Part 28

#Are there any subjective or constitutional symptoms?#

Yes; there is, as a rule, neuralgic pain preceding, during and following the eruption; and in some cases, also, there may be in the beginning mild febrile disturbance. There is also a variable degree of tenderness and pain.

#What are the characters of the eruption?#

Several or more hyperæmic or inflammatory patches over a nerve course appear, upon which are seated vesico-papules irregularly grouped; these vesico-papules become distinct vesicles, of size from a pin-head to a pea, and soon dry and give rise to thin, yellowish or brownish crusts, which drop off, leaving in most instances no permanent trace, in others more or less scarring. In some cases the lesions may become pustular and, on the other hand, the eruption may be abortive, stopping short of full vesiculation.

#What is known in regard to the nature of the disease?#

An inflamed and irritable state of the spinal ganglia, nerve tract, or peripheral branches is directly responsible for the eruption, and this state may be due to atmospheric changes, cold, nerve-injuries and similar influences. The view has also been advanced that the disease is of specific and infectious character.

#Give the chief diagnostic features of herpes zoster.#

The prodromic neuralgic pain, the appearance of grouped vesicles upon inflammatory bases following the course of a nerve tract, and the limitation of the eruption to one side of the body.

#What is the prognosis?#

Favorable; the symptoms usually disappearing in two to four weeks. In some instances, however, the neuralgic pains may be persistent, and in zoster of the supra-orbital region the eye may suffer permanent damage.

#How would you treat herpes zoster?#

Constitutional treatment, usually tonic in character, is to be based upon general principles; moderate doses of quinia, with one-sixth grain of zinc phosphide, four or five times daily, appear in some cases to have a special value. The accompanying neuralgic pain may be so intense as to require anodynes. Local treatment should be of a soothing and protective character. A dusting-powder of oxide of zinc and starch (to the ounce of which twenty to thirty grains of camphor may be added) proves useful; and over this, in order that the parts be further protected, a bandage or a layer of cotton batting. Oxide-of-zinc ointment, and in those cases in which there is much pain, ointments containing powdered opium or belladonna, or orthoform, may be used. A mild galvanic current applied daily to the parts is often of great advantage, both in its influence upon the course of the eruption and upon the neuralgic pain. The plan, so often advised, of painting the parts with flexible collodion is not to be commended.

#Dermatitis Herpetiformis.# (Synonyms: Hydroa Herpetiforme (Tilbury Fox); Herpes Gestationis (Bulkley); Pemphigus Prurigiuosus; Duhring's Disease.)

#Give a definition of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

Dermatitis herpetiformis is a somewhat rare inflammatory disease, characterized by an eruption of an erythematous, papular, vesicular, pustular, bullous or mixed type, with a decided disposition toward grouping, accompanied by itching and burning sensations, with, as a rule, more or less consequent pigmentation, and pursuing usually a chronic course with remissions.

#Describe the erythematous type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

The character of the eruption in the erythematous type resembles closely that of erythema multiforme and of urticaria, especially the former. The efflorescences usually make their appearance in crops, and are more or less persistent; fading sooner or later, however, and giving place to new outbreaks. Vesicles are often intermingled, developing from erythematous and erythemato-papular lesions or arising from apparently normal skin.

It may continue in the same type, or change to the vesicular, bullous or other variety.

#Describe the papular type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

This is rarely seen as consisting purely of papular lesions, but is commonly associated with the erythematous and vesicular varieties. In a measure it resembles the papular manifestations of erythema multiforme, with a distinct disposition toward group formation. The papules tend, sooner or later, to develop into vesicles, new papular outbreaks occurring from time to time; or the whole eruption changes to the vesicular or other type of the disease. It is not a common type.

#Describe the vesicular type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

This is the common clinical type of the disease, and is characterized by pin-head to pea-sized, rounded or irregularly-shaped, distended or flattened and stellate vesicles, occurring, for the most part, in irregular and segmental groups of three or more lesions, seated either upon apparently normal integument or upon hyperæmic or inflammatory skin. They exhibit no tendency to spontaneous rupture, but after remaining a shorter or longer time, are broken or disappear by absorption. The lesions tend to appear in crops. It may, as it not infrequently does, continue in the same type, or it may become more or less erythematous or bullous in character. In not a few instances pustules, few or in numbers, are at times intermingled.

#Describe the pustular type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

This is rare. It is similar in its clinical characters to the vesicular type, except that the lesions are pustular. It is met with, as a rule, in association with the vesicular and bullous varieties of the disease.

#Describe the bullous type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

The bullous expression of the disease is usually of a markedly inflammatory nature, often innumerable blebs, small and large, appearing almost continuously, and in some instances involving the greater part of the surface. The lesions arise from erythematous skin, from preëxisting vesicles or vesicular groups, or from apparently normal integument. There is a marked disposition to appear in clusters. A change of type to the erythematous or vesicular varieties is not unusual.

#Describe the mixed type of dermatitis herpetiformis.#

In this type the eruption is made up of erythematous patches, vesicles, bullæ, and often with pustules intermingled, appearing irregularly or in crops, and with a tendency to patch or group formation.