels, dwelling houses, all went down under the relentless power of the storm. Streets were blockaded with the wreck so as to be practically impassable. The list of dead out of a village of about 1,000 population included some of the leading county officials and prominent citizens. Amongst them were John Renard, county auditor, and Gregg Lindley, register of deeds; also Edgar Hull, president of the German-American National Bank; E. G. Halbert, of the New York Insurance Company, with whom Mr. Hull had just filed an application for a $5,000 policy, was so badly injured that he died in a few days. The destruction of property in Sauk Rapids was far greater than in St. Cloud, as the business portion of the city was almost entirely swept away. The loss of life was also proportionately greater.

After leaving Sauk Rapids the cyclone struck Rice's, a station on the Northern Pacific road, about fourteen miles from the former village. Some four miles southeast of the station, at the house of a farmer named Schultz, a happy wedding party was gathered, a daughter of the farmer having been married to Henry Friday, chairman of the board of supervisors of Langola. Almost before they realized it the terrible power of the storm encircled them, and in the twinkling of an eye nine of the goodly company were mangled corpses, among the number being the groom, while the bride was dangerously if not fatally injured. The victims also included the Rev. G. J. Schmidt, pastor of the German Evangelical church of Sauk Rapids. The Rev. Mr. Seeder, pastor of the Two Rivers district, was found out on the prairie with both legs broken.

At Buckman, Morrison county, several persons were killed, and six or seven farm houses destroyed. The suffering caused by this most terrible of cyclones evoked the liveliest sympathy, and large contributions of money, food and clothing were forwarded by the citizens of St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities throughout the State.

G. W. Benedict, of Sauk Rapids, relates his experience in the storm as follows: "I was in the yard at my residence half a mile north of the depot, when I heard a terrible deafening roar, and on looking up I saw what first appeared to be a very heavy black volume of smoke from a railroad engine, but in a moment I realized what it was. The volume of black cloud soon increased to double its size, and had a funnel shape, gyrating in a peculiar zigzag form. Untold amounts of debris of houses, fences and everything above the surface were shooting and flying with terrific velocity from the cloud, which took a northerly direction. The horrible writhing demon of destruction, with its deafening roar, increased in volume and force, and hurled to utter destruction everything in its path, a great portion of which was carried miles in the air out of sight as though but trifles of lightest chaff."

Thos. Van Etten was walking on the street, going home, when the cyclone struck the town, and he was bodily lifted into the air, carried four hundred feet up a steep hill and landed in a street, literally plastered over with mud. A young man fishing near the end of the bridge, on the opposite side from Sauk Rapids, says that many of the houses were lifted high in the air, and did not seem to be injured until they were dashed to the ground, when they collapsed, and the pieces were scattered in all directions. None of the very large number of persons who went into a cellar for protection from the storm were badly injured. The Fink family, the mother and four children of which were almost instantly killed, were in a house which had an excellent cellar, but the family forgot to utilize it. Near the ruins of the Carpenter house is a tree about ten inches in diameter, through which a pine board was driven so that it protruded at both sides of the tree. The property loss in Benton county was estimated at $300,000, and in St. Cloud at $56,000.

STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

Some time in the '50s Messrs. Oaks, Rand, Witham, Carson, and twelve other men were in a tent on the banks of Lake St. Croix, just below the mouth of Willow river, during a severe thunder storm. It was about 9 o'clock P. M. when lightning struck the tent and passing down killed Witham and Carson, and severely stunned Oaks and Rand. The other men were not injured, but, being badly frightened, ran away, and did not return till the following morning, when they found two of the men supposed killed still alive, but dazed and motionless. The two killed were lying close together, while Mr. Oaks lay upon one side and Mr. Rand upon the other. The lightning had struck the men who were killed upon the head, and traversing the body had passed out below the ankles. The current of electricity had passed up the arm of Mr. Oaks and down his body, burning spots the size of a pea, and plowing lines under the skin, the scars of which, after recovery, were raised in welts nearly as large as a whipcord. Mr. Oaks was nearly a year recovering. He says that during the time he lay motionless and apparently stunned he was in full possession of his faculties. Mr. Rand had one side of his body burned to a blister. Prior to this he had been affected with weak eyes, but the electrical treatment there received effected a complete cure.

ASIATIC CHOLERA.

Minnesota was early visited by this scourge of the eastern world. It was brought up the river on the crowded steamers and created the utmost consternation, and even panic. No one on board the Royal Arch, May, 1853, can forget the dreadful scenes upon this boat. The first case occurred at Galena, that of a child, and the next at La Crosse, that of a woman, who was put ashore in a dying condition twenty miles above. From thence to St. Paul the boat was a floating hospital, and thirteen corpses lay under a canvas on the lower deck.

Notwithstanding the ghastly freight carried by the steamer, and its sick and dying passengers in the cabin above, kind hearts sympathized and kind hands were extended to help; and the dead were buried and every thing possible was done for the sick and suffering survivors, many of whom died after being carried ashore at St. Paul. What these good Samaritans did was at the risk of their own lives, and more than one, among them Henry P. Pratt, editor of the St. Paul Minnesotian, sickened and died from infection caught by ministering to the stricken ones.

DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.

The first naturalization papers on record in Minnesota are somewhat unique, and for that reason worthy of preservation, and are herewith presented et literatim:

DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.

TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, ST. CROIX COUNTY.

I, William Willim, an alien by birth, aged twenty-six years, do hereby, upon my oath, make known that I was born in the county of Hereford, in the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the twenty-sixth day of June, A. D. 1821; that I emigrated from the kingdom aforesaid, and landed in New York, in the state of New York, on the first day of October, 1838; that I was at that time a minor aged seventeen years, and that I have since that time resided in the United States of America; that it is my bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States, to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity which I, in anywise, owe to any foreign power, potentate, state or sovereignty whatever, and more particularly all allegiance and fidelity which I, in anywise, owe to Victoria, queen of Great Britain, of whom I have heretofore been a subject, and, further that I do not possess any hereditary title, or belong to any of the order of nobility in the kingdom from whence I came; so help me God.

WILLIAM WILLIM.

Sworn and subscribed to before me on this eighteenth day of June, 1847, in open court.

JOSEPH R. BROWN, Clerk of District Court of St. Croix County, Wisconsin Territory.

Another oath, such as is now administered, to support the constitution of the United States, was signed and attested in like manner.

BURNING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HOTEL.

On a clear, cold night in February, 1869, the International Hotel, located at the corner of Seventh and Jackson streets, took fire and was speedily consumed. The alarm was sounded at two o'clock in the morning. The hotel was crowded with boarders, among whom were many members of the legislature, then in session, and their families. The writer occupied a room on the second floor and was among the first aroused. Hastily seizing my trunk I hurried down stairs and returned to assist others, but was stopped by the smoke at the entrance. The guests of the house were pouring from every outlet. A group of ladies had escaped to the sidewalk, partly clad, some with bare feet. Ladders were placed to the windows to save those who had failed to escape in the hallway. Senators C. A. Gilman and Seagrave Smith, with their wives, were rescued in this manner. Many diverting circumstances occurred illustrative of nonchalance, coolness and daring, as well as of bewilderment and panic.

Senator Armstrong tried in vain to throw his trunk from a window in which it was wedged fast and was obliged to leave it to the flames. Judge Meeker came out of the house carrying his clothing upon his arm, having a shawl wrapped round his head, and bewailing the loss of the maps and charts of Meeker's dam. Seagrave Smith tarried too long searching for a senate bill, and narrowly escaped sharing the fate of the bill. Many of the guests escaped in their night clothing, and carrying their clothing with them completed their toilet standing in the snow in the light of the burning building. Considering the rapidity of the fire, and the hour at which it occurred it seemed marvelous that no lives were lost.

GRASSHOPPERS.

Minnesota has been visited at intervals by that scourge of some of the Western States, grasshoppers. The first visitation was from the Selkirk (now Manitoba) settlement, about 1838-9. The pests are said to have accompanied some of the early immigrants from Selkirk who came down to the reservation about Fort Snelling. They made yearly visitations and threatened to become a serious obstacle to the settlement of the country. Some seasons they proved quite destructive. In 1874-5-6-7 the state legislature made appropriations to relieve those suffering from their ravages in the western and southwestern parts of the State. There were also large private contributions to the relief fund. One of the acts passed at the session of 1877 appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs. Townships and villages were also authorized to levy taxes for the destruction of the common enemy, and $75,000 was appropriated to furnish seed grain for those who had lost their crops, and $5,000 was voted for a common relief fund. Special prayers were offered for an abatement of the scourge. In 1877, when the grasshopper appeared in myriads again, the governor appointed a day of fasting and prayer for riddance from the calamity. From some unknown cause the grasshoppers disappeared, and have not since returned in such numbers as to prove a plague. These grasshoppers were a species known as the Rocky Mountain locusts.

ANCIENT MOUNDS.

The valley of the Mississippi and the valleys of its tributary streams abound with mounds of various sizes and fashions, circular, oval or oblong, serpentine and sometimes irregular in outline, and all works of intelligence and design, wrought by some ancient people for purposes now not fully known. It is probable, however, that some were used as places of defense, others were built for sacrificial or religious purposes, others for sepulture, and others still may be the remains of dwellings. Most of them contain relics, coins or implements made of shells, of flints and in some instances of baked earthenware, and lastly human remains. These relics are not necessarily of cotemporaneous date, and many of them are comparatively modern. Such mounds were used for burial places long after their original builders had passed away.

That they are very ancient is unquestionable. They outdate the traditions of the Indians who inhabited this country at the date of its discovery, while the most ancient remains taken from them indicate as their builders a people widely different from the present aborigines, and possessed of arts unknown to them. Conjecture points to a race from the South, probably the Aztecs, as the mound builders. This race was exterminated in some way, or driven away by some stronger tribes, who may in turn have given place to our present race of Indians. A full description of these ancient works would require volumes; we can therefore allude only to a few that may be considered typical specimens of their class.

At Prairie Village, now Waukesha, Wisconsin, in 1836, the writer saw a mound six feet high, representing a tortoise, the head, feet and tail being still distinctly traceable. Many mounds exist at Prairie du Chien, some quite large, and of varying shape, some representing inclosures or fortifications, with gateways or openings. These are located on the high bluffs east of the Prairie. Many of these, very distinct in the early days, are now almost obliterated by the plowshare of the farmer and the spade of the relic hunter.

The builders of the ancient mounds certainly exercised great taste in their location, as they are generally found in pleasant localities, on grassy plateaus or elevated lands, and by the shores of lakes and streams. Some, originally built on plains, have since been overgrown with trees. In some cases trees of immense size have been found growing even on the summit of the mounds. The most notable mounds of the St. Croix valley are at Vasa village, in Marine township, Washington county, Minnesota, and in the neighborhood of Osceola Mills, Polk county, Wisconsin. We append notes of a survey of the latter, made in 1870. They are sixteen in number and we mention only the most remarkable.

No. 1 is of circular form, 20 feet in height and 60 in diameter. Trees 2 feet in diameter are found on this mound. Mound No. 2 has a diameter of 90 feet, and was originally 30 feet high; at present but 20. This mound is also of circular formation. Mound No. 3 is circular in form, 36 feet in diameter and 2 feet high. Mound No. 4 is circular, 40 feet in diameter and 5 feet high. Mound No. 5 is oblong and 40×60 feet in dimensions, and 4 feet high. The largest and finest of these mounds have been nearly destroyed by the encroachments of the road makers. These mounds are located two miles north of Osceola, on Close creek. Alanson Thompson made a homestead of the land on which they are situated, and built his home immediately in the rear of the two larger mounds. His garden included many of the mounds.

Mr. T. H. Lewis, of St. Paul, made a later survey of these ancient mounds. In the group north of the creek and near the school house, which he classifies as the upper group, he finds ninety-six well developed mounds, and some of them of peculiar shape and great interest. In the group south of the creek, which he calls the lower group, he finds forty-nine mounds, a total of one hundred and forty-five in the two groups; at least five times as many as has been supposed to be there.

But one of the mounds is an effigy mound, and this is not clearly defined, plowing in the field having disturbed the outline of the effigy. The most of them contain bones, as has long been known, and Mr. Lewis finds in them shell relics, which are rarely found in any mounds; also pottery, and beads made from shells.

Another peculiar mound not included in this description may be found on the bluff overlooking the St. Croix, not far from the Close creek series of mounds. It is over one hundred feet in length and serpentine in form, one end being enlarged to represent the head. There are also fine specimens of ancient mounds on Chisago lake, near Centre City and Chisago City.

The subject is a fascinating one to the archaeologist, but it behooves him to make haste with his investigations, as these marvelous works are rapidly disappearing, being dug over by the irresponsible and unscientific relic hunter, or worn down by the plow, or carted away for loose earth to mend a roadway or fill a sinkhole.

LAKE ITASCA.

The Mississippi appropriately takes its name at the outlet of Lake Itasca, its reputed source. This lake, although known to the fur company adventurers of the eighteenth, and the early part of the nineteenth centuries, received the name Itasca in 1832 from Schoolcraft and Boutwell. A complete account of the naming of the lake will be found in the biography of Rev. W. T. Boutwell, attached to the history of Pine county in this work. Itasca lies in range 36, townships 133 and 134, and is about three miles in length by one and one-half in width. Its title to the distinction of being the true source of the Mississippi has been frequently called in question. There are tributary lakes of smaller size lying near it, connected with it by small streams, barely navigable for birch canoes. Elk lake, a body of water three-fourths of a mile in length, lying south, is connected with it by a stream 25 links wide and 30 rods in length. Elk lake has an influent stream 2 miles in length, which drains a swamp lying south.

Another stream from the south, two miles in length, flows into Itasca, and has its source in a lake one-fourth of a mile long. As this lake has not been named in any original or later township map, United States Surveyor Chandler, Chief Clerk B. C. Baldwin and the writer, in January, 1887, agreed to give it the name of Boutwell, in honor of the devoted missionary who visited Itasca in company with Schoolcraft in 1832. This lake is really the source of the Mississippi, though from its small size is not likely to receive general recognition as such. Lakes Itasca, Elk and Boutwell lie in range 36, township 143, west of the 5th principal meridian, United States survey, latitude 47.10, and longitude 95.30 west from Greenwich United States survey. The lands bordering on and adjacent to these lakes were surveyed in October, 1875, by Edwin Hall, and lie in Beltrami county, which was named after an Italian traveler who visited this section in 1823.

Hon. B. C. Baldwin, a member of the Minnesota constitutional convention of 1857, told the writer that when surveying government lands in 1874, he discovered in range 37, township 143, six miles west of Itasca, a lake two and a half miles in length, without inlet or outlet, the waters apparently rising, as trees were standing in the water near the shore and submerged at least eight feet. Small lakes of similar character were also discovered. Twelve miles west of Itasca the tributaries of the Red River of the North have their source.

The latest claim made as to the discovery of the source of the Missispippi is that of Capt. Willard Glazier, who, in 1881, claimed to have discovered Elk lake as the source of the Mississippi. The Minnesota State Historical Society promptly repudiated his assumptions, and protested against affixing to Elk lake the name Glazier, as the captain was in no sense a discoverer, either of the lake or its connections with Itasca, the adjacent lands having been surveyed in 1875, and partially covered with claims in 1881. With far more justice we might claim for Lake Boutwell, a more remote lake, the distinguished honor of being the true source of the Mississippi.

COPPER MINING ON THE ST. CROIX.

As early as 1842, a company, composed of the Harris brothers and others, of Galena, Illinois, prospected in the Upper St. Croix valley for copper. Their superintendent, Mr. Crosby, located a mineral permit at Pine island, one mile above St. Croix Falls, where he found rich specimens. Citizens and operatives at St. Croix Mills gave liberally to aid the enterprise, but Mr. Crosby's health having failed he left expecting to spend the winter in Cuba, but sickened and died at New Orleans, and the mining enterprise of the Galena company was never resumed.

In 1847, a Boston company, composed of Caleb Cushing, Robert Rantoul, Dexter and Harrington, and others, of Boston, and some other capitalists, located a mineral permit one mile square at St. Croix Falls, and another of the same dimensions on the St. Croix and Kettle River rapids. This proved to be a speculative scheme of Boston and Washington capitalists and politicians.

In 1848, David Dale Owen, a prominent geologist, made an exploration of the territory now included in Minnesota and Wisconsin and published a report. His work being done at the order of the government, he was accompanied by a corps of scientific men, and had time and means to make thorough investigations. He reported that the trap rock ranges of the St. Croix, a continuation of the copper ranges of Superior, are rich in specimens of copper. These ranges crop out every few miles in a southwesterly direction from Superior. The most southerly are those known as the Dalles of the St. Croix, including as a part the Franconia ledge three miles below. The Kanabec river range crops out near Chengwatana. The Kettle river range crosses the St. Croix further north.

In 1865 the Minnesota legislature placed the sum of $1,000 in the hands of N. C. D. Taylor for the purpose of examining and reporting the different mineral prospects on the St. Croix and its tributaries. He reported the Kettle river veins as being very promising. Mr. Taylor sunk a shaft in a locality in Taylor's Falls to a depth of forty feet and found excellent indications of copper, and some good specimens. He reports most of the rock in the St. Croix valley above Taylor's Falls to be of the different kinds of trap rock, with belts of conglomerate running through them in a direction from northeast to southwest, the conglomerate being most abundant on the Kettle river. There are limited patches of sandstone which in places contain marine shells, but no rock in place. Prof. Hall says of the Taylor's Falls vein that it is a very distinct vein and shows quite equal to the early showing of many of the best paying mines of Superior. He regards the Kettle river vein as one of the most promising yet found in the country.

Other veins have been discovered in the vicinity of the St. Croix Dalles. Considerable money has been spent in prospecting and development, but more capital is needed than miners have yet been able to obtain.

Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company was organized Dec. 15, 1874, W. H. C. Folsom, president; Geo. W. Seymour, secretary; Levi W. Folsom, treasurer; David A. Caneday, mining agent. They sunk a shaft one hundred and thirty feet deep and found good indications. This mine was worked in 1875-76, at an expenditure of over $5,000. Excellent specimens were found but not in paying quantities. The rock increased in richness as the shaft sunk in depth. The work was suspended for want, of material aid. There is but little doubt that as the valley becomes known and populated, that as wealth increases, the mineral resources of the country are better known, mining will become a prominent and profitable industry.

REMINISCENCES OF REV. JULIUS S. WEBBER.

We reached Stillwater, June 3, 1850, and moved into the Elfelt house on North Hill. The village contained at that time about thirty dwellings, two hotels, three stores, and a number of saloons. Three religious denominations held services each Sabbath, the missionaries in charge alternating through the successive Sabbaths, and supporting in addition a union prayer meeting and Sabbath-school, of which Capt. Wm. Holcomb was the first superintendent. The meetings were held in a school house on Third street.

My appointments outside of Stillwater were at Willow River, Kinnikinic and Prescott, Wisconsin, and at Cottage Grove and Point Douglas in Minnesota. In 1852 Rev. S. T. Catlin was appointed to that part of my field lying east of the St. Croix river, and I formed appointments at Arcola, Marine, Taylor's and St. Croix Falls. We organized a Baptist society at Stillwater, Oct. 26, 1850, consisting of eight members; Rev. J. P. Parsons and wife, Dean A. H. Cavender and wife of St. Paul, J. S. Webber and wife, constituting a council of recognition. Rev. J. P. Parsons preached the sermon of recognition, and J. S. Webber extended the right hand of fellowship. The first baptism by immersion in the county was administered in a large spring just below Nelson's store, Jan. 30, 1853, the waters of the spring being free from ice. The candidate was Margaret Towner, of Pembina. In 1853 I made a tour of the Minnesota valley to Mankato. On the first day, September 23d, I traveled from Fort Snelling to Shakopee and saw not a human habitation nor a human being on the trail. At Shakopee I found a home with Judge Dowling. On the next day I traveled to Le Sueur. On Sabbath morning I preached at Traverse des Sioux, and in the afternoon I went to Mankato, and stopped at the house of Mr. Hannah, where I preached in the evening, to a congregation that had come together hastily from the neighborhood, the first sermon preached in Mankato. On the twenty-sixth I preached the first sermon at Le Seuer, and the first sermon at Shakopee on my return.

In 1854 I opened on the South Hill, known later as Nelson's addition to Stillwater, a school known as Washington Seminary, which received liberal patronage from the citizens of Stillwater and surrounding country. In May, 1855, I sold the school to Mr. Kent, and it passed into the hands of an Episcopal clergyman. I returned to New York where I have since lived, pursuing my calling, which has suffered thus far no interruption from sickness or infirmities.

The remembrance of my association with the people of the St. Croix valley is pleasant. Amongst the most pleasant of my recollections are those of the lumbermen of St. Croix, who often made up a large portion of my congregation. They were kind and courteous, attentive hearers and valued as friends and associates.

AN AMUSING INCIDENT.

An amusing incident occurred in Carver county, in Judge E. O. Hamlin's district (an account of which was published in "The Drawer" of Harper's Monthly, some years after it occurred). Judge Hamlin, going to Chaska to hold his first term of court in Carver county, found the sheriff absent, and his deputy, a foreigner who could speak English very imperfectly, ignorant alike of his duties and of the language in which they were to be performed, confessed his entire ignorance of "how to open court," but said he could read writing. Therefore Judge Hamlin wrote out the form for opening court, and instructed him when the order was given for "the sheriff to open court," to stand up and read distinctly the form prepared for him. This was in the usual terms, beginning "Hear ye, hear ye, all manner of persons having any business," etc., etc., and ending with "come forward and give your attendance, and you shall be heard." At the hour fixed the court room was reasonably well filled. Parties, witnesses and jurors, together with the district attorney (who at that time went with the judge over the whole district) were in attendance. The judge was on the bench, and the deputy sheriff, fully conscious of the dignity of his office, awaited the order of the judge. Upon being told to "make proclamation for the opening of court," this officer arose, and holding the written form before his eyes, roared out in stentorian tones: "Here we are! Here we are!" and running through the remainder of the form closed with "come forward and give your attendance, and you will be sure to be here!" The air of importance with which it was said, together with his self complacency in the discharge of his new duties, was scarcely less amusing than the mistake he had made. Its effect may be better imagined than described.

THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

By an act of the legislature approved May 33, 1857, the "Old Settlers Association" was incorporated with the following charter members: H. H. Sibley, Socrates Nelson, Franklin Steele, A. L. Larpenteur, Wm. Holcombe, Wm. H. Randall, Wm. Hartshorn, Cornelius Lyman, Lorenzo A. Babcock, J. D. Ludden, David Olmsted, H. M. Rice, Alex. Ramsey, Wm. R. Marshall, Jos. R. Brown, Chas. W. Borup, Henry Jackson, Martin McLeod, Norman W. Kittson, Vetal Guerin, J. W. Selby, Aaron Goodrich, and Philander Prescott. These members, with those whom they might associate with them, were duly empowered to buy, sell, hold property, to sue or be sued, to receive donations, to keep a common seal, and to enjoy all the franchises incident to a corporate body.

It was provided that no person should be eligible to a membership who had not been a resident of the Territory prior to Jan. 1, 1850. The seal of the association was devised by Aaron Goodrich. On the two sides of the seal were represented the past and the future. In the background of the side representing the past is delineated a plain; in the distance are seen the last rays of the declining sun; nearer are seen Indian hunters, their lodges, women and children, and a herd of buffalo.

Prominent in the foreground of the side representing the future stands an aged man with silvered hair; he leans upon his staff; he is in the midst of a cemetery; the spire of a church is seen in the distance; as he turns from a survey of the various monuments which mark the resting place of departed old settlers, his eye rests upon a new made grave. It is that of his last associate; he is the last survivor; his companions have fallen asleep. A group of children in the foreground represents the rising generation of Minnesota which shall reap the fruits of the pioneer's toil.

ORGANIZATION.

The first meeting of the Old Settlers Association was held, in pursuance of public notice, at the hall of the Historical Society of Minnesota, in the capitol, in St. Paul, on Saturday, Feb. 27, 1858.

On motion of Judge Goodrich, his excellency Henry H. Sibley was unanimously elected president. Hon. Aaron Goodrich and Hon. L. A. Babcock were unanimously elected vice presidents, A. L. Larpenteur, Esq., secretary, and J. W. Bass, Esq. treasurer. After which Gov. Sibley addressed the meeting in a manner able, pertinent and feeling. Several other members spoke.

On motion a committee of three was appointed by the chair to report by-laws for the government of the association. Also a committee of three to report such measures as shall be deemed best calculated to effectuate the objects of the charter.

The president appointed H. L. Moss, L. A. Babcock and T. R. Potts committee on by-laws, and Aaron Goodrich, B. W. Lott and Chas. S. Cave committee on charter.

Judge Goodrich said this occasion was one of deep and abiding interest to the pioneers of Minnesota; that there were epochs in our history that should be commemorated. He desired that the first day of June be fixed upon as the day for the future meetings of the association; he named this day for the reason that on the first day of June, 1849, the local organization of this Territory took place.

The following resolution was adopted:

Resolved, That the annual meeting of this association be held on the first day of June, providing that when said month shall commence on the Sabbath, said meeting shall be held on the following Monday.

On motion of Judge Goodrich the following preamble and resolution were adopted:

WHEREAS, The object of this association and the individuals composing the same are closely allied to and identified with that of the Historical Society of Minnesota, therefore

Resolved, That up to the period in which this association shall possess a hall in which to meet, its place of meeting shall be the hall of said Historical Society.

As a matter of history we record the names of the members originally and subsequently enrolled.

Ames, Michael E.* Ayer, Frederick.* Abbott, G. S.+ Altenberg, William.* Armstrong, William.+ Atkinson, John W. Anderson, John.+ Arpin, A.* Babcock, Lorenzo A.* Bailly, Alexis.* Bass, Jacob W. Beatty, James. Banfill, John.* Barton, Thomas.* Bazille, Charles.* Becker, George L. Berard, Antoine.+ Bevans, Henry L.* Black, Mahlon. Bautien. V.+ Beaulieu, Clement H. Beau, James.+ Bishop. Thornton. Beaupre, Philip. Blackburn, John T. Burns, Hugh. Berriwick, J.* Blair, O. H.* Boutwell, W. T. Blakeley, Russell. Bolles, Lemuel.* Borup, Chas. W. W.* Bostwiek, Lardner.* Bradley, J.* Brady, Patrick.* Brawley, Daniel J.* Brisette, Edmond.* Bromley, C. B. Brown, Joseph R.* Brown, Wm. R.* Brunson, Benj. W Bryant, Alden.+ Buffit, C.+ Burkelo, Samuel.* Bottineau, Pierre. Bettington, John C.+ Beauchier, Francis.+ Besour, A. C.* Bailly John.+ Boal, James Mc C.* Campbell, George W.* Cavalier, Charles. Cave, Chas. S. Cavender, A. H. Chute, Rirchard. Clewitt, James R.* Colter, William.* Conway, Chas. R. Cooper, David.* Cormack, John.* Cave, William. Culver, George.* Culver, J. B.* Connell, William.+ Cummings, R. W. Curtis, Harley.* Chapman, John J.+ Cloutier, A.+ Colby, Wm. F. Colter, Charles. Carlie, C.* Chase, A. M. Comer, Elias H. Church, Cal.+ Dana, Napoleon, J. T. Day, David. Day, James.* Dayton, Lyman.* Desmarais, Louis. Desnoyers, Stephen.* Dewey, John J. Dibble, William B.* Doe, William E.* Day, Henry T. Day, Leonard P.* Dorr, Caleb D. Dobney, John. Durant, E. W. Day, William P.+ Dudley, John. Davis, Patten W. Dresser, Horace.+ Elfelt, Charles D. Ely, Edmund F.* Ellison, Smith. Eddy, Frank S.* Eldridge, Ariel. Eaton, Alonzo.+ Elfelt, L. C.* Faribault, J. B.* Faribault, Alex.* Farrington, G. W.+ Fisher, Jacob. Forbes, W. H.* Ford, J. A.+ Finch, T. M.+ Findley, S. J.* Foster, A. D.* Foster, Thomas.* Freeborn, William.* French, A. R.* Folsom, S. P. Furber, J. W.* Furber, P. P.* Fuller, A. G.+ Folsom, W. H. C. Fox, Patrick. Fairbanks, John H. Foster, Henry.+ Furber, Theodore. Fisk, Frank. Folsom, Edgar. Folsom, Ward W. Farnham, S. W. Fillmore, R. G. Fisher, John. Finn, William. Farnham, Rufus, Jr. Gammel, Irenus.* Gibbs, H.R. Gilman, David.* Godfrey, Ard. Goodrich, Aaron.* Greely, Elam.* Guerin, Vetal.* Gautier, Napoleon. Guernsey, W.H. Glenn, Samuel.* Getchel, W. W. Gervais, Benjamin. Gardner, Charles R. Gardner, John C.* Gray, Isaac. Guion, Joseph. Hartshorn, W.* Hartshorn, W. E. Hobart, Chancey. Holcombe, William.* Holmes, Thomas.* Hoyt, B. F.* Hoyt, Lorenzo. Hopkins, Daniel.* Hopkins, Peter. Humphrey, J. K. Harris, George. Holton, John.* Houghton, George. Houghton, James. Haskell, Joseph. Hone, David.* Henkly, J. S.+ Hoffman, James.+ Haskill, Hiram.+ Hetherington, Thomas,* Holcombe, W. W. Hill, Lewis. Irvine, J. R.* Irvine, B. F. Jackson, Henry.* Jarvis, W. H.* Johnson, P. K. Johnson, R. W. Jackins, John.* Jackman, H. A. Kellogg, M. N. Kennedy, Robert. Kittson, N. W.* Keogh, James. Knox, M. C. Kent, William. Kattenberg, Henry. Lambert, H. A.* Larpenteur, E. N.* Larpenteur, A. L. Lennon, J. G.* Lennon, J. E. Leavitt, Martin. Lull, C. P. V. Lyman, Cornelius S.* Lott, B. W.* Ludden, J. D. Leonard, C. E. Loomis, D. B. Lowry, S. B.* Lyman, Stoers B. Lyman, David P. McKenny, J. H.* McKenzie, J. G. Masterson, H. F. McKusick, John. McKusick, J. E. Mitchell, J. B. H. Marshall, W. R. McLeod, Martin.* McCleod, Alexander.* McLean, N.* Murphy, Edward.* Meeker, Bradley B.* Murphy, Alfred C.+ McKusick, William. McHattie, Alexander. Manaege, Peter. Mackey, Andrew. McDonald, R.+ Masier, Josiah.* Marks, Isaac.* Moreau, Charles.* Mahoney, Wm.* Mahoney, Jeremiah. Morgan, John.* Moffett, Lot.* Morrison, W. C. Morrison, Allen.* Morton, T. F.* Moss, H. L. Murray, M. P. Murphy, J. W. Myrick, Nathan. McComb, J. D. McKean, Elias. McMullen, James.+ McLean, Henry.+ Masterman, Joseph. Mause, John. Mower, Wm.* Mower, Martin. Mower, John E.* Mosher, Jacob. McHale, M.+ McHattie, John. McLery, Charles.+ Moulton, E. (Jr.)+ McCarty, A.+ Manse, Charles.+ Neill, E. D. Nichols, G. C.* Nelson, Socrates.* Nobles, W. H.* Norris, J. S.* North, J. W. Northrup, Anson. Newbury, H. H. Oakes, C. H.* Oakes, David.* Odel, T. S.* Olmsted, David.* Owens, J. P.* Parker, Rodney.* Perin, Moses. Potts, T. R.* Prescott, Philander.* Presley, Bartley.* Pomeroy, J. H. Proctor, J. S. Pond, G. H. Powers, Simon.* Potter, Colver.+ Perro, Joseph. Parker, L. N. Parsons, Oliver. Quinn, W. B. Quinn, Peter.+ Randall, B. H. Randolph, S. R.* Ramsey, Alexander. Ramsey, J. C.* Ravoux, Auguste. Reed, C. M.* Rice, H. M. Rice, Edmund. Robertson, Andrew.* Rice, C. R.* Robert, Louis.* Robert, Joseph.* Richardson, R. M. Rollins, John.* Rose, Isaac.* Russell, R. P. Russell, Jeremiah.* Riggs, S. R.* Robert, Alexis.+ Roy, Peter.* Russell, William. Rohrer, Daniel. Robert, Nelson. Rogers, John. Ramsden, Thomas. Rutherford, Wm.* Rogers, Richard.+ Rutherford, James.* Selby, J. W.* Simons, Orlando. Simpson, J. W.* Simpson, Robert. Shaffer, C. E. Shearer, A. L.* Sherman, M. Spencer, J. B. Spicer, Nathan.+ Shelley, E. Y. Steele, Franklin.* Spencer, John H.+ Sawyer, Seth M.* Spates, Samuel.+ Somerville, John.+ Stevens, J. H. Stone, Lewis.* Sturgis, W.* Sweet, G. W. Setzer, H. N. Stanchfield, Sam.* Sibley, H. H. Stinson, C. F.+ Santel, A.+ Staples, Josiah.+ Shamley, John+ Sanford, H. S.+ Shearer, James. Stratton, L. W.* Scott, C. P.+ Short, A. J. Shoasby, John.* Stiles, W. L.+ Taylor, J. L. Taylor, Jesse W.* Taylor, N. C. D.* Terry, J. C. Tinker, W. H. Thompson, James (colored).* Trask, Sylvanus. Trower, John.+ Thompson, G. W.* Terry, Robert.* Van Voorhes A.* Villaume, Thomas.* Von Tassel, William.* Walker, Orange.* Whitaker, E. H. Whitney, J. C. Wilkinson, M. S. Wilkin, Alex.* Wells, James.* Wilson, Harvey.* Woodbury, Warren.* Willoughby, A.* Wright, Thomas.+ Williamson, T. S.* Willim, William. Wilmarth, Alvin M. Wallis, John.+ Worthingham, Wm.+ White, Asa.* Westing, Henry.* Welshance, M.* Williams, D. D.* Whalen, Patrick.* Yorks, J. C.

OBJECTS AND ORGANIZATION.

The society was organized in 1849 by a few of the pioneers of the Territory, and incorporated by an act of the first territorial legislature, approved Oct. 20, 1849, this being the first literary institution organized in the Territory; and its "library," then only a few volumes, was the first ever established in Minnesota. The original charter of the society stated its objects to be: "The collection and preservation of a library, mineralogical and geological specimens, Indian curiosities, and other matters and things connected with, and calculated to illustrate and perpetuate the history and settlement of said Territory." The amended charter of 1856 enacted: "The objects of said society, with the enlarged powers and duties herein provided, shall be in addition to the collection and preservation of publications, manuscripts, antiquities, curiosities, and other things pertaining to the social, political and natural history of Minnesota, to cultivate among the citizens thereof a knowledge of the useful and liberal arts, science and literature."

The work of this society may therefore be formulated thus:

I. (1) The collection, (2) the preservation, (3) the publication of materials for the history of Minnesota and its people.

II. The collection and management of a library containing useful works of reference on the most valuable departments of knowledge.

III. The diffusion among citizens of the State of useful knowledge.

ITS PROGRESS.

In the early days of the Territory, owing to its want of means, the sparse population and its poverty, and the infancy of the commonwealth generally, the society accomplished but little beyond collecting some information regarding the early history of this region, and printing the same in several pamphlet volumes. In 1864 it had only eight hundred and forty volumes in its library. It was then reorganized, and with the aid of a small annual appropriation from the State, since enlarged, has been able to make very gratifying progress.

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

It has now comfortable apartments in the state capitol, a building believed to be fireproof; a sufficient income to pay its current expenses, granted partly by the State and partly contributed by its members; one of the largest and most valuable libraries in the State, containing 22,000 volumes of choice works, together with a cabinet or museum of historical and archælogical curiosities, and a number of historical pictures, engravings, manuscripts, etc. An endowment fund of several thousand dollars, accumulated by gifts and membership fees; two lots, eligibly situated, on which at no distant day, will be erected a fireproof building.

PROPOSED BUILDING FOR THE SOCIETY.

Reference was made before to the building lots of the society. These were purchased by a subscription of the members in 1855, for the sum of $1,500, in hopes that the society would be enabled to erect thereon a fireproof building for its use, but up to this time it has not been able to do so. The lots are now valued at $20,000 or more. Several months ago an effort was made by the president of the society to raise enough by subscription to insure the commencement of a building to cost, completed, $50,000; of this amount $14,500 was subscribed, and it is believed that there are liberal and public spirited citizens of our State who will contribute the balance when called on, or provide, by will, for bequests in its aid. Such an edifice would be a perpetual monument to their generosity and public spirit, and would be an inestimable boon to succeeding generations, who will frequent our library in pursuit of knowledge.

PRESIDENTS OF THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

1858. Henry H. Sibley. 1859. Socrates Nelson. 1860. J. E. McKusick. 1861. Wm. H. Nobles. 1862. Dr. T. R. Potts. 1863. Frank Steele. 1864. R. M. Richardson. 1865. John D. Ludden. 1866. Socrates Nelson. 1867. Abram Van Voorhes. 1868. Henry H. Sibley. 1869. Nathaniel McLean. 1870. Bartlett Presley. 1871. John H. Stevens. 1872. George L. Becker. 1873. David B. Loomis. 1874. Henry M. Rice. 1875. Alex. Ramsey. 1876. Norman W. Kittson. 1877. Charles H. Oakes. 1878. Mahlon Black. 1879. Charles E. Leonard. 1880. Benj. H. Randall. 1881. S. P. Folsom. 1882. Jacob W. Bass. 1883. Benj. W. Brunson. 1884. Clement H. Beaulieu. 1885. Henry L. Moss. 1886. R. W. Johnson. 1887. Anson Northrup. 1888. David Day.

Judge Goodrich was secretary of the Old Settlers Association from 1859 until his death, in 1887.

THE ST. CROIX VALLEY OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

This association was organized Nov. 5, 1875, at the office of Durant & Wheeler, in the city of Stillwater. Charles E. Leonard was elected president, and David B. Loomis, secretary. The latter has been re-elected and served continuously to the present time. It is a requisite that members shall have been residents in the Northwest prior to 1850.

The following have been presidents of the association, the term of service being limited to one year:

1875. D. B. Loomis. 1876. Christopher Carli. 1877. W. T. Boutwell. 1878. John D. Ludden. 1879. Henry L. Moss. 1880. Wm. R. Marshall. 1881. Daniel Mears. 1882. Henry A. Jackman. 1883. W. H. C. Folsom. 1884. Edward W. Durant. 1885. Albert Stimson. 1886. Henry N. Setzer. 1887. Morton S. Wilkinson.

The annual meetings are held on or about the middle of September, at Stillwater.

NEWSPAPER HISTORY IN RAMSEY COUNTY.

The St. Paul Weekly Pioneer, established by James M. Goodhue as the Minnesota Pioneer, issued its first number April 28, 1849, one day later than the St. Paul Register, but, unlike that paper, it was printed in the place of publication. In March, 1854, Earl S. Goodrich purchased the Pioneer, and on May 1st issued the first number of the Daily Pioneer. On Oct. 31, 1855, the Democrat was merged in the Pioneer, which became the Pioneer and Democrat, which name it continued to bear for six years, when it resumed its former name, the Pioneer. Nov. 8, 1865, the Pioneer was sold to H. P. Hall and John X. Davidson. July 29, 1866, the Pioneer was sold to Capt. H. L. Carver, C. W. Nash and others. April 22, 1874, the Pioneer became the property of David Blakely. April 11, 1875, the Pioneer and Press consolidated, and the name was changed to St. Paul Pioneer Press, under the management of the Pioneer Press Company, with J. A. Wheelock editor-in-chief. The Pioneer Press now embodies, by consolidation, twenty-five distinct newspapers. Its daily issue is about 18,000 copies. The stock company is now officered by J. A. Wheelock, president; F. Driscoll, Sr., vice president and treasurer; F. Driscoll, Jr., secretary. The management is in the hands of J. A. Wheelock, editor-in-chief; F. A. Carle, managing editor; F. Driscoll, business manager; A. W. Dunn, city editor.

The St. Paul Globe was established Jan. 15, 1878, by H. P. Hall, and conducted as an individual enterprise until July 1, 1881, when it was made into a stock company with a capital of $150,000. Its first officers were: President, H. H. Sibley; vice president, P. H. Kelly; treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary, Ansel Oppenheim; general manager, H. P. Hall. This company, which was called the St. Paul Globe Printing Company, was sold to a new company, styled the St. Paul Globe Publishing Company, Feb. 1, 1885. The first officers of that company were: President, N. W. Kittson; vice president, P. H. Kelly; treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary and general manager, Lewis Baker. All the officers of each company were resident in St. Paul. The Globe publishes daily and weekly editions.

The St. Paul Dispatch was founded by H. P. Hall and David Ramaley, Feb. 29, 1868. It has passed through many ownerships. The company publish a weekly and evening daily paper.

The St. Paul Daily Times was established in 1854, by T. M. Newson, M. J. Clum and J. B. H. Mitchell. In 1869 it was merged into the St. Paul Press.

The Register, Chronicle and Democrat were published in territorial days, and have been discontinued.

Die Volkszeitung, the first German paper of St. Paul, was established in 1857. Another German paper was subsequently established, and the two were consolidated, Sept. 6, 1877, as Die Volkszeitung. It issues daily and weekly editions. Chas. H. Lineau is general manager, A. Wolff, editor-in-chief; C. Newhausen, city editor, and Louis Hern, literary editor.

The Northwest Magazine is a monthly journal, devoted to the interests of the Northwest. It was established in 1883. E. V. Smalley is the editor.

OTHER ST. PAUL PUBLICATIONS.

A. O. U. W. Guide, weekly Guide Publishing Company, established 1883.

Pythian Advocate, monthly, Pythian Company, established 1884.

Northwestern Chronicle, weekly (Catholic), Northwestern Publishing Company, established 1866.

Herald, weekly, Chantler & Nichols, established 1883.

Der Wanderer (German), weekly, Wanderer Publishing Company, established 1867.

Familien Zeitung (German), weekly, Engel-Dreis Company, established 1885.

Le Canadien (French), weekly, E. R. Dufresne, L. N. Dixon, established 1877.

Nordvesten (Scandinavian), weekly, C. H. Brandt, established 1880.

Skaffaren (Swedish Lutheran), weekly, J. E. Osborn, established 1877.

Northwestern Lancet, semi-monthly, C. B. Witherle, established 1882.

Northwest Reporter (legal), weekly, West Publishing Company, established 1881.

Saturday Evening News, weekly, Lewis & Bole, established 1883.

Western Appeal, weekly, F. D. Parker, established 1885.

Home Gazette, monthly, S. Sherin, established 1883.

St. Paul Daily Evening News, established 1888.

St. Paul Labor Echo, Eric Olson, established 1884.

White Bear Lake Breeze, A. H. S. Perkins, established 1879.

HENNEPIN COUNTY.

The first paper established in Hennepin county as now bounded was the St. Anthony Express, E. Tyler, publisher, Isaac Atwater, editor. The first number was issued May 31, 1857. The Minneapolis Democrat was established in 1854. Neither of these papers is to be found in the directory.

PAPERS OF MINNEAPOLIS.

Evening Journal, daily, D. B. Blakely, established 1887.

Evening Mercury, daily, E. Ferwald, established 1885.

Minneapolis Gazette, daily, W. Bickley, established 1870.

Minneapolis Tribune, daily, Will E. Haskell, Tribune Publishing Company, established 1867.

Commercial Bulletin, weekly, Commercial Publishing Company, established 1883.

Minneapolis Life, weekly, W. E. Atkins, established in 1885.

Saturday Evening Spectator, weekly, C. H. Dubois, established 1879.

Temperance Review, weekly, L. Bixby, established 1865.

Budstikken (Norwegian), Johann E. Gidde, established 1873.

Folkebladt (Norwegian), weekly, Folkebladt Publishing Company, established 1878.

Svenska Posten (Swedish), weekly, Svenska-American Publishing Company, established 1885.

Svenska Tidning (Swedish), weekly, Svenska Publishing Company, established 1883.

Svenska Kistna Herolden, weekly, Svenska Herolden Publishing Company, established 1885.

Herold (German), weekly, German Press Association, established 1884.

Freie Presse (German), weekly, F. Doerr, established 1869.

Le Progres (French), weekly, J. B. A. Paradis, established 1884.

Echo De L'Ouest (French), weekly, A. F. Carrier, established 1883.

Free Baptist, weekly, A. A. Smith, established 1882.

Northwestern Standard, weekly, Ed. O'Brien, established 1885.

Northwestern Presbyterian, weekly, Edgar A. Gay, established 1884.

Our Church (Unitarian), semi-monthly, Rev. L. D. Boynton, established 1885.

Farm, Stock and Home Journal, monthly, Farm, Stock and Home Company, established 1884.

Mississippi Valley Lumberman, weekly, Platt B. Walker, established 1876.

Northwestern Miller, weekly, C. M. Palmer, established 1873.

Northwestern Trade, bi-weekly, E. E. Haynes, established 1883.

Homestead, monthly, Homestead Publishing Company, established 1885.

Housekeeper, monthly, Buckeye Publishing Company, established 1878.

Medical Mirror, monthly, N. M. Cook, M.D., established 1881.

Northwestern Architect, monthly, Bruce & Brundage, established 1884.

Pilgrim (Congregational), monthly, Pilgrim Publishing Company, established 1881.

Poultry and Farm Journal, monthly, I. I. Bachellor, established 1877.

Real Estate Review, monthly, C. H. Dubois & Co., established 1883.

Temperance Educator, monthly, L. Bigby, established 1882.

To-Day (Evangelical), Geo. F. Wells, A. S. Edwards, established 1880.

Wood and Iron, monthly, Wood and Iron Publishing Company, established 1880.

Methodist Herald, weekly, R. H. Young, established 1887.

EXCELSIOR.

Minnetonka Mirror, weekly, W. H. Mitchell, established 1885.

Northwestern Tourist, weekly, A. S. Dimond & Son, established 1876.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

The first newspaper published in Washington county was the St. Croix Union, established Oct. 8, 1854, in Stillwater. It was continued under the management of Cable & Easton one year, when F. S. Cable sold out to Milton H. Abbott. Soon after Mr. Abbott bought out the interest of M. S. Easton. The paper went down in the crash of 1857.

The Stillwater Messenger made its appearance under the management of A. T. Van Voorhes, Sept. 11, 1856. It changed ownership several times, and in 1871 Seward & Taylor, the present owners, came into possession.

The Stillwater Democrat succeeded the defunct Union in 1858. L. F. Spaulding and C. P. Lane became the editors and proprietors. It was discontinued in 1861.

A. B. Easton and J. N. Castle established the Stillwater Gazette, the first number appearing Aug. 6, 1870. This paper was successful from the first, and with but few changes in proprietorship is published at the present day as a daily and weekly by Clewell & Easton.

The Stillwater Lumberman was established April 9, 1875, by Ed. H. Folsom. It afterward passed into the hands of a stock company, and was discontinued in 1884.

The Stillwater Post, a German paper, was established by W. P. Shilling & Co. Aug. 26, 1876. Two years later it passed into the hands of Wm. Schermuly, and in 1880 it was taken charge of by Julius Duel, who is succeeded by F. C. Neumeier.

CHISAGO COUNTY.

Taylor's Falls Reporter, F. H. Pratt, established February, 1860; in 1862 the name was changed to Taylor's Falls Monitor; in 1883 the name was again changed to Taylor's Falls Journal; present editor, Ed. H. Folsom.

Rush City Pos., Hial P. Robie, established in 1875.

Chisago County Times, Taylor's Falls, Rowe & Walker, established April 19, 1888.

PINE COUNTY--PINE CITY.

Pine County Pioneer, weekly, Ed. C. Gottry, established 1885.

CARLTON COUNTY--CLOQUET.

Pine Knot, weekly, Dr. H. B. Allen, established 1884.

Industrial Vidette, established 1887.

ST. LOUIS COUNTY--DULUTH.

Tribune, weekly and daily, R. C. Mitchell, established 1881.

Lake Superior News, weekly, Wm. S. Woodbridge, established 1878.

Duluth Daily News, established 1885.

Duluth Skandinav, Wesenbergad Hurst, established 1887.

Paragrapher, established 1887.

Volksfreund, Dworsehak & Son, established 1886.

Evening Journal, established 1887.

TOWER.

Tower Press, C. T. Bingham, established 1885.

TWO HARBORS.

Iron Post, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1887.

AITKIN COUNTY--AITKIN.

Aitkin Age, weekly, E. F. Barrett, established 1883.

CROW WING COUNTY--BRAINERD.

Brainerd Dispatch, weekly, Ingersoll & Willard, established 1881.

Brainerd Journal, weekly, H. C. Stivers, established 1882.

Northwestern Tribune, weekly, Halsted & Pennell, 1872.

The News, daily, established 1887.

KANABEC COUNTY--MORA.

Mora Times, weekly, R. W. Safford, established 1882.

MILLE LACS COUNTY--PRINCETON.

Princeton Union, weekly, R. C. Dunn, established 1876.

MORRISON COUNTY--LITTLE FALLS.

Little Falls Sun, weekly, Little Falls Publishing Company, Cyrus D. Auyer, editor, established 1882.

Little Falls Transcript, weekly, W. M. Fuller, established 1877.

Morrison County Democrat, weekly, Cyrus D. Auyer, established 1886.

ROYALTON.

Royalton Record, weekly, changed name to Royalton Banner, A. W. Swanson, editor, established 1884.

The first newspaper in Morrison county was the Northern Herald, established in Little Falls, 1856, suspended in 1858. The Little Falls Courier was established later, but discontinued and the Transcript took its place.

STEARNS COUNTY--MELROSE AND SAUK CENTRE.

Herald and Record, weekly, C. F. Hendryx, established 1867.

SAUK CENTRE.

Democrat, weekly, Barnum and Henshaw, established 1885.

Tribune, weekly, W. C. Brower, established 1873.

ST. CLOUD.

Der Nordstern (German), weekly, Rosenberger & Remer, established 1874.

Journal-Press, weekly; W. Mitchell, established 1857.

Times, weekly, C. F. MeDonald, established 1861.

The first paper in St. Cloud, and in Stearns county, was styled the Minnesota Advertiser. The first number appeared Jan. 1, 1857, H. Cowles, editor, and James Mowatt, publisher. Mrs. Jane G. Swisshelm succeeded to the proprietorship in December, 1857, and changed the name to the St. Cloud Visitor, and edited it till the destruction of her press and material by a mob, March 24, 1858. The paper reappeared under new auspices and with the name changed to the Democrat. In 1866 W. B. Mitchell changed the name to the Journal. In 1876 he purchased the Press and consolidated it under the name of Journal-Press.

The St. Cloud Union was established in 1861, by C. C. Andrews, afterward a general in the Union Army and minister to Sweden and Norway. In 1862 Mr. Wood purchased the paper, but sold it in 1863 to Spafford & Simonton, who sold it in 1864 to R. C. Moore, who published it as the St. Cloud Times. In 1875 it was purchased by the present owner, C. F. McDonald.

The Nordstern was originally established by Peter E. Kaiser and Peter Brieke and has now a circulation of 25,000 copies.

SHERBURNE COUNTY--ELK RIVER.

Sherburne County Star News, weekly, A. N. Dare, established 1875.

A. J. Clark started the Sherburne Weekly in 1867, and published it one year, when John W. Thompson started the Elk River News. The Sherburne County Star was established in 1875, and consolidated with the News in 1861.

ISANTI COUNTY--CAMBRIDGE.

Isanti County Press, weekly, C. W. Van Wormer, established 1874.

BENTON COUNTY.

Watab Reveille, weekly, J. W. Chasanack, editor, established 1850.

Free Press, weekly, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1885.

In 1854 Jeremiah Russell and George W. Benedict started the Sauk Rapids Frontiersman, and continued the publication three years, when the New Era made its appearance, published by W. H. Wood assisted by G. W. Benedict. The Era was afterward merged in the St. Cloud Times. In 1868 G. W. Benedict established the Sauk River Sentinel which, with a few changes, has continued to the present time.

ANOKA COUNTY--ANOKA.

Anoka County Union, weekly, Granville S. Pease, established 1865.

Anoka County Herald, weekly, Alvah Eastman, established. 1865.

DAKOTA COUNTY--FARMINGTON.

Dakota County Tribune, weekly, C. P. Carpenter, established 1884.

Hastings News, daily, D. F. Chamberlain, established 1881.

Hastings Banner, weekly, E. D. Barker, established 1865.

Hastings Gazette, weekly, Irving Todd, established 1857.

Hastings Bugle Call, monthly, Chamberlain & Smith, established 1886.

GOODHUE COUNTY--CANNON RIVER FALLS.

Beacon, weekly, S. S. Lewis, established 1876.

KENYON.

Leader, weekly, U. Curtis, established 1885.

PINE ISLAND.

Journal, weekly, Holmes & Ingalls, established 1882.

RED WING.

Red Wing Republican, daily, Red Wing Publishing Company, established 1885.

Red Wing Advance Sun, weekly, Red Wing Publishing Company, established 1884.

Red Wing Argus, weekly, C. L. Davis, established 1864.

ZUMBROTA.

Independent, weekly, E. A. Mitchell, established 1875.

News, weekly, Thompson & Bradford, established 1877.

WABASHA COUNTY--MAZEPPA.

Tribune, weekly, M. Schrane, established 1877.

PLAINVIEW.

News, weekly, Ed. A. Paradis, established 1874.

Wabasha County Herald, weekly, O. F. Collier &.Co., established 1857.

Wabasha County Post, weekly, John P. W. Weller, established 1885.

WINONA COUNTY--ST. CHARLES.

St. Charles Union, weekly, J. S. Whitten, established 1877.

Winona Republican, daily and weekly, Sinclair Publishing Company, established 1855.

Adler, weekly, Adler Publishing Company, established 1873.

Herald, weekly, Boynton & Metcalf, established 1869.

Westlicher Herald, weekly, Joseph Leicht, established 1881.

Wiarus (Polish), weekly, Wiarus Publishing Company, established 1885.

NEWSPAPERS IN WISCONSIN.

PIERCE COUNTY--ELLSWORTH.

Pierce County Herald, weekly, Case & Doolittle, established 1868.

Ariel, weekly, John M. Pryse, established 1884.

Pierce County Plaindealer, weekly, E. H. Ives, established 1874.

RIVER FALLS.

Journal, weekly, S. B. Merrick. W. S. Fowler, established 1874.

The first paper named in Prescott was the Paraclete, published by C. E. Young, Feb. 14, 1854. The name was changed in 1855 to the Transcript. In 1857 the Northwestern Democrat was issued by Lusk, Wise & Bailey. In 1861 Lute A. Taylor moved the River Falls Journal to Prescott, changing the name to Prescott Journal. In 1868 Flint & Webber purchased the Journal. In 1872, after the fire, the River Falls Journal was revived at River Falls by A. Morse; the office and material were burned. In 1873 M. B. Kimball issued the Prescott Clarion and changed the name to Pierce County Plaindealer. In 1876 E. H. Ives became editor and proprietor.

ST. CROIX COUNTY--BALDWIN.

Bulletin, weekly, Ferd. Peachman, established 1879.

HAMMOND.

Hammond Review, weekly, ---- Frost, established 1886.

HUDSON.

Star and Times, weekly, Taylor & Price, established 1855.

True Republican, weekly, Cline & Cogswell, established 1871.

NEW RICHMOND.

St. Croix Republican, weekly, Abe C. Van Meter, established 1869.

The Voice, weekly, E. P. Huntington, established 1886.

The St. Croix Banner, the first paper in the St. Croix valley, was issued Jan. 20, 1850, by Col. and Mrs. James Hughes. It was printed in the Pioneer office, St. Paul. Saxton & Johnson in the same year commenced publishing the St. Croix Enquirer. These papers were short-lived. In 1853 U. B. Shaver started the Hudson Journal, afterward edited by Col. Hughes as the Hudson Republican. The office was destroyed by fire and the paper discontinued in 1854. The Star was established by Dr. Otis Hoyt in 1855, and in the same year U. B. Shaver established the Chronicle. In 1860 these two papers were purchased by Horace A. Taylor, and consolidated as the Star and Times.

In 1856 Col. Hughes issued the Shield and Banner, which was succeeded by a campaign paper called the Pathfinder. The Hudson Democrat was established in 1864 by E. O. Jones and discontinued in 1875. The True Republican was established by M. A. Fulton in 1875, and sold to the present owners in 1886.

POLK COUNTY--CLEAR LAKE.

Clear Lake Herald, weekly, A. T. Churchill, established 1884.

North Wisconsin News, weekly, Johnson E. Russell.

OSCEOLA MILLS.

Polk County Press, weekly, Charles E. Mears, established 1860.

ST. CROIX FALLS.

St. Croix Valley Standard, weekly, George F. Ely, established 1885.

The St. Croixian was first established at St. Croix in 1860 by John D. Reymert and Junius Bartlett. S. S. Fifield bought the paper in 1861, and removed it to Osceola, changing the name to Polk County Press. In 1872 C. F. Meara succeeded to the ownership. In 1874 C. C. Jordan established the New Era at Osceola, but soon discontinued it. The Dalles of the St. Croix was established at St. Croix Falls in 1881 by D. A. Caneday, and discontinued in 1884. The Polk County News was established at St. Croix Falls in 1885 by George H. Ely, who was succeeded by L. A. Ingersoll, who changed the name to St. Croix Valley Standard.

BARRON COUNTY--BARRON.

Barron County Shield, weekly, Charles S. Taylor, established 1876.

CHETEK.

Alert, weekly, Walter Speed, established 1882.

CUMBERLAND.

Advocate, weekly, Cumberland Publishing Company, established 1885.

RICE LAKE.

Barron County Chronotype, weekly, P. H. Swift, editor, established 1874.

Times, weekly, Times Publishing Company, established 1883.

SAWYER COUNTY--HAYWOOD.

North Wisconsin News, weekly, E. O. Johnson, established 1878.

BURNETT COUNTY--GRANTSBURG.

Burnett County Sentinel, weekly, W. A. Talboy, established 1875.

ASHLAND COUNTY--ASHLAND.

Ashland Press, weekly and daily, Sam S. Fifield, established 1872.

Ashland News, weekly, John S. Saul, established 1885.

GLIDDEN.

Glidden Pioneer, weekly, R. M. Williams, F. A. Healy, established 1884.

HURLEY.

Montreal River Miner, weekly, Gowdey & Goodale, established 1885.

BAYFIELD COUNTY--BAYFIELD.

Bayfield Press, weekly, Currie G. Bell, established 1868.

WASHBURN.

Washburn Bee, weekly, Allan T. Williams, established 1885.

Itemizer, weekly, Bareger Brothers, established 1884.

DOUGLAS COUNTY--SUPERIOR.

Superior Chronicle, John C. Wise, established 185-.

Superior Times, Bardon Brothers, established 1870.

Inter Ocean, weekly and daily, Street & Co., established 1881.

Superior Sentinel, M. B. Kimball, established 1888.

Sunday Morning Call, established 1887.

WASHBURN COUNTY.

Shell Lake Watchman, William Irle, established 1882.

AN ODD CHAPTER IN POLITICAL HISTORY--THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

Gen. Winfield Scott, when a young man, was stationed at Fort Snelling, at that day perhaps the remotest outpost of the United States. When the Black Hawk War was inaugurated some militia from Illinois proffered their services to aid in conquering the savages. With a view to mustering them into the service of the United States two lieutenants were sent by Scott to the then village of Dixon. One of these was a very fascinating, good-looking, easy-mannered, affable, and fluent young gentleman. The other equally pleasant, but an exceedingly modest young man. On the morning when the mustering in was to take place a tall, gawky, slab-sided, homely young man, dressed in a suit of home-made blue jeans, presented himself to the two lieutenants as the captain of the recruits, and was duly sworn in. This was he who afterward became the president of the United States--the lamented Lincoln. One of the lieutenants, the modest youth, was he who fired the first gun from Sumter, Maj. Anderson. The other, and he who administered the oath, was in after years president of the southern confederacy, Jefferson Davis.

AN EARLY RUNAWAY MATCH.

We have gleaned from the newspapers the particulars of a love romance in which Jefferson Davis was the central figure.

It was down at old Fort Crawford, whose ruins are still to be seen just south of Prairie du Chien. It was away back in 1834, when ex-President Zachariah Taylor, then a colonel in the regular army, was commandant of the post. Jeff. Davis, who was then a young lieutenant, was assigned to duty under Col. Taylor, and fell in love with his commander's beautiful daughter. The love making between the young people was the most natural thing in the world under the circumstances, but for some reason Col. Taylor had taken the most intense dislike to the young lieutenant and frowned upon his suit. In order to prevent his daughter from marrying Davis the grim old warrior sent her to a convent at Baton Rouge.

Some months afterward the young lieutenant appeared before Col. Taylor with a document which required his signature. It was an order from Gen. Wayne granting a furlough to Davis. Old Zach. understood human nature well enough to know that when young Davis got his leave of absence he would take a bee line for Baton Rouge, so he immediately dispatched his swiftest messenger to bring his daughter home by the most circuitous route, and thus thwart the young officer, who he knew would be hurrying to meet her. When Davis returned to Fort Crawford the coldness between himself and his old commander grew more frigid, while the young woman pined away in the seclusion of a log hut, where her father had established his headquarters, until at last she was released from her imprisonment by her lover, who took her from her father's roof by stealth and in the night, and taking her across the river to a spot where a priest was in waiting, they were made man and wife.

George Green, an old river man, now eighty years old, who still lives at Prairie du Chien, is the person who rowed them over the river that night. He says that Davis took the young woman from an upper window in the log cabin and by the assistance of the chaplain was able to get her beyond the picket lines unobserved. Green was at the river bank in waiting with a canoe and took them to the spot where the marriage ceremony was performed. He says the young lady cried a good deal during the voyage across the river, but she leaned her head on the young lieutenant's bosom in a way that assured him that she was not altogether unhappy. Soon after the marriage a steamboat from St. Paul came down the river and by a preconcerted arrangement halted, took the bridal couple on board and passed on down the Mississippi to Jeff. Davis' home in the South.

Gen. Taylor never did forgive Davis for marrying his daughter. He never spoke to him from that time until the evening after the close of the battle of Buena Vista. Jeff. Davis had undoubtedly won the battle with his Mississippi Rifles, and as he lay wounded in his tent that night Gen. Taylor walked in, extended his hand in friendly greeting and thanked him for his gallant services. But there was no further attempt at reconciliation after that. Mrs. Davis did not live long, and the lady who now presides over Beauvoir is Mr. Davis' second wife. She was a Miss Howell, of Georgia.

DRED SCOTT AT FORT SNELLING.

The following incident connected with the famous Dred Scott case, taken from a St. Paul paper of 1887, may prove of interest to the present generation of readers, few of whom are aware that the principal personage in the case was a resident of Fort Snelling, or more exactly speaking, the chattel of an American officer at that place:

In the year 1839 the Fifth United States Infantry was stationed on the Upper Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, and, although Fort Crawford (Prarie du Chien) was their headquarters, Fort Snelling was the most important, it being the only military post north of Prairie du Chien, between Lake Superior and the Pacific ocean, and far from the frontier, as the nearest settlement was several hundred miles away.

During the season of open water the post was reached by boats, and in the winter by pony or dog trains, but in the spring before the river was free of floating ice and in the fall before it was frozen, the inhabitants were almost cut off from civilization, as the place was considered inaccessible, by all but the hardy voyageur and the postman, who brought the mail on his back twice a month from Prairie du Chien. Fort Snelling was the only post office in what is now Minnesota, Dakota and Montana.

It was seldom that a stranger made his appearance after the close of navigation, for the timid did not venture so far from the comforts of life. During the winter the weather was severe, the houses were not so comfortable as now, storm windows and furnaces were unthought of, and stoves were considered luxuries.

It happened that on a cold, dreary day in the early winter the quartermaster was distributing stoves, but did not have more than enough to supply the officers and the married men of the command, and not all of the latter. The surgeon, Dr. Emerson, a giant in body, applied for one for his slave, Dred Scott, but was told by Lieut. McPhail, the quartermaster, who was a man under size, that the darkey would have to wait until the others were supplied, and it was doubtful if there were enough for all. The doctor became very much excited and insinuated that McPhail was lying, whereupon the latter hit the doctor between the eyes, breaking his spectacles and bruising his nose. Emerson, very much infuriated, rushed to his quarters, loaded a pair of huge flintlock pistols, returned to McPhail, who was unarmed, and without ceremony presented them to the head of the little quartermaster. He, not liking their looks, sought safety in flight, and with a speed that showed a good condition of body ran across the parade ground, followed by the doctor. As they neared McPhail's company quarters a friend of his, Lieut. Whitall, and a sergeant, seized firearms and prepared to give their assistance if it was needed. The commanding officer, Maj. Plympton, armed with a cane, ran after the doctor, and upon overtaking him put him under arrest. By this time the occupants of all the quarters had gathered upon the scene, too excited to feel the cold or think of stoves, and two parties were quickly formed. The smaller party consisted of the young men, who, anxious for a fight, insisted that by running McPhail had brought disgrace upon himself which could be wiped out only by blood. The other and influential side was composed of men with families, who knew that in case of illness no other physician could be had except from Prairie du Chien, and the roads were such that it might be impossible to get one at all; therefore they urged peace, and after several days of excitement they were able to unfurl the flag of triumph.

The terms of settlement between the belligerents were not made known, and those who had hoped for a fight felt that the secrecy added largely to their already heavy disappointment; but the men of peace wore an expression of relief when they realized that if ill, their victory would enable them to obtain the immediate services of the doctor, and that there would not be a repetition of the duel which had been fought there many years before, the first and last duel ever fought in Minnesota. Although peace was declared, bitter feelings which had risen during the strife still lingered in the heads of all but Dred Scott, the innocent cause of the trouble, who for the first time in his life became at all conspicuous. Shortly after, however, his name was as well known, and oftener heard in social, military and political circles than any other, not only in his own country, but abroad. He left Fort Snelling with Dr. Emerson, and was afterward in Missouri, where he was one day whipped, as he had often been before. But this proved to be the last time the poor fellow intended submitting as a slave, for immediately after a suit was commenced for assault and battery, claiming that as he had been in a free territory he was a free man. His master dying, his widow and daughter defended the suit, which was decided in their favor two days after the inauguration of President Buchanan, and Dred Scott was remanded to slavery. This was considered a great victory for the South, but in reality was not, for the civilized world became aroused in behalf of freedom, and public opinion, the higher law, was invoked. Civil war soon followed; slavery was abolished, and Dred Scott made free. It was half a century ago that this simple-minded negro lived in slavery in Hennepin, the historic county of Minnesota.

OLD BETZ AND THE ST. PAUL TRIBE OF INDIANS.

No history of the early days would be complete without mention of the celebrated and picturesquely homely squaw known as Old Betz and the tribe to which she belonged. The camp of the latter may still be seen at South St. Paul to the number of three or four tepees. The Indians are the descendants of the warriors of Little Crow. They live in canvas tepees of primitive style, but with the exception of moccasins and a few Indian trinkets they have conformed somewhat to the costumes of the civilized people around them.

The Indians living in this vicinity, says A. L. Larpenteur in the Pioneer Press, represent a remnant of the Minnesota Sioux who were not taken to the reservation after the massacre of 1861. There may be nearly a score of families in all, including the inhabitants of the little Indian village at South St. Paul, the aboriginal residents at Mendota, and some red men living near Newport. These are mostly descendants of the members of Little Crow's band. Three or four families have descended from the famous old squaw known as "Old Betz," who died at an advanced age only two years ago. At least two of old Betz's daughters are living. They are very large, fleshy squaws, and are frequently seen on the streets of St. Paul. When you catch sight of a big squaw with a heavy pack slung over her shoulders, seated in some doorway down street panting for breath, you may make up your mind that it is one of Old Betz's daughters--either Doo-to-win (Scarlet Female) or Pa-zen-ta-win (Medicine Woman); for such are their names.

They obtain a livelihood suitable to their lingering aboriginal tastes and their condition of life, by selling moccasins, ginseng and wild flowers in their season, and the skins of animals which they hunt or trap. These skins are chiefly muskrat skins. They bring several hundred to market in the course of the season. Then the squaws do the begging, and the great white packs which these dusky females carry upon their backs as they trudge along the streets of the city are filled with specked fruit, tainted chickens and meat, dried up cranberries and other unsalable stuff that the commission men of the city have kindly bestowed upon them. An Indian is not so particular about what he eats as a white person. When meat is tainted he boils it until he gets all the taint out. What remains serves as savory sauce for the meat. The Indians are intelligent. They don't have much to say to strangers, but among themselves they are quite sociable, and sit together by the hour smoking pipes and recounting traditions and incidents. They are very fond of story telling. They also discuss topics of interest with a freedom and intelligence worthy of a modern white man's debating society. "I have sat with them in their lodges by the hour," says Mr. Larpenteur, "and have been vastly entertained by their anecdotes and discussions." So it appears that the Indians hereabout are not so glum and reticent as red men in general are credited with being.

There are a great many people in St. Paul who remember Old Betz, and the stories that were told in relation to her, quite well. She was said to be one hundred and twenty years old when she died, and, as there was no evidence to the contrary, and she certainly bore the mark of great age, this estimate of her years was generally accepted. Mr. Larpenteur has reason for thinking that her age has been very much exaggerated. Old Betz told him one day, a short time before her death, in a confidential way, that when soldiers first came to Fort Snelling she was still in her teens. That was in 1819, and, therefore, Old Betz could not have been over eighty-eight when she died.

FOOTNOTES:

NOTE.--The Wah-tap--or Wa-tab--empties from the west into the Mississippi just above Sauk Rapids--H. M. R.

The rejection of Thomas P. Burnett as a member of the council, by Gov. Dodge, created great excitement at the time, and the governor was severely criticised for his action. In making the apportionment the governor had made Crawford county a district, but had left it without a representative in the council, although two had been assigned to the house, the governor claiming that this was equivalent to one in the senate and one in the house. His action, to say the least, was curious and unprecedented.

Jean Brunet was of French extraction. He made the first manufacturing improvements at Chippewa Falls.

Alexander McGregor, a Scotchman, built a large hotel in Prairie du Chien, and located a claim on the western side of the Mississippi rivers opposite which has become the site of the city of McGregor. In the third session of the territorial legislature he was elected to represent the Dubuque district, and charges were preferred against him of accepting a bribe. Pending the investigation of the charges he resigned, removed to the east side of the river and was elected to represent the Crawford district. The ensuing session, the house, by resolution, declared him unworthy of confidence.

The loan amendment was approved by Gov. Medary, through his private secretary, March 9, 1858. The amendment was adopted by the people April 15, 1858, by a vote of 25,023 to 6,733. The amount of bonds issued was $2,275,000. The expunging resolution was adopted Nov. 6, 1860, by a popular vote of 19,308 to 710.

Rev Mr. Webber was born in the state of New York in 1821; was educated for the ministry ordained and sent to Minnesota as a missionary by the Calvinistic Baptist church. He came to Stillwater in 1850. He is now a resident of Fleming, Cayuga county, New York.

ADDENDA.

A history of the Northwest that would omit any mention of the war of the Rebellion would be an unfinished work. It was the original intention of the author of this work to add a military history in which should be placed upon record not only some statistics as to the number of troops contributed to the United States service from the parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin lying along the Mississippi river, but some account of incidents connected with the war, which the citizens of the valley would take pride in perusing. The plan was abandoned reluctantly on account of the want of space for such a record. We are able to furnish a synopsis of the military history of Minnesota taken from a recent address made by ex-Gov. Ramsey before the Loyal Legion at St. Paul. It is doubly interesting, coming as it does from the governor of the State during the earlier portion of the war:

Ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey was called upon to respond to the toast, "Minnesota and the War; For God, Our Country and the Right." He said:

"Amid the many evidences of harmony and prosperity in all sections of the great republic it is difficult to realize that the citizens of Minnesota, within the memory of many still alive, were called upon to preserve the integrity of the United States of America by the force of arms.

"There has ever been a community of interest between our own State, in whose midst are found the sources of the Mississippi, and the several states on its borders toward the Gulf of Mexico; the wheat fields of Minnesota, the cotton and sugar plantations of Mississippi and Louisiana must be inseparable, yet it can not be disguised that a short-sighted statesmanship made a vigorous attempt to separate those whom an all-wise Providence had joined together.

"In the month of April, 1861, upon official business as governor of Minnesota, I was called to the city of Washington. The knots of earnest men and anxious faces in the corridors and reading rooms of the hotels indicated a widespread belief that there was an impending peril, a serious conspiracy upon the part of some in the cotton producing and slave holding states to secede from the Union, although the general government had never infringed upon their rights under the constitution.

"On Saturday night, April 13th, the population of Washington was deeply moved by the intelligence that Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston had been attacked by insurgents, and that the garrison had surrendered.

"Early Sunday morning, accompanied by two citizens of Minnesota, I visited the war department, and found the secretary with his hat on and papers in his hand about to leave his office. I said 'My business is simply as governor of Minnesota to tender a thousand men to defend the government.' 'Sit down immediately,' he replied, 'and write the tender you have made, as I am now on my way to the president's mansion.'

"This was quickly done, and thus Minnesota became the first to cheer the president by offers of assistance in the crisis which had arrived.

"My action and the acceptance of this offer were dispatched to St. Paul, and in a few days companies in the different towns in Minnesota were being organized, and on the twenty-seventh of the month Adjt. Gen. John B. Sanborn issued an order that more companies had been organized than were necessary to complete the First regiment of Minnesota, and on the third of May, having returned to St. Paul during April, I sent a telegram to the president offering a second regiment.

"On the twenty-first of June the First regiment, under Col. Gorman, left Fort Snelling, and in one month, on Sunday, the twenty-first of July, distinguished itself as the advance of Heintzleman's division in the battle of Bull Run, Virginia. The Second regiment, in command of Col. H. P. Van Cleve, a graduate of West Point, left Fort Snelling in October, and on the nineteenth of January was in close conflict with the enemy near Mill Springs, Kentucky, Gen. Zollicoffer and other insurgent officers having fallen under their fire. A third regiment, under Col. H. C. Lester, left the State in November, 1861, and a fourth regiment, under Col. John B. Sanborn, was soon organized, and not long after a fifth, under Col. Borgersrode, was formed. In the spring of 1862, within a few weeks of each other, the last two left for the seat of war, and were assigned to the Army of the Mississippi, and before the close of May were, with their comrades of the Second, in the action at Corinth.

"But while Minnesota was thus rapidly sending forth her able bodied men, she was called upon to endure a trial greater than any of her sister states. On the nineteenth of August there rushed into the governor's office at the capitol a dusty and exhausted messenger who had been fifteen hours in the saddle with dispatches from Galbraith, the Sioux agent, containing the startling intelligence that the Sioux had risen and were murdering the settlers and plundering and burning their houses. An hour or two later another messenger arrived from Forest City with information that the Sioux had also killed many whites at Acton. It was evident that there was a general uprising, and that no time was to be lost.

"I immediately proceeded to Fort Snelling and consulted as to the best measures to protect our people. Here were only raw recruits, without arms or clothing, but at length four companies of the Sixth regiment were organized, and that night sent up the Minnesota river to Shakopee, and ex-Gov. H. H. Sibley, who had had a long acquaintance with the Sioux, was placed in command.

"From that point they were directed to proceed by land. Telegrams were sent to President Lincoln and the governors of Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Michigan relative to the horrible outbreak and asking for aid.

"When the troops reached St. Peter they were delayed in moulding balls to fit their arms and in preparing canister shot. By September portions of the Third regiment, which had returned to the State, and the Sixth and Seventh regiments, which had been organized, were in the field, and on the twenty-third of the month had a battle with the Indians at Wood lake, Lieut. Col. Marshall, of the Seventh regiment, your late commander of this legion, leading five companies of his own and two of the Sixth in a successful charge, clearing a ravine of hostile savages.

"Never before in the history of the republic had so many settlers fallen from Indian barbarity. In ten days in August about eight hundred white men, women and children were killed, and at least 15,000 persons fled from the scalping knife to St. Paul and other places of security.

"During the summer of 1862 the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota regiments of Volunteers were organized. In January, 1863, having been elected to represent the State in the United States senate, Lieut. Gov. Swift on and after the tenth of July acted as governor for the unexpired term, who was succeeded by Gov. Stephen H. Miller, both of whom, in every way possible, sustained the general government.

"Minnesota during the war had surely not more than 40,000 citizens able to bear arms. She furnished eleven regiments of infantry, one of heavy artillery, three batteries of light artillery, four cavalry organizations and two companies of sharpshooters, and official returns show that she contributed 25,000 soldiers in all."

Mention of George H. Hazzard, of St. Paul, unintentionally omitted from the body of the work, is appended below.

George H. Hazzard is one of St. Paul's wide awake, energetic young men. He is a native of the state of New York. He came to the West when a youth and located in St. Paul in 1859. He has been engaged in general agencies and real estate, and has served as county commissioner of Ramsey county and filled other city positions in St. Paul. He was a member of the Methodist General Conference in New York City in 1888. He married a daughter of Rev. Benjamin F. Hoyt, of St. Paul.

LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ST. CROIX VALLEY--WISCONSIN SIDE.

Thirty-eighth Session, 1885--Senators: Hans B. Warner, Joel F. Nason. House: Thomas Porter, James Johnson, Charles S. Thayer, Frank M. Nye.

Thirty-ninth Session, 1887--First Biennial Session--Senate: Joel F. Nason, William A. Rust. House: J. B. Thayer, John A. Murphy, H. L. Humphrey, James N. McCourt, Charles S. Taylor.