Part 1

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FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE

BY SARAH K. BOLTON

AUTHOR OF "POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS," "GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS," "FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS," "FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN," "SOCIAL STUDIES IN ENGLAND," "STORIES FROM LIFE," "FROM HEART AND NATURE," ETC.

SEVENTH THOUSAND

"The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night." LONGFELLOW.

"A man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life."--DARWIN.

NEW YORK THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY PUBLISHERS

COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.

ELECTROTYPED BY C. J. PETERS AND SON, BOSTON.

PRESSWORK BY BERWICK & SMITH, BOSTON, MASS.

TO THOSE

WHO HAVE EXPRESSED PLEASURE IN MY WORK

I dedicate this book.

PREFACE.

Garfield said, "No page of human history is so instructive and significant as the record of those early influences which develop the character and direct the lives of eminent men."

These sketches show how young men have overcome difficulties, sometimes poverty, sometimes illness; how they have made failures before finding their true vocation. They show the results of energy, perseverance, and untiring devotion; how a cheerful face and a hopeful spirit like Agassiz's, or a gentle and kindly nature like Darwin's, can win its way against opposition.

A sketch of Benjamin Franklin, which otherwise would have a place in this volume, will be found in "Famous American Statesmen"; also one of Michael Faraday, in "Poor Boys Who Became Famous."

S. K. B.

CONTENTS.

GALILEO GALILEI 1 SIR ISAAC NEWTON 28 CARL LINNAEUS 49 BARON CUVIER 65 SIR WILLIAM AND CAROLINE HERSCHEL 81 ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT 107 SIR HUMPHREY DAVY 139 JOHN JAMES AUDUBON 167 SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE 202 SIR CHARLES LYELL 246 JOSEPH HENRY, LL.D. 275 LOUIS AGASSIZ 302 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN 347 FRANCIS TREVELYAN BUCKLAND 396

GALILEO GALILEI.

"The same memorable day is marked by the setting of one of the most brilliant stars in the firmament of art and the rising of another in the sphere of science, which was to enlighten the world with beams of equal splendor. On the 18th of February, 1564, Michael Angelo Buonarotti closed his eyes at Rome, and Galileo Galilei first saw the light at Pisa."

Thus writes young Karl von Gebler, in the best life of Galileo ever written, his dying contribution to literature. Some other authorities place Galileo's birth on February 15.

He was the oldest in a family of five children born to Vincenzo Galilei, a Florentine noble, and Giulia Ammanati, who also belonged to an ancient family. Vincenzo wrote learnedly about music, and taught his boy to play on the lute and the organ; but he was poor and life was a struggle. However beneficial poverty may be in the development of character, most of us do not crave it for our children, so Vincenzo decided to place his son where he could earn a comfortable support. Music did not bring money. Galileo therefore should become a dealer in cloth; a necessity of life, rather than a luxury.

But the boy soon showed great skill in music, surpassing his father. He excelled in drawing and color, and could have become a noted artist. He loved poetry, and had a decided taste for mechanics, making machines of great ingenuity. It soon became evident that such a lad would not be satisfied to spend his life trading in wool.

He must be educated, but how? The family had moved from Pisa, where there were schools of repute, to Florence. An effort had to be made, by the greatest economy, to prepare Galileo to go back to the Pisan University. He showed great aptitude for Latin and Greek, and at seventeen was ready for Pisa.

For what profession should he study? Not what best suited his tastes, but that in which his father thought he could make money, medicine. Poor Vincenzo! who can blame him that he hated poverty for his brilliant son?