Part 4

(47) OWALII OR MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT

The maidenhair spleenwort has adapted itself to a dry existence. It is abundant on barren lava flows where few other plants grow, and ranges up to an elevation of about 10,000 feet.

(48) PAMOHO

A fern which lives in moist shady craters and lava tubes, the PAMOHO may be seen growing on the cliff at the mouth of the Thurston Lava Tube.

(50) AE OR PELLUCID POLYPODY

A common plant throughout the open forests of the Kilauea Section, this fern may be seen growing in abundance at the bases of ohia trees. Superficially resembling a sword fern, the sharp twists to the leaf segments differentiate it from them. An interesting thing about this species is that it has also adapted itself to a life as an epiphyte, or air plant, in the rain forests, at which time it develops a heavy root-stock and has a much different appearance, as may be seen in the illustrations.

(51-57) KIHI AND RELATIVES

The six ferns illustrated were formerly grouped under the genus Polypodium, but several have recently been reclassified and placed in new genera. The plants illustrated normally grow as epiphytes, or air plants on tree trunks and rocks in the rain forests of the Kilauea Section. That the Hawaiians recognized them as distinct plants is indicated in the fact that they were given different Hawaiian names.

(58-61) WAWAEIOLE OR CLUBMOSS

Clubmosses are sometimes called “living fossils.” Many deposits of the continental United States are formed from giant relatives of these plants. The name “clubmoss” is derived from the spore-bearing bodies, which are club-shaped. Most abundant is the nodding clubmoss but at least three other species may be found in the Kilauea and Haleakala sections.

Degener (2) reports that the Hawaiians used the wawaeiole (“rat’s foot”) as a relief for rheumatism, the sufferer bathing in water in which the plants had been boiled for about three hours.

(62-63) MOA OR PIPI

The Psilotum is a primitive plant, of which two species are found in the Hawaiian Islands. One is the MOA, which usually grows on the ground and has stems which fork many times near the ends. The second, the PIPI, often grows upon the trunks of trees and ferns. This species normally grows perpendicular to the trunk, then curves abruptly earthward like the tail of a horse. Degener (2, p. 18) states that the MOA was used by the Hawaiians in making a medicine for treatment of a fungus disease, as an emetic, and that the spores were used as a powder to relieve chafing from the malo, or loincloth.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FERNS DESCRIBED HEREIN

(Numbers follow common names in the captions. Because of numerous recent studies of ferns, various name changes have been necessary, and on some names there is still disagreement. The following list adopts mainly the nomenclature of the GENERA FILICUM by Prof. Edwin B. Copeland, 1947. The indented names are ones which have been used for the same plants in the past.)

FAMILY OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

(1) Ophioglossum petiolatum Hooker (2) Ophioglossum nudicaule Linnaeus fils (3) Ophioglossum pendulum esp. falcatum (Presl) Clausen (LAUKAHI) O. falcatum (Presl) Fowler O. pendulum L. Ophioderma falcatum Degener

FAMILY GLEICHENIACEAE

(4) Dicranopteris emarginata (Brackenridge) Robinson (ULUHE) D. sandwicensis Degener Gleichenia emarginata (Brackenridge) Robinson

FAMILY HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

(5) Hymenophyllum obtusum Hooker and Arnott (PALAILAULII) Sphaerocionium obtusum (H.&A.) Copeland (6) Hymenophyllum lanceolatum Hooker and Arnott (PALAIHINAHINA) Sphaerocionium lanceolatum (H.&A.) Copeland (7) Hymenophyllum recurvum Gaudichaud (OHIAKU) Mecodium recurvum (Gaud.) Copeland (8) Trichomanes davallioides Gaudichaud (KILAU) Vandenboschia davallioides (Gaud.) Copeland

FAMILY PTERIDACEAE

(9) Cibotium Chamissoi Kaulfuss (HAPU III) C. Menziesii Hooker (10) Cibotium splendens (Gaudichaud) Krajina (HAPUU) C. Chamissoi Kaulfuss (11) Cibotium glaucum (Smith) Hooker and Arnott (HAPUU) (12) Cibotium hawaiiense Nakai and Ogura (MEU) Cibotium St. Johnii Krajina (13) Microlepia setosa (Smith) Alston (PALAPALAI) M. strigosa (Thunberg) Presl (14) Sphenomeris chusana (Linnaeus) Copeland (PALAA) Stenoloma chinensis (L.) Beddome Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Smith Microlepia tenuifolia Mettenius (15) Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (KILAU, BRACKEN) Pteris aquilina L. (16) Pteris cretica Linnaeus (OWALII) (17) Pteris excelsa Gaudichaud (WAIMAKANUI) (18) Pteris vittata Linnaeus (KILAUOPUEO) Pteris longifolia L. (19) Coniogramme pilosa (Brackenridge) Hieronymus (LOULU) Gymnogramme javanica Hillebrand (20) Pellaea ternifolia (Cavanilles) Link (LAUKAHI) (21) Doryopteris decora Brackenridge (LANCE FERN) (22) Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link (SILVER FERN) Ceropteris ochracea (Presl) Robinson (23) Adiantum cuneatum Langsdorff and Fischer (IWAIWA, MAIDENHAIR)

FAMILY DAVALLIACEAE

(24) Nephrolepis exaltata (Linnaeus) Schott (NIANIAU, COMMON SWORDFERN) (25) Nephrolepis cordifolia (Linnaeus) Presl (NARROW SWORDFERN) (26) Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forster) Presl (SCALY SWORDFERN)

FAMILY ASPIDIACEAE

(27) Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wallich) Presl (KAAPEAPE) Aspidium caryotideum Wallich Phanerophlebia caryotidea (Wall.) Copeland (28) Elaphoglossum aemulum (Kaulfuss) Brackenridge (EKAHA) E. conforme (Swartz) Schott Acrostichum conforme Swartz (29) Elaphoglossum gorgoneum (Kaulfuss) Brackenridge (EKAHA) (30) Elaphoglossum hirtum (Swartz) C. Christensen (EKAHA) Acrostichum squamosum Hillebrand (31) Elaphoglossum reticulatum (Kaulfuss) Gaudichaud (EKAHA) (32) Dryopteris paleacea (Swartz) C. Christensen (LAUKAHI) Aspidium filix-mas var. parallelogrammum Kuntze (33) Dryopteris glabra (Brackenridge) O. Kuntze (KILAU) Aspidium glabrum (Brack.) Mettenius (34) Lastrea globulifera Brackenridge (PALAPALAI O KAUMAAPUA) Aspidium globuliferum (Brack.) Mann (35) Cyclosorus cyatheoides (Kaulfuss) Farwell (KIKAWEO) Dryopteris cyatheoides (Kaulf.) O. Kuntze Aspidium cyatheoides Kaulf. (36) Cyclosorus sandwicensis (Brackenridge) Copeland Dryopteris stegnogrammoides (Baker) C. Christensen Phegopteris polycarpa (Hooker & Arnott) C. Chr. (37) Cyclosorus dentatus (Forskal) Ching Dryopteris dentata (Forsk.) O. Kuntze (38) Athyrium microphyllum (Smith) Alston (AKOLEA) A. Poiretianum (Gaudichaud) Presl Asplenium aspidioides Hillebrand A. multisectum Brackenridge (39) Athyrium sandwichianum Presl (HOIO) Diplazium sandwichianum (Presl) Diels Asplenium sandwichianum (Presl) Hooker

FAMILY BLENCHNACEAE