Part 13

Roberts, Morley, ’20. “Warfare in the Human Body.” London, 1920.

Roux, W., ’81. “Der Kampf der Teile im Organismics.” 1881.

Sherrington, ’22. “The Advancement of Science, 1922.” London, 1922.

Spencer, Herbert. “First Principles,” “Principles of Biology,” “Principles of Sociology.”

Thorndike, E. L., ’11. “Animal Intelligence.” New York, 1911.

Trotter, W., ’19. “Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War” (2nd Ed.). London, 1919.

Wells, H. G., ’21. “The Outline of History.” London, 1921.

FOOTNOTES:

For a remarkable critical history of biological thought during this period, see Radl, ’09.

Morley Roberts is a recent exception. See his interesting book, Warfare in the Human Body.

Science, September 1921.

See Thorndike, ’11.

See J. S. Huxley, ’12, for a discussion of the grades of biological individuality.

See, e.g., Wells, ’21, pp. 558, 666.

See Roux, ’81, for a discussion of this important extension of Darwinism.

See Thorndike, op. cit.; Washburn, The Animal Mind. New York, 1913.

III

ILS N’ONT QUE DE L’ÂME: AN ESSAY ON BIRD-MIND

THE BIRDS

To most of us, a bird’s a feathered song Which for our pleasure gives a voice to spring. We make a symbol of its airy wing Bright with the liberty for which we long.

Or we discover them with love more strong As each a separate, individual thing Which only learns to act, or move, or sing In ways that wholly to itself belong.

But some with deeper and more inward sight See them a part of that one Life which streams Slow on, towards more mind--a part more light Then we; unburdened with regrets, or dreams, Or thought. A winged emotion of the sky, The birds through an eternal Present fly.

OXFORD, April 1923.

ILS N’ONT QUE DE L’ÂME: AN ESSAY ON BIRD-MIND

“O Nightingale, thou surely art A creature of a fiery heart.” --W. WORDSWORTH.

“The inferior animals, when the conditions of life are favourable, are subject to periodical fits of gladness, affecting them powerfully and standing out in vivid contrast to their ordinary temper.... Birds are more subject to this universal joyous instinct than mammals, and ... as they are much freer than mammals, more buoyant and graceful in action, more loquacious, and have voices so much finer, their gladness shows itself in a greater variety of ways, with more regular and beautiful motions, and with melody.”--W. H. HUDSON.

“How do you know but ev’ry Bird that cuts the airy way Is an immense world of delight, clos’d by your senses five?” --BLAKE.

“Ils n’ont pas de cerveau--ils n’ont que de l’âme.” A dog was being described, with all his emotion, his apparent passion to make himself understood, his failure to reach comprehension; and that was how the French man of letters summed up the brute creation--“pas de cerveau--que de l’âme.”