CHAPTER XX. Critical Essay on Authorities

CRITICAL ESSAY ON AUTHORITIES

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS

Four special bibliographies of American history are serviceable upon the field of this volume. First, most searching and most voluminous, is Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1888-1889). Mr. Winsor has added to the study of the era of colonization by the writers of his co-operative work the vast wealth of his own bibliographical knowledge. The part of Winsor applicable to this volume is found in vol. III., in which most of the printed contemporary material is enumerated. The second bibliography is the Cambridge Modern History, VII. (1903); pages 757-765 include a brief list of selected titles conveniently classified. J.N. Lamed, Literature of American History, a Bibliographical Guide (1902), has brief critical estimates of the authorities upon colonial history. Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History (1896), contains accounts of state and local histories (Sec. 23), books of travel (Sec. 24), biography (Sec. 25), colonial records (Sec. 29), proceedings of learned societies (Sec. 31), also a series of consecutive topics with specific references (Sec.Sec. 92-98, 100, 101, 109-124). For the field of the present volume a short road to the abundant sources of material is through the footnotes of the principal secondary works enumerated below. The critical chapters in The American Nation, vols. III. and V., contain appreciations of many authorities which also bear on the field of vol. IV.

GENERAL SECONDARY WORKS

The "Foundation" period, from 1574 to 1652, is naturally one of the most interesting in the annals of the American colonies. The most important general historians are George Bancroft, History of the United States (rev. ed., 6 vols., 1883-1885); J.A. Doyle, English Colonies in America (3 vols., 1882-1887); Richard Hildreth, History of the United States (6 vols., 1849-1852); George Chalmers, Political Annals of the American Colonies (1780); Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1888-1889); John Fiske, Discovery of America (2 vols., 1892), Old Virginia and Her Neighbors (1900), Beginnings of New England (1898), Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America, New France and New England (1902).

Among these writers three have conspicuous merit--Doyle, Winsor, and Fiske. Doyle's volumes manifest a high degree of philosophic perception and are accurate in statement and broad in conclusions. Of his books the volumes on the Puritan colonies are distinctly of a higher order than his volume on the southern colonies. The chief merit of Winsor's work is the critical chapters and parts of narrative chapters, which are invaluable. John Fiske is not wanting in the qualities of a great historian--breadth of mind and accuracy of statement; but his great charm is in his style and his power of vivifying events long forgotten. He has probably come nearer than any one else to writing real history so as to produce a popular effect.

COLLECTIONS OF SOURCES

The main contemporary collectors of materials for the history of the early voyages to America were Richard Eden, Richard Hakluyt, and Samuel Purchas. Eden's Decades of the New World or West Indies (7 vols., 1555) consists of abstracts of the works of foreign writers--Peter Martyr, Oviedo, Gomara, Ramusio, Ziegler, Pigafetta, Munster, Bastaldus, Vespucius, and others. Richard Hakluyt first published Divers Voyages (1582; reprinted by the Hakluyt Society) and then his Principal Voyages (3 vols., folio, 1589; reissued 1600). Samuel Purchas's first volume appeared in 1613 under the title, Purchas: His Pilgrimage of the World, or Religions Observed in all Ages and Places Discovered, from the Creation unto this Present. The four subsequent volumes were published in 1623 under the title, Hakluytius Posthumous, or, Purchas: His Pilgrimes.

Among these three compilers Hakluyt enjoys pre-eminence, and the Hakluyt Society has supplemented his labors by publishing in full some of the narratives which Hakluyt, for reasons of accuracy or want of space, abbreviated. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia, by William Strachey, secretary to Lord Delaware, was published by the Hakluyt Society in 1848, and this book contains excellent accounts of the expeditions sent by Sir Walter Raleigh to Roanoke, the voyages of Bartholomew Gosnold and George Weymouth, and the settlement made under its charter by the Plymouth Company at Sagadahoc, or Kennebec.

The only official collection of documentary materials that covers the entire period is the Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1574-1696 (9 vols., 1860-1903). George Sainsbury, the editor, was a master at catching the salient points of a manuscript. Many of his abstracts have elsewhere been published in full.

The principal private collectors are E. Hazard, State Papers (2 vols., 1792-1794); Peter Force, Tracts (4 vols., 1836-1846); Alexander Brown, Genesis of the United States (2 vols., 1891); Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries (4 vols., 1898-1902); Maryland Historical Society, Archives of Maryland; and the series called Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, edited by John Romeyn Brodhead. Two convenient volumes embodying many early writings are Stedman and Hutchinson, Library of American Literature, I. (1888); Moses Coit Tyler, History of American Literature During the Colonial Time, 1607-1676, I. (1897).

VIRGINIA

The standard authorities for the history of Virginia are Robert Beverley, History of Virginia (1722) (extends to Spotswood's administration); William Stith, History of Virginia (1747) (period of the London Company); John D. Burk, History of Virginia (4 vols., 1805); R.R. Howison, History of Virginia (2 vols., 1846); Charles Campbell, History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia (1847); and Jonn Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors (1900). For the period Stith is by far the most important. His work covers the duration of the London Company, and as he had access to manuscripts now destroyed the history has the value of an original document. As president of William and Mary College Stith was an accomplished scholar, and his work, pervaded with a broad, philosophic spirit, ranks perhaps first among colonial histories. As a mere collection of facts upon the whole colonial history of Virginia Campbell's work is the most useful. The greatest collection of original material bearing upon the first ten years of the colony's history is in Alexander Brown, Genesis of the United States (2 vols., 1890). This remarkable work contains an introductory sketch of what has been done by Englishmen prior to 1606 in the way of discovery and colonization, and a catalogue of charters, letters, and pamphlets (many of them republished at length) through which the events attending the first foundation of an English colony in the New World are developed in order of time. Dr. Brown's other works, The First Republic in America (1898), and English Politics in America (1901) make excellent companion pieces to the Genesis, though the author has made a great mistake in not supporting his text with foot-notes and references.

Among the contemporary writers, John Smith, Works (1884), edited by Edward Arber, is a compilation rather than a history, and in spite of its partisan coloring contains much that is valuable regarding Virginia affairs from 1607 to 1629. For matters from 1619-1624 we have the sure guide of the London Company's Journal, in Virginia Historical Society, Collections, new series, VII. After that time the main dependence, apart from the Calendar of State Papers, is Hening, Statutes at Large of Virginia (13 vols., 1823). The leading incidents in Virginia connected with Lord Baltimore's colony of Maryland and the Puritan persecution are set forth by J.H. Latane, Early Relations of Maryland and Virginia (Johns Hopkins University Studies, XIII., Nos. iii., iv.) Many documents illustrative of this period may be read in Force, Tracts, and Hazard, State Papers; Virginia history is illuminated by many original documents printed in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (11 vols., 1893-1903); and the William and Mary College Quarterly (12 vols., 1892-1903). The works of Edward D. Neill are also of a documentary nature and of much value. Those which bear upon Virginia are The Virginia Company (1868), Virginia Carolorum (1886), Virginia Vestusta (1885), and Virginia and Virginiola (1878). Many tracts are cited in the foot-notes.

MARYLAND

The standard authorities for the history of Maryland are J.V.L. McMahon, Historical View of the Government of Maryland (1831); John Leeds Bozman, History of Maryland (2 vols., 1837, covering the period of 1634 to 1658); James McSherry, History of Maryland (1849); J.T. Scharf, History of Maryland (3 vols., 1879); William Hand Browne, History of Maryland (1893), and George and Cecilius Calvert (1893); Edward D. Neill, Founders of Maryland (1876), and Terra Mariae (1867). Of these Bozman's work is an invaluable magazine of information, being, in fact, as much a calendar of documents as a continuous narrative. William Hand Browne's books show great familiarity with the story of Maryland and its founders, but his treatment of the subject is marked by strong bias and partisanship in favor of Lord Baltimore and his government. Neill's books, on the other hand, argue strongly in favor of the Puritan influence on the history of Maryland. There are many interesting pamphlets relating to Maryland in the series of Johns Hopkins University Studies, such as Edward Ingle, Parish Institutions of Maryland, I., No. vi.; John Hensley Johnson, Old Maryland Manors, I., No. vii.; Lewis W. Wilhelm, Maryland Local Institutions, III., Nos. v., vi., vii.; D.R. Randall, The Puritan Colony at Annapolis, Maryland, IV., No. vi.; J.H. Latane, Early Relations of Virginia and Maryland, XIII., Nos. iii., iv., and Bernard C. Steiner, The Beginnings of Maryland.

The documentary material of Maryland is very extensive, as the State has been fortunate in preserving most of its colonial records. The Archives of Maryland (23 vols., 1889-1903), published by the Maryland Historical Society, is composed of the proceedings of the council, legislature, and provincial court. The Fund Publications of the society (36 nos. in 4 vols., 1867-1900), are also valuable in this respect, and contain among other things The Calvert Papers (Fund Publications, No. 34). A complete list of all these publications can be found in the annual report of the society for 1902.

For the controversy between Lord Baltimore and the Puritans the chief authorities are Winthrop, History of New England (2 vols., 1790-1853); Lord Baltimore's Case Concerning the Province of Maryland (1653); Virginia and Maryland, or Lord Baltimore's Case Uncased and Answered (Force, Tracts, II., No. ix.); Leonard Strong, Babylon's Fall in Maryland, a Fair Warning to Lord Baltimore; John Langford, A Just and Clere Reputation of Babylon's Fall (1655); John Hammond, Leah and Rachel (Force, Tracts, III., No. xiv.); Hammond versus Heamans, or an Answer to an Audacious Prophet; Heamans, Brief Narrative of the Late Bloody Designs Against the Protestants. The battle of the Severn is described in the letters of Luke Barber and Mrs. Stone, published in Bozman, Maryland, II., 688.

PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS

The standard authorities for the history of these two colonies are Thomas Hutchinson, History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay (3 vols., 1795-1828); John G. Palfrey, History of New England (3 vols., 1858-1890); J.S. Barry, History of Massachusetts (3 vols., 1855-1857). Very lively and interesting are Charles Francis Adams, Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its History (1893); Three Episodes of the History of Massachusetts (2 vols., 1895). The best account of Plymouth is J.E. Goodwin, The Pilgrim Republic (1888).

The chief original authority for the early history of the Puritan colony of New Plymouth is William Bradford, Plimoth Plantation (several eds.); and for Massachusetts, John Winthrop, History of New England (several eds.), which is, however, a journal rather than a history. Edward Arber, Story of the Pilgrim Fathers as Told by Themselves (1897), is a collection of ill-arranged sources. The documentary sources are numerous. Hazard prints many documents bearing upon the early history of Massachusetts, and much valuable matter is found in the Records of Plymouth (12 vols., 1855-1859), and the Records of Massachusetts Bay (5 vols., 1853-1854). Then there are the published records of numerous towns, which throw much light upon the political, social, and economic condition of the colonies. The publications of the Massachusetts Historical Society and of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society contain much original matter and many interesting articles upon the early history of both Plymouth and Massachusetts. Special tracts and documents are referred to in the foot-notes to chaps, ix.-xiii., above.

RHODE ISLAND

The general histories are J.N. Arnold, History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantation (2 vols., 1878), and Irving B. Richman, Rhode Island, Its Making and Meaning (2 vols., 1902). The chief original authorities for the early history of Rhode Island are John Winthrop, History of New England, and the Colonial Records, beginning in 1636. The publications of the Rhode Island Historical Society consist of Collections (9 vols.), Proceedings (21 numbers), and Publications (8 vols.). In all of these important material for history is preserved. The Narragansett Club, Publications (6 vols.), contain Roger Williams's letters; and there is some important matter in S.S. Rider, Rhode Island Historical Tracts (1877-1895), in the Narragansett Historical Register (9 vols.), and the Newport Historical Reports (4 vols.).

CONNECTICUT AND NEW HAVEN

For Connecticut the standard authority is Benjamin Trumbull, History of Connecticut (2 vols., 1818). Other general histories are by Theodore Dwight, G.H. Hollister, and W.H. Carpenter. Original material is found in the Colonial Records, edited by J.H. Trumbull and C.J. Hoadly; Winthrop, History of New England; Connecticut Historical Society, Proceedings, which contain Hooker's famous letter to Winthrop; and Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections.

For New Haven the reader should consult Edward E. Atwater, History of New Haven (1881); Charles H. Levermore, Republic of New Haven (1886); and the publications of the New Haven Historical Society and the Records of the Colony of New Haven, in which the documentary material is chiefly printed. In connection with this volume the records of Hartford and of Southold are important. Special authorities are cited in chaps, xiv., xv. above.

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE

The standard authority for the history of New Hampshire is Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (3 vols., 1784-1813); and that for Maine is William D. Williamson, History of Maine (2 vols., 1832). Documents illustrating the history of New Hampshire can be found in the New Hampshire Provincial and State Papers and in John Scribner Jenness, Transcripts of Original Documents in the English Archives Relating to the Early History of the State of New Hampshire (1876).

Important papers occur in the ten volumes of Collections published by the New Hampshire Historical Society. For Maine the reader is referred to the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society and those of the Maine Historical Society. Important original material may be found in York Deeds (11 vols., 1642-1726).

For the early history of both colonies John Winthrop, History of New England, is the principal original authority. The narrative of Gorges has some value in connection with both colonies. Special tracts and documents are treated in chap, xvi., above.

DUTCH COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND

The standard authorities for the early history of this colony are E.B. O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland (2 vols., 1855), and John Romeyn Brodhead, History of the State of New York (2 vols., 1872). The voyage of Henry Hudson is told in Purchas; and the Documents Relating to the History of New York (15 vols., 1856-1861) collected by John Romeyn Brodhead shed light on the early Dutch trading-post at New Amsterdam. The first mention by the English of the Dutch on the Hudson is made in a work republished in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (2d series, IX., 1-25), in which it is stated that an English sea-captain, Dermer, "met on his voyage from [Virginia to New England] with certain Hollanders who had a trade in Hudson River some years before that time, 1619."

For the relations of the Dutch with the English the main authorities are William Bradford, Plimoth Plantation; John Winthrop, History of New England; the "Proceedings of the Federal Commissioners," published in Plymouth Colony Records, IX., X., and New Haven Records, and Hazard, State Papers, II.; and Peter de Vries, Journal (N.Y. Hist. Soc., Collections, 2d series, III.).

NEW SWEDEN

The founding of New Sweden is probably best told in Benjamin Ferris, History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware (1846), extracted from works already published in English, and is interesting and valuable as identifying and describing many of the places mentioned. Winthrop and the records of the federal commissioners set out pretty fully the relations with the English colonies.

NEW FRANCE AND ACADIA

A series of chapters in Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (vol. IV., chaps, i.-iv.) tell the story of the founding of the French dominion in America. The chief original authorities are Richard Hakluyt, Voyages; Samuel de Champlain, Les Voyages; Marc Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; and the Jesuit Relations.

For relations with the English the chief original authority is Winthrop. Among the late French writers the pre-eminence is accorded to the Jesuit father Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France.

RIVALRY WITH SPAIN

The rivalry of England with Spain, which is the greatest underlying principle of English colonization, is depicted fully in Hakluyt, Discourses on Western Planting, written at Raleigh's request and shown to Queen Elizabeth; first printed in 1877 by Dr. Charles Deane in the Maine Hist. Soc., Collections (2d series, II.). The lives of Gilbert and Raleigh were manifestations of this spirit of rivalry, and Edward Edwards, Life of Sir Walter Raleigh (2 vols., 1868), contains the fullest and best account extant of the two half-brothers. In an excellent little work, Thomas Hariot and His Associates (1900), developed by Henry Stevens chiefly from dormant material, we have a most entertaining and interesting account of Thomas Hariot, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, Jacques Le Moyne, Captain John White, and other noble spirits associated in the colonization of America. Compare the critical chapter of E.G. Bourne, Spain in America (The American Nation, III.).

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES

Religious influences entered largely into the settlement and development of the different colonies in America. The chief authorities on the subject are James Carwithen, History of the Church of England (1849); Daniel Neal, History of the Puritans (1844); Anderson, History of the Church of England in the Colonies (2 vols., 2d ed., 1856); William Stevens Perry, History of the American Episcopal Church (2 vols., 1885); Francis Lister Hawks, Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States (2 vols., 1836-1839). William Meade, Old Churches in Virginia (2 vols., 1857), tells much about the early church in Virginia. In the Johns Hopkins University Studies are Paul E. Lauer, Church and State in New England, X., Nos. ii., iii.; and George Petrie, Church and State in Maryland, X., No. iv.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

For Virginia the economic side has been fully presented by Philip A. Bruce in his Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (2 vols., 1896). The social side during the period of the present volume has not been thoroughly covered by any modern writer. For Maryland no detailed statement can be found, but much valuable information is contained in Newton D. Mereness, Maryland as a Proprietary Province (1901). For New England the social and economic status is fully presented by William B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England (2 vols., 1891). John G. Palfrey, History of New England (4 vols.), has also several valuable chapters on the subject. Edward Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation (1897) and Transit of Civilization (1900) deal very appreciatively with social elements and conditions.

INDEX

Acadia, Argall's raid, 72, 149, 289; attacks on Plymouth posts, 176, 177; settlement, 287; English grant and rule, 289; restored to France, 290; La Tour-Aulnay dissension, 290, 306-309; bibliography, 337.

Agamenticus. See York.

Alexander, Sir William, grants, 207, 289, 294; expedition against Canada, 289; protests restoration, 290.

Antinomian controversy, 219-228; Anne Hutchinson's doctrines, 219; factions, 220, 221; ministerial conferences, 220, 225; political aspect, 221-225; Antinomians banished, 226-228; effect, 228.

Archer, Gabriel, in Virginia, 43, 52, 54, 63.

Argall, Samuel, relieves Virginia, 59, 63, 68; deputy governor, 70, 77; captures Pocahontas, 71; raids on Acadia, 72, 149, 289; tyranny, 77, 78; colonizing plan, 292.

Assistants, in Plymouth, 179; in Massachusetts, elective, 188, 203; permanent tenure, 201, 202; as a court, 202, 203; legislative power, 203; in Connecticut, 258; tenure, 259.

Aulnay, Sieur d', in Acadia, quarrel with La Tour 290, 306-309.

Baltimore, Cecilius, Lord, early years, character, 123; power as proprietary, 123-126; religious toleration, 125, 126, 139, 140, 143, 144; control of legislation, 131, 133; and Kent Island affair, 135-138; deposed by king, 142, 145; and Parliament, 143, 145-147.

Baltimore, George, Lord, early years, 118; settlement in Newfoundland, 118, 119; Catholic, 119; ennobled, 119; in Virginia, 119; seeks grant in Virginia, 119-121; first charter, 121; opposition of Virginia, 120-123; Maryland charter, 121; death, 122.

Baptists, in Rhode Island, 237; persecuted in Massachusetts, 238.

Bennett, Richard, commissioner, 111, 112; governor of Virginia, 113; in Maryland, 147.

Berkeley, Sir William, royalist governor of Virginia, 105; and Puritans, 106, 108; and parliamentary commission, 112.

Bermudas, Gates at, 62.

Bibliographies of period 1574-1652, 328.

Bicameral legislatures, 93, 133, 203, 258.

Boston, Blackstone's house, 175; settled, 198.

Boundaries, Virginia charter (1606), 37; (1609), 61; Maryland charter, 121; New England charter, 152; Plymouth, 173; Massachusetts charter, 184, 270, 279; Rhode Island charter, 235; New Netherland charter, 292, 313; Massachusetts-Plymouth, 298; Massachusetts-Connecticut, 304; New England-New Netherland, 313, 314.

Bradford, William, Separatist, 156; in Leyden, 158; emigrates, 160; governor of Plymouth, 164.

Brewster, William, Separatist, 155; in Leyden, 157; emigrates, 160; minister in Plymouth, 181.

Brooke, Lord, grant in Connecticut, 248; buys Dover, 268, 271.

Cabot, John, voyage, 6.

Cabot, Sebastian, and English trade, 8.

Calvert, Leonard, governor of Maryland, 126; Kent Island affair, 135-138; letters of marque, 140; driven from Maryland, 141; regains control, 142; death, 143.

Cambridge platform, 320, 321.

Canada, French voyages, 284; Roberval's colony, 285; colonizing company, 286; Quebec settled, 288; origin of Iroquois hostility, 288; company reorganized, 288; supplies captured, 289; Alexander's grant, 289; English capture, 290; restored to France, 290; and Massachusetts' trade, 309; bibliography, 337.

Cape Ann, Plymouth claim, 170; Dorchester settlers, 170; trouble, 171; settlement moved, 183.

Cartier, Jacques, voyages, 284, 285.

Carver, John, Separatist, in Leyden, 158; seeks patent, 150; emigrates, 160; governor of Plymouth, 161; death, 164.

Casco. See Falmouth.

Catholics, in Maryland, 126, 139, 140; missionaries in Canada, 287, 288, 290.

Cavendish, Thomas, voyage, 13; with Raleigh's colony, 23.

Challons, Henry, attempted settlement, 39.

Champlain, Samuel, first visit to Canada, 286; in Acadia, 287; settles Quebec, 288; attacks Iroquois, 288; surrenders, 290; return to Canada, 290.

Chancellor, Richard, voyage, 8.

Charles I., and Virginia, 91-96, 99, 105, 120; and Baltimore, 120; and Kent Island, 136-138; and Massachusetts, 204-209.

Charlestown, Walford's settlement, 175; laid out, named, 190; sickness, 196, 198.

Charters, Merchant Adventurers (1554), 8; trading (1566), 14; Gilbert (1578), 15; Raleigh (1584), 22; Virginia (1606), 36-38; (1609), 59-61; (1612), 76; annulled, 88; Virginia parliamentary, 105; Maryland (1632), 122-126; New England (1620), 152; resigned, 207; Massachusetts, (1629), 188, 189; Rhode Island (1644), 235; Gorges (1637), 275. See also Grants.

Chelsea, settled, 175.

Church of England in Virginia, 80, 106; improved ministry, 110.

Claiborne, William, Kent Island settlement, 95, 134; and Harvey, 96; commissioner, 111, 112; opposes Baltimore's charter, 121; career, 121; denies Baltimore's authority, 135; arrest ordered, 136; appeals to king, 136, 137; conflict on island, 136; treachery of Evelin, 137; island seized, 138; attainted, 138; claim invalidated, 138; property confiscated, 138; return to Kent Island, 142; ascendency in Maryland, 147.

Cocheco. See Dover.

Coddington, William, in Rhode Island, 229, 237; royal commission, 237, 238.

Colonies, English, Gilbert's charter, 15; immunities, 16; Gilbert's attempts, 16-21; debt to Raleigh, 32; Gosnold and Gilbert's attempt, 34; joint-stock companies, 36; royal administration, 96, 206; connected history, 282; bibliography, 329-331; bibliography on religious influences, 338; bibliography on social and economic conditions, 338. See also colonies and companies by name.

Colonies, French. See Acadia, Canada.

Colonies, Spanish, influence on Spain, 4; and Hawkins, 9, 10; Drake's attacks, 11, 12; Cavendish plunders, 13; bibliography on English relations, 337.

Commission for Foreign Plantations, 96, 206.

Communism in Virginia, 59, 73, 77, 79; in Plymouth, 167.

Conant, Roger, in Massachusetts, 170, 171, 183.

Congregationalism, beginnings, 154; established in Massachusetts, 190, 196, 201, 202, 210; disclaimed, 194, 197; Massachusetts clergy, 200, 205; opposition, 211, 212; Antinomian controversy, 219-228; in Connecticut, 258; in New Haven, 263; Cambridge platform, 320; effect, 321. See also Pilgrims.

Connecticut, elements, 239; Plymouth's interest, 240-242, 245; Dutch in, 241, 249, 310, 316; migration from Massachusetts, 242-247; settled by organized communities, 247; Saltonstall's settlement, 248; Saybrook, 249; union of settlements, 250; Pequot War, 251-257; Fundamental Orders, 257-259; suffrage, 258; theocracy, 258; tenure of office, 259; growth, 259, 260; acquires Fenwick patent, 260; population (1653), 260; Massachusetts boundary, 304; river tolls, 304-306; bibliography, 335. See also New England.

Constitutions, Connecticut (1639), 257-259.

Cotton, John, in Massachusetts, 205; character, 218, 243, 321; and Antinomianism, 220, 223, 226, 227; death, 321.

Council in Maryland, 129. See also Assistants.

Council for New England, charter, 152; territory, 152; patent to Plymouth, 164; grant to Weston, 166; fishing monopoly endangered, 167; temporary activity, 168; division, 168, 185; discouraged, 169; grant to Massachusetts, 184; conflicting grants, 185; redivision, 207; resigns charter, 207; grants to Mason and Gorges, 266, 268; other Maine grants, 274-277. See also Plymouth Company.

Courts, Maryland, 129; New England codes, 180, 203, 326; assistants, in Massachusetts, 202, 203; New Haven, 265.

Dale, Sir Thomas, deputy governor of Virginia, policy and discipline, 70; and Indians, 71; expeditions against French, 72; abolishes communism, 73; departs, 74.

Davenport, John, purpose, 260; in Boston, 261; settles New Haven, 261; organizes government, 262.

Davis, John, voyages, 15.

Delaware, Lord, governor of Virginia, 61, 78; arrival, 67, 68; administration, 68, 69; death, 78.

Delaware River, named, 72; Dutch on, 293; Dutch and Virginians, 294; Swedes on, 296; New Haven on, 296, 311, 315.

Denys, Jean, voyage, 284.

Dorchester, settled, 198; restless, 242; emigration to Connecticut, 245, 246; settles Windsor, 247; town government, 323.

Dorchester adventurers, settlement, 170; renewed activity, 183; patent, 184. See also Massachusetts.

Dover (Cocheco), settlement, 175, 267; feeble existence, 268; Puritans control, 268; Antinomian settlers, 269; dissensions, 269; civil contract, 270; annexed by Massachusetts, 271.

Drake, Sir Francis, with Hawkins, 10; early years, 10; attack on Panama, 11; on Pacific settlements, 12; circumnavigation, 12; Elizabeth's reception, 13; rescues Raleigh's colony, 25.

Dudley, Thomas, agrees to emigrate, 193; deputy governor of Massachusetts, 193, 224; disclaims Separatism, 197; governor, 200, 215.

Eaton, Theophilus, purpose, 260; governor of New Haven, 263.

Economic condition, England (1606), 39; Virginia (1648), 110; New England (1652), 322; money in New England, 325.

Education, in Virginia, 116, 117; in Maryland, 147; in Plymouth, 181; public, in Massachusetts, 323; Harvard College, 324; in Connecticut, 324; extent in New England, 325.

Eliot, John, contumacy, 211; Indian mission, 303.

Elizabeth, and Hawkins, 10; and Drake, 13; and Frobisher, 14; and Gilbert, 15, 18; and Raleigh, 21; names Virginia, 23; support of Protestantism, 28; and Puritans, 153.

Endicott, John, grantee, 184; at Salem, 186; suppresses Merry Mount, 186; anticipates Oldham, 190; Congregationalist, 190; banishes Conformists, 191; and Morton, 192; defaces flag, 206; expedition against Pequots, 252; character, 321.

England, spirit of progress, 3, 4; religious conditions, 5; Spanish rivalry, 5; claim to America, 6; unprepared for colonization, 7; fisheries, 7; trade development (1550) 8; slave-trade, 8-10; trade under Mary, 9; private attacks on Spanish colonies, 10-13; search for northwest passage, 14; Spanish war, 28-30, 35; Armada, 30; economic condition (1606), 39; Puritanism, 153; Separatism, 154-156; and French colonies, 289; and New Netherland, 292; bibliography on Spanish relations, 337. See also colonies, and sovereigns by name.

Evelin, George, and Kent Island, 137.

Exeter, settled, 269; civil contract, 270; annexed by Massachusetts, 272.

Falmouth (Casco), Cleves at, 277; submits to Massachusetts, 281.

Fenwick, George, patent, 260, 304.

Ferdinando, Simon, voyage, 17.

Fisheries, English interests, 9; New England monopoly, 168.

Frobisher, Martin, voyages, 14.

Fur-trade, New England monopoly, 168; French grants, 286, 287; Dutch, 291, 293.

Gates, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia, 61, 70; at Bermudas, 62; at Jamestown, 62, 67.

Gilbert, Bartholomew, attempted colony, 34.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, purpose, 6; early years, 13; first efforts, 14; pamphlet, 14; charter, 15; first expedition, 16; preparation for second, 17; second, 18-21; death, 20.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, career, 151; colonial activity, 151; opposition to Massachusetts, 187, 204-209; grants, 207, 266, 268; general governor, 208; Massachusetts annexes grant, 209, 279, 280; settlements in territory, 272-274, 276, 277; charter and regulations, 275; and Plough patent, 277, 278; death, 278.

Gorges, John, patent, 187; grant to Oldham, 187; heir, 274.

Gorges, Robert, settlement, 168; and Weston, 169; grant, 185, 186; heir, 187.

Gorton, Samuel, settlement, 230, 233; character, 232; trouble with Massachusetts, 232-234; banished, 234; return, 234.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, attempted colony, 34; in Virginia, 42, 49; death, 51.

Governors, Virginia, under charter, 61, 79, 80; elective, in Plymouth, 179; in Massachusetts, 199, 202; in Connecticut, 258, 259; in New Haven, 263, 264.

Grants, Heath (1629), 120; Pilgrims, 159, 164, 172; Weston (1622), 166; Pierce (1623), 167; Massachusetts (1628), 184; conflicting, 185; Mason and Gorges (1622), 185, 266; (1629), 267, 268; (1631), 268; R. Gorges (1622) 185; Sheffield (1623) 185; E. Gorges (1623), 185; division of New England (1635), 207; Say and Brooke (1631), 248; various, in Maine, 274, 276; Plough, 277; Monts. (1604), 286; Alexander (1621, 1628), 289; Plowden (1632), 294. See also Charters.

Grenville, Sir Richard, and Gilbert's plan, 15; conducts Raleigh's colony, 23, 26; captures Spanish ship, 24; death, 24.

Hakluyt, Richard, and Gilbert's plan, 15, 17; Western Planting, 22; buys trade right, 31; trade venture, 35; instructions to settlers, 42.

Hanham, Thomas, voyage, 39.

Hartford, Dutch fort, 241, 310, 316; English settlers, 247.

Harvard College, 324.

Harvey, John, governor of Virginia, 93; conduct, 96; deposed, 97, 136; reinstated, 98; called to account, 104.

Hawkins, Sir John, slave-trade, 9; attacked by Spanish, 10.

Hawkins, William, slave-trade, 8.

Haynes, John, governor of Connecticut, 200; effort for confederation, 297.

Higginson, Francis, minister at Salem, 191; death, 198.

Hooker, Thomas, in Massachusetts, 205; liberality, 243; goes to Connecticut, 247; effort for confederation, 297.

Hore, voyage, 7.

Houses, Virginia, 114.

Hudson, Henry, voyage, 291.

Hutchinson, Anne, doctrine, 219; following and controversy, 220-225; punishment of followers, 225, 226; banished, 226-228; in Rhode Island, 228; under surveillance, 231; removes, 231; slain, 231.

Indians, and Raleigh's colony, 27, 28; Virginia confederacies, 44, 45; houses, 45; religion, 45; adoption of victims, 46-48; maidens' dance, 48; and Virginia, 49, 51, 65, 66, 68, 71; massacres in Virginia, 85, 107; peace, 108; and Maryland, 127, 136, 139; pestilence in New England, 152; and Plymouth, 163-165, 177; and Massachusetts, 200; Roger Williams's influence, 213, 217, 253; Narragansett-Mohegan war, 233, 301; Pequot War, 251-257; and French, 288; and New England Confederation, 300-302; New England missions, 302-304; number of praying, 304; Dutch war, 296, 311.

Ingle, Richard, in Maryland, 141.

Iroquois, and English, 256; origin of hostility to French, 288.

James I., and London Company, 82, 83, 86-88, 90; and Separatists, 155; and Pilgrims, 159.

Jamestown, founded, 50; burned, 53; in 1634, 101; improved houses, 102.

Kent Island, occupied, 95; Virginia's claim, 134; Baltimore's authority denied, 135; seizure ordered, 136; conflict, 136; royal order, 137; Evelin's treachery, 137; reduced by Calvert, 138; decreed to Baltimore, 138; Claiborne's return, 142.

Kieft, William, governor of New Netherland, 296; and New England, 310-312.

Kittery, settlement, 278; submits to Massachusetts, 280.

Land, allotment in Virginia, 79; manors in Maryland, 130; division in Plymouth, 167; in Massachusetts, 189; Williams's objection to titles, 213, 214.

La Roche, Marquis de, colony, 286.

La Tour, Charles de, in Acadia, quarrel with Aulnay, 290, 306-309; Massachusetts aids, 291, 306-309.

Legislation, of Virginia's first assembly, 80; on tobacco, 103; initiative in Maryland, 131, 133; Maryland Toleration Act, 144; New England codes, 180, 203, 326; initiative in Massachusetts, 203; New England sumptuary, 326.

Lery, Baron de, attempted settlement, 284.

Literature in New England, 327.

London Company, charter, 36-38; patron, 37; government, 37-39; new charter, 59-61; third charter, 76; self-government, 76; policy, 76; control, 81; and the king, 82; Sandys's enterprise, 82; overthrow, 86-88; service, 88; loyalty of colony, 89; attempts to restore, 91, 95, 104-106; patents to Pilgrims, 159. See also Virginia.

Long Island, Plowden's grant, 294; Alexander's grant, 294; English settlements, 296.

Lyford, John, in Plymouth and Massachusetts, 170, 171.

Lynn, settled, 198.

Mace, Samuel, voyage, 33.

Maine, Popham's colony, 40, 41; grants, 207, 266, 268, 274-277; Massachusetts annexes, 209, 279-281; settlements, 267, 273; origin of name, 272; Gorges's charter and regulations, 275; Massachusetts buys a patent, 276; Plough patent resisted and arbitrated, 277, 278; union of Gorges's settlements, 278; results of annexation, 281; bibliography, 336.

Manhattan purchased, 293.

Manors in Maryland, 129, 130.

Manufactures, New England, 322.

Maps, Virginia (1608), 57; New England (1614), 150.

Maryland, Virginia's protest, 96, 122; Puritan settlers, 109, 144; charter, 121, 122; boundaries, 121; named, 122; power of proprietary, 123-126; legislative power, 125; religious freedom, 125, 139, 140, 143, 144; first settlers, 126; leaving England, 126; and Indians, 127, 136, 139; settlement, 127; conditions favoring growth, 128; servants, 128; rural society, 129; government, 129; manors, 130; democracy, 130; origin of laws, 131, 133; composition of assembly, 133; Kent Island affair, 134-139; Catholic propaganda, 139; and Great Rebellion, 140; and Ingle, 141; Protestant revolt, 141, 142; Calvert regains control, 142; Stone governor, 143; and Parliament, 143, 145-147; oath of fidelity, 145; parliamentary control, 147; population (1652), 147; social conditions, 147; bibliography, 332-334.

Mason, John, grants, 185, 207, 266-268; opposition to Massachusetts, 204-208; death, 208; Massachusetts annexes grant, 209, 271, 272; settlements in territory, 268-270.

Mason, John, in Pequot War, 254-256.

Massachusetts, trade with Virginia, 104; minor settlements, 166, 168, 170, 175; Dorchester adventurers, 170, 183; Merry Mount, 174, 186, 192, 197; religion not primary interest, 184; patent, 184, 185; boundaries, 184, 270; conflicting grants, 185; Salem reinforced, 186; government for colonists, 189; land allotment, 189; and Oldham's claim, 187, 190; charter, government, 188, 189; Congregationalism established, 190, 192, 196, 201, 202, 210; religious persecution, 191, 201, 211, 237, 319; government transferred to America, 193; great emigration, cause, 193-195; sickness, 195, 196, 198, 199; towns (1630), 198; first general court, 199; governors, 199; and Indians, 200; rise of theocracy, 200-202; quality of clergy, 200, 205; assistants usurp power, 201; restricted suffrage, 202, 210, 211; criminal law, 202; representation established, 202, 203; popular elections, 203; origin of laws, 203; code, 203; opposition in England, 204-209; temporarily sustained, 204; and Laud, 205; increased immigration, 205; population (1634), 205; (1643), 209; charter demanded, 205, 208; prepares for resistance, 206; and English flag, 206; petition, 206; judgment against, frustrated, 208; annexes New Hampshire and Maine, 209, 271, 272, 279-281; opposition to religious despotism, 211, 212; Williams incident, 212-218; religious regulations, 218; Antinomian controversy, 219-228; its effect, 228; and Rhode Island, 230, 231, 235-238; and Gorton, 232-235; parliamentary grant, 235; and settlement of Connecticut, 240-242; emigration to Connecticut, 242-247; opposition to restricted suffrage, 243, 271, 319; and Pequot War, 251-253, 256; and Davenport's colony, 261; buys a Maine patent, 276; arbitrates on Plough patent, 277; influence of annexations, 281; and La Tour, 291, 306-309; boundary disputes, 298, 304; and trade with Canada, 309; and Parliament, 318; Cambridge platform, 320; "glacial period," 321; mint, 325; bibliography, 334. See also New England.

Maverick, Samuel, settlement, 175; grant, 274; fined, 319.

Mayhew, Thomas, Indian mission, 302-304.

Merry Mount, settlement, 174; suppressed, 174, 186; Morton's return, 192.

Miantonomoh, and Gorton, 233; captured and slain, 233.

Minuit, Peter, governor of New Netherland, 293; Swedish colony, 296.

Mohegans, Narragansett war, 233, 300-302.

Money in New England, 325.

Monts, Sieur de, grant, 286; attempted settlement, 287.

Morton, Thomas, at Merry Mount, 174; sent to England, 175, 197; return, 192; attorney against Massachusetts, 208.

Mount Desert Island, French settlement reduced, 72, 149, 289.

Mystic, settled, 198.

Nantasket, settled, 170.

Narragansetts, and Plymouth, 165; Mohegan war, 233, 300; and Pequot War, 251, 253; and New England Confederation, 300-302.

Netherlands, Separatists in, 154-158; voyages to America, 291.

New England, coast explorations, 34, 35, 40, 150; map (1614), 150; named, 150; attempted settlement, 150; Indian pestilence, 152; settlements (1628), 175; population (1643), 209; (1652), 322; preparation against Dutch, 316; communication, 322; trade, 322; ship-building, 322; manufactures, 322; town government, 322, 323; education, 323-325; money, 325; marriage, 326; sumptuary laws, 326; criminal laws, 326; social character, 326; literature, 327; bibliography on Dutch relations, 337; bibliography on French relations, 337. See also next title, Council for New England, Plymouth Company, and colonies by name.

New England Confederation, causes and attempts, 282, 297, 298; organized, members, 298; object, management, powers, support, 299; defects, 300; population, 300; and Indian war, 300-302; and Massachusetts, 301, 305, 306, 308, 310, 316, 317; appointment of commander, 301; and Indian missions, 302-304; boundary decision, 304; Connecticut River tolls, 304-306; and French, 308, 310; and Dutch, 311-313; Dutch treaty, 313, 314; war threats, 315-317; permanency thwarted, 317.

New Hampshire, Massachusetts annexes, 209, 271, 272; grants, 266, 267; settlements, 267, 269, 270; named, 268; feebleness, 268; dissensions, 269; civil contracts, 270; Massachusetts' claim, 270; suffrage after annexation, 271; and the confederation, 298; bibliography, 336. See also New England.

New Haven, settlers' plan, 260; settled, 261; purchase from Indians, 262; government, 262-264; suffrage, 262-264; union, 264; growth, 265; on Delaware, 296, 311, 315; Kieft's bluster, 312; trade ventures, 315; migration considered, 315; bibliography, 335. See also New England.

New London, settled, 260; jurisdiction, 304.

New Netherland, Argall in, 72; and Plymouth, 175, 240; on Connecticut, 239-242, 249; trade charter, 292; boundaries, 292, 313; English protest, 292; settlement, 293; patroonships, 293; English encroachments, 294-296, 310-312, 315; Indian war, 296, 311; New England boundary, 313, 314; New England war threats, 315-317; bibliography, 336, 337.

New Sweden, settlement, 296; bibliography, 337.

Newfoundland, English voyages, 7; fisheries, 7; Gilbert at, 19, 20; Calvert's settlement, 118.

Newport, Christopher, conducts Virginia colony, 42; in council, 49; seeks gold mine, 50; visits, 52, 53, 55-57, 62.

Newport, settled, 229.

Newtown, restless, 242; migration to Connecticut, 244, 246; settles Hartford, 247.

Northwest passage, search, 8, 14, 15; Gilbert's pamphlet, 14.

Norton, John, bigotry, 321.

Oldham, John, in Plymouth, 170; at Nantasket and Cape Ann, 170, 171; and Massachusetts Company, 187, 190; killed, 252.

Opechancanough, massacres, 85, 107; captured and slain, 108.

Parliament, trade charter (1566), 14; sanctions Raleigh's charter, 22; and Virginia, 111-113; and Maryland, 143, 145-147; and Massachusetts, 235, 318; charter to Rhode Island, 235.

Patents. See Charters, Grants.

Patroonships in New Netherland, 293.

Pemaquid, settled, 273.

Pequot War, 251-257; killing of Stone, 251, 252; Massachusetts' expedition, 252; Narragansett alliance, 253; settlements attacked, 254; capture of Indian fort, 254-256; Pequots exterminated, 256; results, 257.

Percy, George, in Virginia, 43, 64, 65.

Pilgrims, English congregation, 155; leaders, 155; flight to Holland, 156; at Leyden, 157, 158; decide to settle in Virginia, 158; James I.'s attitude, 159; patents, 159; financial arrangement, 159; voyage, 160; land-fall, 160; compact, 161; settlement, 161. See also Plymouth.

Piscataqua. See Portsmouth.

Plymouth, settlement, 161; named, 162; scurvy, 163; and Indians, 163-165, 177; first summer, 164; patents, 164, 172, 178; first cargo, 165; and Weston's settlers, 166; trouble with partners, 167, 169; land division, 167; character of immigrants, 169, 170; conspiracy, 170; Cape Ann trouble, 170; buys out partners, 171; trading-posts, 172; reunion, 172; boundaries, 173; and Merry Mount, 174; and Dutch, 175, 240; French attacks, 176, 177; on Connecticut, 177, 239-242, 245; growth, 178; government, 179; suffrage, 180; code, 180; town government, 180; ministers, 181; education, 181; thrift, 181; significance, 182; and Roger Williams, 217, 218; boundary dispute, 298; bibliography, 334. See also New England, Pilgrims.

Plymouth Company, charter, 36-38; patrons, 37; government, 37-39; attempted settlements, 39-41, 150; inactive, 149; Gorges's activity, 151; reorganized, 152. See also Council for New England.

Plough patent, 277; resisted and arbitrated, 277, 278.

Pocahontas, rescues Smith, 46-48; dance, 48; seized, 71; married, 71; in England, 74; death, 77.

Popham, George, colony, 40; death, 41; fate of colony, 41.

Popham, Sir John, and Zuniga, 36; patron of Plymouth Company, 37; colony, 40; death, 41.

Population, Virginia (1629), 93; (1635), 100; (1652), 114; Maryland (1652), 147; Massachusetts (1634), 205; (1643), 209; New England (1643), 209, 300; (1652), 322; Connecticut (1653), 260.

Port Royal, Argall reduces, 72, 149, 289; settlement, 287; rebuilt, 289.

Portsmouth (Piscataqua), N.H., settled, 175, 267; feeble existence, 268; Anglicanism, 268; civil contract, 270; annexed by Massachusetts, 271.

Portsmouth, R.I., settled, 229.

Potato, introduction, 26.

Pott, John, in Virginia, 93, 94; and Baltimore, 119.

Poutrincourt at Port Royal, 287.

Powhatan, chief of confederacy, 44, 45; crowned, 56; and Virginia, 69-71; death, 85.

Prado, de, voyage, 7.

Presbyterianism, Massachusetts' attitude, 319-321.

Pring, Martin, voyage, 35, 39.

Providence, Md., founded, 109, 144.

Providence, R.I., settled, 218; growth, 230; and Gorton, 232; union with Rhode Island, 235, 237.

Puritans, in Virginia, 106; in Maryland, 109, 144, 145; rise, 153; Separatists, 154-156. See also New England colonies by name.

Quebec, settled, 288; captured, 290.

Quo warranto against Virginia Company, 88.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, and Gilbert's plan, 15; voyage with Gilbert, 16; appearance, 21; accomplishments, 21; royal favor, 21; charter, 22; exploring expedition, 22, 23; first colony, 23-25; second, 26, 27; introduces potato and tobacco, 26; third colony, 27; colony and Indians, 27, 28, 32; and Armada, 29; relief expeditions, 30; assigns trade right, 31; fate of colony, 31, 32; place in history, 32; fall, 33; in Guinea, 33; executed, 33; monopoly abrogated, 35; search for colony, 56.

Ratcliffe, John, in Virginia, 43, 49, 57, 63; president, 51; and Smith, 52, 63; deposed, 54; slain, 65.

Religion, influence on Spain, 4; on England, 5; freedom in Maryland, 125, 139, 140, 143, 144; persecution in Massachusetts, 191, 201, 211, 237, 319; theocracy in New England, 200-202, 258, 262-264; freedom in Rhode Island, 238; Indian missions, 302-304; bibliography on influence, 338. See also sects by name.

Representation, Virginia, 79, 80, 92-94; and taxation in Virginia, 90, 96, 113; James I.'s policy, 91; Maryland, 125, 133; Plymouth, 179; Massachusetts, 202, 203; Connecticut, 250, 258; New Haven, 265; town unit, 322. See also Suffrage.

Rhode Island, Providence settled, 218; island purchased and settled, 229; body politic, 229; union of settlements, 230, 237, 238; attitude of Massachusetts, 230, 231, 235-238; parliamentary charter, 235; boundaries, 235; Gorton's settlement, 232-235; Coddington's commission, 237, 238; Baptists in, 237; religious freedom, 238; and New England Confederation, 298; named, 292; bibliography, 335. See also New England.

Richelieu and Canada, 288.

Roberval, colony, 285.

Robinson, John, character, 155; in Leyden, 157; remains there, 160; death, 172.

Rolfe, John, marries Pocahontas, 72; plants tobacco, 75; secretary of state, 77.

Roxbury, settled, 198; emigration to Springfield, 247.

Russia, English voyages, 8.

Sable Island, attempted settlements, 284, 286.

Saco, settlement, 273; and Plough patent, 277; submits to Massachusetts, 280.

St. Croix, French settlement reduced, 72, 149, 289.

St. Mary's, founded, 127.

Salem (Naumkeag), settled, 175, 183; Endicott at, 186; named, 186; sickness, 186, 195; and Roger Williams, 213-217.

Saltonstall, Sir Richard, agrees to emigrate, 193; attempted settlement, 248.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, in London Company, policy, 76, 78; treasurer, 81; enterprise, 82; royal opposition, 82; and Charles I., 91.

Say and Sele, Lord, grant, 248; buys Dover, 268, 271.

Saybrook, founded, 249, 259; sold to Connecticut, 260.

Scarboro, grant of site, 274; submits to Massachusetts, 281.

Scrivener, Matthew, in Virginia, 54, 57; death, 57.

Separatism, rise, 154; refuge in Holland, 154-156. See also Congregationalism, Pilgrims.

Servants, in Virginia, 100, 115; in Maryland, 128.

Sheriff, in Maryland, 129.

Ship-building, New England, 322.

Slave-trade, English, 8-10.

Slavery, introduction, 81; social influence, 116, 147.

Smith, John, Virginia settler, 43; career, 43; rescued by Pocahontas, 46-48; arrested, 49; in council, 49; cape merchant, 51; supplies from Indians, 52; captured, 52; condemned by Ratcliffe, 52; restored, 53; president, 54; answer to company's complaints, 57; maps, 57, 150; sole ruler, 57, 63; avoids famine, 58; deposed, 64: leaves, 64; on coast of New England, 150; attempted settlement, 150; captured by French, 151; service to New England, 152.

Smith, Sir Thomas, buys trade right, 31; in London Company, 76, 78, 81.

Social conditions, slavery, 81, 116, 147; servants, 100, 115, 128; Virginia (1634), 101-103; (1648), 110; houses, 114; hospitality, 115; absence of towns, 115, 129; Virginia education, 116, 117; Maryland (1652), 147; New England criminal codes, 180, 203, 326; influence of Calvinism, 321; New England towns, 322, 323; education, 323-325; marriage, 326; sumptuary laws, 326; general characteristics, 326; literature, 327; bibliography, 338.

Somers, Sir George, at Bermudas, 62; death, 68.

Sources, on period 1574-1652, 329-331; on Virginia, 331, 332; on Maryland, 333; on Plymouth and Massachusetts, 334; on Rhode Island, 335; on Connecticut and New Haven, 335; on New Hampshire and Maine, 336; on New Netherland, 336, 337; on French colonies, 337.

Southampton, earl of, in London Company, 34, 35, 77, 82.

Southampton, joins Connecticut, 259; settled, 296.

Southold, union with New Haven, 265; settled, 296.

Spain, decay, 3; influence of colonial empire, 4; religious influences, 4; English rivalry, 5; and Drake's attacks, 13; attacks Gilbert's expedition, 16; English war, 28-30, 35; Armada, 30; power destroyed, 30; and English colonies, 36, 60, 74, 283, 284. See also colonies.

Springfield, settled, 247; and river-tolls, 305.

Standish, Miles, Separatist, in Leyden, 158; exploration, 161; suppresses Merry Mount, 175.

Stone, William, governor of Maryland, 143, 144; removed and restored, 147.

Stuyvesant, Peter, and New England Confederation, 312; treaty, 313, 314.

Suffrage, Virginia, 116; Plymouth, 180; Massachusetts, 202, 210, 211, 243, 319; Connecticut, 258; New Haven, 262-264; New Hampshire, 271.

Taxation and representation in Virginia, 90, 96, 113.

Theocracy in New England, 200-202, 258, 262-264.

Thompson, David, settlements, 175, 267.

Tobacco, Raleigh introduces, 26; cultivation begun, 75; growth of trade, 83, 92; duty, 83, 93; monopoly, 86, 93; fall in price, 103; legislation, 103; in Maryland, 128.

Towns, absence in Virginia, 115; and in Maryland, 129; government in Plymouth, 180; unit in New England, 322; meetings, 323; selectmen, 323; business 323.

Trade, English, development (1550), 8; slave-trade, 8-10; direction under Mary, 9; Hawkins's voyages, 9; tobacco, 83, 86, 92, 103; Virginia, 100, 103; fur, 168, 286, 287, 291, 293; New England, 322.

Travel, New England conditions (1652), 322.

Treaties, St. Germain (1632), 290; Hartford (1650), 314.

Twiller, Wouter van, and claim to Connecticut, 242; governor of New Netherland, 293; and Eelkens, 294; recalled, 296.

Uncas, captures and slays Miantonomoh, 233; policy, 240, 302.

Underhill, John, at Dover, 269; and Dutch, 269.

Union, Rhode Island, 230, 237; Connecticut, 250; New Haven, 264; New Hampshire, 270, 272; Maine, 278. See also New England Confederation.

Vane, Sir Harry, governor of Massachusetts, 200; and Antinomian controversy, 220-223; defeated, 224; returns to England, 225.

Verrazzano, John, voyage, 284.

Virginia, Raleigh's charter, 22; exploring expedition, 22, 23; named, 23; Raleigh's attempted settlement, 23-28, 31, 32; charter, 36-38; and Spain, 36, 60, 74, 283; boundaries, 37; regulations for settlement, 42; settlers, 42; topography, 43; Indians, 44-49; voyage, 49; quarrel, 49; first officers, 49; relation with Indians, 49, 51, 68, 71; Jamestown founded, 50; suffering and dissensions, 50-54, 58, 63-66, 69, 74, 84; search for gold, 51, 53, 56, 69; Smith's enterprise, 51, 52, 54; First Supply, 52; cargoes, 53, 54, 57; Second Supply, 55; first marriage and birth, 55; company's instructions (1608), 55; Powhatan crowned, 56; search for Raleigh's colony, 56; answer to company, 57; map, 57; Argall's relief, 59, 63; new charter, 59-61; gentlemen settlers, causes of calamities, 59; communism, 59; absolute governor, 61; Third Supply, 61-63; Starving Time, 66; abandonment decided upon, 67; Delaware's timely arrival, 67, 68; his administration, 68-70; deputy governors, 70; Dale's rule, 70-74; expeditions against Acadia, 72; communism abolished, 73; in 1616, 74; tobacco planting begins, 75; third charter, 76; company's policy, 76; Argall's tyranny, 77, 78; land division, 77, 79; charter of privileges, 78; Yardley governor, 78, 79; in 1619, 78; private associations, 79; representation, 79, 92-94, 123; church of England, 80, 106; first assembly, 80; first negro slaves, 81; cargo of maidens, 81; tobacco trade and regulation, 83, 86, 92, 103; prosperity, 84, 102; first massacre, 85; commission to investigate, 87; charter voided, 88; loyalty to company, 89; taxation and representation, 90, 96, 113; royal control, 90, 91, 95, 96; policy of James I., 91; population (1629), 93; (1635), 100; (1652), 114; Harvey's rule, 93, 96; deposed and reinstated, 97-99, 136; northern expansion, 94; and Maryland charter, 96, 120-123; Wyatt governor, 99, 104; servants, 100, 115; trade (1635), 100; settlements (1634), 101, 102; (1652), 113, 114; continued mortality, 102, 104; corn trade, 103; parliamentary charter, 105; Berkeley governor, 105; petition against charter, 105; loyalty to king, 105, 111; Puritans, 106, 108, 109; second massacre, 107; peace, 108; cavalier immigration, 109, 111; improved ministry, 110; in 1648, 110; and parliamentary commission, 111-113; control by burgesses, 113; houses, 114; hospitality, 115; absence of towns, 115; democracy, 116; influence of slavery, 116; education, 116, 117; and Baltimore, 119; origin of laws, 123; claim to Kent Island, 134-138; and Dutch on Delaware, 294; bibliography, 331. See also London Company.

Voyages, Cabot (1497, 1498), 6; Prado (1527), 7; Hore (1535), 7; Willoughby (1553), 8; English, to Russia, 8; Drake (1577-1580), 12; Cavendish (1586), 13; Frobisher (1376-1578), 14; Davis (1585-1587), 15; Barlow and Amidas (1584), 22, 23; Denys (1506), 284; Aubert (1508), 284; Verrazzano (1524), 284; Cartier (1534-1536), 284; Alefonse (1542), 285; Hudson (1609), 291; bibliography, 329, 330.

Walker, John, voyage, 17.

Wars, Spanish-English (1588), 28-30, 35; Pequot (1637), 251-257; English-French (1627), 289, 290; English-Dutch (1652), 315.

Warwick, earl of, in London Company, 76, 81; grant, 185, 239.

Warwick settled, 230, 233-235.

Watertown, settled, 198; restless, 242; migration to Connecticut, 245, 246; settles Wethersfield, 246.

Welles, founded, 272; submits to Massachusetts, 280.

West, Francis, in Virginia, 55, 92; and fishermen, 168.

West Indies, Spain and England in, 284. Wethersfield, settled, 247; Indian attack, 254.

Weymouth, George, voyage, 35.

Weymouth (Wessagusset), settlement, 166, 168.

Wheelwright, John, and Antinomianism, 220-224; banished, 226; at Dover, 269; settles Exeter, 269; founds Welles, 272; return to Massachusetts, 272.

White, Andrew, Jesuit, in Maryland, 126; sent to England, 141.

White, John, water-colors, 26; governor of Raleigh's colony, 27, 28; attempted relief, 31.

White, Rev. John, and Salem settlement, 183; pamphlet, 194.

Williams, Roger, in Massachusetts, 212; harsh creed, 213; objections, 213; in Plymouth, 213, 217, 218; and Indians, 213, 217, 251, 253; on land titles, 214; trial, 214, 215; objection to oaths, 215; and Salem, 216; banished, 216, 217; flight, 217; settles Providence, 218; secures patent, 235; triumphal return, 236; Baptist, 237; thwarts Coddington, 238.

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, voyage, 8.

Wilson, John, Congregationalist, 196; sermons, 218; and Antinomianism, 220, 223.

Windsor, Plymouth fort, 242; Dorchester settlers, 245-247.

Wingfield, E.M., in Virginia, 43, 49, 51-53, 54.

Winslow, Edward, Separatist, in Leyden, 158; agent in England, 206, 279.

Winthrop, John, agrees to emigrate, 193; governor, 193, 224; Congregationalist, 196; and Antinomian controversy, 220-228; character, death, 243, 321; and La Tour, 307.

Winthrop, John (2), theoretic governor, 249; settles New London, 260.

Wyatt, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, 85, 90, 92, 99; commissioner, 95.

Yardley, Sir George, governor of Virginia, 70, 75, 78, 92; death, 92.

York (Agamenticus, Gorgeana), government, 275, 276; submits to Massachusetts, 280.