Part 11

Goldman, E. A. 1944. The wolves of North America, Part II. Classification of wolves, p. 389-636. Washington, D. C.: The Amer. Wildl. Inst.

Jordan, P. A., Shelton, P. C., and Allen, D. L. 1967. Numbers, turnover, and social structure of the Isle Royale wolf population. Amer. Zool. 7: 233-252.

Kelly, M. W. 1954. Observations afield on Alaskan wolves. Alaska Sci. Conf. Proc. 5: 35 (and mimeo).

Kolenosky, G. B., and Johnston, D. H. 1967. Radio-tracking timber wolves in Ontario. Amer. Zool. 7: 289-303.

Mech, L. D. 1966a. The wolves of Isle Royale. U. S. Nat. Park Serv. Fauna Ser. 7. 210 p.

Mech, L. D. 1966b. Hunting behavior of timber wolves in Minnesota. J. Mammal. 47: 347-348.

Mech, L. D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. 389 p. New York: Natural History Press, Doubleday.

Mech, L. D., Kuechle, V. B., Warner, D. W., and Tester, J. R. 1965. A collar for attaching radio transmitters to rabbits, hares, and raccoons. J. Wildl. Manage. 29: 898-902.

Mohr, C. O. 1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. Amer. Midl. Nat. 37: 223-249.

Murie, A. 1944. The wolves of Mount McKinley, U. S. Nat. Park Serv. Fauna Ser. 5, 238 p.

Nellis, C. H. 1968. Some methods for capturing coyotes alive. J. Wildl. Manage. 32: 402-405.

Ohmann, L. F., and Ream, R. R. 1969 Vegetation studies in the BWCA--a brief report on plant communities. Naturalist 20(1): 20-29.

Olson, Sigurd F. 1938a. Organization and range of the pack. Ecology 19: 168-170.

Olson, Sigurd F. 1938b. A study in predatory relationship with particular reference to the wolf. Sci. Mon. 46: 323-336.

Pimlott, D. H., Shannon, J. A., and Kolenosky, G. B. 1969. The ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park. Ont. Dep. Lands and Forests Res. Rep. (Wildlife) 87, 94 p.

Pulliainen, E. 1965. Studies of the wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Finland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 2: 215-259.

Rausch, R. A. 1967. Some aspects of the population ecology of wolves, Alaska. Amer. Zool. 7: 253-265.

Rutter, R. J., and Pimlott, D. H. 1968. The world of the wolf. 202 p. Philadelphia and N. Y.: J. B. Lippincott Co.

Schenkel, R. 1947. Expression studies of wolves. Behaviour 1: 81-129. (Translation from German by Agnes Klasson.)

Seal, U. S., and Erickson, A. W. 1969. Phencyclidine hydrochloride immobilization of the Carnivora and other mammals. Fed. (Symp. Lab. Anim. Anesthes.) Proc. 28: 1410-1419.

Siegel, S. 1956. Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. 312 p. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Stenlund, M. H. 1955. A field study of the timber wolf (Canis lupus) on the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 4, 55 p.

Young, S. P. 1944. The wolves of North America, Part I. 385 p. Washington, D. C.: The Amer. Wildl. Inst.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE AGE, SEX, AND CONDITION OF DEER KILLED BY WOLVES IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA

L. David Mech and L. D. Frenzel, Jr.

The selective effect of predation on prey populations is of significance in studies of evolution and population dynamics. Selective predation can be an important agent in the process of natural selection, and it influences the extent to which predators limit the numbers of their prey.

One of the predators most commonly chosen for investigating the selective effect upon prey is the wolf (Canis lupus). Because animals preyed upon by wolves generally are large, their remains can be more easily located and examined. It already has been established that in most areas wolves kill primarily young, old, and other inferior members of such prey populations as Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), bison (Bison bison), and musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus); evidence for this generalization has been summarized by Mech (1970).

However, only recently has it been shown that this generalization may extend to predation on the smallest hoofed prey of the wolf in North America, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Pimlott et al. (1969) demonstrated a difference between the age structure of 331 deer killed by wolves during winter in Algonquin Park, Ontario, and 275 deer assumed to represent the actual population in the same area. Whereas only 13 percent of the deer from the population at large were estimated to be more than 5 years old, 58 percent of the wolf-kills were in this age category.