CHAPTER VII. The Decadence of the Grand Tour.

THE DECADENCE OF THE GRAND TOUR.

During the several generations when the Stuarts communicated their love of France to the aristocracy of England, there was, as we might suppose, a steady undercurrent of protest against this Gallic influence. A returning traveller would be pursued by the rabble of London, who, sighting his French periwig and foreign gestures, would pelt his coach with gutter-dirt, squibs, roots and rams-horns, and run after it shouting "French Dogs! French Dogs! A Mounser! A Mounser!" Between the courtiers and the true-born Englishman there was no great sympathy in the matter of foreign culture. The courtiers too often took towards deep-seated English customs the irreverent attitude of their master, Charles II.--known to remark that it was the roast beef and reading of the holy Scriptures that caused the noted sadness of the English. The true-born Englishman retorted with many a jibe at the "gay, giddy, brisk, insipid fool," who thought of nothing but clothes and garnitures, despised roast beef, and called his old friends ruffians and rustics; or at the rake who "has not been come from France above three months and here he has debauch'd four women and fought five duels." The playwrights could always secure an audience by a skilful portrait of an "English Mounsieur" such as Sir Fopling Flutter, who "went to Paris a plain bashful English Blockhead and returned a fine undertaking French Fop."

There had always been a protest against foreign influence, but in the eighteenth century one cannot fail to notice a stronger and more contemptuous attitude than ever before. England was feeling her power. War with France sharpened the shafts of satire, and every victory over the French increased a strong insular patriotism in all classes. Foote declared residence in Paris a necessary part of every man of fashion's education, because it "Gives 'em a relish for their own domestic happiness and a proper veneration for their own national liberties." His Epilogue to The Englishman in Paris commends the prudence of British forefathers who

"Scorned to truck for base unmanly arts, Their native plainness and their honest hearts."

It was not the populace alone, or those who appealed directly to the populace, who sneered at Popish countries, and pitied them for not being British. As time went on Whigs of all classes boasted of the superiority of England, especially when they travelled in Europe.

"We envy not the warmer clime that lies In ten degrees of more indulgent skies ... 'Tis Liberty that crowns Britannia's Isle And makes her barren rocks and her bleak mountains smile."

Addison's travels are full of reflections of this sort. The destitution of the Campagna of Rome demonstrates triumphantly what an aversion mankind has to arbitrary government, while the well-populated mountain of St Marino shows what a natural love they have for liberty. Whigs abroad were well caricatured by Smollett in Peregrine Pickle in the figures of the Painter and the Doctor. They observed that even the horses and dogs in France were starved; whereupon the Governor of Peregrine, an Oxonian and a Jacobite, sneered that they talked like true Englishmen. The Doctor, affronted by the insinuation, told him with some warmth that he was wrong in his conjecture, "his affections and ideas being confined to no particular country; for he considered himself as a citizen of the world. He owned himself more attached to England than to any other kingdom, but this preference was the effect of reflection and not of prejudice."

This growing conviction of England's superiority helped to bring about the decadence of travel for education. Travel continued, and the eighteenth century was as noticeable as any other for the "mal du pays" which attacked young men, but travel became the tour of curiosity and diversion with which we are familiar, and not an earnest endeavour to become "a compleat person." Many changes helped this decadence. The "policy" of Italy and France, which once attracted the embryo statesmen of Elizabeth, was now well known and needed no further study. With the passing of the Stuarts, when the king's favour ceased to be the means of making one's fortune, a courtly education was no longer profitable. High offices under the Georges were as often as not filled by unpolished Englishmen extolled for their native flavour of bluntness and bluffness. Foreign graces were a superfluous ornament, more or less ridiculous. The majority of Englishmen were wont to prize, as Sam Johnson did, "their rustic grandeur and their surly grace," and to join in his lament:

"Lost in thoughtless ease and empty show, Behold the warrior dwindled to a beau; Sense, freedom, piety refined away, Of France the mimick and of Spain the prey."

A large section of society was inimical to the kind of education that the Earl of Chesterfield prescribed for his son. The earl was well aware of it, indeed, and marked with repugnance divers young bucks of his day with leathern breeches and unpowdered hair, who would exclaim; "Damn these finical outlandish airs, give me a manly resolute manner. They make a rout with their graces, and talk like a parcel of dancing masters, and dress like a parcel of fops; one good Englishman will beat three of them."

Even during the height of the Grand Tour in the latter half of the seventeenth century, thoughtful minds, observing the effects of a foreign education as seen not only in the courtiers of Charles II., but in the dozens of obscure country gentlemen who painfully sought to acquire the habit of a Parisian Marquis by education abroad, noticed the weak points of such a system. The Earl of Clarendon thought it pernicious to send boys abroad until after they had gone through Oxford or Cambridge. There was no necessity for their getting the French accent at an early age, "as if we had no mind to be suspected to be Englishmen." That took them from their own country at just the age when they ought to have severe mental discipline, for the lack of which no amount of social training would make them competent men. "They return from travel with a wonderful confidence which may very well be called impudence ... all their learning is in wearing their clothes well; they have very much without their heads, very little within; and they are very much more solicitous that their periwigs fit handsomely, than to speak discreetly; they laugh at what they do not understand, which understanding so little, makes their laughter very immoderate. When they have been at home two or three years, which they spend in the vanities which they brought over with them, fresh travellers arrive with newer fashions, and the same confidence, and are looked upon as finer gentlemen, and wear their ribbons more gracefully; at which the others are angry, quit the stage, and would fain get into wiser company, where they every day find defects in themselves, which they owe to the ill spending that time when they thought only of being fine gentlemen."

When these products of a French education could not remain in town, but were obliged to live on their estates amid rough country squires, it went hard with them. "They will by no means embrace our way," says The Country Gentleman in Clarendon's Dialogue of the Want of Respect Due to Age, "but receive us with cringes and treat us with set speeches, and complain how much it rains, that they cannot keep their hair dry, or their linnen handsome one hour. They talk how much a better country France is and how much they eat and drink better there, which our neighbors will not believe, and laugh at them for saying so. They by no means endure our exercises of hunting and hawking, nor indeed can their tender bodies endure those violent motions. They have a guitar or some other fiddle, which they play upon commonly an hour or so in their beds before they rise, and have at least one French fellow to wait upon them, to shave them, and comb their periwig; and he is sent into the kitchen to dress some little dish, or to make some sauce for dinner, whom the cook is hardly restrained from throwing into the fire. In a word, they live to and within themselves, and their nearest neighbors do not know whether they eat and drink or no."

Not only were the recreations of their country neighbours violent and unrefined, according to the English Messieurs, but that preoccupation with local government, which was the chief duty of the country gentleman, was beyond the capacity of those who by living abroad had learned little of the laws and customs of their own country. Clarendon draws a sad picture of the return of the native who was ashamed to be present at the public and private meetings for the administration of justice, because he had spent in dancing the time when he might have been storing knowledge, and who now passed his days a-bed, reading French romances of which he was tired.

Locke also set forth the fallacies of the Grand Tour in his Essay of Education. He admitted that fencing and riding the Great Horse were looked upon as "so necessary parts of breeding that it would be thought a great omission to neglect them," but he questioned whether riding the Great Horse was "of moment enough to be made a business of." Fencing, he pointed out, has very little to do with civil life, and is of no use in real warfare, while music "wastes so much of a young man's time, to gain but a moderate skill in it, and engages often in such odd company, that many think it much better spared." But the feature of travel which was most mercilessly analysed by Locke was the Governor. He exposed the futility of sending a boy abroad to gain experience and to mingle with good society while he was so young as to need a guardian. For at the age when most boys were abroad--that is, from sixteen to twenty-two--they thought themselves too much men to be governed by others, and yet had not experience and prudence enough to govern themselves. Under the shelter of a Governor they were excused from being accountable for their own conduct and very seldom troubled themselves with inquiries or with making useful observations of their own.

While the Governor robbed his pupil of life's responsibilities on one hand, he hampered him, on the other, in any efforts to get into good company:

"I ask amongst our young men that go abroad under tutors what one is there of an hundred, that ever visits any person of quality? much less makes an acquaintance with such from whose conversation he may learn what is good breeding in that country and what is worth observation in it.... Nor indeed is it to be wondered. For men of worth and parts will not easily admit the familiarity of boys who yet need the care of a tutor: though a young gentleman and stranger, appearing like a man, and shewing a desire to inform himself in the customs, laws, and government of the country he is in, will find welcome, assistance and entertainment everywhere."

These, and many comments of the same sort from other observers, made for the disintegration of the Grand Tour, and cast discredit upon it as a mode of education. Locke was not the only person who exposed the ineffectiveness of governors. They became a favourite subject of satire in the eighteenth century. Though even the best sort of "maître d'ours" or "bear-master," as the French called him, robbed travel of its proper effect, the best were seldom available for the hosts of boyish travellers. Generally the family chaplain was chosen, because of his cheapness, and this unfortunate was expected to restrain the boisterous devilment of the Peregrine Pickle committed to his care. A booklet called The Bear-Leaders; or, Modern Travelling Stated in a Proper Light, sums up a biting condemnation of "our rugged unsocial Telemachuses and their unpolished Mentors," describing how someone in orders, perhaps a family dependent, is chosen as the Governor of the crude unprepared mortal embarking for a tour of Europe. "The Oddities, when introduced to each other, start back with mutual Astonishment, but after some time from a frequency of seeing, grow into a Coarse Fondness one for the other, expressed by Horse Laughs, or intimated by alternate Thumps on the Back, with all such other gentle insinuations of our uncivilized Male Hoydens."

Small wonder, therefore, that a youth, who returned from driving by post-chaise through the principal towns of Europe in the company of a meek chaplain, returned from his tour about as much refined, according to Congreve, "as a Dutch skipper from a whale-fishing." The whole idea of the Grand Tour was thrown into disrepute after its adoption by crude and low-bred people, who thought it necessary to inform all their acquaintance where they had been, by a very unbecoming dress and a very awkward address: "not knowing that an Englishman's beef-and-pudding face will not agree with a hat no bigger than a trencher; and that a man who never learned to make a bow performs it worse in a head of hair dressed a L'aille Pidgeon, than in a scratch wig."

In many other ways, also, travel lost its dignity in the eighteenth century. It was no longer necessary to live in foreign countries to understand them. With the foundation of the chairs of modern history at Oxford and Cambridge by King George the First in 1724, one great reason for travel was lost. Information about contemporary politics on the Continent could be had through the increasing number of news-journals and gazettes. As for learning the French language, there had been no lack of competent teachers since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 sent French Protestant refugees swarming across the channel to find some sort of living in England. Therefore the spirit of acquisitiveness dwindled and died down, in the absence of any strong need to study abroad, and an idle, frivolous, darting, capricious spirit controlled the aristocratic tourist. Horace Walpole on his travels spent his time in a way that would have been censured by the Elizabethans. He rushed everywhere, played cards, danced through the streets of Rheims before the ladies' coaches, and hailed with delight every acquaintance from England. What would Sir Philip Sidney have thought of the mode of life Walpole draws in this letter:

"About two days ago, about four o'clock in the afternoon ... as we were picking our teeth round a littered table and in a crumby room, Gray in an undress, Mr Conway in a morning-grey coat and I in a trim white night-gown and slippers, very much out of order, with a very little cold, a message discomposed us all of a sudden, with a service to Mr Walpole from Mr More, and that, if he pleased, he would wait on Mr Walpole. We scuttle upstairs in great confusion, but with no other damage than the flinging down two or three glasses and the dropping a slipper by the way. Having ordered the room to be cleaned out, and sent a very civil response to Mr More, we began to consider who Mr More might be."

In the tour of Walpole and Gray one may see a change in the interest of travel; how the romantic spirit had already ousted the humanistic love of men and cities. As he drifted through Europe Gray took little interest in history or in the intricacies of human character. He would not be bothered by going to Courts with Walpole, or if he did he stood in the corner of the ballroom and looked on while Walpole danced. What he cared for was La Grande Chartreuse, with its cliffs and pines and torrents and hanging woods. He is the forerunner of the Byronic traveller who delighted in the terrific aspects of nature and disdained mankind. Different indeed was the genial heart of Howell, who was at pains to hire lodgings in Paris with windows opening on the street, that he might study every passerby, but who spoke of mountains in Spain in a casual way as "not so high and hideous as the Alps," or as "uncouth, huge, monstrous Excrescences of Nature, bearing nothing but craggy stones."

With the decline of enthusiasm over the serious advantages of travel, there was not much demand for those essays on the duties of the student abroad which we have tried to describe. By the eighteenth century, hand-books for travellers were much the same as those with which we are to-day familiar; that is, a guide-book describing the particular objects to be inspected, and the sensations they ought to inspire, together with exceedingly careful notes as to the price of meals and transportation. This sort of manual became necessary when travel grew to be the recreation of men of moderate education who could not read the local guide-books written in the language of the country they visited. Compilations such as the Itinerarium Italiæ of Schottus, published at Antwerp in 1600, and issued in eleven editions during the seventeenth century, had been sufficient for the accomplished traveller of the Renaissance. France, as the centre of travel, produced the greatest number of handy manuals, and it was from these, doubtless, that Richard Lassels drew the idea of composing a similar work in the English language, which would comprise the exhortation to travel, in the manner of Turler, with a continental guide to objects of art. The Voyage of Italy by Lassels, published in Paris in 1670, marks the beginning of guide-books in English.

Still, in succeeding vade-mecums there are some occasional echoes of the old injunctions to improve one's time. Misson's A New Voyage to Italy, maps out some intellectual duties. According to Misson a voyager ought to carry along with him a cane divided into several measures, or a piece of pack-thread well twined and waxed, fifty fathom long and divided into feet by knots, so as to be able to measure the height of the towers and the bigness of pillars and the dimensions of everything so far as he is able. This seems sufficiently laborious, but it makes for an easy life compared to the one prescribed by Count Leopold Berchtold in his Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of Patriotic Travellers. He would have one observe the laws and customs of foreigners with a curiosity that would extend to every department of social and economic life, beginning with "Causes of the Decrease of Population and Remedies to prevent them"; proceeding to such matters as the state of the peasantry; to questions applicable to manuring, ploughing, and the housing of black cattle; or to an "Inquiry concerning Charitable Institutions such as one for recovering Drowned and Strangled Persons"; or to the "Extent of Liberty to Grown-up Young Ladies." In case the traveller is at a loss how to conduct his investigation, a list of particular questions on the topics for study is added by the author. A few random examples of this list are:

"Which are the favourite herbs of the sheep of this country?"

"Are there many instances of people having been bit by mad animals?"

"Is the state of a bachelor aggravated and rendered less desirable? By what means?"

"How much is paid per day for ploughing with two oxen? With two horses?"

"Which food has been experienced to be most portable and most nourishing for keeping a distressed ship's crew from starving?"

"What is the value of whales of different sizes?"

In addition to such inquiries Berchtold urges the necessity of sketching landscapes and costumes, and better yet, the scientific drawing of engines and complicated machines, and also of acquiring skill on some musical instrument, to keep one from the gaming table in one's idle hours, preferably of learning to play on a portable instrument, such as a German flute. Journals, it goes without saying, must be written every night before the traveller goes to sleep.

It is not only the fact of their being addressed to persons of small intelligence which makes the guide-books of the eighteenth century seem ridiculous; another reason for their ignoble tone is the increased emphasis they lay on the material convenience of the traveller. Not the service of one's country or the perfecting of one's character is the note of Georgian injunctions, but the fear of being cheated and of being sick. Misson's instructions begin at once with praise of fixed rates in Holland, where one is spared the exhaustion of wrangling. The exact fare from Cologne to Maintz is his next subject, and how one can hire a coach and six horses for three crowns a day; how the best inns at Venice are The Louvre, The White Lion, and The French Arms; how one can stay at The Louvre for eight livres a day and pay seven or eight livres for a gondola by the day, and so forth; with similar useful but uninspired matter. Next he discusses sea-sickness, and informs us that the best remedy is to keep always, night and day, a piece of earth under the nose; for which purpose you should provide a sufficient quantity of earth and preserve it fresh in a pot of clay; and when you have used a piece so long that it begins to grow dry, put it again into the pot, and take out some fresh earth.

Berchtold's suggestions for comfort are even more elaborate. One should carry everywhere:

"A bottle of vinegar, de quatre voleurs. Ditto best French Brandy. Ditto spirit of Salmiac, against fits. Ditto Hoffman's Drops."

At inns it is advisable to air the room by throwing a little strong vinegar upon a red hot shovel, and to bring your bed-clothes with you. As a guard against robbers it is advisable to have your servant sleep in the same room with you, keep a wax candle burning all night, and look into the chests and behind the bed before retiring. Pocket door-bolts in the form of a cross are easily obtainable; if not, put the tables and chair against the door.

There is something fussy about such a traveller, though robbers undoubtedly were to be feared, even in the eighteenth century, and though inns were undoubtedly dirty. A repugnance to dirt and discomfort is justifiable enough, but there is something especially peevish in the tone of many Georgian travellers. Sam Sharp's Letters from Italy breathe only sorrow, disillusion and indignation. Italian beds and vermin, Italian post-boys and their sorry nags are too frequently the theme of his discourse. He even assures us that the young gentlemen whom he had always pictured as highly delighted by the Grand Tour are in reality very homesick for England. They are weary of the interminable drives and interminable conversazioni of Italy and long for the fox-hunting of Great Britain. Fielding's account of his voyage to Lisbon contains too much about his wife's toothache and his own dropsy. Smollett, like Fielding, was a sick man at the time of his travels, and we can excuse his rage at the unswept floors, old rotten tables, crazy chairs and beds so disgusting that he generally wrapped himself in a great-coat and lay upon four chairs with a leathern portmanteau for a pillow; but we cannot admire a man who is embittered by the fact that he cannot get milk to put in his tea, and is continually thrusting his head out of the window to curse at the post-boys, or pulling out his post-book to read to an inn-yard with savage vociferation the article which orders that the traveller who comes first shall be first served.

This is a degeneration from the undaunted mettle of the Elizabethans, who, though acquainted with dirty inns and cheating landlords, kept their spirits soaring above the material difficulties of travel. We miss, in eighteenth century accounts, the gaiety of Roger Ascham's Report of Germany and of the fair barge with goodly glass windows in which he went up the Rhine--gaiety which does not fail even when he had to spend the night in the barge, with his tired head on his saddle for a bolster. We miss the spirit of good fellowship with which John Taylor, the Water Poet, shared with six strangers in the coach from Hamburgh the ribs of roast beef brought with him from Great Britain. Vastly diverting as the eighteenth-century travel-books sometimes are, there is nothing in them that warms the heart like the travels of poor Tom Coryat, that infatuated tourist, chief of the tribe of Gad, whom nothing daunted in his determination to see the world. Often he slept in wagons and in open skiffs, and though he could not afford to hire the guides with Sedan chairs who took men over the Alpine passes in those days, yet he followed them on foot, panting.

So, in spite of the fact that travel is never-ending, and that "peregrinatio animi causa" of the sixteenth century is not very different from the Wanderlust of the nineteenth, we feel we have come to the end of the particular phase of travel which had its beginning in the Renaissance. The passing of the courtier, the widened scope of the university, the rise of journalism, and the ascendancy of England, changed the attitude of the English traveller from eager acquisitiveness to complacent amusement. With this change of attitude came an end to the essay in praise of travel, written by scholars and gentlemen for their kind; intended for him "Who, whithersoever he directeth his journey, travelleth for the greater benefit of his wit, for the commodity of his studies, and dexterity of his life,--he who moveth more in mind than in body." We hope we have done something to rescue these essays from the oblivion into which they have fallen, to show the social background from which they emerged, and to reproduce their enthusiasm for self-improvement and their high-hearted contempt for an easy, indolent life.

* * * * *

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ADVICE TO TRAVELLERS, 1500-1700

1561. Gratarolus, Guilhelmus. Authore Gratarolo Guilhelmo, philosopho et medico, De Regimine Iter Agentium, vel equitum, vel peditum, vel navi, vel curru rheda ... viatoribus et peregrinatoribus quibusque utilissimi libri duo, nunc primum editi. Basileæ, 1561.

1570-1. Cecil, William, Lord Burghley: Letter to Edward Manners, Earl of Rutland, among State Papers, Elizabeth, 1547-80, vol. lxxvii. No. 6.

1574. Turlerus, Hieronymus. De Peregrinatione et agro neapolitano, libri II. scripti ab Hieronymo Turlero. Omnibus peregrinantibus utiles ac necessarii; ac in corum gratiam nunc primum editi. Argentorati, anno 1574.

1575 ---- The Traveiler of Jerome Turler, divided into two bookes, the first conteining a notable discourse of the maner and order of traveiling oversea, or into strange and foreign countries, the second comprehending an excellent description of the most delicious realme of Naples in Italy; a work very pleasant for all persons to reade, and right profitable and necessarie unto all such as are minded to traveyll. London, 1575.

1577. Pyrckmair, Hilarius. Commentariolus de arte apodemica seu vera peregrinandi ratione. Auctore Hilario Pyrckmair Landishutano. Ingolstadii, 1577.

1577. Zvingerus, Theodor. Methodus apodemica in eorum gratiam qui cum fructu in quocunq; tandem vitæ genere peregrinari cupiunt, a Theod. Zvingero. Basiliense typis delineata, et cum aliis tum quatuor præsertim Athenarum vivis exemplis illustrata. Basileæ, 1577.

1578. Bourne, William. A booke called the Treasure for traveilers, devided into five parts, contayning very necessary matters for all sortes of travailers, eyther by sea or by lande. London, 1578.

1578. ---- A Regiment for the Sea, containing verie necessarie matters for all sortes of men and travailers: netyly corrected and amended by Thomas Hood. London, 1578.

1578. Lipsius, Justus. De ratione cum fructu peregrinandi, et præsertim in Italia. (In Epistola ad Ph. Lanoyum.) Justi Lipsii _Epistolæ Selectæ: fol. 106. Parisiis, 1610.

1580. Sidney. Sir Philip Sidney to his brother Robert Sidney when he was on his travels; advising him what circuit to take; how to behave, what authors to read, etc. In Letters and Memorials of State, collected by Arthur Collins. London, 1746.

1587. Pighius (Stephanus Vinandus). Hercules Prodicius, seu principis juventutis vita et peregrinatio. Ex officina C. Plantini. Antverpiæ, 1587.

1587. Meierus, Albertus. Methodus describendi regimes, urbes et arces, et quid singulis locis proecipue in peregrinationibus homines nobiles ac docti animadvertere, observare et annotare debeant. Per M. Albertum Meierum. Helmstadii, 1587.

1589. ---- Certaine briefe and speciall instructions for gentlemen, merchants, students, souldiers, marriners ... employed in services abroad or anie way occasioned to converse in the kingdomes and governementes of forren princes. London, 1589. (Translation by Philip Jones.)

1592. Stradling, Sir John. A Direction for Travailers taken out of Justus Lipsius and enlarged for the behoofe of the right honorable Lord, the young Earle of Bedford, being now ready to travell. London, 1592.

1595. Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex (or Bacon ?). Harl. MS. 6265, p. 428. Profitable instructions, for Roger Manners, Earl of Rutland.

1595 (?). Davison, William (Secretary of Queen Elizabeth.) Harl. MS. 6893. Instructions for Travel.

1598. Loysius, Georgius. G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii, quo agitur de præstantissimis peregrinantis virtutibus, ... Curiæ Variscorum, 1598.

1598. Dallington, Sir Robert. A Method for Travell, shewed by taking the view of France as it stoode in the yeare of our Lord, 1598. N.D., London, printed by Thomas Creede.

c. 1600. A True Description and Direction of what is most worthy to be seen in all Italy. Anon., N.D. Harleian Miscellany, vol. v. No. 128.

1604. Pitsius, Joannes, Ioannis Pitsii Anglii Sacræ Theologiæ Doctoris de Peregrinatione libri septem. Dusseldorpii, 1604.

1605 (?). Neugebauer, Salomon. Tractatus de peregrinatione ... historcis, ethicis, politicisque exemplis illustratus ... cum indice rerum et exemplorum. Basileæ.

1606. Palmer, Thomas. An Essay of the Meanes how to make our Travailes into forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable. London, 1606.

1608. Ranzovinus, Henricus Count. Methodus apodemica seu peregrinandi perlustrandique regiones, urbes et arces ratio ... (With a dedication by Tob. Kirchmair.) Argentinæ, 1608.

1609. Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke. A Letter of Travell, to his cousin Greville Varney. (In Certaine Learned and Elegant Works of the Right Honorable Fulke, Lord Brooke. London, 1633.)

1611. Kirchnerus, Hermannus. An Oration made by Hermannus Kirchnerus ... concerning this subject; that young men ought to travell into forraine countryes, and all those that desire the praise of learning and atchieving worthy actions both at home and abroad. (In Coryat's Crudities, London, 1611.)

1616. Sincerus, Iodocus. Itinerarium Galliæ, ita accommodatum, ut eius ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adiri possint; nec bis terve ad eadem loca rediri oporteat; notatis cuiusque loci, quas vocant, deliciis. Lugduni, 1616.

1617. Moryson, Fynes. Of Travel in General; Of Precepts for Travellers. (In the Itinerary of Fynes Moryson. Ed. Glasgow, 1907.)

1622. Peacham, Henry. The Compleat Gentleman. 1634 Ed., reprinted in Tudor and Stuart Library by Clarendon Press, with introduction by G.S. Gordon. Oxford, 1906.

1625. Bacon, Francis. Of Travel. In Works. Ed. James Spedding. London, 1859.

1631. Erpenius, Thomas. De Peregrinatione Gallica utiliter instituenda Tractatus. Lugduni Batavorum, 1631.

1633. Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex. Profitable Instructions: Describing what speciall Observations are to be taken by Travellers in all Nations, States and Countries; Pleasant and Profitable. By the three much admired, Robert, Late Earl of Essex, Sir Philip Sidney and Secretary Davison. London, 1633.

1637. Wotton, Sir Henry. Letter of Instruction to John Milton, about to travel. In Life and Letters, ed. by Pearsall Smith. Oxford, 1907.

1639. Le Voyage de France, Dresse pour l'instruction et commodité tant des François, que des Estrangers. Paris, 1639. (Du Verdier.)

1642. Howell, James. Instructions for Forreine Travell, Shewing by what cours, and in what compasse of time, one may take an exact Survey of the Kingdomes and States of Christendome, and arrive to the practicall knowledge of the Languages, to good purpose. London, 1642.

1652. Evelyn, John. The State of France as it stood in the IXth yeer of this present Monarch, Lewis XIIII. Written to a Friend by J. E. London, 1652. (Discussion of travel in the preface.)

1653. Zeiler, Martin. Fidus Achates qui itineris sui socium ... non tantum de locorum ... situ, verum etiam, quid in plerisque spectatu ... dignum occurrat ... monet ... Nunc e Germanico Latinus factus a quodam Apodemophilo.... Ulmæ, 1653.

1656. Osborn, Francis. Travel, in Advice to a Son. Ed. E. A. Parry. London, 1896.

1662. Howell, James. A New English Grammar, whereunto is annexed A Discours or Dialog containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall which may serve for a direction how to travell through both Countreys. London, 1662.

c. 1665. Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon. A Dialogue concerning Education in A Collection of Several Tracts. London, 1727.

1665. Gerbier, Balthazar, Knight; Master of the Ceremonies to King Charles the First. Subsidium Peregrinantibus or An Assistance to a Traveller in his Convers ... directing him, after the latest Mode, to the greatest Honour, Pleasure, Security, and Advantage in his Travells. Written to a Princely Traveller for a Vade Mecum. Oxford, 1665.

1670: Lassels, Richard: The Voyage of Italy or a Compleat Journey through Italy.... With Instructions concerning Travel; by Richard Lassels, Gent., who travelled through Italy Five times, as Tutor to several of the English Nobility and Gentry. Never before Extant. Newly printed at Paris and are to be sold in London by John Starkey. 1670.

1670. ---- A Letter of Advice to a young Gentleman Leaving the University, concerning his behavior and conversation in the World, by R(ichard) L(assels). Dublin, 1670.

1671. Leigh, Edward. Three Diatribes or Discourses; First of Travel, or a Guide for Travellers into Foreign Parts; Secondly, of Money or Coyns; Thirdly, of Measuring the Distance betwixt Place and Place. London, 1671.

1678. Gailhard, J. (Who hath been Tutor Abroad to severall of the Nobility and Gentry.) The Compleat Gentleman: or Directions for the Education of Youth as to their Breeding at Home and Travelling Abroad. London, 1678.

1693. Locke, John. Some Thoughts concerning Education. Fourth Edition. London, 1699.

1688. A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, now in his Travels beyond the Seas: for his more safe and profitable conduct in the three great Instances, of Study, Moral Deportment and Religion. In three parts. By a True Son of the Church of England. London, 1688.

1688. Carr, Will, late Consul for the English Nation in Amsterdam. Remarks of the Government of severall Parts of Germaniæ, Denmark ... but more particularly the United Provinces, with some few directions how to Travell in the States Dominions. Amsterdam, 1688.

1690. ---- The Travellers Guide and Historians Faithful Companion. [London? 1690?]

1695. Misson, Maximilian. A New Voyage to Italy: With a description of the Chief Towns ... Together with Useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither. Done into English, and adorn'd with Figures. 2 vols. London, 1695.

* * * * *

TRAVELS, MEMOIRS, LETTERS AND BIOGRAPHIES, 1500-1700, USED IN THE FOREGOING CHAPTERS

Ascham, Roger. Works. Ed. Giles. London, 1865.

Aubrey, John. Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries; and Lives of Eminent Men. London, 1813.

D'Aunoy, Marie Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse. Relation du Voyage D'Espagne. A La Haye, 1691.

---- The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady ... Travels into Spain. 2nd Ed. London, 1692.

Belvoir MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Report; Appendix, Part IV. MSS. of the Duke of Rutland preserved at Belvoir Castle.)

Bercherus, Gulielmus. Epitaphia et Inscriptiones Lugubres. A Gulielmo Berchero cum in Italia, animi causa, peregrinaretur, collecta. Excusum Londini, 1566.

---- The Nobility of Women. Ed. Warwick Bond for Roxburghe Club, 1904. (Written 1559.)

Bisticci, Vespasiano da. Vite di Uomini Illustri del secolo XV. in Collezione di Opere inediti o rare. Firenze, 1859.

Bodley, Sir Thomas. Life, Written by Himself. Privately reprinted for John Lane. London, 1894.

Boorde, Andrew. The First Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, made by Andrew Boorde, of Physycke Doctor; also A Compendyous Regyment, or a Dyetary of Helth, made in Montpelier, compyled by Andrew Boorde, of Physycke Doctour. Ed. F.J. Furnivail, for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series, IX.-X. London, 1869-70.

Botero, Giovanni. The Travellers Breviat, or an historicall description of the most famous kingdomes in the world. Translated into English. London, 1601.

---- A Treatise, concerning the causes of the magnificencie and greatness of cities, ... now done into English by Robert Peterson of Lincolnes Inne, Gent. London, 1606.

---- Relations of the Most Famous Kingdoms and Common-weales through the world.... London, 1608. (Translated by Robert Johnson.)

Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome. Memoires, *... Contenans les Anecdotes de la Cour de France, sous les Rois Henri II., François II., Henri III. et IV. A. Leyde, 1722.

Boyle, Robert. Works. Vol. i. (Life) and v. (Letters). London, 1744.

Breton, Nicholas. Works. Ed. A.B. Grosart. London, 1879.

---- Grimello's Fortunes, with his Entertainment in his Travaile. London, 1604.

Browne, Sir Thomas. Works. Ed. Simon Wilkin. London, 1836. (Vol. i., containing Life and Correspondence.)

Burnet, Gilbert. Some Letters containing an account of what seemed most remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, etc. (Written to the Hon. Robert Boyle.) Printed 1687.

---- Three Letters concerning the Present State of Italy, written in the year 1687. Printed 1688.

Camden, William. History or Annals of England. In A Complete History of England. Vol. ii. 1706.

Carew, George. A Relation of the State of France, with the Character of Henry IV. and the Principal Persons of that Court. Printed by Thomas Birch. London, 1749.

Cavendish, George. Life of Thomas Wolsey (written c. 1557). Printed by William Morris at the Kelmscott Press, 1893.

Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle. Life of ... William Cavendishe, Duke of Newcastle. London, 1667.

---- Life of ... the Duke of Newcastle, to which is added "The True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life." Ed. C.H. Firth. London, 1906.

Caxton, William. Dialogues in French and English. Ed. from text printed about 1483, by Henry Bradley, for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series, lxxix. London, 1900.

Chapman, George. Monsieur d'Olive, in The Comedies and Tragedies of George Chapman. 3 vols. London, 1873.

Clenardus, Nicolaus. Epistolarum Libri Duo. Antverpiæ, ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1566.

Collectanea: First Series. Ed. C.R.L. Fletcher, for the Oxford Historical Society. Vol. v. Oxford, 1885.

Contarini, Gaspar. The Commonwealth and Government of Venice, written by the Cardinall Gaspar Contareno, and translated out of Italian into English by Lewes Lewkenor, Esquire, London, 1599.

Coryat, Thomas. Coryat's Crudities hastily gobled up in five moneths travells in France, Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, commonly called the Grisons country, Helvetia alias Switzerland, some parts of high Germany and the Netherlands; newly digested in the hungry aire of Odcombe in the county of Somerset, and now dispersed to the nourishment of the travelling members of this kingdome. London, 1611. Reprint by James Maclehose & Sons. Glasgow, 1905.

Dallington, Robert. A Survey of the Great Dukes State of Tuscany in the yeare of our Lord 1596. Printed for Edward Blount at London, 1605.

Description Contenant les Antiquitez, fondations et singularitez des plus celebres Villes, Chasteaux et Places remarquables du Royaume de France, avec les choses plus memorables advenues en iciluy (par F. Des Rues). Constance, 1608.

Dudithius, Andreas. Vita Reginaldi Poli. Venetiis, 1558.

Erasmus, Desiderius. Opera Omnia. Lugduni Batavorum, 1703. (Tomus Tertius qui complectitur epistolas.)

---- Modus Orandi Deum. Basileæ, 1524.

---- Familiarium Colloquiorum Des. Erasmi Roterodami Opus. Basileæ, 1542.

Evelyn, John. Diary and Correspondence. Ed. William Bray. London, 1906.

Fénélon, De La Mothe. Correspondance Diplomatique. Tome Sixième. Paris et Londres, 1840.

Ferrar, Nicholas. Two Lives: By his Brother John and by Doctor Jebb. Ed. J.E.B. Mayor. 1855.

Florio, Giovanni. Florio, His Firste Frutes: which yeelde familiar speech, merie Proverbes, wittie Sentences, and golden sayings. Also a perfect Induction to the Italian and English tongues as in the Table appeareth.... Imprinted by Thomas Dawson for Thomas Woodcocke. London, 1578.

---- Florios Second Frutes to be gathered of twelve Trees, of divers but delightsome tastes to the tongues of Italians and Englishmen. ... London, 1591.

France: The Survey or Topographical Description of France; with a new Mappe.... Collected out of sundry approved authors; very amply, truly and historically digested for the pleasure of those who desire to be thoroughly acquainted in the state of the kingdome and dominion of France. London, 1592.

---- The View of France. Printed by Symon Stafford. London, 1604.

Fuller, Thomas. The Church-History of Britain from the Birth of Jesus Christ untill the year MDCXLVIII. Endeavoured by Thomas Fuller. London, 1655.

---- History of the Worthies of England. 2 vols, London, 1811.

Gascoigne, George. The Posies. Ed. J.W. Cunliffe. Cambridge University Press, 1907.

Gerbier, Balthazar. The Interpreter of the Academie for Forrain Languages and all Noble Sciences and Exercises. 1648.

---- The First Lecture of an Introduction to Cosmographie: being a Description of all the World. Read Publiquely at Sir Balthazar Gerbier's Academy. London, 1649.

---- Sir Balthazar Gerbier's Project for an Academy Royal in England. No. XXI. in Collectanea Curiosa. Oxford, 1781.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. Queene Elizabethes Achademy. Ed. by F.J. Furnivall for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series VIII. London, 1869.

Goodall, Baptist. The Tryall of Travell. London, 1630.

Googe, Barnaby. Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonettes. 1563.

---- The Zodiake of Life written by ... Pallingenius ... newly translated into Englishe verse by Barnabe Googe. London, 1565.

Greene, Robert. Greene's Mourning Garment, The Carde of Fancie, and Mamillia; in Life and Complete Works in Prose and Verse. 12 vols. Ed. A.B. Grosart for the Huth Library, 1881-83.

Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke. Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney.... Written by ... his Companion and Friend. London, 1652.

---- Life of Sir Philip Sidney. Tudor and Stuart Library. Oxford, 1907.

Guide des Chemins, pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrées du Royaume de France, avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent parmy lesdicts pays. Paris (1552). (Par C. Estienne.)

Hall, Arthur. A Letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a private quarrell and unkindnesse between Arthur Hall and Melchisedich Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy. (Printed in Antiqua Anglicana, vol. i. London, 1815.)

Hall, Edward. Life of Henry VIII. Reprint with an introduction by Charles Whibley. London, 1904.

Hall, Joseph. Quo Vadis? A Just Censure of Travell as it is undertaken by the Gentlemen of our Nation. London, 1617. Reprinted in Works. Ed. P. Wynter, for the Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1863.

Hamilton, le Comte Antoine. Memoires du Comte de Grammont. Nouvelle Edition Augmentée de Notes et Eclairissements necessaires par M. Horace Walpole. Imprimée a Strawberry Hill, 1772.

Harleian Miscellany, vol. ii. A Late Voyage to Holland, with brief Relations of the Transactions at the Hague: also Remarks on the Manners and Customs, Nature and Comical Humours of the People.... Written by an English Gentleman, attending the Court of the King of Great Britain. 1691.

---- Vol. iii. A Relation of such things as were observed to happen in the journey of the Rt. Hon. Chas. Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral of England, his Highness's Ambassador to the King of Spain. By Robert Treswell, Esq., Somerset-Herald. 1605.

Harrison, William. A Description of England in Holinshed's Chronicles. Ed. by L. Withington, with introduction by F.J. Furnivall. Camelot Series. (1876?)

Hatfield MSS. Calendar of MSS. of the Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., preserved at Hatfield House.

Hentznerus, Paulus. Itinerarium Germaniæ, Galliæ, Angliæ, Italiæ. Norinbergæ, 1612.

Herbert, Edward, Lord, of Cherbury. Satyra Secunda, of Travellers from Paris. To Ben Jonson. In Occasional Verses of Edward Lord Herbert, Baron of Cherbury. London, 1665.

---- Autobiography. Ed. Sidney Lee. London, 1907.

Heylyn, Peter. A Full Relation of two Journeys; the one into the Mainland of France, the other into some of the adjacent Ilands. London, 1656.

----France Painted to the Life by a Learned and Impartial Hand. The Second Edition. London, 1657.

Hoby, Thomas. The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby. Written by Himself, 1547-1564. Ed. Edgar Powell for Camden Society, Third Series, vol. iv. 1902.

---- The Book of the Courtier. Introduction by Walter Raleigh in Tudor Translations. Ed. W.E. Henley. Vol. xxiii. London, 1900.

Howard, James. The English Mounsieur. London, 1674.

Howell, James. Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ. The Familiar Letters of James Horvell. Ed. J. Jacobs. 1892 (first edition 1645).

----A Survey of the Signorie of Venice, of her admired policy and method of government,... with a cohortation to all Christian Princes to resent her dangerous condition at present. London, 1651.

Information for Pilgrims unto the Holy Land, c. 1496. Ed. E. Gordon Duff. London, 1893.

Jonson, Ben. Works. Ed. Gifford. 11 vols. 1875.

La Noue, François de. Discours politiques et militaires. Basle, 1587.

Leland, John. Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis. Oxonii ex Theatro Sheldoniano, 1709.

Lemnius, Levinus. A Touchstone of Complexions. Englished by T. Newton. (1576.)

Lewkenor, Samuel, Gentleman. A Discourse not altogether unprofitable nor unpleasant for such as are desirous to know the situation and customs of forraine cities without travelling to see them; containing a Discourse of all those Citties wherein doe flourish at this day priveleged Universities. London, 1600.

Lloyd, David. State-Worthies. London, 1766.

Locke, John. Life and Letters, with extracts from his journals and common-place books; by Lord King. London, 1858.

Lismore Papers: Ed. A.B. Grosart. First Series, vol. v.; Second Series, Vols. iv. and v. 1886.

Lyly, John. Euphues and his Ephæbus, in Euphues; The Anatomy of Wit, in Works. Ed. R. Warwick Bond. Oxford, 1902.

Markham, Gervase. A Discourse of Horsemanshippe. London, 1593.

---- The Gentlemans Academie; or The Booke of Saint Albans;... reduced into a better method by G.M. London, 1595.

Marston, John. Works. Ed. A.H. Bullen. London, 1887.

---- Scourge of Villainie. London, 1598.

Milton, John. Defensio secunda pro Populo Anglicano, contra Alexandrum Morum Ecclesiasten. Amstelodami, 1798. (Opera Omnia Latina.)

Montfaucon, Bernard de. The Travels of the Learned Father Montfaucon from Paris thro Italy (in 1698-9), Made English from the Paris Edition. London, 1712.

Munday, Anthony. The English Romayne Life Written by A. Munday, sometime the Popes Schollar in the Seminarie among them. London, 1590.

Munster, Sebastian. Cosmographiæ universalis Libri VI. Basileæ, 1550.

Nash, Thomas. Works. Ed. Grosart. 6 vols. 1883-5.

---- The Unfortunate Traveller, or The Life of Jacke Wilton. London, 1594.

Negri, Cesare. Nuove Inventioni di Balli: Opera vaghissima di Cesare Negri Milanese detto il Trombone, famoso e eccellente Professore di Ballare. Milano, 1604.

North, The Hon. Roger. Lives of the Norths, together with the Autobiography of the Author; Ed. A. Jessopp. London, 1890.

Original Letters Illustrative of English History ... from autographs in the British Museum. With notes by Henry Ellis, Keeper of MSS. in the British Museum. London, 1844.

Overbury, Sir Thomas. Sir Thomas Overbury, His Wife, with additions of New Newes, and divers more Characters (never before annexed) written by himself and other learned gentlemen. The tenth impression augmented. London, 1618.

----Sir Thomas Overbury, his Observations in his Travailes upon the State of the XVII. Provinces as they stood Anno Dom. 1609. [London], 1626.

Owen, Lewis. The Running Register: Recording a True Relation of the State of the English Colledges, Seminaries and Cloysters in all forraine parts. London, 1626.

Pace, Richard. Richardi Pacei invictissimi regis angliæ primarii secretarii, eiusque apud Elvetios oratoris, De Fructu qui ex Doctrina percipitur, liber. In Inclyta Basilea (1517).

Paulet, Sir Amias. Copy-Book of Sir Amias Paulet's Letters written during his Embassy to France, A.D. 1577. From MS. in the Bodleian, edited by O. Ogle for the Roxburghe Club. 1866.

Penn, William. An Account of W. Penn's Travails in Holland and Germany Anno MDCLXXVII. For the Service of the Gospel of Christ, by way of Journal. Containing also Divers Letters and Epistles unto several Great and Eminent Persons whilst there. London, 1694.

Pilgrim-Book of the Ancient English Hospice attached to the English College at Rome from 1580-1656, and Diary of the same college 1578-1773, printed by Henry Foley in Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vol. vi.

Pluvinel, Antoine. Le Maneige Royal ou lon peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne de Princes, fait et pratiqué en l'instruction du Roy par Antoine Pluvinel son Escuyer Principal, Conseiller en son Conseil d'Estat, son Chambellan ordinaire, et Sous-Gouverneur de sa Majesté. Le tout gravè et representé en grandes figures de taille douce par Crispian de Pas, Flamand, à l'honneur du Roy, et à la memoire de Monsieur de Pluvinel. Paris, 1624.

Raymond, John. Il Mercurio Italico, Communicating a Voyage made through Italy in the yeares 1646 and 1647 by J.R., Gent. London, 1648.

Réaux, Tallemant des. Historiettes. Paris, 1834.

Sandys, George. A Relation of a Journey begun An. Dom. 1610. Foure Bookes, Containing a description of the Turkish Empire of Aegypt, of the Holy Land, of the Remote Parts of Italy, and the Ilands adjoyning. London, 1615.

Schottus, Franciscus. Itinerarii Italiæ Rerumque Romanarum libri tres a Franc. Schotto I.C. ex antiquis novisque scriptoribus, iis editi qui Romam anno Iubileii sacro visunt. Ad Robertum Bellarminum S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. Antverpiæ, ex officina Plantiniana, apud Joannem Moretum. Anno sæculari Sacro, 1600.

Shirley, James. Dramatic Works and Poems. Ed. A. Dyce. 6 vols. London, 1833.

Sidney, Sir Philip. Correspondence with Hubert Languet, collected by S.A. Pears. London, 1845.

Smith, Richard. Sloane MS. 1813, containing the Journal of R. Smith, Gentleman, who accompanied Sir Edward Unton on his travels into Italy in 1563.

Spelman, William. A Dialogue or Confabulation between two travellers which treateth of civile and pollitike gouvernment in dyvers kingdomes and contries. MS. c. 1580, edited by J.E.L. Pickering. London, 1896.

Stanhope, Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield. Letters to several celebrated Individuals of the time of Charles II., James II., William III. and Queen Anne, with some of their replies. London, 1829.

State Papers, Domestic, 1547-80. Vols. xviii.-xx. passim, in the Public Record Office, London. (For correspondence of Sir William Cecil with his son Thomas Cecil in Paris.)

Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the text of 1603 and edited by C.L. Kingsford. Oxford, 1908.

Strype, John. Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State of King Edward the Sixth, and Queen Elizabeth. Oxford, 1820.

----Annals of the Reformation. Oxford, 1824.

----Life of Edmund Grindal. Oxford, 1821.

----Life of Sir John Cheke. Oxford, 1821.

Talbot MSS., in the College of Arms, London. Vol. P. fol. 571. (For correspondence of Gilbert Talbot in Italy in 1570.)

Taylor, John. All the Works of John Taylor the Water Poet. Being Sixty-Three in number, collected into one volume by the Author. London, 1630.

Temple, Sir William. Observations upon the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673.

Thomas, William. The Historie of Italie, a boke excedyng profitable to be redde; because it intreateth of the estate of many and divers commonweales, how they have been, and now be governed. 1549.

----The Pilgrim, A Dialogue on the Life and Actions of King Henry the Eighth. Ed. J.A. Froude. London, 1861.

Warner, William. Pan his Syrinx, Compact of seven Reedes; including in one, seven Tragical and Comicall Arguments. London (1584).

Webbe, Edward. Travailes (1590). Ed. E. Arber. London, 1868.

Weldon, Sir Anthony. The Court and Character of King James: Written and Taken by Sir A. W.(eldon). London, 1650.

Wey, William. Itineraries of William Wey, Fellow of Eton College, to Jerusalem, A.D. 1458 and A.D. 1462; and to Saint James of Compostella, A.D. 1456: from the MS. in the Bodleian. Printed for the Roxburghe Club. London, 1857.

Whetstone, George. A Remembrance of the wel imployed life and goodly end of George Gaskoigne Esquire, who deceased at Stalmford in Lincolneshire the 7 of October 1577. The reporte of Geor. Whetstone Gent. an eye witness of his Godly and charitable end in this world. Imprinted at London for Edward A(?)ggas, dwelling in Paules Churchyard and are there to be solde. [1577.]

Wilson, Thomas. The Arte of Rhetorique, for the use of all such as are studious of Eloquence, sette forth in English, by Thomas Wilson. 1553.

----Reprint of 1560 edition, edited by G.H. Mair for the Tudor and Stuart Library. Oxford, 1909.

Winwood Memorials. Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I., collected from the Original Papers of the Rt. Hon. Sir Ralph Winwood, Kt. 3 vols. London, 1725.

Wood, Anthony à. Athenæ Oxonienses. Ed. Bliss. London, 1820.

* * * * *

III

CRITICAL OR OTHER WORKS WHICH HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN THIS STUDY

Addison, Joseph. Remarks on Several Parts of Italy ... in the years 1701, 1702, 1703. London, 1705.

----A Letter from Italy to the Right Honourable Charles, Lord Halifax, by Mr Joseph Addison, 1701. Printed London, 1709.

Andrich, I.A. De Natione Anglica et Scotia Iuristarum universitatis Patavinæ ab an. MCCXXII. P. Ch. N. usque ad an. MDCCXXXVIII. præfatus est Blasius Brugi. Patavii excudebant fratres Gallina MDCCCXCII.

Avenel, Le Vicomte G. D'. La Noblesse française sous Richelieu. Paris, 1901.

Babeau, Albert. Les Voyageurs en France Depuis la Renaissance j'usqu' a La Révolution. Paris, 1885.

Bapst, Edmund. Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la Cour de Henry VIII. Paris, 1891.

Baretti, Joseph. An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy: with Observations on the mistakes of some travellers with regard to that country. London, 1768.

----An Appendix to the Account of Italy, in answer to Samuel Sharp, Esq London, 1769.

Bear-Leaders, The: or Modern Travelling stated in a proper Light, in a Letter to the Rt. Honorable the Earl of ... London, 1758.

Beckmann, Johann. Litteratur der älteren Reisebeschreibungen. Gottingen, 1808.

----Physikalisch-ökonomische Bibliothek vorinn von den neuesten Büchern, welche die Naturgeschichte, Naturlehre und die Land- und Stadtwirthschaft betreffen, zuverlässige und volständige Nachrichten ertheilet werden, von Johann Beckmann ... ordentl. Profess. der ökonomischen Wissenschaften. 21 Band. Gottingen, 1802.

Berchtold, Count Leopold. An Essay to direct and extend the Inquirie of Patriotic Travellers; with further Observations on the Means of preserving the Life, Health, and Property of the inexperienced in their Journies by Land and Sea. Also a Series of Questions, interesting to Society and Humanity, necessary to be proposed for Solution to Men of all Ranks and Employments and of all Nations and Governments, comprising the most serious Points relative to the Objects of all Travels. London, 1789.

Birch, Thomas. The Court and Times of James the First. London, 1848.

---- The Court and Times of Charles the First. London, 1848.

---- Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth from 1581 till 1603, from the papers of Anthony Bacon, Esq. London, 1754.

---- Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. London, 1760.

Bonnaffé, Edmund. Voyages et Voyageurs de la Renaissance. Paris, 1895.

Bourciez, Eduard. Les Moeurs Polies et la Littérature de Cour sous Henri II. Paris, 1886.

Burgon, J.W. Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham. London, 1839.

Carte, Thomas. Life of James, Duke of Ormond. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.

Congreve, William. Comedies. 2 vols. London, 1895.

Coriat Junior (Sam Paterson, Bookseller). Another Traveller: or Cursory Remarks and Critical Observations made upon a Journey through Part of the Netherlands in the latter end of the Year 1766. 2 vols. London, 1767.

Cust, Mrs Henry. Gentlemen Errant. London, 1909.

Devereux, W.B. Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex. 2 vols. London, 1853.

Dodd, Charles. Church History of England from the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century to the Revolution in 1688. Ed. by Rev. M.A. Tierney. 4 vols. London, 1841.

Einstein, Lewis. The Italian Renaissance in England. Columbia University Press, New York, 1902.

Feuillerat, Albert. John Lyly. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910.

Fielding, Henry. Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. Ed. by Austin Dobson. Chiswick Press, 1892.

Foote, Samuel. Dramatic Works. 4 vols. London, 1783.

Gibbon, Edward. Autobiography. Ed. by John Murray, with an introduction by the Earl of Sheffield. London, 1896.

Gray, Thomas. Gray and His Friends; Letters and Relics in great part hitherto unpublished. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1890.

----Letters of Thomas Gray. Ed. by D.C. Tovey. 2 vols. London, 1900.

Jöcher, Christian Gottlieb. Gelehrten-Lexicon. Leipsig, Delmerhorst and Bremen, 1750-87.

Jusserand, J.J. Les Sports et Jeux D'exercice dans L'ancienne France. Paris, 1901.

Knight, Samuel. The Life of Dr John Colet. Oxford, 1823.

Lodge, Edmund. Illustrations of British History. 3 vols. London, 1791.

Mathew, A.H. The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by his kinsman. London, 1907.

Maugham, H. Neville. The Book of Italian Travel. London, 1903.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Letters and Works. Ed. by her great-grandson Lord Wharncliffe, with additions by W. Moy Thomas. 2 vols. London, 1893.

Nares, Edward. Memoirs of Lord Burghley. 3 vols. 1831.

Nicolas, Sir Harris. Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton, K.G. London, 1847.

Nolhac, Pierre De. Erasme en Italie. Paris, 1898.

Nugent, Thomas. The Grand Tour. 4 vols. London, 1778.

Physikalisch-ökonomischer Bibliothek, XXI. Vide Beckmann, Johann.

Pinkerton, John. Voyages and Travels. Vol. 17. London, 1814.

Poole, R., Doctor of Physick. A Journey from London to France and Holland; or the Traveller's Useful Vade Mecum.... Wherein is also occasionally contained many Moral Reflections and Useful Observations. London, 1746.

----The Beneficient Bee; or Traveller's Companion, containing Each Day's Observations in a Voyage from London to Gibraltar ... interspersed with many useful Observations and occasional Remarks. London, 1753.

Rashdall, H. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1895.

Rye, W.B. England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First. London, 1865.

Sauval, Henri. Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris. Paris, 1724.

Seebohm, Frederic. The Oxford Reformers. London, 1887.

(Seward, William.) Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons, chiefly of the Present and two Preceding Centuries. 5 vols. London, 1796.

Sharp, Samuel. Letters from Italy, describing the Customs and Manners of that Country in the years 1765-1766. To which is annexed, an Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps in their Tour through Italy. London, 1767.

---- A View of the Customs, Manners, Drama, etc., of Italy as they are described in The Frustra Letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English written by Mr Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy written by Mr Sharp. London, 1768.

Smith, Edward. Foreign Visitors in England. London, 1889.

Smollett, Tobias. Works. Ed. W.E. Henley. London, 1899.

Stanhope, Philip Dormer, Earl of Chesterfield. Letters to his Son. Published by Mrs Eugenia Stanhope from the originals now in her possession. 2 vols. London, 1774.

Thicknesse, Philip. Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation in a Series of Letters in which that Nation is vindicated from the Misrepresentations of some Late Writers. London, 1766.

The Travellers. A Satire. London, 1778.

Verney, Margaret. Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Commonwealth, 1650-1660. Vol. iii. London, 1894.

Voltaire (Francis Marie Arouet). Lettres Philosophiques. Ed. by Gustave Lanson. Paris, 1909.

Walpole, Horace, Fourth Earl of Orford. Letters. Ed. by Peter Cunningham. 9 vols. London, 1891.

* * * * *

INDEX

Academies, 121-132; in France, 121-123; proposals for academies in England, 123-126; objections to such academies, 128-132

Acworth, George, 62

Addison, Joseph, 181

Advice to Travellers, 4-5, 205; Elizabethan, 21; characteristics of Renaissance books of, 28-32; admonitory side of, 55, 88-98; for the country gentleman, 148; guide-books of the 18th century, 196, 200

Agricola, Rudolf, 7

Alps, the, 192, 200

Ambassadors, training for, 12-16, 43-47, 69; troubles of, 83-85, 133

Amorphus, in Cynthia's Revels, xii

Amsterdam, 137

Art in Spain, 134; attention to in 17th century, 168-169

Arundel, Earl of, see Howard

Ascham, Roger, 16, 18, 42, 52, 57, 65, 200

Bacon, Lady Anne, 73-75 Anthony, 73-75 Francis, 36 note, 45: Of Travel, 146 Sir Nicholas, 123

Barker, William, 62, 63

Bear-Leaders, the, 188

Becket, Thomas à, 7

Bedell, William, 76

Bedford, Earl of, see Russell

Bellay, Joachim Du, 16

Bembo, Pietro, 16

Berchtold, Leopold, Count, Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of Patriotic Travellers, 195-198

Berneville, Marie Catherine Jumelle de, Comtesse D'Aunoy, 134

Bethune, Maximilien de, Duc de Sully, 115

Blotz, Hugo, 41

Bobadil, Captain, in Every Man in His Humour, 117

Bodley, Sir Thomas, 37

Boleyn, George, Viscount Rochford, 12, 15

Boorde, Andrew, 14

Borssele, Anne, Lady of Veer, 8

Bothwell, Earl of, see Hepburn

Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome, 117

Bourne, William, Treasure for Travellers, 35

Bowyer, Sir Henry, 113

Boyle, Richard, First Earl of Cork, and his sons Robert and Francis, 158-167

Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, 15

Brantome, see Bourdeille

Bras-de-Fer, see La Noue

Browne, Sir Thomas, 142, 193 note; his son at Padua, 139

Bryan, Sir Francis, 15

Bucer, Martin, 17, 41

Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers

Burghley, Lord, see Cecil

Camden, Thomas, History of England, 14

Carew, Sir Nicholas, 15

Carlton, Sir Dudley, 45

Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 144 William, Duke of Newcastle, 104

Cecil, Anne, Countess of Oxford, 64, 66 Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 39, 76, 78, 150 Thomas, Earl of Exeter, 40, 57 note, 77, 145, 193 note William, Baron of Burghley, l8, 37, 39, 40, 64-66, 73 William, Lord Cranbourne, 76, 160 William, Lord Roos, 76-78, 80

Chamberlain, John, 45, 113

Charles I., 114, 132

Charles II., 104, 131, 178

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 29

Chesterfield, Earls of, see Stanhope

Chichester, Bishop of, see Montague

Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde

Clenardus, Nicolaus, 132

Cleves, Charles Frederick, Duke of, 25

Clothes, 68-70; French, 15, 50, 51, 118, 179, 184, 189; Italian, 57, 67

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, 168

Colet, John, 10

Compostella, St James of, 3

Cork, Earl of, see Boyle

Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 83-85

Coryat, Thomas, 20, 28 note, 200

Cost, see Expense

Cottington, Sir Francis, 83

Cranbourne, Lord, see Cecil

Cranmer, George, 11, 17, 41

Creswell, Joseph, Jesuit, 84

Crichton, James, "The Admirable," 48

Curiosities, 138-139, 168

Customs (droit d'aubaine) in Spain, 133

Dallington, Sir Robert, Method for Travell, 88-89, 108, 111-118, 155, 156; Survey of Tuscany, 108, 111; View of France, 108, 109

Dancing, 113-115

Dangers of Travel, 30, 47-49, 56, 94-98, 198

D'Aunoy, see Berneville

Davison, Francis, 39-41, 146, 155 William, 35, 154

Delahaute, Antoine, 168

De Peregrinatione, 23, 29-32, 55

Derby, Earl of, see Stanley

Descartes, René, 137

Deschamps, Eustache, 107

Devereux, Robert, Second Earl of Essex, 35, 36, 42 Robert, Third Earl of Essex, 38

Drake, Sir Francis, 27

Dudley, Sir Robert, 102

Dyer, Sir Edward, 21

Education, 103-108; see also Academies, Universities, Scholars, Ambassadors, Governors, Humanism

Edward VI., 16, 17

Einstein, Lewis, Italian Renaissance in England, 9

Ellis, Sir Henry, 4

Englishmen, their special reason for travelling, 22; peculiarities, 120; Italianate, 55; prejudices against foreigners, 67-69, 178-181

Erasmus, Desiderius, 6, 8, 9

Essex, Earls of, see Devereux

Evelyn, John, 138, 141, 144, 157, 169

Expenses of travel, 66, 154-157

Fairfax, Colonel Thomas, 152

Faubert, Mons., 125

Fencing, 117

Ferrar, Nicholas, 140

Fielding, Henry, 199

Finch, Sir John, 139

Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond, 15

Fleetwood, William, Recorder of London, 58, 62

Flemming, Robert, 9

Florio, John, Second Frutes, 21

Flutter, Sir Fopling, 179

Food, 48, 110-111

Foote, Samuel, The Englishman in Paris, 180

Forbes, James, 151-152

Foreigners, English prejudice against, 67-71, 178-181

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, 10

France, academies in, 101, 121-132; affectations learned in, 15, 50, 51, 179, 183-186; arbiter of fashion, 118, 119, 141; gentlemen of, 105, 107, 118, 119; attraction for tourists, 102-103; loses some of its charm, 177

Francis I., 14

Free, John, 9

Gailhard J., 167

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 41

George I., 190

Gerbier, Balthazar, 124-125; Subsidium Peregrinantibus, 169

Germans, energetic travellers, 22; Fynes Moryson's preference for, 93; slow to learn languages, 113 note

Germany, attraction of, 17; women of, 40; manners of, 48, 172; Ascham's Report of Germany, 200

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 123

Gloucester, Duke of, see Henry

Governors, 24-25, 145-154, 167, 170, 186-189

Grand Tour, the, Origin of the term, 143-145

Gray, Thomas, 191-192

Greek, 7, 10, 18, 105

Greene, Robert, 55, 70; Greene's Mourning Garment, 21; Quip for an Upstart Courtier, 70

Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, 21, 36

Grey, William, 9

Grimani, Dominic, the Cardinal, 9

Grocyn, William, 10

Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, 168

Guide-books, see Advice to travellers

Gunthorpe, John, 9

Hall, Arthur, 57-62 Edward, 15 Joseph, 87, 98

Harington, Sir John, 38, 39, 79

Harrison, William, 68

Harvey, Gabriel, 67

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 21

Henri III., 113

Henri IV., 109-110

Henry VI., 3

Henry VIII., 6, 7, 11, 13, 67, 103

Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., 38, 79 note, 114, 124

Henry, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I., 131

Hepburn, Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, 102

Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour

Hoby, Sir Thomas, 16, 53-55, 62

Holland, 136-139, 197

Horace, 8, 27

Howard, Thomas, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, 63 Thomas, Second Earl of Arundel, 102

Howell, James, 118-120, 136, 156, 192; Instructions for Forreine Travell, 108, 118-120, 132; Perambulations of Spain, 135

Humanists, their sociability, 41, 43

Humanism, 7

Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 128, 135, 183-186; Dialogue of the Want of Respect Due to Age, 184

Il Cortegiano, 23

Informacon for Pylgrymes unto the Holy Land, 4-5

Inns, 30, 47, 48, 197-199

Inquisition, 75-79 passim

Instructions for travellers, see Advice

Insurance, 95

Italianate Englishmen, 51-58 passim, 62-63, 70

Italy, attraction of, 7-9, 11, 17, 52, 54, 73; evils of, 49, 51, 55, 101-102; universities of, 7-9, 52-54

Jaffa, port, 3, 5

James I., 114, 135, 150

Jerusalem, 6

Jesuits, 75-85 passim

Johnson, Samuel, 182

Jones, Philip, 27

Jonson, Ben, 150; Cynthia's Revels, xii; Preface to Coryat's Crudities, 20; Every Man out of his Humour, 95 note; Volpone, or the Fox, 96-97

Journals, 38-40, 196

Jusserand, J.J., 130

Killigrew, Sir Thomas, 164-165

Kinaston, Sir Francis, 124

Kirchnerus, Hermannus, 28; Oration in Praise of Travel, 28, 30, 31, 201

Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, 11

Languages, 15-16, 73, 112-113, 190

La Noue, François de, 107

Lassels, Richard, 145, 157; The Voyage of Italy, 148-149, 194

Latimer, William, 10

Leicester's, the Earl of, son, see Dudley

Leigh, Edward, 167

Lewknor, Thomas, 100

Licences for Travel, 86-87

Lichefield, Edward, 79

Lily, William, 10 George, 11

Linacre, Thomas, 10

Lipsius, Justus, 26, 41, 42, 55

Lister, Martin, 139

Locke, John, 137, 186-187

Lodgings, with an ambassador, 43-46; with a bookseller, 43; with a scholar, 41; in Spain, 133-134; see also Inns

Lorkin, Thomas, 122

Louis XIII., 121, 126

Louis XIV., 177

Loysius, Georgius, Pervigilium Mercurii, 27-28

Lupset, Thomas, 11

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 23, 56

Maidwell, Lewis, 126

Mallerie, Melchisedech, 59-62

Manners, Edward, Third Earl of Rutland, 37, 39, 63

Manutius, Aldus, 9

Mason, Sir John, 13

Mathew, Sir Tobie, 86 note

Meierus, Albertus, Methodus describendi regiones, 27

Milton, John, 97, 101

Misson, Maximilian, 194, 197; A New Voyage to Italy, 194

Mole, John, 77-79

Montagu, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 104

Morison, Sir Richard, 11

Moryson, Fynes, 20, 90; Precepts for Travellers, 90-95

Murder, 48, 198 note

Nash, Thomas, 50

Newcastle, Duchess and Earl of, see Cavendish

Norfolk, Duke of, see Howard

North, Dudley, Third Lord North, 48

Nuove Inventioni di Balli, 114

Osborn, Francis, 143, 154

Oxford, Earls of, see Vere

Pace, Richard, 11

Padua, Pole's household at, 11; University of, 52-55, 139, 140

Palmer, Sir Thomas, "The Traveller," died 1626, 35 Sir Thomas, died in Spain 1605, 81

Paris, life of Englishmen at, 174-176; medical students at, 139; see also France

Passports, see Licences

Paulet, Sir Amias, 44

Peacham, Henry, 105, 132

Peregrine, in Volpone, or the Fox, xii

Peter Martyr, see Vermigli

Pighius, Stephanus Vinandus, 25

Pignatelli, 121

Pilgrimages, 3-7

Pirates, 47, 49

Plague, 24 note, 49

Plantin, Christophe, 25

Plato, 31, 112

Plegsis, Armand du, Cardinal Richelieu, 121

Pluvinel, Antoine, 121, 126, 128

Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 11-12

Politian (Angelo Ambrogini), 15, 72

Politick-Would-Be in Volpone, or the Fox, xii, 96

Pretender, the, 173

Pugliano, John Pietro, 127

Pyrckmair, Hilarious, 24-25

Raleigh's, Sir Walter, son, 150

Ramus, Peter, 26

Réaux, Tallemant des, 115, 128

Religion, changes in, due to travel, 51, 56, 72-73, 75-86 passim, 88, 98

Renaissance, enthusiasm for travel, sources of, 18, 201; quest of virtù, 29

Richelieu, Cardinal and Duc de, see Plessis

Riding, 120; the Great Horse, 121, 126-130 passim, 142, 186

Robbers, 30, 47, 90, 91, 133, 198

Rochford, Viscount, see Boleyn

Rome, 25, 76, 86, 91, 94, 173

Ronsard, Pierre de, 16

Roos, Lord, see Cecil

Russell, Edward, Third Earl of Bedford, 42

Rutland, Earl of, see Manners

St John's College, Cambridge, 17, 18

St Lieger, Sir Anthony, 12

Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil

Scholars, 7-11, 17, 18, 41-43, 65

Schottus, Franciscus, Itinerarium Italiæ, 193

Seignelay, Marquis de, see Colbert

Selling, William, 10, 72

Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford, 21, 41

Shakespeare, William, Two Gentlemen of Verona, xii; Taming of the Shrew, 20

Sharp, Sam, 198; Letters from Italy, 198

Sickness, 24, 48, 160, 197, 199

Sidney, Sir Philip, 35, 43, 46, 127 Robert, Earl of Leicester, 41, 66, 154

"Sights," 143, 193

Smith, Richard, 40, 48 Sir Thomas, 14, 46

Smollett, Tobias, 199; Peregrine Pickle, 181

Spain, gentlemen of, 119, 135; discomforts of, 132-136

Stanhope, Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield, 131-132, 140 Philip Dormer, Third Earl of Chesterfield, 170-177, 182-183

Stanley, William, Ninth Earl of Derby, 151-153

Starkey, Thomas, 11

Stradling, Sir John, 26, 42

Students, see Universities

Sturmius, Joannes, 17, 65

Sully, Duc de, see Bethune

Talbot, Gilbert, Seventh Earl of Shrewsbury, 21, 39, 63

Taylor, John, The Water Poet, 200

Temple, Sir William, 137

Tennis, 115-116

Thomas, William, The Historie of Italie, 53; The Pilgrim, 110

Throgmorton, Michael, 11

Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 9

Transportation, 4-5, 54, 142, 189, 197, 200

Tunstall, Cuthbert, 10

Turlerus, Hieronymus, 23, 24, 26; De Peregrinatione, 23, 29-32 passim, 55

Tutors, see Governors

Ulysses, 27, 31

Universities, of Italy, 7-9, 52-55, 139; of Spain, 84, 85; of England, 53, 105, 170, 171, 175, 183, 190

Unton, Sir Edward, 40, 56

Ursinus, Zacharias, 43

Valladolid, conversions at, 81, 84

Veer, Lady of, see Borssele

Venice, charm of, 52, 54, 55; clothes from, 50: inns at, 197

Vere, Edward de, Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, 63-67

Vermigli, John de, Twelfth Earl of Oxford, 4 Peter, Martyr, 17

Verney, Edmund, 131

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 102, 114, 133

Wallis, John, 129

Walpole, Horace, Fourth Earl of Orford, 177, 191-192 Richard, Jesuit, 81, 84

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 46 Our Lady of, 7

Wentworth, Thomas, Fourth Baron Wentworth, 78-80

Williamson, Sir Joseph, 147

Wilson, Thomas, Arte of Rhetoric, 24

Windebanke, Sir Thomas, 145

Wingfield, Sir Richard, 12 Sir Robert, 12

Winsor, Sir Edward, 49

Winter, Thomas, 11

Women, 28, 34, 55

Wood, Anthony à, ix, 124

Worde, Wynkin de, 4

Wotton, Sir Edward, 10, 127 Sir Henry, 41, 78-80, 95-98, 155 Sir Nicholas, 12

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 12

Zouche, Edward la, Eleventh Baron Zouche of Harringworth, 38, 60, 87

Zwingerus, Theodor, 24, 26; Methodus Apodemica, 24, 33

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES

Footnote 1: Ben Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, Act i. Sc. I.

Footnote 2: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.

Footnote 3: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, i. 110, note.

Footnote 4: In c. 1498, 1515, and 1524.

Footnote 5: Itineraries of William Wey. Printed for the Roxburghe Club from the original MS. in the Bodleian Library, 1857, pp. 153-154.

Footnote 6: Familiarium Colloquiorum Opus. Basileæ, 1542. De utilitate colloquiorum, ad lectorem.

Footnote 7: Ibid. De votis tentere susceptis, fol. 15.

Footnote 8: Ibid. Ad lectorem.

Footnote 9: Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, i. 95.

Footnote 10: G. Cavendish, Life of Wolsey. Kelmscott Press, 1893.

Footnote 11: Opera (MDCCIII.), Tom. iii., Ep. xcii. (Annæ Bersalæ, Principi Verianæ).

Footnote 12: "Quid cælum, quos agros, quas bibliothecas, quas ambulationes, quam mellitas eruditorum hominum confabulationes, quot mundi lumina ... reliquerim." Ep. cxxxvi.

Footnote 13: Ep. mclxxv.

Footnote 14: Opera (MDCCIII.) Tom. ix. 1137.

Footnote 15: Ep. ccclxiii.

Footnote 16: Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. iv., Part I., No. 4.

Footnote 17: Richard Pace, De Fructu qui ex Doctrina Percipitur (1517), p. 27.

Footnote 18: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. i. 65. Archbishop Cranmer to Henry VIII.

Footnote 19: Becatelli, Vita Reginaldi Poli. Latin version of Andreas Dudithius, Venetiis, 1558.

Footnote 20: MS. Cotton, Nero, B. f. 118.

Footnote 21: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. i. 54.

Footnote 22: Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss.

Footnote 23: Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. ix., No. 101.

Footnote 24: J.S. Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII., vol. i. 117-147.

Footnote 25: Bapst, Edmond, Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la cour de Henry VIII., Paris, 1891, pp. 26, 60.

Footnote 26: Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. ii., Part I., No. 2149.

Footnote 27: Ibid., vol. xi., No. 60; vol. xv., No. 581.

Footnote 28: D. Lloyd, State Worthies, vol. i. 105.

Footnote 29: Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., vol. v. p. 751.

Footnote 30: Camden, History of England.

Footnote 31: In the First Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, 1547.

Footnote 32: Hall's Life of Henry VIII., ed. Whibley, 1904, vol. i. 175.

Footnote 33: The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, ed. Powell, 1902, pp. 18, 37.

Footnote 34: Ascham's Works, ed. Giles, vol. i., Part II., p. 265.

Footnote 35: I refer to the death of Bucer and P. Fagius. Strype (Life of Cranmer, p. 282) says that when they arrived in England in the month of April they "very soon fell sick: which gave a very unhappy stop to their studies. Fagius on the fifth of November came to Cambridge, and ten days afterwards died."

Footnote 36: Taming of the Shrew, Act I. Sc. ii.

Footnote 37: Coryat's Crudities, ed. 1905, p. 17.

Footnote 38: Ed. 1591, p. 91.

Footnote 39: Works, ed. Grossart, ix. 139. In which the father of Philador, among many other admonitions, forestalls Sir Henry Wotton's famous advice to Milton on the traveller's need of holding his tongue: "Be, Philador, in secrecy like the Arabick-tree, that yields no gumme but in the darke night."

Footnote 40: Jöcher, Gelehrten-Lexicon, 1751, and Zedler's Universal-Lexicon.

Footnote 41: Clarendon Press ed. 1909, p. 29.

Footnote 42: G. Gratarolus, De Regimine Iter Agentium, Some insight into the trials of travel in the sixteenth century may be gained by the sections on how to endure hunger and thirst, how to restore the appetite, make up lost sleep, ward off fever, avoid vermin, take care of sore feet, thaw frozen limbs, and so forth.

Footnote 43: Methodus Apodemica, Basel, 1577, fol. B, verso.

Footnote 44: Paul Hentzner, whose travels were reprinted by Horace Walpole, was a Hofmeister of this sort. The letter of dedication which he prefixed to his Itinerary in 1612 is a section, verbatim, of Pyrckmair's De Arte Apodemica.

Footnote 45: De Arte Apodemica, Ingolstadii, 1577, fols. 5-6.

Footnote 46: Hercules Prodicius, seu principis juventutis vita et peregrinatio, pp. 131-137

Footnote 47: Jöcher, Gelebrten-Lexicon, under Zwinger.

Footnote 48: Zwinger, Methodus Apodemica, fol. B, verso.

Footnote 49: Ad. Ph. Lanoyum, fol. 106, in Justi Lipsii Epistole Selecta, Parisiis, 1610.

Footnote 50: A Direction for Travailers, London, 1592.

Footnote 51: "Methodus describendi regiones, urbes, et arces, et quid singulis locis præcipue in peregrinationibus homines nobiles ac docti animadvertere observare et annotare debeant." Meier was a Danish geographer and historian, 1528-1603.

Footnote 52: G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii. Curiæ Variscorum, 1598. (Nos. 17, 20, 23, 27.)

Footnote 53: Op. cit., No. 109.

Footnote 54: Translated by Thomas Coryat in his Crudities, 1611. He must have picked up the oration in his tour of Germany; but nothing which appears to be the original is given among the forty-six works of Hermann Kirchner, Professor of History and Poetry at Marburg, as cited by Jöcher, though the other "Oratio de Germaniæ perlustratione omnibus aliis peregrinationibus anteferenda," also translated by Coryat, is there listed.

Footnote 55: Turler, The Traveiler, p. 12.

Footnote 56: Kirchner in Coryat's Crudities, vol. i. 131.

Footnote 57: Turler, op. cit., p. 48.

Footnote 58: Lipsius, Turler, Kirchner.

Footnote 59: Turler, The Traveiler, p. 47.

Footnote 60: Turler, op. cit., p. 107.

Footnote 61: Methodus Apodemica, p. 26.

Footnote 62: An Essay of the Meanes how to make our Travailes in forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable. London, 1606.

Footnote 63: London, 1578.

Footnote 64: Sidney, Letter to his brother, 1580.

Footnote 65: Profitable Instructions. Written c. 1595. Printed 1633.

Footnote 66: Profitable Instructions, 1595, Harl. MS. 6265, printed in Spedding's Letters and Life of Bacon, vol. ii. p. 14. Spedding believes these Instructions to be by Bacon.

Footnote 67: State Papers, Domestic Elizabeth, 1547-80, vol. lxxvii., No. 6.

Footnote 68: Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Report, App. IV., January 31, 1571.

Footnote 69: Life, Written by Himself, Oxford, 1647.

Footnote 70: Devereux, Lives and Letters of the Devereux, vol. ii. 233.

Footnote 71: Birch, Life of Prince Henry of Wales, App. No. XII.

Footnote 72: Life and Letters, by Pearsall Smith, vol. i. 246.

Footnote 73: Op. cit.

Footnote 74: Talbot, MSS. in the College of Arms, vol. P, fol. 571.

Footnote 75: Davison's Poetical Rhapsody. I. Biographical Notice, p. xxiii.

Footnote 76: Sloane MS. 1813.

Footnote 77: State Papers, Domestic, 1547-80, vols. xviii., No. 31; xix., No. 6-52 passim; xx., No. 1-39 passim.

Footnote 78: Direction for Travailers.

Footnote 79: Stowe's Annals, p. 600.

Footnote 80: Works, ed. Giles, vol. i., Pt. ii., Epis. cxvi.

Footnote 81: Op. cit.

Footnote 82: Fox-Bourne's Life of Sidney, p. 91.

Footnote 83: Op. cit.

Footnote 84: Thomae Erpenii, De Peregrinatione Gallica, 1631, pp. 6, 12.

Footnote 85: Copy-Book of Sir Amias Poulet's Letters, Roxburghe Club, p. 89.

Footnote 86: Letter-Book, p. 16.

Footnote 87: Letter-Book, p. 89.

Footnote 88: Poems of Thomas Carew, ed. W.C. Hazlitt, 1870. Pp. xxiii.-xxx.

Footnote 89: T. Birch, Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p. 218.

The embarrassments of an ambassador under these circumstances are hardly exaggerated, perhaps, in Chapman's play, Monsieur D'Olive, where the fictitious statesman bursts into a protest:

"Heaven I beseech thee, what an abhominable sort of Followers have I put upon mee: ... I cannot looke into the Cittie, but one or other makes tender his good partes to me, either his Language, his Travaile, his Intelligence, or something: Gentlemen send me their younger Sonnes furnisht in compleat, to learn fashions, for-sooth: as if the riding of five hundred miles, and spending 1000 Crownes would make 'am wiser then God meant to make 'am.... Three hundred of these Gold-finches I have entertained for my Followers: I can go in no corner, but I meete with some of my Wifflers in there accoutrements; you may heare 'am halfe a mile ere they come at you, and smell 'am half an hour after they are past you: sixe or seaven make a perfect Morrice-daunce; they need no Bells, their Spurs serve their turne: I am ashamed to traine 'am abroade, theyle say I carrie a whole Forrest of Feathers with mee, and I should plod afore 'am in plaine stuffe, like a writing Schole-maister before his Boyes when they goe a feasting."

Footnote 90: Strype, Life of Sir Thomas Smith, p. 119.

Footnote 91: The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, 1547-1564, ed. Powell, p. 27.

Footnote 92: Spelman, W., A Dialogue between Two Travellers, c. 1580, ed. by Pickering for the Roxburghe Club, 1896, p. 42.

Footnote 93: Gratarolus, De Regimine iter agentium, 1561, p. 19.

Footnote 94: Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. i. p. 69.

Footnote 95: Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 10th May 1909.

Footnote 96: Florio, Second Frutes, p. 95.

Footnote 97: Sloane MS., 1813, fol.7.

Footnote 98: Article on the third Lord North in the Dictionary of National Biography.

Footnote 99: T. Wright, Queen Elizabeth, vol. i. p. 316.

Footnote 100: Sir Thomas Overbury, An Affectate Traveller, in Characters.

Footnote 101: Dieppe.

Footnote 102: Thomas Nash, Pierce Pennilesse, in Works, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. 27.

Footnote 103: Nash, The Unfortunate Traveller, in Works, ed. Grosart, v. 145.

Footnote 104: Roger Ascham, The Scholemaster, ed. Mayor, pp. 84-85.

Footnote 105: William Harrison, A Description of England, ed. Withington, p. 8.

Footnote 106: Ascham, op. cit., p. 86.

Footnote 107: Robert Greene, Repentance, in Works, ed. Grosart, xii. 172; John Marston, Certaine Satires, 1598; Satire II., p. 47.

Footnote 108: Ascham, op. cit., p. 77.

Footnote 109: James Howell, Letters, ed. Jacobs, p. 69.

Footnote 110: William Thomas, The Historic of Italie, 1549, p. 2.

Footnote 111: Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself, ed. Powell, p. 10.

Footnote 112: William Thomas, op. cit. p. 2.

Footnote 113: Fynes Moryson, An Itinerary, etc., Glasgow ed. 1907, i. 159.

Footnote 114: Ibid.

Footnote 115: Thomas Hoby, op. cit. pp. 14, 15.

Footnote 116: William Thomas, op. cit. p. 85.

Footnote 117: Robert Greene, All About Conny-Catching. Works, x. Foreword.

Footnote 118: Epistola de Peregrinatione in De Eruditione Comparanda, 1699, p. 588.

Footnote 119: Turler, The Traveller, Preface, and pp. 65-67.

Footnote 120: The Unton Inventories, ed. by J.G. Nichols, p. xxxviii.

Footnote 121: Sir Robert Dallington, State of Tuscany, 1605, p. 64.

Footnote 122: Arthur Hall, Ten Books of Homer's Iliades, 1581, Epistle to Sir Thomas Cicill.

Footnote 123: Nicholas Breton: A Floorish upon Fancie, ed. Grosart, p. 6.

Footnote 124: Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth, ii. 205.

Footnote 125: "A letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a private quarrel and unkindnesse, between Arthur Hall and Melchisedech Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy." (Only fourteen copies of this escaped destruction by order of Parliament in 1580. One was reprinted in 1815 in Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana, from which my quotations are taken.)

Footnote 126: St Paul's Cathedral, the fashionable promenade.

Footnote 127: Cooper's Athenae Cantabrigienses, i. 381.

Footnote 128: Life and Travels of Thomas Hoby, Written by Himself, p. 19, 20.

Footnote 129: Bercher, Ded. to Queen Elizabeth, in The Nobility of Women, 1559, ed. by W. Bond for the Roxburghe Club, 1904.

Footnote 130: Ibid. Introduction by Bond, p. 36.

Footnote 131: D.N.B. Article by Sir Sidney Lee.

Footnote 132: Hist. MSS. Commission, 12th Report, App. Part IV. MSS. of the Duke of Rutland, p. 94.

Footnote 133: Ibid.

Footnote 134: E. Lodge, Illustrations of British History, ii. 100. (Gilbert Talbot to his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury.)

Footnote 135: Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 83.

Footnote 136: Ibid., ii. 129.

Footnote 137: Ibid., ii. 114.

Footnote 138: Hatfield MSS. (Calendar), ii. 129.

Footnote 139: Ibid., p. 131.

Footnote 140: Ibid., p. 144.

Footnote 141: See "Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert," 28th Oct. 1578, in Collin's Sidney Papers, i. 271.

Footnote 142: In A Method for Travell, c. 1598, Fol. C.

Footnote 143: John Stowe, Annales, ed. 1641, p. 868.

Footnote 144: Ibid.

Footnote 145: Gabriel Harvey, Letter-Book, Camden Society, New Series, No. xxxiii. p. 97.

Footnote 146: Stowe, Annales, ed. 1641, p. 867.

Footnote 147: Ibid., p. 869.

Footnote 148: Harrison's Description of England, ed. Withington, p. 111.

Footnote 149: T. Birch, Court and Times of James I., i. 191.

Footnote 150: E. Lodge's Illustrations of British History, ii. 228.

Footnote 151: Harleian Miscellany, vol. v. pp. 400-401.

Footnote 152: Leland, J., De Scriptoribus Britannicis, vol. i. 482.

Footnote 153: Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1562, Nos. 1069 and 1230.

Footnote 154: E. Nares, Memoir of Lord Burghley, vol. iii. p. 513.

Footnote 155: Lambeth MSS., No. 647, fol. iii. Printed in Spedding's Letters and Life of Bacon, vol. i. p. 110.

Footnote 156: Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603-1610, p. 634.

Footnote 157: Quoted in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, ed. by L. Pearsall Smith, vol. ii. p. 462.

Footnote 158: Fuller, The Church-History of Britain, ed. 1655, book x. p. 48. The alleged reason for Mole's imprisonment, Fuller says, was that he had translated Du Plessis Mornay, "his book on the Visibility of the Church, out of French into English; but besides, there were other contrivances therein, not so fit for a public relation" (supra, p. 49).

Footnote 159: Fourth Baron Wentworth of Nettlestead and first Earl of Cleveland, 1591-1667, who became a Royalist general in the Civil War. At the time of Wotton's letter (1609) he was completing his education abroad after residence at Oxford. See Dictionary of National Biography, which does not, however, mention his foreign tour.

Footnote 160: He was at once "reconciled" to the Church of Rome, entered the Society of the Jesuits, and "died a most holy death," in 1626, while filling the office of Confessor of the English College at Rome. H. Foley, Records of Society of Jesus, vi. p. 257, cited in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, i. p. 457, note.

Footnote 161: Second Lord Harington of Exton, 1592-1614; the favourite friend and companion of Henry, Prince of Wales. A rare and godly young man. For an account of him, and for his letters from abroad, in French and Latin, to Prince Henry, see T. Birch's Life of Prince Henry.

Footnote 162: "One Tovy, an 'aged man,' late master of the free school, Guildford." Dictionary of National Biography, article on Sir John Harington, supra.

Footnote 163: Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, i. 456-7.

Footnote 164: S.R. Gardiner, History of England, iii. 191.

Footnote 165: H. Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, London, 1882, Series ii. p. 253.

Footnote 166: Ibid.

Footnote 167: Foley, op. cit., p. 256. The facts are confirmed by the report of the English Ambassador at Valladolid, 17th July 1605, O.S., printed in the Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. p. 95.

Footnote 168: Fynes Moryson, Itinerary, ed. 1907, vol. iii. pp. 390-1.

Footnote 169: Such as Dr Thomas Case of St John's in Oxford, whom Fuller reports as "always a Romanist in his heart, but never expressing the same till his mortal sickness seized upon him" (Church History, book ix. p. 235).

Footnote 170: Gardiner, History of England, vol. v. pp. 102-3. The same wavering between two Churches in the time of James I. is exemplified by "Edward Buggs, Esq., living in London, aged seventy, and a professed Protestant." He "was in his sicknesse seduced to the Romish Religion." Recovering, a dispute was held at his request between two Jesuits and two Protestant Divines, on the subject of the Visibility of the Church. "This conference did so satisfie Master Buggs, that renouncing his former wavering, he was confirmed in the Protestant truth" (Fuller, Church History, x. 102).

Footnote 171: Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 109.

Footnote 172: The Earl of Nottingham, Ambassador Extraordinary in 1605.

Footnote 173: Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 76.

Footnote 174: Winwood Memorials, vol. ii. 109.

Footnote 175: Fynes Moryson, Itinerary, vol. i. p. 260.

Footnote 176: Such was the case of Tobie Matthew, son of the Archbishop of York, converted during his travels in Italy. This witty and frivolous courtier came home and faced the uproar of his friends, spent a whole plague-stricken summer in Fleet arguing with the Bishops sent to reclaim him, and then was banished. After ten years he reappeared at Court, as amusing as ever, the protégé of the Duke of Buckingham. But under the mask of frippery he worked unsleepingly to advance the Church of Rome, for he had secretly taken orders as a Jesuit Priest. See Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by A.H. Mathew, London, 1907.

Footnote 177: Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, 1826, vol. i. p. vi.

Footnote 178: Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. ii. 482.

Footnote 179: Quo Vadis, A Just Censure of Travel, in Works, Oxford, vol. ix. p. 560.

Footnote 180: Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. i. 70, note.

Footnote 181: A Method for Travell shewed by taking the view of France, As it stoode in the yeare of our Lord, 1598.

Footnote 182: Wood records such a state of mind in John Nicolls, who, in 1577 left England, made a recantation of his heresy, and was "received into the holy Catholic Church." Returning to England he recanted his Roman Catholic opinions, and even wrote "His Pilgrimage, wherein is displayed the lives of the proud Popes, ambitious Cardinals, leacherous Bishops, fat bellied Monks, and hypocritical Jesuits" (1581). Notwithstanding which, he went beyond the seas again (to turn Mohometan, his enemies said), and under threats and imprisonment at Rouen, recanted all that he had formerly uttered against the Romanists.--Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, i. p. 496.

Footnote 183: Understood: "for in the pulpit, being eloquent, they," etc.

Footnote 184: In volume iii. of his Itinerary (reprint by the University of Glasgow, 1908), preceded by an Essay of Travel in General, a panegyric in the style of Turler, Lipsius, etc., containing most points of previous essays in praise of travel, and some new ones. For instance, in his defence of travel, he must answer the objection that travellers run the risk of being perverted from the Church of England.

Footnote 185: Itinerary, iii. 411.

Footnote 186: Ibid., i. 304.

Footnote 187: Ibid., i. 78-80.

Footnote 188: Ibid., i. 399.

Footnote 189: Ibid., iii. 389.

Footnote 190: Itinerary, iii. 400.

Footnote 191: Ibid., iii. 388.

Footnote 192: Ibid., iii. 387.

Footnote 193: Ibid., iii. 375.

Footnote 194: Itinerary, iii. 411.

Footnote 195: Ibid., iii. 413.

Footnote 196: See Ben Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, Act II. Sc. i.: "I do intend this year of jubilee coming on, to travel, and because I will not altogether go upon expense I am determined to put forth some five thousand pound, to be paid me five for one, upon the return of myself, my wife, and my dog from the Turk's court in Constantinople." Also the epigram of Sir John Davies in Poems, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. p. 40: "Lycus, which lately is to Venice gone, Shall if he doe returne, gaine three for one."

Footnote 197: Volpone: or the Fox, Act II. Sc. i.

Footnote 198: Ibid., Act III. Sc. v.

Footnote 199: The whole letter is printed in Pearsall Smith's Collection, vol. ii. p. 382.

Footnote 200: Pearsall Smith's Collection, vol. ii. p. 364 (in another letter of advice on foreign travel).

Footnote 201: Defensio secunda, in Opera Latina, Amstelodami, 1698, p. 96.

Footnote 202: Quo Vadis? A Just Censure of Travel as it is undertaken by the Gentlemen of our Nation, London, 1617.

Footnote 203: 19th September 1614. Quoted in C. Dodd's Church History of England, ed. Tierney, vol. iv. Appendix, p. ccxli.

Footnote 204: Master of Ceremonies to James I.

Footnote 205: The Reformed Travailer, by W.H., 1616, fol. A 4, verso.

Footnote 206: Charles II.

Footnote 207: Ellis, Original Letters, 1st Series, iii. 288.

Footnote 208: The Scholemaster, ed. Mayor, p. 53.

Footnote 209: The Compleat Gentleman, 1634 (reprint 1906), p. 33.

Footnote 210: Cited in G. D'Avenel, La Noblesse française sous Richelieu, p. 52.

Footnote 211: Ibid., pp. 41-2.

Footnote 212: Balade, "Les chevaliers ont honte d'étudier" (OEuvres Complètes, tome iii. p. 187).

Footnote 213: De la Nouë, Discours Politiques et Militaires, 1587, p. 111.

Footnote 214: De la Nouë, op. cit., pp. 118-22. Court and Times of Charles I., vol. ii. pp. 89, 187.

Footnote 215: A Method for Travell. Shewed by taking the view of France. As it stood in the yeare of our Lord, 1598.

Footnote 216: By James Howell.

Footnote 217: Supra, note (1).

Footnote 218: A Survey of the Great Dukes State of Tuscany. In the yeare of our Lord, 1596.

Footnote 219: The View of France, fol. X.

Footnote 220: The View of France, fol. H 4, verso.

Footnote 221: William Thomas, The Pilgrim, 1546.

Footnote 222: Survey of Tuscany, p. 34.

Footnote 223: A Method for Travell, Fol. B 4, verso.

Footnote 224: The first edition of The View of Fraunce was printed anonymously in 1604 by Symon Stafford: When Thomas Creede brought out another edition, apparently in 1606, Dallington inserted a preface "To All Gentlemen that have Travelled," and A Method for Travell, consisting of eight unpaged leaves, and a folded leaf containing a conspectus of A Method for Travell.

Footnote 225: As the use of Latin waned, a knowledge of modern languages became increasingly important. The attitude of continental gentlemen on this point is indicated by a Spanish Ambassador in 1613, to whom the Pope's Nuncio used a German Punctilio, of speaking Latin, for more dignity, to him and Italian to the Residents of Mantua and Urbino. The Ambassador answered in Italian, "and afterwards gave this reason for it: that it were as ill a Decorum for a Cavalier to speak Latin, as for a Priest to use any other Language." (Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 446).

Footnote 226: Fynes Moryson had a great deal to say on this subject. In particular, he instances the Germans as reprehensible in living only with their own countrymen in Italy, "never attaining the perfect use of any forreigne Language, be it never so easy. So as myselfe remember one of them, who being reprehended, that having been thirty yeeres in Italy hee could not speake the Language, he did merrily answer in Dutch: Ah lieber was kan man doch in dreissig Jahr lehrnen? Alas, good Sir, what can a man learne in thirty yeeres?" (Itinerary, vol. in. p. 379).

Footnote 227: A Method for Travell, B 4, verso.

Footnote 228: Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p. 286.

Footnote 229: Amias Paulet to Elizabeth, Jan. 31, 1577. Cal. State Papers, Foreign.

Footnote 230: By Cesare Nigri Milanese detto il trombone, "Famose e eccellente Professori di Ballare." Printed at Milan, 1604.

Footnote 231: "In twenty manere coude he trippe and dance After the schole of Oxenforde tho, And with his legges casten to and fro."

The Milleres Tale, 11. 142-4.

Footnote 232: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. iii. p. 214.

Footnote 233: Ibid., 1st Series, vol. iii. pp. 138-9.

Footnote 234: A Method jor Travell, fol. B 4, verso.

Footnote 235: Historiettes, ed. Paris, 1834, tome 1er, p. 72.

Footnote 236: So counted the Pope's Legate in 1596. Cited by Jusserand, in Sports et Jeux D'Exercise dans L'ancienne France, p. 252.

Footnote 237: A View of France, fol. V, verso.

Footnote 238: Jusserand, op. cit., p. 241. Cited from Thomassin's Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l'Eglise, 1725, tome iii. col. 1355.

Footnote 239: The View of France, T 4, verso, V, verso.

Footnote 240: Fol. C.

Footnote 241: Every Man in his Humour, Act IV. Sc. v.

Footnote 242: Touchant les Duels, ed. 1722, p. 79.

Footnote 243: "If in the Court they spie one in a sute of the last yeres making, they scoffingly say, 'Nous le cognoissons bien, il ne nous mordra pas, c'est un fruit suranne.' We know him well enough, he will not hurt us, hee's an Apple of the last yeere" (The View of France, fol. T 4).

Footnote 244: Instructions for Forreine Travell, 1642.

Footnote 245: Op. cit., pp. 65-70.

Footnote 246: Ibid., pp. 181, 188.

Footnote 247: Op. cit., pp. 193-5.

Footnote 248: Ibid., p. 51.

Footnote 249: "The Great Horse" is the term used of animals for war or tournaments, in contradistinction to Palfreys, Coursers, Nags, and other common horses. These animals of "prodigious weight" had to be taught to perform manoeuvres, and their riders, the art of managing them according to certain rules and principles. See A New Method ... to Dress Horses, by William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, London, 1667.

Footnote 250: Histoire et Recherches des Antiquités de la Ville de Paris, par H. Sauval, Paris, 1724, tome ii. p. 498.

Footnote 251: Les Antiquitez de la Ville de Paris. Paris 1640, Livre second, p. 403.

Footnote 252: Probably the son of Sir John Puckering, Lord Keeper in 1592-1596.

Footnote 253: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. iii. pp. 220-1.

Footnote 254: Archeologia, vol. xxxvi. pp. 343-4.

Footnote 255: Collectania, First Series, ed. for the Oxford Historical Society (vol. v.) by C.R.L. Fletcher, p. 213.

Footnote 256: See Archeologia, xxi. p. 506. Gilbert's and La Nouë's dreams were of academies like Vittorino da Feltre's--not Pluvinel's.

Footnote 257: Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 276.

Footnote 258: Ibid., pp. 280-2.

Footnote 259: The Interpreter of the Academic for Forrain Languages, and all Noble Sciences, and Exercises, London, 1648.

Footnote 260: Evelyn's Diary, 9th August 1682.

Footnote 261: Ibid., 18th December 1684.

Footnote 262: Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. pp. 309-13.

Footnote 263: Ibid., p. 319.

Footnote 264: Le Maneige Royal, ou l'on peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne de Princes, fait et pratique en l'instruction du Roy par Antoine Pluvinel son Éscuyer principal, Conseiller en son Conseil d'Éstat, son Chambellan ordinaire, et Sous-Gouverneur de sa Majesté. Paris, 1624.

Footnote 265: Opening words of An Apologie for Poetrie, ed. 1595.

Footnote 266: Historiettes, vol. i. p. 89 of ed. 1834. Marguerite of Valois compared M. de Souvray, the governor of Louis XIII., to Chiron rearing Achilles. Contemporary satire said that M. de Souvray "n'avoit de Chiron que le train de derrière."

Footnote 267: Henri Sauval, op. cit., p. 498.

Footnote 268: A Dialogue concerning Education, in Tracts, London, 1727, p. 297. We must allow for the fact that English university men did not approve of the French ambition to elevate the vernacular, or of their translation of the classics, or of any displacement of Latin from the highest place in the ambitions of anyone with pretentions to learning. See also Evelyn, State of France, p. 99.

Footnote 269: Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 325.

Footnote 270: Written to John Aubrey, between 1685-93. Quoted in Oxford Historical Society, vol. v. p. 295.

Footnote 271: Ravaisson, Archives de la Bastille, Paris, 1866, tome i. p. 263; cited in Sports et Jeux d'Exercice, p. 377.

Footnote 272: Thomas Carte, Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iii. p. 635.

Footnote 273: Addit. MS. 19253 (British Museum).

Footnote 274: Memoires du Comte de Grammont, Strawberry Hill, 1772.

Footnote 275: In The Compleat Gentleman, 1622.

Footnote 276: Nicolaus Clenardus Latomo Suo S.D., Epistole, Antverpiæ, 1566, pp. 20-4, passim. See p. 234 for the historic incident of the drinking cup, broken by Vasæus, and so impossible to replace, after a search through the whole Spanish village, that the rest of the party were obliged to drink out of their hands. As to expenses, Clenardus scoffs at the poets who sing of "Auriferum Tagum." "Aurum auferendum" would better express it, he found.

Footnote 277: Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 38.

Footnote 278: Ibid.

Footnote 279: James Howell, A Discours or Dialog, containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall which may serve for a direction how to travell through both Countreys, London, 1662.

Footnote 280: Relation du Voyage d'Espagne, a la Haye, 1691 (translated in 1692 under the title of "The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady ---- Travels into Spain").

Footnote 281: Comtesse d'Aunoy, op. cit., p. 99.

Footnote 282: Reprinted in The Life of Sir Tobie Matthew, by A.H. Mathew, p. 115.

Footnote 283: By James Howell, 1662.

Footnote 284: Howell's Letters, ed. Jacobs, p. 168.

Footnote 285: Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 264.

Footnote 286: Tracts: (A Dialogue concerning Education), 1727, p. 340.

Footnote 287: The Perambulation of Spain, p. 29.

Footnote 288: See Les Delices de la Hollande, Amsterdam, 1700, pp. 9, 25; Sir William Brereton, Bart., Travels in Holland, the United Provinces, England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1634-1635, ed. Hawkins, for the Chatham Society, 1844; William Carr, Gentleman, The Traveller's Guide and Historian's Faithful Companion, London, 1690.

Footnote 289: William Seward, Anecdotes of Some Distinguished Persons, London, 1796, vol. ii. p. 168.

Footnote 290: Lord King, The Life and Letters of John Locke, with Extracts from his Journals and Common-place Books, London, 1858, vol. ii. pp. 5, 50, 71.

Footnote 291: The Harleian Miscellany, vol. ii. p. 592.

Footnote 292: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands, London, 1693, p. 188.

Footnote 293: Coriat Junior, Another Traveller, London, 1767, p. 152.

Footnote 294: John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence, ed. Bray, London, 1906, p. 38.

Footnote 295: Ibid., p. 29. Also John Raymond, Il Mercurio Italico, London, 1648, p. 95.

Footnote 296: Coriat Junior, op. cit., p. 152.

Footnote 297: R. Poole, Doctor of Physick, A Journey from London to France and Holland; or, the Traveller's Useful Vade Mecum, London, 1746.

Footnote 298: Sir Thomas Browne, Works, ed. Wilkin, vol. i. p. 91.

Footnote 299: Martin Lister's Travels in France, in John Pinkerton's Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1809, vol. iv. pp. 2, 21.

Footnote 300: Nicholas Ferrar, Two Lives, by his brother John and by Doctor Jebb, ed. J.E.B. Mayor, London, 1855.

Footnote 301: State of France, 1652, pp. 78, 105. A Character of England, 1659, pp. 45, 49.

Footnote 302: Advice to a Young Gentleman Leaving the University, by R.(ichard) L.(assels), 1670.

Footnote 303: Sir Thomas Browne, Works, ed. by Wilkin, vol. i. pp. 3-14, passim.

Footnote 304: Advice to a Son, ed. 1896, p. 63.

Footnote 305: Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, ed. Firth, 1886, p. 309.

Footnote 306: Prefatory Letter, The State of France, 1652, fol. B.

Footnote 307: Ibid., fol. B 3.

Footnote 308: The Voyage of Italy, Paris, 1670. A Preface to the Reader concerning Travelling.

Footnote 309: Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. 312.

Footnote 310: Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1561-2, pp. 632, 635.

Footnote 311: Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. p. xi.

Footnote 312: "That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well: so that he be such a one that hath some entrance into the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go: what acquaintances they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little" (Essays: Of Travel).

Footnote 313: Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1651-2, No, 51. It will be seen from the above letter that fear of a change in their son's religion was still a very real one in the minds of parents. See also A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family, Now in his Travels beyond the Seas. By a True Son of the Church of England, London, 1688. The writer hopes that above all things the young man may return "A well-bred Gentleman, a good Scholar, and a sound Christian."

Footnote 314: "Newly printed at Paris, and are to be sold in London, by John Starkey, 1670." Lassels, a Roman Catholic, passed most of his life abroad. He left Oxford for the College of Douay. See D.N.B.

Footnote 315: The Voyage of Italy, Preface to the Reader.

Footnote 316: Op. cit., Preface to the Reader.

Footnote 317: Thomas Carte, Life of James, Duke of Omond, vol. iv. p. 632. "He passed several months in a very cheap country, and yet the bills of expenses sent over by the governor were higher than those which used to be drawn by Colonel Fairfax on account of the Earl of Derby, when he was travelling from place to place, and appeared in all with so much dignity."

Footnote 318: Anthony Weldon, Court and Character of King James, London, 1650, p. 92.

Footnote 319: Winwood Memorials, vol. iii. p. 226.

Footnote 320: Ben Jonson, Conversations with Drummond, ed. Sidney, 1906, pp. 34-5.

Footnote 321: Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. pp. 487-90.

Footnote 322: Court and Times of James I., vol. i. p, 285.

Footnote 323: Life of James, Duke of Ormond, vol. iv. p. 667.

Footnote 324: Advice to a Son, p. 72.

Footnote 325: A. Collins, Letters and Memorials of State, vol. i. p. 271. (Sir Henry Sidney to his son Robert Sidney, after Earl of Leicester.)

Footnote 326: Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, ed. Nicolas, vol. i. pp. viii.-xi.

Footnote 327: Sir Henry Wotton; Life and Letters, ed. Pearsall Smith, vol. i. p. 233 (note 1).

Footnote 328: Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, pp. viii., xi.

Footnote 329: Itinerary, vol. iii. p. 374.

Footnote 330: A Method for Travell, fol. G.

Footnote 331: Instructions for Forreine Travel, p. 51.

Footnote 332: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. p. 24.

Footnote 333: The Voyage of Italy; Preface to the Reader, fol. B 4.

Footnote 334: The State of France, 1652. Folio B.

Footnote 335: Robert Boyle, Works, 1744, vol. i. p. 7.

Footnote 336: Lismore Papers, 1st Series, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.

Footnote 337: Ibid., 112.

Footnote 338: It was a common custom at this time to marry one's sons, if a favourable match could be made, before they went abroad.

Footnote 339: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 95.

Footnote 340: On Nov. 23rd, 1610, Carleton, the Ambassador at Venice, wrote to Salisbury that his son was ill at Padua. "He finds relish in nothing on this side the mountains, nor much in anything on this side the sea; his affections being so strangely set on his return homeward, that any opposition is a disease." Cranborne's tutor, Dr Lister, wrote to Carleton in December: "Sir, we must for England, there is no resisting of it. If we stay the fruit will not be great, the discontent infinite. My Lord is going to dinner, this being the first meal he eateth." (State Papers, 1610. Cited in Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, ed. Pearsall-Smith, vol. i. p. 501.)

Footnote 341: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 98.

Footnote 342: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 234.

Footnote 343: Ibid., p. 171.

Footnote 344: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.

Footnote 345: Ibid., p. 103.

Footnote 346: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 100.

Footnote 347: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 99.

Footnote 348: In March 1640. This fact, and his appearance in the Lismore Papers, are not mentioned in the Dictionary of National Biography.

Footnote 349: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. iv. p. 113.

Footnote 350: Ibid., p. 235.

Footnote 351: Ibid., p. 234.

Footnote 352: Ibid., pp. 232-3.

Footnote 353: She became one of the mistresses of Charles II. With her daughter, Charlotte Boyle, otherwise Fitzroy, she is buried in Westminster Abbey. (Cockayne's Peerage, under Viscount Shannon.)

Footnote 354: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 19-24.

Footnote 355: Lismore Papers, 2nd Series, vol. v. pp. 72, 97, 121.

Footnote 356: Three Diatribes or Discourses, London, 1671.

Footnote 357: The Compleat Gentleman, London, 1678.

Footnote 358: The Compleat Gentleman, p. 3.

Footnote 359: Albert Babeau, Les Voyageurs en France, Paris, 1885, p. 175.

Footnote 360: M. Adrien Delahaute, Une Famille de Finance an XVIII. Siècle, vol. i. p. 434.

Footnote 361: George Sandys, A Relation of a Journey begun in An. Dom. 1610, London, 1615.

Footnote 362: John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence, ed. Bray, London, 1906, vol. i. p. 77.

Footnote 363: Ibid., p. 78.

Footnote 364: Balthazar Gerbier, Subsidium Peregrinantibus, Oxford, 1665.

Footnote 365: Letter to his Son, Feb. 22, 1748.

Footnote 366: Ibid., Oct. 2, O.S., 1747.

Footnote 367: Letter to his Son, Oct. 9, O.S., 1747.

Footnote 368: Lausanne was where Edward Gibbon received the education he considered far superior to what could be had from Oxford. When he returned to England, after four years, he missed the "elegant and rational society" of Lausanne, and could not love London--"the noisy and expensive scene of crowds without company, and dissipation without pleasure."

Footnote 369: Letter to his Son, April 12, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 370: Ibid., Sept. 22, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 371: Ibid., Sept. 5, O.S., 1749.

Footnote 372: Letter to his Son, Nov. 8, O.S., 1750.

Footnote 373: Letter to his Son, May 10, O.S., 1748.

Footnote 374: Letter to his Son, April 30, O.S., 1750.

Footnote 375: Letters from Paris, Sept. 22, 26; Oct. 3, 6, 1765.

Footnote 376: A Character of England, As it was lately presented in a Letter to a Noble Man of France, London, 1659.

Footnote 377: See Voltaire, Lettres Philosophiques, tome ii. p. 272, ed. Gustave Lanson, Paris, 1909.

Footnote 378: "The merest John Trot in a week you shall see Bien poli, bien frizé, tout à fait un Marquis."

(Samuel Foote, Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 47.)

The Hon. James Howard, The English Mounsieur, London, 1674; Sir George Etherege, Sir Fopling Flutter, Love in a Tub, Act III. Sc. iv.

The Abbe le Blanc on visiting England was very indignant at the representation of his countrymen on the London stage: he describes how, "Two actors came in, one dressed in the English manner very decently, and the other with black eye-brows, a riband an ell long under his chin, a big peruke immoderately powdered, and his nose all bedaubed with snuff. What Englishman could not know a Frenchman by this ridiculous picture?... But when it was found that the man thus equipped, being also laced down every seam of his coat, was nothing but a cook, the spectators were equally charmed and surprised. The author had taken care to make him speak all the impertinences he could devise.... There was a long criticism upon our manners, our customs and above all, our cookery. The excellence and virtues of English beef were cried up; the author maintained that it was owing to the quality of its juice that the English were so courageous, and had such a solidity of understanding which raised them above all the nations of Europe" (E. Smith, Foreign Visitors In England, London, 1889, pp. 193-4).

Footnote 379: Samuel Foote, Dramatic Works, vol. i. p. 7.

Footnote 380: Ibid.

Footnote 381: "Let Paris be the theme of Gallia's Muse Where Slav'ry treads the Streets in wooden shoes." (Gay, Trivia.)

Footnote 382: Joseph Addison, A Letter from Italy, London, 1709.

Footnote 383: Samuel Johnson, London: A Poem.

Footnote 384: Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, Letters to his Son, London, 1774; vol. ii. p. 123; vol. iii. p. 308.

Footnote 385: Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, A Dialogue concerning Education, in A Collection of Several Tracts, London, 1727.

Footnote 386: Ibid., Dialogue of The Want of Respect Due to Age, pp. 295-6.

Footnote 387: John Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.

Footnote 388: John Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education, London, 1699, pp. 356-7, 375-7.

Footnote 389: Ibid.

Footnote 390: As Cowper says in The Progress of Error:

"From school to Cam or Isis, and thence home: And thence with all convenient speed to Rome. With reverend tutor clad in habit lay, To tease for cash and quarrel with all day: With memorandum-book for every town, And every post, and where the chaise broke down."

Foote's play, An Englishman in Paris, represents in the character of the pedantic prig named Classick, the sort of university tutor who was sometimes substituted for the parson, as an appropriate guardian.

Footnote 391: The Bear-Leaders, London, 1758.

Footnote 392: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu met many of these pairs at Rome, where she writes that, by herding together and throwing away their money on worthless objects, they had acquired the title of Golden Asses, and that Goldoni adorned his dramas with "gli milordi Inglesi" in the same manner as Molière represented his Parisian marquises (Letters, ed. Wharncliffe, London, 1893, vol. ii. p. 327).

Footnote 393: William Congreve, The Way of the World, Act III. Sc. xv.

Footnote 394: Philip Thicknesse, Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French Nation, London, 1766, p. 3.

Footnote 395: Thomas Gray the poet.

Footnote 396: Horace Walpole, Letters, ed. Cunningham, London, 1891, vol. i. p. 24.

Footnote 397: Thomas Gray, Letters, ed. Tovey, Cambridge University Press, 1890, pp. 38, 44, 68.

Footnote 398: James Howell, Instructions for Forraine Travell, p. 25 (Arber Reprint).

Footnote 399: Ibid., Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ, ed. Jacobs, 1892, vol. i. p. 95.

The Renaissance traveller had little commendation for a land that was not fruitful, rich with grains and orchards. A landscape that suggested food was to him the fairest landscape under heaven. Far from being an admirer of mountains, he was of the opinion of Dr Johnson that "an eye accustomed to flowery pastures and waving harvests is astonished and repelled by this wide extent of hopeless sterility" and that "this uniformity of barrenness can afford very little amusement to the traveller" (Works, ed. 1787, vol. x. p. 359).

Footnote 400: Itinerarii Italiæ Rerumq. Romanorum libri tres a Franc. Schotto I.C. ex antiquis novisque Scriptoribus iis editi qui Romam anno Iubileii sacro visunt. Ad Robertum Bellarminum S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. Antverpiæ. Ex officina Plantiniana apud Joannem Moretum. Anno sæcularii sacro, 1600.

Thomas Cecil in Paris in 1562 studied the richly illustrated Cosmographia Universalis of Sebastien Munster (pub. Basel 1550) which gave descriptions of "Omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, res gestæ, mutationes."

Sir Thomas Browne recommends to his son in France in 1661 Les Antiquities de Paris "which will direct you in many things, what to look after, that little time you stay there" (Works, ed. Wilkin, 1846, vol. i. p. 16).

Footnote 401: Such as: (a) La Guide des Chemins: pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrees du Royaume de France. Avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent parmy lesdicts pays. A. Paris (n.d.) (1552?).

(b) Deliciæ Galliæ, sive Itinerarium per universam Galliam. Coloniæ, 1608.

(c) Iodoci Sinceri Itinerarium Galliæ, Ita accomodatum, ut eius ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adire possuit: nec bis terve ad eadum loca rediri oporteat: De Burdigala, Lugduni, 1616.

(d) Le Voyage de France Dresse pour l'instruction et commodite tant des Francais que des Estrangers. Paris, chez Olivier de Varennes, 1639.

Footnote 402: Maximilian Misson, A New Voyage to Italy; Together with Useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither, 2 vols., London, 1695.

Footnote 403: Count Leopold Berchtold, An Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of Patriotic Travellers, London, 1789.

Footnote 404: Mission, op. cit., vol. ii. p. 335.

Footnote 405: See Hearne's Collections, vol. viii., being vol. I. of publications of The Oxford Historical Society, pp. 118, 133, 201, for the account of an assault by six highwaymen upon two gentlemen with their servants on the way from Calais, in September 1723. Defoe wrote a tract on the subject, and it was treated in Boyer's Political State, and in other periodicals of the time.

Footnote 406: Letters from Italy, to which is annexed, An Admonition to Gentlemen who pass the Alps, London, 1767, pp. 44, 65, 172, 306.

Footnote 407: Henry Fielding, The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon.

Footnote 408: Tobias Smollett, Works, ed. 1887, p. 709.

Footnote 409: Roger Ascham, Works, ed. Giles, London, 1865, vol. i.