Appendix D (p. 182).

Injury by Xyleborus dispar in England.

Professor Riley, in “Insect Life” (the U.S.A. Official Entomological Journal), says:—“Miss E. A. Ormerod wrote us on September 23, 1889, as follows: ‘... The beetle which is considered one of the rarest of the British Coleoptera, Xyleborus dispar, Fab. (formerly known as “Bostrichus” or “Apate,” Fig. 46) has appeared in such great numbers in plum-wood in the fruit grounds at Toddington, near Cheltenham, as to be doing very serious injury. I found, on anatomising the injured small branches, that one of the galleries which the horde of beetles (packed as closely as they can be) forms or enlarges, passes about two-thirds round in the wood, more or less deeply beneath the bark, whilst another of the tunnels, likewise occupied with its closely packed procession of beetles, was in possession of about two inches of pith, so that the rapid destruction of the tree was fully accounted for. The attack appears, as far as I can see, to disappear usually very rapidly, but I am advising owners to make sure. This disappearance, I conjecture, may arise from the excessive rarity of the small male of this species. Amongst about sixty ♀(female specimens) which I extracted from the tunnels I only found one ♂ (male).’”

APPENDIX E (p. 223).

Professor Charles Valentine Riley was killed by a fall from his bicycle in the streets of Washington. He was riding, as usual, to his office in the morning, accompanied by his young son. It was down-hill, and he was evidently going rather fast, when his wheel struck a stone carelessly left in the roadway after repairs. He was thrown violently, and died from the effects of the fall a few hours afterwards.

‘Biologist, artist, editor, and public official, the story of his struggles and successes, tinged as it is with romance, is one full of interest. Beginning life in America as a poor lad on an Illinois farm, he rose by his own exertions to distinction. His nature was a many-sided one, and his success in life was due to sheer will-power, unusual executive force, critical judgment, untiring industry, skill with pencil and pen, and a laudable ambition, united with an intense love of nature and of science for its own sake. This rare combination of varied qualities, of which he made the most, rendered him during the thirty years of his active life widely known as a public official, as a scientific investigator, while of economic entomologists he was facile princeps.

‘He was born at Chelsea, London, September 18, 1843. His boyhood was spent at Walton-on-Thames, where he made the acquaintance of the late W. C. Hewitson, author of many works on butterflies, which undoubtedly developed his love for insects. At the age of eleven he went to school for three years at Dieppe, afterwards studying at Bonn-on-the-Rhine. At both schools he carried off the first prizes for drawing, making finished sketches of butterflies, thus showing his early bent for natural history. It is said that a restless disposition led him to abandon the old country, and at the age of seventeen he had emigrated to Illinois, and settled on a farm about fifty miles from Chicago. When about twenty-one he removed to Chicago, where he became a reporter and editor of the entomological department of the “Prairie Farmer.”

‘Near the close of the war, in 1864, he enlisted as a private in the 134th Illinois regiment, serving for six months, when he returned to his editorial office.

‘He also enjoyed for several years the close friendship of B. D. Walsh, one of our most thorough and philosophic entomologists, with whom he edited the “American Entomologist.” His industry and versatility, as well as his zeal as an entomologist, made him widely known and popular, and gave him such prestige that it resulted in his appointment in 1868 as State Entomologist of Missouri. From that time until 1877, when he left St. Louis to live in Washington, he issued a series of nine annual reports on injurious insects, which showed remarkable powers of observation both of structure and habits, great skill in drawing, and especially ingenious and thoroughly practical devices and means of destroying the pests. It goes without saying that this prestige existed to the end of his life, his practical applications of remedies and inventions of apparatus giving him a world-wide reputation. In token of his suggestion of reviving the vines injured by the Phylloxera by the importation of the American stock, he received a gold medal from the French Government, and he afterwards received the Cross of the Légion d’Honneur in connection with the exhibit of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at the Paris Exposition of 1880.

‘The widespread ravages of the Rocky Mountain locust from 1873 to 1877 had occasioned such immense loss in several States and Territories that national aid was invoked to avert the evil. The late Dr. F. V. Hayden, then in charge of the U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories, sent Dr. P. R. Uhler to Colorado in the summer of 1875. Mr. Walsh had made important suggestions as to the birthplace and migrations of the insect. Meanwhile Riley had since 1874 made very detailed studies on the migration and breeding habits and means of destruction of this locust. Dr. Cyrus Thomas had also been attached to Hayden’s Survey, and published a monograph on the locust family, Acrididæ. As the result of this combined work Congress created the United States Entomological Commission, attaching to it Dr. Hayden’s Survey, and the Secretary of the Interior appointed Charles V. Riley, A. S. Packard, and Cyrus Thomas members of the Commission. Dr. Riley was appointed chief, and it was mainly owing to his executive ability, business sagacity, experience in official life, together with his scientific knowledge and practical inventive turn of mind in devising remedies, or selecting those invented by others, that the work of the Commission was so popular and successful during the five years of its existence. In 1878, while the Report of the Commission was being printed, Riley accepted the position of Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, but owing to the lack of harmony in the Department, he resigned, Professor J. H. Comstock being appointed. Congress meanwhile transferred the cotton-worm investigation [on which Riley had been engaged] to the Entomological Commission. Dr. Riley was reappointed to the position of U. S. Entomologist in June, 1881. Mr. L. O. Howard said of the administration of this office: “The present efficient organisation of the Division of Entomology was his own original conception, and he is responsible for its plan down to the smallest detail. It is unquestionably the foremost organisation of its kind at present in existence.” Again he writes: “Professor Riley’s work in the organisation of the Division of Entomology has unquestionably advanced the entire Department of which it is a part, for it is generally conceded that this Division has led in most matters where efficiency, discipline, and system were needed.”

‘His Division published the first bulletin, and in “Insect Life” began the system of periodical bulletins, which has since been adopted for the other Divisions of the Agricultural Department. In an address, says Howard, before the National Agricultural Congress, delivered in 1879, in which he outlined the ideal Department of Agriculture, Professor Riley foreshadowed many important reforms which have since become accomplished facts, and suggested the important legislation, since brought about, of the establishment of State Experiment Stations under the general government.

‘His practical, inventive genius was exhibited in his various means of exterminating locusts, in the use of kerosene oil emulsified with milk or soap, and in his invention and perfection of the “cyclone” or “eddy-chamber” or Riley systems of nozzles, which, in one form or another, are now in general use in the spraying of insecticide or fungicide liquids.

‘Although the idea of introducing foreign insect parasites or carnivorous enemies of our imported pests had been suggested by others, Riley, with the resources of his division at hand, accomplished more than any one else in making it a success. He it was who succeeded in introducing the Australian lady-bird to fight the fluted scale.

‘Riley’s scientific writings will always stand, and show as honest work. He was not “a species man” or systematist as such; on the contrary, his most important work was on the transformations and habits of insects, such as those of the lepidoptera, locusts and their parasites, his Missouri reports being packed with facts new to science. His studies on the systematic relations of Platypsyllus as determined by the larva evince his patience, accuracy, and keenness in observation and his philosophic breadth.

‘His best anatomical and morphological work is displayed in his study on the mode of pupation of butterflies, the research being a difficult one, and especially related to the origin of the cremaster, and of the vestigial structures, sexual and others, of the end of the pupa. Whatever he did in entomology was original. He was also much interested in Aëronautics, and took much delight in attending séances of spiritualists and exposing their frauds, in one case, at least, where another biologist of world-wide fame, then visiting in Washington, was completely deluded.

‘Riley was from the first a pronounced evolutionist. His philosophic breadth and his thoughtful nature and grasp of the higher truths of biology are well brought out in his address on “The Causes of Variation in Organic Forms,” as Vice-President, before the biological section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1888. He was a moderate Darwinian, and leaned, like other American naturalists, rather to Neo-Lamarckism. He says: “I have always had a feeling, and it grows on me with increasing experience, that the weak features of Darwinism and, hence, of natural selection, are his insistence (1) on the necessity of slight modification; (2) on the length of time required for the accumulation of modifications, and (3) on the absolute utility of the modified structure.” Riley, from his extended experience as a biologist, was led to ascribe much influence to the agency of external conditions, remarking, in his address: “Indeed, no one can well study organic life, especially in its lower manifestations, without being impressed with the great power of the environment.” He thus contrasts Darwinism and Lamarckism: “Darwinism assumes essential ignorance of the causes of variation and is based on the inherent tendency thereto in the offspring. Lamarckism, on the contrary, recognizes in use and disuse, desire and the physical environment, immediate causes of variation affecting the individual and transmitted to the offspring, in which it may be intensified again both by inheritance and further individual modification.”’

‘“Evolution shows that man is governed by the same laws as other animals.” “Evolution reveals a past which disarms doubt and leaves the future open with promise—unceasing purpose—progress from lower to higher. It promises higher and higher intellectual and ethical attainment, both for the individual and the race. It shows the power of God in what is universal, not in the specific; in the laws of nature, not in departure from them.”’

------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX

=A=

Abraxas grossulariata, Magpie moth, 114 (Fig.)

Accentor modularis, Dunnock or Hedge-sparrow, 162

Acrididæ, 333

“Agriculture and Rural Economy of Australia and New Zealand,” Professor Wallace’s, 280

Agriculture, Board of, Miss Ormerod’s aid to the Adviser given and withdrawn, 202

Agricultural College (Royal), Cirencester, Miss Ormerod’s lectures at, 83; Professor Harker at, 83; Principal of, 201

Agricultural Education Committee, 271, 272, 273

Agricultural Education in the Elementary School, 271

Agricultural Entomology, progress of, 200; work on, 276; Miss Ormerod, Co-Examiner in, 282

Agricultural lectureship proposed in Oxford University, 225

Agricultural Society (Royal), Miss Ormerod’s diagrams for, 88; work for discontinued, 212

“Agricultural Zoology,” by Dr. Ritzema Bos, translated by Professor Ainsworth-Davis, 222

Agrotis exclamationis, Heart-and-dart moth, Linn., 101 (Fig.)

Agrotis segetum, Ochsenheimer, Turnip moth, 101 (Fig.)

“Alder Killer,” German name of Mottled Willow Weevil, 267

Aldersey schoolboys, 113, 119, 127

Alfalfa (lucerne) hay infested with locusts, 228, 229

Alopecurus pratensis, 244

Altum, Dr. Bernard, Forst Zoologie, 61

American Ambassador, congratulations of the, 193

American blight, see Schizoneura lanigera, 142, 143, 144

American clover-seed midge, 198

American migratory locusts, South, 229

Anbury, club-root, or finger and toe, see Plasmodiophora, 196, 213

Angoumois moth, 188

Anguillulidæ (eel-worms), 198, 282

Anguillula radicicola, 213

Annual Reports, see Reports

Anobium paniceum, 253

Anthomyia ceparum, 60

Antler moth, see Charæas graminis

Ants, black, 138

“Ap Adam” oak, 93, Pl. xxi

Aphides, 79; attack of, 222, 250, 257

Aphis, woolly, Schizoneura lanigera 144 (Fig.)

Apple-bark beetle, see Xyleborus dispar, 199

Arbuthnot, Mrs., 292, 301

Architects, practice of, 7

Arderne of Alvanley, family of, 13

Argyresthia conjugella, 247

Arkwright (J. H.) of Hampden Court, Herefordshire, 76

Armstrong, Dr., 28, 29

Army worm (Leucania unipunctata), paper on, by Dr. L. O. Howard, 184

Arnold, Dr., of Rugby, 3

Arsenite of Copper, 201

Artists, the Misses Ormerod as, 18, 74

Ash-bark beetle, see Hylesinus

Ashworth, Miss, letter from, 320

Aspidiotus perniciosus, San José scale, 242

Assistant, reasons for refusing an, 79

Astynomus ædilis, 224

Atomaria linearis, Mangold beetle, 230 (Fig.)

Aust “Bone bed,” 40

Aust cliffs, 39, 40

Austen’s opinion on “Deer forest fly,” Mr., 261

Australian thrips, 183; larvæ, 277

Autumnal breeze fly, see Tabanus autumnalis

Avian Rat, nickname for the sparrow, 160, 168

Axe, Professor, 85

=B=

Bacon fly, see Piophila casei

Bacon, Lord, burial-place, 298

Badam’s Court, 93

Bailey, Colonel, 303

Bailey, Mr., Editor of the Dumfries Herald and Courier, 106

Bailey, Mr. William, letters to, 109-127; letter from, to the Duke of Westminster, 111

Barley, Hessian fly on, 132 (Fig.)

Barnes Cottage, 7

Barnesville, 7

“Bat beetle,” see Harpalus ruficornis

Bath and West of England Society Show, Misses Ormerod’s insect cases and diagrams at, 283, 284

Bathurst’s, Mr., paper on “Orchards,” 273-274

Bean-beetle, see Bruchus

Beans and peas attacked by Eel-worms, 304

Bean-seed weevil—sad-coloured (Bruchus tristis); red-footed (B. rufipes); red-horned (B. brachialis), 271, see Bruchus

Beans infested with beetles, 269, 270

Beaufort, Duke of, 7

Becker, Miss Lydia, as an upholder of “Women’s Rights,” 86

Beckett, Edmund, Lord Grimthorpe, 91, see Grimthorpe

Bee, Mason, 174

Beet carrion beetle, see Silpha opaca, 142, 220

Beetles in the Argentine territories, 222

Beetles (water), killing of, 54

Bethnal Green Museum, connection with, 87

Bethune, Rev. Dr., letters to, 73, 90, 213, 227-231

Bigge, General and Mrs., 298

Biographical sketch of Miss Ormerod, by the Editor, 73

Bipalium kewense, a land planarian, 192 (Fig.)

Birth, childhood, and education, Miss Ormerod’s, 1

Black-currant gall mite, 153, 154, 155, 156, 177, see Phytoptus

Bladder or pocket plums, 176 (Fig.)

Bodleian Library, 58

Bolivar’s, Señor Don Igo, assistance on locust specimens, 218

“Bone Bed,” the Aust, 40

Books, lending of, 29

Boot beetle, see Anobium paniceum

Boot-upper injured by beetle, 254 (Fig.)

Bos, Dr. Ritzema, 79, 131, 132, 156, 189, 204, 296; letters to, 232-237

Botanical Magazine, drawings for, 74

Botfly, the, see Hypoderma

“Bottle-nosed whale,” or dolphin, capture of, 38, 39

Bradwall Hall, Cheshire, 11

Brauer’s, Dr., frontispiece to his “Œstridæ,” 149, 150

Breathing tubes of maggot, of ox warble fly, &c., 112 (Fig.)

Breeze flies, see Tabanidæ

Brighton, Miss Ormerod refers to taking a villa at, 264, 266

Bruchus, the pea and bean Weevil, 268, rufimanus, &c., 269 (Fig.) 270, 271, see Bean-seed weevil

Bruner, Lawrence, Locust Investigation Commission Report, 229

Bryobia prætiosa, gooseberry and ivy red spider, 220, 221 (Fig.)

Buckland, Frank, on “Putts,” 37, 327, 328

Buckler, Mr. William, 107

Buckton, G. B., on Aphides, 79, 80

Bunbury Parish, work done by schoolboys of, 111

Burd, Rev. Percy, 29

Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, letters from, 214

Bury, Lancashire, 9

Buttington, battle of, 23

=C=

Cabbage green fly, 101

Caddis fly, see Mormonia nigromaculata, 152

Caddis worms attacking water-cresses, 151, 152, 282

Cadelle, the, see Trogosita

Caerwent, 7, 174

Calandra (Sitophilus) granaria, granary weevil, 191, 262 (Fig.), 267; C. oryzæ, 262

Calwer’s “Käferbuch,” 270

“Canadian Entomologist,” quoted, 202, 211, 223

Canadian friends, Miss Ormerod’s, 73

Cauvin’s Hospital, Editor’s Lecture at, 289

Cecidomyia destructor, Hessian fly, 129, 131 (Fig.), 132, 143, 147, 182; C. tritici, 131; C. leguminicola, 198

Cecidomyia (Diplosis) equestris, 137

Centipede and millipede, 143 (Fig.)

Cephenomyia rufibarbis, Red-bearded botfly, 149, 150, 151

Cephus pygmæus, Corn sawfly, 147 (Fig.)

Cerostoma xylostella, Curtis, see Plutella cruciferarum

Ceuthorhynchus contractus, Charlock weevil, 130 (Fig.)

Chapel of St. Tecla, dimensions, 34, ruins, Pl. x

Charæas graminis, Antler moth, 104, 105 (Fig.), 185, 284

Charlock weevil, see Ceuthorhynchus contractus

Charlotte, Princess, “the people’s darling,” death of, 6

Chartist Rising, 47-52; map of district, Pl. xv

Cheese-fly, see Piophila casei, 125 (Fig.)

Cheimatobia brumata, 121, 146, 183

Chepstow, 15, 30, 33, 43, 53, Pl. xvii

Chepstow Bridge, Pl. xiii

Chepstow Castle, Pls. ix., xvi.

Chepstow Parish Church, Plate vi.

Cheshire, see Chester

Chest, oak, from Hulgreve Hall, 58, Pl. xviii

Chester, Dr. Ormerod’s “History of the County Palatine and City,” 8, 13, 58

Chinese Minister Plenipotentiary, 307

Chinese naturalist and Miss Ormerod, 75

Chittenden’s, Mr., paper on Household Insects, 266

Chlorops tæniopus, Meigen, Gout fly, 132, 133 (Fig.), 147

Choate, Mr., meeting with, 193; characteristics, 297

Chrysops cæcutiens, small blinding breeze fly, 136 (Fig.)

Church customs, old, 23

Cidaria dotata, Linn., spinach moth, 231 (Fig.)

Clayden, ancestral oak at, 121

Cleg, or small rain breeze fly, Hæmatopota pluvialis, 136 (Fig.)

Clergy, old local, 27

Cliviger township, 8

Clothing Club, 30

Clover-stem sickness, 226, 282

Club-root, Anbury, or Finger and toe, 196, 213

Coccinella bipunctata, 2-spotted lady-bird; C. septempunctata, 7-spotted lady-bird, 234 (Fig.); C. ocellata, eyed lady-bird, 237 (Fig.)

Cockchafer beetle and grubs, Melolontha vulgaris, 209, 233 (Fig.), 277, block, 280

Codlin moth, prevention, 277

Coleman & Sons, Messrs. W. J., letters to, 177

Collection of specimens of injurious insects, 87

“Common Fly Attacks to Farm Stock,” by Miss Ormerod, 304

Conger eels, 35

Connold, Mr. Ed. T., letters to, 175, 241

Contribution, Miss Ormerod’s first, to scientific literature, 59

Contributions, Miss Ormerod’s recognition of, 62, 66

Copleston, Bishop, 15

Copper, arsenite and arseniate of, 201

Cormorants, 35

Corn fly, Ribbon-footed, see Chlorops tæniopus

Corn sawfly, 147

Correggios, “Marriage of St. Catherine,” 16

Correspondence, steadiness of, Miss Ormerod’s, 78, 79, letters, 97

Cosby, Sir Henry, 7

Cossus ligniperda, Goat moth, 268 (Fig.)

County dinner party, formality of, 15

Courage, Miss Ormerod’s, 92-94

Coussmaker, Colonel, letters to, 99-104

Cranefly (Daddy longlegs), Tipula, 64, 284

Crawford, Mr. Frazer, of Adelaide, 210

Croft, Sir Richard, 6

Cross-fertilisation (multiple), 298

Cryptorhynchus lapathi, L., mottled willow weevil, 267

Crystal oil, 181

Cucujus testaceus, 263

Currant and gooseberry scale, Lecanium ribis, 214 (Fig.)

Currant, black and red, 156, 157

Curtis, John, “Farm Insects,” 63, 276; work, &c., 184

Cutworms, or caterpillars of the dart or turnip moth, 100, 101 (Fig.)

Cynips galls, 177

=D=

Daddy longlegs, see Tipula

Dalquhairn, Holm of, 105

Damsons, curiously formed, 175

Danysz’s, J., paper on Ephestia (Flour moth), 216

Dart or turnip moth, see Agrotis segetum

Darwinianism, 276

Darwinism, 335

Davis, Professor Ainsworth, translation of Ritzema Bos’s Agricultural Zoology, 222

Dean, Forest of, lawlessness in, 38

Death, Miss Ormerod’s, letters in prospect of, 325

Deer forest fly, see Lipoptera cervi

Deer warble fly, see Hypoderma diana

Degrees and medals, Miss Ormerod’s, 95, see LL.D.

Dell & Son’s information, 275

Diagrams, Miss G. Ormerod’s, 88; coloured, published by R.A.S.E., 99

Diamond-back moth, see Plutella cruciferarum

Dicranura vinula, Linn., 103 (Fig.)

Diptera, Westwood’s use of “Insecta Britannica—Diptera,” 136

Dipterous parasites, 107

Dogs as message-bearers, 11; Miss Ormerod’s adventures with, 92

Dolphin, Bottle-nosed (Delphinus tursio), 38

Druce’s, Mr., proposed vote of congratulation, 300

Drawings and water-colours, set of Dr. George Ormerod’s, 298, 300, 301

Dunn, Malcolm, assistance of, 61

Dunnock, the hedge-sparrow, Accentor modularis, 162

Durobrivian ware, 8

Dyer, Professor Bernard, as a helper, 200

Dytiscus marginalis, water beetle, 54, 124 (Fig.)

=E=

Earwig, see Forficula

Edinburgh University, bequest to, 283, 284, 285; text-book for, 303; Miss Ormerod appointed external examiner in Agricultural Entomology, 123

Eel-worms, 186, 198, 282, 304

Electros bought from Messrs. Blackie & Son, 63

Elliot & Fry’s portraits, 300

Elm-bark beetle, see Scolytus destructor, 169, 170 (Fig.)

Entomological Society of Ontario, 73

Entomological Societies, Miss Ormerod’s communications with, 78

Entomologist, consulting, to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 75

Entomology, Miss Ormerod beginning the study of, 53; first step in, 2; lectures on, in Edinburgh, 279

Entomology, economic, progress of, 206

Ephestia kuhniella, Zell, 180, 198, 202, 212, 262, 263

Evans, Mrs., 91

Evesham Committee work, 204

Evolution, Professor Riley on, 335

Exhibition in the Palace of Industry, Paris, August, 1868, 54

Exoascus pruni, Professor Marshall Ward on, 175

Exorista lota, parasite of Lepidoptera, 107

=F=

Family dispersal, 56

“Famine in India,” by Wallace, 308

“Farm Insects,” by Curtis, 184

“Farm Pests,” leaflets on, 65

Farm stock, fly attacks on, 65, 304

Fernald, Dr., 187

Ferry, Old Passage, 38, 44, 45, 50

Fielding, Copley, 16

Finger and toe, see Plasmodiophora brassicæ

“Flacherie,” the, 106, 107, 186

Flatworm, 192

“Flax-seeds,” 131, 142, 197

Fletcher, Dr., 188; letters to, 77, 116, 195-227

“Flies injurious to Stock,” Miss Ormerod’s, 65, 305

Flour beetle, rust-red, see Tribolium ferrugineum

Flour infestation, 69, 179, 191, 220, 261, 263, 266

“Flowering,” or Palm, Sunday, 25

Fly weevil (U.S.A.), 188

Font (leaden) at Llancaut, 20; at Tidenham, Pl. vii

Fonts (leaden), A. C. Fryer’s paper on, in Archæol. Journal, 20

Foot, Hippoboscal, Pls. xxiii., xxiv.

Forest fly, 65, 133, 134 (Fig.), 138, 139, 304

Forest flies, Indian, 224

Forest Hundreds, 33

Forest of Dean, 33

Forest Peninsula, 33, 34

“Forestry,” text-book of, proposed, 227, 303

Forficula minor, Linn. (Earwig) 189 (Fig.)

“Formalin,” 220

Formica fuliginosa, 138, 139

Forshaw and Hawkins, Messrs., 266

Fowler (Canon) on Helophorus rugosus, 108, 267

Fream, Dr., references to, 203, 208, 279, 281, 282, 298, 305, 317

Frost and other leaders of the Chartist rising in Monmouth, 47-52

Fruitgrowers’ Convention, 206

Fucus serratus, 34

Fuller, Mr., 267; letters to, 257

=G=

Gadflies (Tabanidæ), 118, 137, 138, 304, 306

Gamma or silver moth, 178 (Fig.)

Gardener, an old, on Miss Ormerod’s work, 75

“Gardeners’ Chronicle,” 54, 55, 276

“Gardeners’ Friends and Foes,” series of diagrams, 88

Garton course of lectures, Edinburgh University, 118, 208

Garton, John, 298, 303

Gas lime as a top dressing, 195

Gastropacha quercifolia, Linn., 158

Gastrophilus equi, Fab., 117 (Fig.), 118, 305

Gawsworth, Cheshire, 12

Generosity, Dr. Lipscomb on Miss Ormerod’s, 94

Geophilus longicornis, Centipede, 235 (Fig.)

George, A. W., letter to, 174

Gibbs, Sir Brandreth, 76

Gilbert, Sir Henry and Lady, 298

Gnat midge, see Cecidomyia leguminicola

Goat moth, see Cossus ligniperda

Golynrode, 10

Goodall on Tabanidæ, 138

Gooseberry red spider, see Bryobia prætiosa

Gout fly, see Chlorops tæniopus

Grain beetles, see Calandra (Sitophilus) granaria

Granary weevil, see Calandra granaria

Grant, Sir Ludovic, 96, 291, 303

Grease-banding, 207, 277

Grease-proof paper, 277

Great ash-bark beetle, 172 (Fig.)

Great midge, “red maggot of,” 137

Great ox gad fly, 135, 136

Great tortoiseshell butterfly, see Vanessa polychloros

Grimshaw, Percy H., 108; letters from, 149, 151

Grimthorpe, Lord, letter from, 297, 298, 308

Grouse fly, see Ornithomyia

“Guide to the Methods of Insect Life,” Miss Ormerod’s, 81, 85

Gulls, see Larus ridibundus and L. canus

=H=

Hacking, 10

Hæmatobia connicola, 213

Hæmatopota pluvialis, 136

“Hair-worms,” 225

“Handbook of Orchard Fruits,” Miss Ormerod’s, 303

Hargreaves, Col. John, 8

Harker, Professor Allen, references to, 79, 80, 201, 277, 278, 279, 281

Harpalus ruficornis, Bat beetle, 223 (Fig.)

Hartwell, Miss, Miss Ormerod’s private secretary, 88, 280, 289, 291

Heart-and-dart moth, see Agrotis exclamationis

Heather “frosted,” 149

Helophorus rugosus, 108

Henry VI. Coronation, 58, Pl. xviii

Hessian fly, 74, 129, 131, 132, 142, 143, 147, 148, 182, see Cecidomyia destructor; Miss Ormerod on, 86

Heterodera schachtii, 186; H. radicicola, Müller, 213 (Fig.)

Hibernation of insects, 226

“Hill-grub,” the, 104, 105 (Fig.)

Hippobosca equina, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 265 (foot of fly, Pls. xxiii., xxiv.); H. maculata, 139

Hippoboscid on a lamb, 264

Hooker, Sir Joseph and Lady, 73, 74

Hoopoe, the, 139

Hop aphis, 206

Hope Professorship of Zoology at Oxford, 215

Hops, nettle-headed, 237

Hornet, capture of, 92

“Hornet Clearwing,” Trochilium (= Sesia) bembeciforme, 103

Horse bot fly, Gastrophilus equi, Fab., 117 (Fig.), 118, 305

Horses’ illness after eating locust-infested lucerne, 228, 229

Horticultural Society (Royal), collection of injurious insects, 55

Howard, Dr. L. O., letters to and from, 184-194, 295, 297

Hulgreve Hall, 58

Hunt, the artist, 16

Huntspill, Somerset, 10

Huxley, Professor, 78; letters from, 85, 88

Hybernia defoliaria, 146

Hydrophobia, strange treatment for, 45

Hylesinus crenatus (large ash-bark beetle), 172 (Fig.), 173, 302; tunnels, 173 (Fig.)

Hylesinus fraxini, ash-bark beetle, 171, 174; tunnels, 171 (Fig.)

Hylurgus piniperda, pine beetle, 263

Hymenoptera, 174

Hypodermabovis and H. diana, 150; H. lineata, 116; H. or œstrus experiments, 183

=I=

Icerya purchasi, 79

Ichthyosaurus, 41

Index to Reports, 64, 191

“Indian Agriculture,” Wallace’s, 275

Inscription on Llancaut font, 22

“Insect Life,” 201, 267

Insect, Professor Westwood’s definition of, 84

“Insects Injurious to Forest Trees,” 302; “to Orchard and Bush Fruit,” 274; “to Stored Grain,” 191

Isleworth, 73; meteorology, 80

=J=

Jablonowski, Prof. Jos., on Phytoptus ribis, 156; letters to, 156

Jacobite officers, 11

Janson’s reports, Mr. Oliver E., 71, 72, 200, 283; letters to, 259-271

Jenkins, Mr. H. M., Secretary R.A.S.E., 76

Johnson, Thomas, survivors of the children of, 11

Julus guttatus (= pulchellus), Leach; J. londinensis; J. terrestris, 143 (Fig.)

Juncus articulatus, the flowering heads of, or “spret,” 104

=K=

Ked or Kade, see Melophagus ovinus

Kerosene as an insecticide, 120, 181, 220

Kew Gardens, 73, 86

King and Queen, 122

King George and King James, toasts to, 11

Kingston Park, old name of Sedbury Park, 7

Knox, John, quotation from, 110

=L=

Labia minor, Leach, 189 (Fig.)

Lady-bird, Australian, 334

Lady-bird, see Coccinella

Læmophlœus ferrugineus, 263

Lamarckism, 335

Lamellicornes, beetle grubs of the, 277

Languages, Miss Ormerod’s knowledge of, 78

Lappet Moth, see Gastropacha quercifolia, Linn.

Larus ridibundus and L. canus, 105

Latham, Diana, on Sedbury, 14-19

Latham, John, M.D., 12, Pl. iv, 57

Latham, Peter Mere, 13, 57

Lathyrus (White), 221

“Leaden Fonts,” 20; Alfred C. Fryer on, 20

“Leafage caterpillars,” 146

Lecanium ribis, Fitch, 214

Lecture at Institute of Agriculture, South Kensington, Miss Ormerod’s, 84; at London Farmers’ Club, 102

Lecturer, Miss Ormerod as a, on Economic Entomology, at Royal College, Cirencester, 83

Lectures, ten, by Miss Ormerod, on “Orders of Insects,” 85

Lee-chee (lichi) orchards, 308

Legal experiences, samples of Miss Ormerod’s, 69

Lepidoptera, American lists of, 181

Lesser earwig, Forficula minor, 189 (Fig.), 261

Lesson book for village schools, 207

Letter or letters from William Bailey, 102; Dr. Ritzema Bos, 296; Dr. Fream, 298; Lord Grimthorpe, 296; Sir Joseph Hooker, 87; L. O. Howard, 295, 297; T. H. Huxley, 85; J. A. Lintner, 81-82; Dr. R. S. MacDougall, 295; Sir William Muir, 301; Rev. Prof. Taylor, 310; Professor Wallace, 287-293; J. O. Westwood, 81

Letter or letters to William Bailey, 109-127; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, 227-231; Dr. Ritzema Bos, 232-237; Messrs. Coleman, 177-178; E. T. Connold, 175-177; Colonel Coussmaker, 99-104; Dr. J. Fletcher, 195-227; Claude Fuller, 257; A. W. George, 174; D. D. Gibb, 128-148; P. H. Grimshaw, 149-151; L. O. Howard, 184-194; C. P. Lounsbury, 252-257; Rev. John Martin, 169-174; J. C. Medd, 271-274; Dr. A. Nalepa, 247-252; Dr. E. Reuter, 244-247; Dr. W. M. Schöyen, 237-243; Robert Service, 106-8; W. B. Tegetmeier, 159-168; Professor Wallace, 275-325; C. D. Wise, 151-159

Letters, destruction of, 97

Leucania unipunctata, 185

Lias, frontage of, 40, 41

“Licked” beef, 116

Limnæa truncatula, 144

Limnephilus flavicornis, 152

Lindeman, Dr., 197, 209, 212, 263

Lintner, Dr., 207; letters from, 81, 82

Lipoptera cervi, Von Siebold and Loew, 140 (Fig.), 141 (Fig.), 180, 259, 265

Lipoptera or Lipoptena, confusion between, 140

Lipscomb, Dr. Eustace, 194, 290, 293, 294, 322, 324; on benefits of Miss Ormerod’s work, 75

Lithobius forficatus, “thirty-foot,” 235

Little, Professor Herbert, 76, 110, 279

Llancaut Church, 21, Pl. viii

LL.D. of Edinburgh University, 95, 193, 287, 289; letters on, 294-297

Loch Dungeon, 104

Locust, capture of a strange, 53

Locust, South American migratory, see Schistocerca paranensis (Fig.)

Locusts, 144, 214, 218, 229

London, annual visit to, 16

London Farmers’ Club, lectures, 102, 299; request, 110; resolution, 300

London-purple, 183, 205

“Loopers,” 121, 146

Lords of Committee of Education invite Miss Ormerod to advise them, 87

Loudon’s “Arboretum,” 103

Lounsbury, C. P., 118, 187; letters to and from, 193, 252

Loyalty, Miss Ormerod’s, 94

“Lyde, the,” 35

Lyell, Sir Charles, on the Aust “Bone Bed,” 40

=M=

“Mabie Moss,” nom de plume of R. Service, 104, 106

MacDougall, Dr., 227, 291, 295, 302, 303; as a colleague, 302, 303, 307, 317, 322, 323

Magpie moth, Currant and gooseberry, see Abraxas grossulariata

Mail coach, Pls. xii., xiv.

Mails, the Newport, 50

Man, Dr. de, 79

Mangold attacked by Atomaria linearis, 230

“Manual of Injurious Insects,” Miss Ormerod’s, 65, 276, 300

Martin, Rev. John, letters to, 169-174

Mayer, Rev. Peter, 12

McEwan Hall, the, 292

Meade, Mr., of Bradford, 107, 205

Medals and Miss Ormerod’s other public distinctions, 95; key to, 98, Pl. xxii

Medd, Mr., 259; letters to, 271-274; letter to on the Warble question, 116

Mediterranean flour moth, see Ephestia kuhniella

Melolontha vulgaris, cockchafer 209, 233 (Fig.)

Melophagus ovinus, Linn., 141 (Fig.)

Mermis, 186; albicans, 106

Merodon narcissi, Fab., 157, 158

Meromyza, 276

Meteorological observations at Isleworth, 80; station, Pl. xx

Miana, 186

Micrococcus bombycis, 106

Midge, great, 137

Mik, Professor, on Tabanidæ, 20, 138; on Deer Forest fly, 261; decease of, 271

Mill Moth, see Ephestia kuhniella

Millepede, 143 (Fig.)

Mite, see Phytoptus

Modelling in plaster of Paris, Miss Ormerod’s taste for, 95

Moles at strawberry roots, 153

Morris, Little and Son’s emulsion, 121

Mormonia nigromaculata, 152 (Fig.)

Mosley’s models and figures of insects, 279

Mottled Umber moth, see Hybernia defoliaria

Muir, Sir William, 284, 285, 298; letter from, 301

Murray, Mr. Andrew, secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, 75

Murray, Mr. John, xx, 315, 319, 325

Murtfeldt, Miss, 256

Music, Miss Ormerod’s knowledge of, 95

Mustard beetle, see Phædon betulæ

=N=

Nalepa, Dr., letters to, 247; on the Phytoptidæ, 155, 218; publications of, 176

Narcissus fly, 157

“Nature Knowledge,” 306

“Nature Study,” Mr. Medd’s, 259

Needlework, Miss Ormerod’s skill in, 95

Newman, Mr. T. P., 309, 325

Newstead, Mr. Robert, 64, 68, 84, 310

Niptus hololeucus, 262

Nixon, Mr., 145

Norman’s microscopic slides, Mr., 264, 265, 267

Nostril fly, of sheep, 304

=O=

Oak, “Ap Adam,” and “Hedgehog,” Pl. xxi, 93

Oak-leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana, 145

Oak-leaf seaweed (Delesseria), 39

Oak-trees injured by caterpillars, 222

Observations, Miss Ormerod’s arrangement of, 60, 61

Œstridæ, 118, 283

œstrus ovis, 76 (Fig.)

“Offa’s Dyke,” 18

Oilcakes and granary weevil, 262

Oligotrophus alopecuri, 244

Ontario Entomological Society, 73

“Orchard and bush fruits, Handbook of insects injurious to,” Miss Ormerod’s, 229

Orchard growers, experimental committee of, 183

Ormerod, Arthur, 57; the M.D., 291

Ormerod, Charlotte Anne, 8

Ormerod, E. L., M.D., author of “British Social Wasps,” 9, 57, 93

Ormerod, Eleanor Anne, birth, childhood, and education, 1-6; fondness for animals, 7; religious experiences, 27; biographical sketch, 73-97; courage, 92-93; kindness to servants, 94; medals, 97; death, 325; retirement, 328; portraits, frontispiece, Pls. xx., xxix.

Ormerod, George, D.C.L., LL.D., author of “History of the County Palatine and City of Chester,” 8, 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 53, 56, 57, Pls. ii., iii., xxx.

Ormerod, Mrs. George, 3, Pl. iii

Ormerod, Georgiana, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 30, 73, Pl. xxvii

Ormerod, Rev. G. T. B., 57

Ormerod, Henry Mere, 34, 58

Ormerod, John Arderne, 13, 57

Ormerod, Laurence, 8

Ormerod, Oliver, 9

Ormerod, Thomas Johnson, 57

Ormerod, Wareing, 58

Ormerod, William, 57

Ormerod demesne and mansion, 8, Pl. xxviii

Ormerod family, descent from Edward I., 13; branches of, 8-9; dispersal of, 56

Ornithomyia avicularia, Linn. (Grouse fly), 264, 265 (Fig.)

Osmia (Mason bee), 174

Ostrich parasite, 196

“Our Programme” leaflet, 272

Owen, Professor Richard, report on an Ichthyosaurus, 41

Oxford, Port Fellowship, 13, 57; Tractarian Movement, 28

=P=

Padina Pavonea, 39

Palm Sunday or “Flowering Sunday,” 25

“Papist,” “The picture of a,” 10

Paraffin, 181

Parasites of Lepidoptera, 107, 108

Parasites of silkworm, 106

“Parentalia,” Dr. George Ormerod’s, 9, 13

“Paris-green,” 153, 183, 201; as an insecticide, 203, 204, 205, 206; pamphlets on, 207, 208

Passer domesticus, 159, 160 (Fig.), 188

Passer montanus, 162 ( Fig.)

Pea-weevil, see Sitones

Peacock seaweed (Padina pavonea), 39

Pension proposed for Miss Ormerod, 322

Phædon betulæ, 215 (Fig.)

Philips, Sir Thomas, mayor of Newport, 50

Photographs of Miss Ormerod, 227, 300, 302

Phylloxera, 155, 210

Phytoptidæ, 250

Phytoptus galls, 177

Phytoptus pyri, 249 (Fig.)

Phytoptus ribis, 153, 156, 251 (Fig.)

Pillischer’s preparations, 261

Pine beetle attack, 263, 264, 285

Piophila casei, Linn., 125 (Fig.), 256, 265

Plagiarism, prevention of, 62

Plan of work, Miss Ormerod’s, 78, 90

Plasmodiophora brassicæ, 213

Plum-wood, Shot-borers from, 200

Plusia gamma, Linn., 178 (Fig.)

Plutella cruciferarum, 130, 210, 211 (Fig.)

Polydesmus complanatus, 143 (Fig.)

Port Fellowship, Brasenose College, 13, 57

“Post-horn” beetle attack, 224

Potter, Professor M. C., 144

“Proceedings of the Convention of Fruit Growers,” 206

Ptinus, 263

Pupation of butterflies, 334

“Puritan,” “The picture of a,” 10

Puss moth, see Dicranura vinula

Putcher for catching salmon, 36, 327, 328

“Putts” or “putchers,” 36 (Fig.)

Pyrethrum, 216

=Q=

“Quasi Cursores,” Hole’s, 308, 311

=R=

Rabies, an instance of, 92

Railway travelling, 46

Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd, 205

Red-currant mite, 157 see Phytoptus

Redenhall-cum-Harleston, 57

“Red spider,” 145, 221 (Fig.), 300

Redwater “tick,” 193

Reports (annual), plan of preparations, 78; discontinued, 66

Retinia buoliana, “Post-Horn,” 224

Reuter, Dr., letters to, 244

Ribes nigrum, 156

Ribes rubrum, 157

Rice weevil, see Calandra oryzæ

Riley, Professor, 78, 80; letters to, 179-184; resignation of, 221, 223; sketch of, 332, app.

Ritzema Bos, see Bos

Roberts, Margaret, 17

Roman coins found near the Severn Cliffs, 174; military station, 7; pottery, 8, 174; Pl xi.

Rothamsted, 203, 217, 298

Roundell, Charles, the “Rural Reader,” 273

Rural Economy, Sibthorpian Professor of, at Oxford, 225

“Ruricola,” nom de plume of J. Curtis, 184

Rust-red flour beetle, see Tribolium ferrugineum

=S=

Saddle fly, Cecidomyia (Diplosis) equestris, 137 (Fig.)

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 57

Salix caprea, 103

Salmon fishing on the Severn, 36

Samian cup, 175

San José scale, see Aspidiotus perniciosus

Sap-wood beetle, see Scolytus pruni

Saurian remains, 41, Pl. xi

Scale insects, 242, 257

Scarabæid beetles (rare), 222

Schaŭmerde, a sugar by-product, 236

“Scheele’s-green,” 201

Schistocerca paranensis, 229 (Fig.)

Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm, American blight, 142, 143, 144 (Fig.)

Schools, coloured diagrams for elementary, 99; see Diagrams

Schöyen, Dr., letters to, 237-239; notes on wasps from, 218

Science and Art Department, invited to help, 87; diagrams for, 88; official plagiarism, 88

Scolytus destructor, Oliv., 169, 170 (Fig.); S. pruni, Ratz., 270, 271 (Fig.)

Seaweeds, 39

Sedbury Park, 7, 14-19; reminiscences of, 15; routine of life at, 17, Pl. i

Servants, Miss Ormerod’s kindly treatment of, 94

Service, Mr. Robert, letter to, 99; notes by, 104, 105

Sesia bembeciformis, see Trochilium

Seth, Professor, letter from, 303

Severn and Wye, the, 33, Pl. ix

Severn, cliffs, Pl. x; colour of, 35, 41; shipping of, 36

“Shag” or “Chog,” 197

Sheep spider fly, or “ked,” 141 (Fig.); nostril fly, 304, 305; see Melophagus

“Sheep Scab,” paper on, 299, 306

Shell-(snail)-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Shells, Miss Georgiana Ormerod’s love for, 3

Shot-borer, see Xyleborus dispar

Signoret’s, Dr., opinion, 79

Silk, moths injuring, 219

Silpha opaca, Linn., 142 (Fig.)

Silphidæ, 219

“Silver-top” wheat, 197

Simpson, Mr. Wm., letter from, 72

Sirex juvencus, 81; S. gigas, 81

Sitones (pea-weevil), 226

Sitophilus granarius, 262; S. oryzæ, 262

Sitotroga (Gelechia) cerealella, 188

“Slime” fungus, 213

Smirke, Sir Robert, 7

Smith and Co.’s flour, Messrs., 266

Smith, John B., 257

Smith, Sir Robert Murdoch, reference to, 284

Snail-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Snellen, Mr., on “Great” and “Small” tortoiseshell butterflies, 131

Sparrow, Hedge, 162

Sparrow, House, Passer domesticus, 160-168, 160 (Fig.)

Sparrow leaflet, 163, 166, 167, 225; extract from, 164

“Sparrow, Spare the,” 165

“Sparrow, The House,” Tegetmeier’s, 167, 168

Sparrow, Tree, Passer montanus, 162 (Fig.)

Sparrows, repeal of laws in America protecting, 161

“Spider” fly, 304

“Spinach moth,” 231

“Splint,” a sap-wood beetle, Scolytus pruni, 271 (Fig.)

Sprayers, 208

Spret, Juncus articulatus, 104

St. Alban’s Show, Prince and Princess of Wales at, 123; exhibit for, 123

Stebbing, E. P., 307

Stein, or Hartman quoted by Stein, 260

Stem eel-worms, 209 (Fig.)

Steven lecturer, on Agricultural Entomology in Edinburgh University, 282, see Fream, Dr.

Stewart’s, Prince Charles, march to Manchester, 10

St. Petersburg International Exhibition, 19

Stock flies, 304, 307

Strathconan Deer Forest flies, 260, 261

Strawberries, moles at, 153; eel-worms at, 204; beetles at, 223

Strigul, ancient name of Chepstow, 8

“Strigulensia,” George Ormerod’s, 7, 21

Subpœna, a, 69

Sufferings, political, of “Tyldesley” in 1745, 10

=T=

Tabanidæ, 138, 141, 145, 150

Tabanus autumnalis, 136; bovinus, Linn., 135 (Fig.), 136

Tachina fly, 106; larvæ, 186

Taschenberg’s, Dr., “Die Praktische Insektenkunde,” 277

Taylor, Dr., 284; letter from, 310

Tecla, St., chapel of, 33

Tegetmeier, Mr., letters to, 159-168

Tenebrioides mauritanicus, 70

Teriacus, Tecla, or Treacle, Saint, 33

Testacella haliotidea, Draparnaud, shell-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Texas fever, 193, 257

Thackeray, death of Mrs., 6

“Thrips,” 185, 197

Thursby, John Ormerod Scarlett, 9

Thursby, Rev. William, 9

Thursby, Sir John Hardy, 9

Thysanoptera, 185

Ticks causing “redwater,” 193, 257

Tidenham church, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, Pl. vii

Timberman beetle, 224 (Fig.)

Time-table, mail coach, 44

Tintern Abbey, Pl. v

Tipula, daddy longlegs or crane fly, 64, 284

Toasts of the rival kings, 11

Toddington Experimental Committee, 201, 203, 204, 207, 248, 277, 333

Tomato root-knot eel-worm, 213 (Fig.), 214

Torquay, 73

Torrington House, St. Albans, 19, 73, Pl. xix; an “at home” at, 86

Tortoiseshell butterflies, 129, 131

Tortrix viridana, 145 (Fig.), 146

Townhead Farm, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, 104

Transportation of wingless females by winged males, 183

Travelling in olden times, 43-46

Treacle, or Tryacle, Island, 33

Tribolium ferrugineum, Fab., 70, 72, 266 (Fig.)

Trinity College School, Port Hope, Canada, destruction of by fire, 227

Triton cristatus, Miss Ormerod’s paper on, 59

Trochilium bembeciforme, 103

Trogosita mauritanica, 70, 72

Trout crammed with “hill-grub,” 105

“Tulip root,” 65, 209 (Fig.)

Turnip caterpillars, 101; fly or flea beetle, 76; mud beetle (Helophorus rugosus), 108; saw fly, 211

Tyldesley, 1, 7, 10

Tylenchus devastatrix, 79, 190, 209 (Fig.); attacking clover, 226

=V=

Vanessa polychloros, Great Tortoiseshell butterfly, 129 (Fig.), 130, 186

“Venus” shells, 40

Verney, Sir Harry, 121

Verrall’s List of British Diptera, 157

Vere Street Chapel, London, preachers at, 26, 27

Voelcker, Dr. A., on gas lime, 195

Voles, report on, 104

=W=

Wales, Prince and Princess of, 123, 124

Wallace, Professor, an ally and friend, 227; letters to, 275-325

Wallace, Dr. Quintin, M.A., death of, 281

Warble fly, see Hypoderma bovis

Ward, Mr., 125

Warington, Professor, Sibthorpian lecturer, 225, 298

Wasps, 17, 218, 220, 273

“Wasps, British Social,” by Dr. E. L. Ormerod, 93

Wasp’s nest, 241 (Fig.)

Watercresses attacked by Caddis worms, 151, 282

Waterloo, news of battle of, 31

Waterloo Station, accident at, 77

“Water moth,” see Mormonia nigromaculata

Water-snails, 144

Weed seed for adulterating imports, 276

Weevil, see Bruchus, injuries to bean and pea seed, 143

Weevils in flour, 72, 262

Westminster, Mr. Bailey’s correspondence with the Duke of, 111

West, Newman & Co., Messrs., 277, 302

Westwood, Professor, 78, 80, 205, 279, 280; letter from, 81

Whalley, Whitaker’s history of, 8

Whateley, Archbishop, 27

Wheat cleaning, 275; “silver-top” or “white eared,” 197; wheat with Hessian fly maggot, 131 (Fig.)

Whipple’s experiment with larvæ, 211

White ants destroying cocoa trees, 268

Whitehead, Mr. Charles, 76

Wild tribes of India, 309

William IV., 1

William of Worcester quoted, 34

Willow weevil, 267

Winter moth, 146 (Fig.), traps, 183; see Cheimatobia

Wire worm, 206

Wise, letters to Mr., 151, 152

Woburn report on mite-galls, 157; Experimental Fruit Grounds, 226

Wood leopard moth (Zeuzera æsculi), 102 (Fig.)

Woolastone, 22

Woolly aphis, 144

Work, plan of Miss Ormerod’s, 78

Writing, Miss Ormerod’s early love for, 2; specimen of, 89

Wye, free railway passage over, 208; map of lower valley, Pl. ix; railway bridge on, Pl. xxvi

=X=

Xyleborus dispar, Fab., 182, 198, 199 (Fig.), 331 (App. D)

Xyleborus pyri, 198

Xyleborus saxeseni, 188, 263

=Y=

Yeats, Dr. John, on saurian remains, 41

=Z=

Zeuzera æsculi, Linn., 102 (Fig.)

Zimmermann, A., trials with “formalin,” 220

Zoology, Dr. Claus’ text-book of, 276

Zoology, Hope Professorship of, at Oxford, 280

LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOOTNOTES

-----

Footnote 1:

See letter to the Editor dated June 14, 1900, p. 304.

Footnote 2:

Figs. C. and D. (pp. 160 and 162) are borrowed from Yarrell’s British Birds by permission of Messrs. Gurney & Jackson.

Footnote 3:

About that period it was the practice for men who became leading architects to undergo a thorough classical training, including a lengthened course of practical study on the continent of Europe—the results of which are in evidence in so many public buildings then erected in London.

Footnote 4:

See George Ormerod’s Strigulensia, Archæological Memoirs relating to the district adjacent to the confluence of the Severn and Wye (1861).

Footnote 5:

See pp. 345, 355, 3rd edition.

Footnote 6:

See Parentalia, Genealogical Memoirs, by Geo. Ormerod, D.C.L., F.R.S., pp. 3-8, for records and evidences regarding successive generations of the family from 1311 onwards, as existing in Inquisitions; Pedigrees in College of Arms; Duchy Records; Clithero Records, and other official sources quoted in the work.—(E.A.O.)

Footnote 7:

Anne, born 1739, by a first marriage, married Charles Ford.

Footnote 8:

Hist. Ches., vol. i. p. 43.

Footnote 9:

For details and genealogical tables of descent (accompanied by armorial bearings) regarding the above-named families, and many others of the old families of the Counties Palatine of Lancashire and Cheshire, now more or less passed away, see Parentalia, by George Ormerod, cited ante in note, p. 9, with an absolutely enormous amount of reference to documentary evidence, often in itself of much antiquarian interest (E.A.O.).

Footnote 10:

The daughter of Mr. Henry Latham, resident in Italy.

Footnote 11:

Sarah Ormerod died in 1860 aged 75 years.

Footnote 12:

Strigulensia Archæological Memoirs relating to the District adjacent to the confluence of the Severn and the Wye, by Geo. Ormerod, D.C.L., F.R.S., of Tyldesley and Sedbury Park, MDCCCLXI., pp. 84-88. Re-arranged from a Memoir in Archæologia (by above author), XXIX., p. 17.

Footnote 13:

Alfred C. Fryer, Ph.D., M.A., begins an admirable, fully illustrated paper on “Leaden Fonts” in the Archælogical Journal, March, 1900, with the following statements: There are 27 leaden fonts situated in 12 counties in the south, east and west of England—8 in Gloucester, 3 in Berks, 3 in Kent, 3 in Sussex, 2 in Oxford, 2 in Hereford, 1 in Derby, 1 in Dorset, 1 in Hants, 1 in Lincoln, 1 in Norfolk and 1 in Surrey. Several of these date from the latter part of the 11th and the 12th centuries. A few belonged to the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, and the latest has the date 1689 impressed upon it. They are all tub-shaped, with the exception of two, namely, a hexagon and a cylindrical bowl. The older fonts all possessed covers, and several retain the markings to which the locks were attached. The deepest bowl (outside measurement) is 16 inches. The most shallow bowl is at Parham in Sussex, and it is only 8½ inches in depth. The diameters also vary considerably from 32 inches to 18½ inches.—(ED.).

Footnote 14:

“And I saw in the right hand of Him that sat on the throne, a book written within, and on the backside sealed with seven seals.”

Footnote 15:

“The Oxford Movement” or “Catholic Revival” was initiated as a result of statutory changes in the position of the Church of Ireland, which it was feared might ultimately be extended to England. The position and possible danger of the Church were fully discussed in the Tracts for the Times, ninety in number, issued from Oxford during the nine years, 1833-41, and chiefly written by Newman, Keble, Pusey, Williams, and Froude. The object of the movement was to rouse the members of the whole Anglican Community to promote corporate reforms in the Anglican Church as a National Institution—changes which the Evangelical Revival of the end of the eighteenth century had failed to introduce. The line adopted in the movement has been described as “a via media between Roman Catholicism and Reformation doctrines.” (ED.).

Footnote 16:

Afterwards Bishop of Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Footnote 17:

My notes are taken from the copy of a plan (now before me) by my brother Henry Mere Ormerod, solicitor, Manchester: see page 58.

Footnote 18:

The Sailing Directions for the West Coast of England, published by the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty, says:—“Depths: There is a depth of about 46 feet in the river to Chepstow at high water springs, and 36 feet at high water neaps.” “Tides: It is high water, full and change, at Chepstow at 7 h. 30 m. local or 7 h. 41 m. Greenwich time; mean springs rise 38 feet and neaps 28½ feet. The tide has, however, been known to rise as high as 56 feet.” (E.A.O.)

Footnote 19:

See Appendix A.

Footnote 20:

See quotations in Hist. of British Quadrupeds, including the Cetacea, by Thomas Bell, F.R.S., &c. pp. 469-472.

Footnote 21:

Manual of Elementary Geology, by Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S., fifth edition, 1855, pp. 337, 338.

Footnote 22:

For some years previously the possibility of transmission, at a low rate of speed, of goods or mineral products had been established by George and Robert Stephenson, against great opposition in some cases.

Footnote 23:

Chartism was an excited, and, in some instances, violent political movement which occurred in Great Britain consequent upon the dire distress and poverty of the labouring classes in the thirties of the nineteenth century, and their disappointment with the results of the Reform Bill of 1832. In June, 1839, a monster petition was presented to the House of Commons with 1,280,000 names attached. Its unsympathetic reception fanned the rebellious spirit abroad among the working classes and led to an increase of unruly disturbances, and to the outbreak at Newport, here described. The movement collapsed in 1848, and with the development of the industrial prosperity of the country, largely due to the use of steam power in manufacturing centres, and the vast improvement of the economic and social condition of the people, together with greater political freedom, any return of the perfectly natural, if not even justifiable, spirit of discontent became impossible. (ED.).

Footnote 24:

The Trial of John Frost for High Treason under a Special Commission held at Monmouth, in December 1839, and January, 1840, (p. 58). London, Saunders and Benning, Law Booksellers, 43, Fleet Street, 1840. (E.A.O.)

Footnote 25:

Manual of British Coleoptera, or Beetles, published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1839. In Miss Ormerod’s copy is a pencil note: “J.F.S., died 1853.”

Footnote 26:

He had resigned the Archdeaconry in 1868.

Footnote 27:

Miss Ormerod had been a contributor to scientific literature for some years before this date. Writing in 1900 she says:—“My first regular paper was printed in the Journal of Linn. Soc., vol. xi., No. 56, Zoology, July 18, 1873, on The Cutaneous Exudation of the ‘Triton cristatus.’ I think it is sound and unusual!”

Footnote 28:

To such of my readers as possess some portion only of the early series, it may be of interest to point out that the observations, up to those for 1880 inclusive, were arranged, not as afterwards, as detached papers, placed alphabetically under the heading of the names of the crops to which they referred, but under the numbers given in the successive preceding guide lists issued for the use of observers—as for instance, “6, Anthomyia ceparum, Onion fly;” or “25, Abraxas grossulariata, Magpie moth” (fig. 9).

These were arranged numerically, from “1” onwards, all the observations on one kind of insect attack being arranged successively in a long unbroken paragraph under the selected number, together with the name of the pest. For want of better knowledge of the requisites for a readable as well as useful report, I condensed the information into as few words as possible, with few, if any, breaks in the long paragraphs, and so, until 1880, the results (excepting to technical readers) could not be considered “taking.” If any of my entomological readers will turn to a very useful work, the Forst Zoologie, of Dr. Bernard Altum, they will see in the second division of the “Insecten” at pp. 36, 37, and again at pp. 162, 163, the difficulties that are thrown in the way of comfortably grasping the subject, by the matter being printed continuously without breaks. This, however, as well as many other things, I had then still to learn. (E.A.O.)

Footnote 29:

This consideration induced the Editor to introduce many figures of insects into the chapters of correspondence in the present volume.

Footnote 30:

Messrs. Horace Knight and E. C. Knight, of the staff of Messrs West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London.

Footnote 31:

Curator of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

Footnote 32:

On November 26, 1899, Miss Ormerod wrote to Mr. Newstead:—

“I am delighted with our index—the more I examine it the better I like it. Some acknowledgments have come in already, and they are most pleasantly cordial. All are delighted to have such a good reference work.... One recipient suggests the index would be more serviceable to him if he had a complete set of my reports! He absolutely enclosed a list of deficiencies, but I thought he had best buy, and only sent him that for 1896.”

Other letters she wrote about the index “were on much the same lines, and one refers to the cordial letter received from the Board of Agriculture” (ED.).

Footnote 33:

Preface to “Twenty-fourth Report of Observations of Injurious Insects.” By E. A. Ormerod, LL.D., p. vii.

Footnote 34:

See Appendix B.

Footnote 35:

The Entomological Society of Ontario was originated by Dr. Saunders and Dr. Bethune nearly forty years ago. Its headquarters are in London, Ontario, and it has branches in Toronto, Montreal and Quebec. Its publications are the monthly Canadian Entomologist, now in its thirty-fifth volume, and thirty-three annual reports to the Legislature of Ontario on Noxious and Beneficial Insects. Miss Ormerod was an Honorary Member.

Footnote 36:

Details were given in a letter to Colonel Coussmaker of August 1, 1885, p. 99.

Footnote 37:

See “Letters from Huxley,” pp. 85-87.

Footnote 38:

The late Allen Harker, Professor of Biology at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Footnote 39:

Who died in Rome while on a visit to Europe.

Footnote 40:

The Editor, having been present, is able to give this statement on his own authority.

Footnote 41:

The organiser of and first Senior Examiner in the Agriculture Department, South Kensington.

Footnote 42:

Edmund Beckett, K.C., LL.D., J.P., 1st Baron (1886), Chancellor and Vicar-General of York, 1877-1900. The work of the restoration of St. Albans Abbey was carried out under his direction. (See p. 296.)

Footnote 43:

In addition to the individual appreciation of her correspondents and fellow-workers, Miss Ormerod’s position in the world of science was recognised by scientific and educational bodies in a manner which was most gratifying to her. She was Honorary Doctor of Laws of the University of Edinburgh; Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, London; (for ten years) Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England; (for three years) Examiner in Agricultural Entomology in the University of Edinburgh (1896-8); Fellow of the Entomological Society, London; Hon. Fellow of the Entomological Society, Stockholm; Member of the Entomological Society, Washington, U.S.A.; Member of the Association of official Economic Entomologists, Washington, U.S.A.; Hon. Member of the London Farmers’ Club; Honorary and Corresponding Member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia; Hon. Member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and Corresponding Member of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Ontario, Canada; and Member of the Eastern Province Naturalists’ Society, Cape Colony.

Footnote 44:

List of the Hon. Graduates of 1900, given in the alphabetical order in which they graduated:—(1) Horatio Robert Forbes Brown, J.P., Editor of the Calendars of State Papers (Venetian) for the Public Record Office. (2) His Excellency the Hon. Joseph Hodges Choate, Ambassador for the United States of America, London. (3) Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, F.R.Met.Soc., F.E.S. (4) C. D. F. Phillips, M.D., LL.D. (5) The Rev. Thomas Smith, M.A., D.D., lately Professor of Evangelistic Theology in the Free Church College, Edinburgh. (6) William Ritchie Sorley, M.A., Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Aberdeen. (7) Anderson Stuart, M.D., Professor of Physiology in the University of Sydney.

Footnote 45:

“ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

“Coloured Diagrams of Insects Injurious to Farm Crops, suitable for Elementary Schools. Prepared by Miss E. A. Ormerod, F.R.Met.Soc., Hon. Consulting Entomologist to the Society. A series of Six Diagrams, viz.: Large White Cabbage Butterfly; Turnip Fly or Flea Beetle; Beet Fly; Wireworm and Click Beetle; Hop Aphis or Green Fly, with Lady-bird; Daddy Longlegs or Crane Fly. In various stages, with methods of prevention. On paper, 5s.; for each Diagram, 1s. Mounted on linen and varnished, 8s.; for each Diagram, 1s. 6d. Procurable from the Secretary.”

Footnote 46:

These observations are extracted from part of a series published under the geographical nom de plume of “Mabie Moss,” this (sometime) moss district having been long under the observation of Mr. Service—not a young lady, as Miss Ormerod conjectured, but a well-known ornithologist who also takes a considerable interest in Economic Entomology (ED.).

Footnote 47:

Vide Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture to inquire into a plague of field voles in Scotland (Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, M.P., Chairman). Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1893.

Footnote 48:

Of the “Dumfries Herald and Courier.”

Footnote 49:

Disease caused by Micrococcus bombycis.

Footnote 50:

In Larvæ of British Butterflies and Moths (Ray Society).

Footnote 51:

Exorista lota, “not an uncommon fly, and parasitic on several Lepidoptera.”—Meade.

Footnote 52:

Recent record of Warbles extracted by the Aldersey Schoolboys and brought to the Headmaster:—

1895, 1,022; 1896, 2,596; 1897, 3,965; 1898, 1,706; 1899, 2,252; 1900, 1,851; 1901, 1,391; 1902, 1,066—Total, 15,849.

Footnote 53:

Mr. Bailey writes in August, 1902:—“The Haberdashers’ Company are the Governors of my school, and at our Midsummer distribution of prizes in June, 1882, Mr. Curtis, who was a member of the deputation who visited us in that year, suggested that it would be a good thing to give instruction to the boys on Injurious Insects. Failing to obtain a lecturer through South Kensington, at my suggestion, he called on Miss Ormerod. She suggested that I should take the subject, and added that she would give me all the assistance in her power. From that day up to the day of her death she took the kindest interest in our work. She presented to the school many books, beautiful diagrams, and a series of insect cases [prepared by Mosley of the Huddersfield Museum, after the cases arranged by Professor Westwood and Miss Ormerod for the S. and A. Museum at Bethnal Green], and was a liberal donor of prizes at Midsummer from 1885 to 1901 (both inclusive). Every Midsummer she kindly wrote a letter to be read on that occasion to the boys. I think I ought to add that the Haberdashers’ Company were good enough to make a grant of £25 to start us with this new subject, and have since generously supported the carrying on of the work.”

Footnote 54:

Continuation of Miss Ormerod’s letter to Mr. Bailey.

Footnote 55:

See Chaps. xix.-xx. for letters to Dr. Fletcher.

Footnote 56:

See Chap. xxii.

Footnote 57:

Letters to Mr. Bailey continued.

Footnote 58:

This refers to Bunbury only, where we had nearly a “clean bill” in that year. The maggots brought were found in the adjoining parishes. I have in late years granted the boys a “roving commission.” On their bicycles they visit farms which are many miles away from their homes. (W. B.).

Footnote 59:

See Appendix C.

Footnote 60:

Now “Kirkdale,” Spencer Road, Bournemouth.

Footnote 61:

The attack is caused by the small black and yellow fly, figured above. She lays an egg on the barley sheath; the maggot from this attacks the ear, then eats a channel down one side of the stem to the first knot, and then turns to chrysalis state within the leaves.—(E. A. O.)

Footnote 62:

The victim was a resident in the New Forest district, and the sting or bite was followed by severe local inflammation. Blood poisoning supervened and caused death. (ED.).

Footnote 63:

See also a paper on Deer botflies, in Entom. Monthly Magazine, 1898, by Mr. E. E. Austin, Brit. Museum.

Footnote 64:

Extracted from a letter of Miss Ormerod to Mr. D. D. Gibb. (See Chap. XV.)

Footnote 65:

This, or its equivalent, the immediate and diligent pinching of infested buds with finger and thumb, has proved the most practical remedy (ED.).

Footnote 66:

A great authority on the life history of animals; author of a standard work on pheasants, and numerous works on poultry, pigeons, and horses, mules, and mule-breeding; on the staff of “The Field” for nearly half a century; an old Member of the “British Ornithologists’ Union.”

Footnote 67:

The House Sparrow, published by Vinton & Co., at 1s., contains Miss Ormerod’s original leaflet as an appendix.

Footnote 68:

The author of Farm Insects (to this day the most beautifully illustrated standard work in English on the subject) died at Islington on 6th October, 1862.

Footnote 69:

The larva of a noctuid moth which now and then appears in great numbers in America, marching over the country and destroying young grain crops, grasses, &c.

Footnote 70:

Printed by King, Sell, & Railton, Limited, 12, Gough Square, and 4, Bolt Court, E.C.

Footnote 71:

This was a purely metaphorical expression (ED.).

Footnote 72:

An arseniate is a salt of arsenic acid, while an arsenite is a salt of arsenious acid.

Footnote 73:

See letters to Mr. Wise in chapter XVI.

Footnote 74:

See Appendix E.

Footnote 75:

This reference is to the destruction by fire of the main building of Trinity College School, Port Hope, Canada, of which Mr. Bethune was Head Master for a period of 29 years ending 1899.

Footnote 76:

Containing Miss Ormerod’s Meteorological Observations.

Footnote 77:

The death of her sister Georgiana.

Footnote 78:

State Entomologist of New York.

Footnote 79:

Mrs. Bethune was killed in a carriage accident in July, 1898.

Footnote 80:

“Schaŭmerde,” is a product of the fabrication of sugar, which contains the mineral parts, the salts, of the sugar beet. Therefore it is good for manuring this crop. (J. R. B.)

Footnote 81:

This species described by me later under the name Oligotrophus alopecuri, n. sp. (Zwei neue Cecidomyinen, Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica xi., No. 8, 1895, p. 3-9, Taf. i, Fig. 1-9) (E.R.).

Footnote 82:

The larvæ of this species infested badly the apple fruits in the whole of Finland in the summer of 1898. (Cfr. “Ent. Rec.,” xi., No. 2, 1899, pp. 37-39, and “Can. Ent.,” xxxi., 1899, pp. 12-14).—E. R.

Footnote 83:

Miss Ormerod had recommended Mr. Fuller for the appointment he secured in Natal.

Footnote 84:

This note refers to a fire in Mr. Lounsbury’s department and to the investigation of red water fever in cattle produced by ticks.

Footnote 85:

With one possible exception the most destructive beetle of British forestry.

Footnote 86:

A favourite West Country expression of Miss Ormerod.

Footnote 87:

The caterpillars of the Goat moth feed in poplar, willow, elm, oak, lime, and beech, as well as in apple, pear, walnut, and other trees. (E. A. O.)

Footnote 88:

The Agricultural Education Committee, 10, Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, S.W., was formed in the autumn of 1899, with Sir W. Hart-Dyke, Bart., M.P., as Chairman, and the Rt. Hon. Henry Hobhouse, M.P., as Hon. Secretary. (J. C. M.)

Footnote 89:

One of the leaflets issued by the Agricultural Education Committee.

Footnote 90:

Another leaflet of the series issued by the Agricultural Education Committee, but one which Miss Ormerod did not appreciate.

Footnote 91:

The paper on “Wasps” was lent by Mr. Medd to Mr. Chas. Roundell who incorporated it in his unique little volume, the Rural Reader, Horace Marshall & Co. (ED.).

Footnote 92:

Issued by the Agricultural Education Committee.

Footnote 93:

India in 1887. Published by Oliver and Boyd.

Footnote 94:

Miss Ormerod did not latterly oppose Darwinianism, but we are not aware that she ever accepted it. (ED.).

Footnote 95:

See note ante p. 79.

Footnote 96:

Of Mosley’s Insect cases with a view to suiting the Agriculture Department, Edinburgh University.

Footnote 97:

Quintin MacAdam Wallace, M.A., a Graduate (1st Class Honours) in Medicine and Surgery of Edinburgh University.

Footnote 98:

Dr. Fream had been, as a result of the recommendation of Miss Ormerod, appointed Steven Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology in Edinburgh University.

Footnote 99:

After a full term of three years, by ordinance, an examiner is not immediately eligible for re-appointment.

Footnote 100:

“On the Production of New Breeds of Crop Plants by Multiple Cross-fertilization.”

Footnote 101:

A suggestion that Dr. MacDougall should collaborate with Miss Ormerod in bringing out the book.

Footnote 102:

Messrs. Knight, one or other, have been my artists for many years. I should like the printing to be, as usual, in the hands of Messrs. West, Newman & Co. Mr. T. P. Newman has superintended my printing for so many years. (E. A. O.)

Footnote 103:

Professor James Seth delivered the address to student graduates at the ceremonial at which Miss Ormerod received the LL.D.

Footnote 104:

One hundred copies of Miss Ormerod’s Manual of Injurious Insects, were distributed gratuitously to persons specially selected by us as likely to be interested in the subject matter and capable of spreading a knowledge of it (ED.).

Footnote 105:

Lecture at the London Farmers’ Club on Sheep Scab.

Footnote 106:

Tessarotoma papillosa, Dravy. (O. E. J.)

Footnote 107:

We were at the time actually at war with China, although nominally the united Powers of Europe were fighting the Boxers.

Footnote 108:

A digest of the Indian Famine Commission Reports down to October, 1898, read as the Inaugural Address on the opening of the course of “Garton Lectures” on Colonial and Indian Agriculture. Published by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

Footnote 109:

A copy of Quasi Cursores, portraits of the high officials and professors of the University of Edinburgh and its Tercentenary Festival. Drawn and etched by William Hole, A.R.S.A. David Douglas, Edinburgh, 1884.

Footnote 110:

From the Governor of Lagos arranging a personal interview.

Footnote 111:

This reference was made to a cold draught experienced in church.

Footnote 112:

A letter written to defend the position of the Board of Agriculture for Ireland against an unwarranted attack of a Cork correspondent of the London “Times” (ED.).

Footnote 113:

The first examination paper set in connection with the “Garton” course of lectures (ED.).

Footnote 114:

A paper on “Agriculture in South Africa,” read before the Royal Colonial Institute on 12th of March, 1901.

Footnote 115:

A silver tea service of Indian work presented in recognition of a public service.

Footnote 116:

On this date a note of instructions was left to Miss Ormerod’s trustees to deliver to us the “Reminiscences” papers, &c. The end of the note is as follows:—

“And I request Professor Wallace, being a friend in whom I feel complete confidence, to accept the above, and use or not use them for the purpose precisely as in his good discretion he may think fit.”

Footnote 117:

See Log Book of a Fisherman, &c., by Frank Buckland, M.A., pp. 366, 367.

Footnote 118:

The substance of the foregoing statement was supplied by Dr. Bethune. The following (condensed) obituary notice by Professor A. S. Packard, of Brown University, and referred to by Miss Ormerod, appeared in “Science,” and subsequently in the “Canadian Entomologist.”

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● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ All footnotes have been gathered and moved to the end of the book. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (italics); text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=). ○ The use of a caret (^) before a letter, or letters, shows that the following letter or letters was intended to be a superscript, as in S^t Bartholomew or 10^{th} Century.