SECTION XIII. The Central Nervous System and the Special Senses

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SPECIAL SENSES

Diseases of this system and its specialized end organs of sense in the eye, ear and nose are recognized by veterinarians as occurring among domesticated animals, in which however they are by no means so common as in human beings. Because of the natural reserve of wild beasts and because their habits and manners are not so familiar to the observer, it would seem that clinical evidences of disease of the nervous system are rarest among them. The brain, cord and nerves of our specimens have not been studied with the minuteness accorded to the examination of other viscera since we have not had the personnel to devote the time to this really colossal undertaking, our work with these tissues being directed toward the accumulation and preservation of apparently normal brains from every species; there are now some nine hundred brains on the shelves. However, whenever the history of the animal before death has suggested that disturbance in the nerve organs might exist, they have been dissected grossly and examined microscopically. Had we subjected all our material to microscopic study it is quite possible that we might have discovered more lesions. This is still possible by reason of our gross material and autopsy protocols.

We have been fortunate in having Dr. W. B. Cadwalader, Secretary of the Society, and Dr. J. H. W. Rhein with their broad experience in neurology, take interest in this phase of the subject and study our material. The number of cases in which definite lesions have been found is surprisingly small, so that no generalizations can be attempted except perhaps in a negative sense. After the study of thirty-nine brains and cords from animals in whose history some suggestion of nervous system disease existed, Doctor Cadwalader could find abnormalities in only twenty-two cases, mostly however of a very indefinite character. This observer further points out that in his experience with our material, his observations of our animals and a review of the literature, he is unable to find satisfactory instances of the so-called system or tract diseases such as tabes and lateral sclerosis. This he suggests is due to the absence of arterial sclerosis in the lower types of brain, intimating further that perhaps the relation of syphilis to human arteriosclerosis and degenerative nervous system disease is thereby strengthened. These facts being true it is not astonishing that massive cerebral apoplexy and cerebral softening do not occur. The lesions that have been found were either definitely infectious, as encephalitis or acute septicemia, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, meningitis, or the minute hemorrhages and vague granularities or vacuolizations of nerve cells in toxemic conditions. The material being limited and broad statements being impossible, the important cases will be cited individually or in small groups.

CONVULSIONS.

Before entering upon the special subjects, a word might be added concerning the clinical evidences of neurologic conditions as seen in the Garden. Perhaps the most common and certainly the most definite clinical sign of nervous disturbance is the convulsion. General spasms or fits are fairly common among the carnivores and monkeys, in the former most often associated with intestinal parasitism, in the latter with no especial relationship unless it be renal disease. The convulsions have been general, with and without the preservation of consciousness. No cases of focal or Jacksonian spasms are recorded although we shall cite two instances of tuberculoma reasonably near the motor area in the cerebrum. The exact cause of many cases cannot be set down since intracranial disease does not often exist.

Intoxication from chemical products of disturbed digestion or from worms themselves is the usual explanation of spasms associated with intestinal parasitism; if this be true, intoxication in the absence of demonstrable parasites may also be the cause in certain cases of enteritis. However we have seen fits when enteritis, parasites and renal disease were not found. If these were true epilepsy, they are instances of perhaps the rarest disease of animals, which I do not presume to diagnose.

Convulsive seizures in herbivorous animals are exceedingly rare although I have seen clonic movements of a spasmodic character in antelopes and deer shortly before death from gastroenteritis. Ataxia and incoördination are much more common. Birds, notably parrots and soft- billed insectivorous varieties, are not uncommonly afflicted with fits but as they are rarely observed except by the keeper the exact nature is difficult to describe. Those seen by the writer have been of two kinds.

The first and more common consists of falling from the perch in a dazed and stiff condition, with dilated fixed eyes, stiffened and spread-out legs and wings. Recovery follows shortly and the bird resumes its perch either in excitement, or slowly and uncertainly, perhaps to have another attack in a few minutes. These cases, in the few instances in which they could be followed, were due to faulty feeding and enteritis and showed either nothing or a mild congestion of the brain. The other variety of fit is epileptiform, a rapidly developing clonic spasm of all parts of the body with a tendency to opisthotonos. In one case of this character, a parrot, no lesions were found in the brain, an enteritis existing however. Another case concerned a pet Indian Shama I had at my home. He had been doing well and singing loudly, until one evening he was allowed to remain in a tobacco-smoke-filled room whereupon next morning he stopped eating and singing. Later that day the clonic form of convulsions appeared, growing worse for thirty-six hours or until death. At autopsy no food was found in the alimentary tract. The brain and cord were congested grossly, while minutely, perivascular hemorrhages and marked vacuolization and diffuseness of staining were found in ganglion cells of the bulb, pons, anterior spinal horns and in the pyramidal cells of the cerebellum. Happening so promptly after exposure to tobacco smoke, when the bird was doing well, I venture to associate the two.

ATAXIA.

Incoördination and ataxia are so often observed and under so many conditions that it is well nigh impossible in any individual case to give an adequate explanation before death. They are in all probability the expression of sickness and nothing more in the vast majority of instances. When they are observed in such cases as the tyromata of the cerebrum or in certain of the ungulates, they may mean something definite. In this latter order and to a less extent in carnivores, one frequently sees weakness and uncertainty of gait in the hind quarters, the legs being usually coördinate but tending to give way under the weight of the body.

From a study of veterinary literature and our own material it would seem that this may have many explanations. In the first place, it may simply indicate weakness expressing itself in the heaviest part of the body, the animal inclining its femora forward to assist in supporting the heavy abdomen. It may be an expression of abdominal pain, the recti becoming rigid and the quadriceps of the thigh participating in the protection of the belly. Almost any of the intra-abdominal conditions, gastroenteritis, mesenteric thrombosis, peritonitis, or diseases of the psoas muscle and lumbar vertebra, might occasion this attempt at support. Disease of gluteal muscles, as hemoglobinuric fever, may produce a palsy of the whole pelvic girdle with weakness of the hind legs. There may be associated with the weakness of the hind legs a humped-up condition of the lumbar spine and retraction of the abdomen, sometimes called “tucked in;” in two definite cases of this last sort we have found renal pelvic stones and once intestinal sand. Some instances are undoubtedly due to meningomyelitis or to poliomyelitis and at the place for this subject a few cases will be discussed. Meningitis has not been found in the ungulates showing this weakness. There have been however cases of ataxia in the hind legs of deer and antelopes, which did not have a ready explanation fitting in with the foregoing. Two of these we thought might be due to certain grasses in the enclosures and have changed the exhibition spaces. No conclusion can be drawn from this as yet. No enterocolic disease could be found nor any lesion of the sciatic nerve and lumbar enlargement of the cord. We have however discovered sciatic neuritis in a case like hemoglobinuric fever in a Burchell’s zebra. The history of the animal is similar to that of this disease in domestic animals in so far as symptomatology is concerned; in so far as confinement in a stall is concerned no data is at hand but death occurred on December 26th in the zebra house whereas he had been accustomed to go out into the yard all summer and autumn.

MENINGITIS.

The coverings of the brain and cord have not been the seat of the well known acute inflammations seen in domestic horses and cattle. Eleven instances of disease in the meninges are recorded but, with very few exceptions, have been accompanied by other lesions offering a ready etiological explanation. These cases are however not very instructive except perhaps three in monkeys where the meningitis seemed to be secondary to gastroenterocolitis. In one case a colon bacillus was apparently responsible, in a second no bacteriology was undertaken and a third was too rotten for the results to be dependable. A focus of infection aside from the intestinal area could not be found. The only noteworthy finding was the scantiness of the cerebrospinal fluid and the almost exclusive subpial exudate; these facts would seem to strengthen the thought that the virus came through the blood stream. Another case was due to extension, through the temporal bone to the lateral sinus, of a necrotizing process beginning in the buccal muscles or parotid gland; the necrosis bacillus and a host of Gram-positive cocci were found. A Canadian porcupine suffered with a mucopurulent nasopharyngitis which involved the deep sinuses, the middle ear and the temporal bone; smears from the pus over the corresponding cerebral hemisphere and from the nasal pus showed pneumococcus forms; the lungs were not affected. The llama which showed the intracapsular fracture of the femur (page 344) had also hemorrhage into a fibrinous exudate in the mastoid cells with deep opaque congestion and edema of the pia above the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Decomposition precluded satisfactory bacteriology but it is suggested that probably injury in falling started a hemorrhage in the ear upon which a secondary infection was implanted. What seems a true meningitis secondary to otitis media and mastoid suppuration was seen in a marmoset.

A case of the well known but obscure condition known as chronic productive pachymeningitis was observed in a badger. Although it cannot be explained it is cited as a matter of record and interest.

American Badger (Taxidea taxus). Pachymeningitis externa. The dura is fast to the skull and cannot be removed. Scattered irregularly over the entire inner surface of the skull are pale pinhead sized hard nodules. It is impossible to tell if they are in the dura or the bone. The brain shows engorged vessels but is otherwise negative.

Two instances of hemorrhagic pachymeningitis associated with cretinism were seen in wolf cubs. The following notes illustrate both cases.

American Gray Wolf (Canis mexicanus). Cretinism. Hemorrhagic external pachymeningitis with craniotabes. Upon removing the calvarium a marked craniotabes of the under surface is found and with it a deep red and purple staining of outside of dura and inner table of skull. These changes are most marked along the longitudinal sinus at internal occipital protuberance and along left parietal region. Dura on left side is distinctly congested. This is also true of pia. The brain and its base seem normal.

Cyst of the brain. A sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus) had been in the Garden for about four months and was apparently an adult normal animal. It died rather suddenly after a distinct convulsion with semiconsciousness. At autopsy in addition to a nephritis, a large cyst was found to occupy the posterior third of the left hemisphere. Its walls were composed of a thin (one-sixteenth inch) rim of cerebral substance and the meninges; its contents were clear. The notes do not record any examination for parasites. This monkey showed no localizing signs.

TUBERCULOSIS.

Gross tuberculous lesions have been found in the brain in several specimens with generalized disease but only two cases are of special interest. A Rhesus macaque (Macacus rhesus) suffering with generalized but chiefly lymphatic tuberculosis, showed a large plaque on the external surface of the dura over the vertex where it was adherent to a yellow, fairly firm nodule about ten mm. across. This nodule was deeply imbedded in the brain substance, barely projecting above the surface, generally spherical and not encapsulated. There was no peripheral reactive zone. The meninges were not altered anywhere except as above. The blood vessels were not especially congested. The pia arachnoid contained no excess of fluid but the summits of the convolutions were flattened. The mass was located in the posterior frontal convolution, near the longitudinal fissure, occupying nearly its whole breadth and penetrating about one centimetre. It did not enter the fornicate gyrus. There was a completely degenerated core about two mm. across. The adjacent bone was beginning to erode. No localizing signs were reported.

The other case, that of a young Drill baboon (Papio leucophæus), was studied with Dr. J. H. W. Rhein and can be reported in the following condensed notes.

The baboon appeared to be perfectly well until October 18, 1906, when some lameness in the anterior and posterior extremities on the right side was observed. This gradually increased, and was associated with general convulsions. On November 30th, I made an examination and found the following condition: The right upper and lower extremities were weaker than on the left side. On the left side the power seemed to be fair. He was able to hold on to an iron bar with the fingers of the upper and lower extremities on the right side but in withdrawing the bar it was not difficult to overcome his grasp and the power on this side was distinctly less than on the left. The movements of the right arm were somewhat ataxic, as observed when he made efforts to grasp the bar. The knee jerks were increased on both sides and appeared to be equally so. There was no evidence of facial palsy. He moved both sides of the face equally well at times when he expressed anger or fear in the facial expression. The tongue seemed to be retracted equally well on both sides. Tests for hemianopsia were, of course, unsatisfactory, but he seemed to recognize readily the approach of the iron bar from both sides. There was no disturbance of the rectal or bladder functions, although at autopsy the bladder was full. Death occurred on December 2, 1906. At the autopsy the brain and spinal cord, with the other organs were examined. The dura was adherent to the left side of the brain, in the prefrontal region, in the upper third and when the brain was removed it was observed that an area of softening lay beneath this point. A small caseous mass was also observed at the base of the right lung, and beneath the diaphragm on the right side was a large abscess, partly involving the liver. The tubercle bacillus was found in the pus removed from the area of softening beneath the left cortex. A study of the brain revealed the presence of three foci of softening. The largest one was situated in the left hemisphere in the prefrontal region, and extended from just beneath the cortex in the upper third of the region, downward almost to the base of the brain. This area was cylindrical in shape and measured 2.5 cm. in its greatest diameter. The area of softening consisted of caseated material and pus, in which the tubercle bacillus was found present. The second area of softening was found on the right side of the brain, much smaller in extent and measuring 1.5 cm. diameter. There was no pus present in this area, but it consisted of a circumscribed mass of caseous material. The apex of this area of softening was just beneath the cortex in the prefrontal region on the right side, and in the removal of the brain the cortex was torn just above this area of caseation. This point was .5 cm. in front of the central fissure and about 1 cm. below the superior surface of the brain. A third area of softening was observed posteriorly, in the white substance, in the parieto-occipital region, and measured about 6 mm. in diameter. A study of the sections of the brain shows beautifully the extent of the destruction of the brain tissue. The optic thalamus and the lenticular nucleus, and the posterior limb of the internal capsule, on the left side, are destroyed in part. The anterior limb of the internal capsule in one section, is preserved, notwithstanding the fact that the optic thalamus on the same side has been in large part destroyed. In spite of the fact that the posterior limb of the internal capsule has been destroyed at some levels, it is interesting to note that the degeneration of the pyramidal tracts of the pons and medulla on the opposite side and the lateral columns of the spinal cord are not intensely—although distinctly—degenerated. It is very interesting to note that in view of the severe damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on the left side, there was not more paralysis, for it will be remembered that there was considerable power of prehension in the right upper and lower extremities.

ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, POLIOMYELITIS.

While, as has been stated, no well defined cases of the recognized meningocephalic infectious diseases have been observed in the Garden, there have been several animals in whose cord and brain changes were found comparable to the infections disease known in man as poliomyelitis. On several occasions since this disease was recognized as occurring in epidemic form it has been observed that domestic mammals and fowls suffered from a similar condition. The general vicinity of Philadelphia had a low grade epidemic among children during the years from 1907 to 1912 and it is during this time that most of the cases of a comparable character were observed among our animals. It is to be emphasized that attacks were entirely sporadic and the cases did not appear to bear a relation to one another. This character is quite in accord with certain of the outbreaks in man. However we cannot state that the disease is exactly the same as seen in the human being for, as will be noted in the cited examples, all the pathological features were not fulfilled.

It is not always possible to differentiate between myelitic disease and polyneuritis of man or animals. Studied symptomatically the cases in our records which proved to have degenerative and infiltrative lesions comparable to poliomyelitis showed gradual but progressive paralysis expressed by inability to move rather than disinclination—in other words loss of power rather than restriction because of pain. None of the animals in which poliomyelitis was demonstrated have exhibited the ataxia of the hind legs discussed on a previous page nor have we found myelitic lesions in the few cords from animals suffering with this weakness. The nearest approach to a cerebrospinal explanation for weakness and palsy was in a zebra which died with constipation, acute nephritis, and hepatic perilobular fibrosis. In this animal a pronounced subpial mononuclear infiltrate was observed, in places involving the superficial parts of the cerebral gray matter, especially about the congested vessels of this area. This condition was present to a slight degree in the cord. There was then a low grade meningoencephalitis but no nerve cell changes. So far as is known to me no animal showing a definite local paresis or paraplegia recovered from the attack; had this occurred we might have observed residual palsies.

In so far as lesions are concerned they are perhaps best illustrated by the appended cases, but since even in them there is a lack of uniformity, it may be well to discuss the basic changes of all. The outstanding abnormality in the microscopic anatomy is the richness of small mononuclear cells beneath the pia, both spinal and cerebral, around the smaller blood vessels and to a lesser extent around the multipolar cells of the gray matter. These do not present the dense colonization often seen in the acute cases of infantile paralysis in man but are prominent in comparison to normal nervous tissue. Hemorrhages or at least small groups of erythrocytes outside of blood vessels are seen here and there. Vacuolization of ganglion cells is variable, being prominent in some, trifling or absent in others. Glial proliferation is often quite marked, and in one case to be cited seems the prominent lesion.

The animals in which meningopoliomyelitis has been found were three monkeys, two Canadian lynx, a bear and a raccoon; about a score of cords from other animals with some kind of palsy have been studied microscopically without discovering it. The following cases illustrate our material. The only instance of two cases in close relation concerns the lynx (Felis canadensis). They occupied the same cage and died twelve days apart. No symptoms were recorded until a few days before death when a general paralysis appeared, deepening to completeness on the day of death. No case occurred in neighboring cages. Doctor Rhein studied all these cases, and his notes are used for these records. Portions of the lumbar and cervical enlargements and of the thoracic regions of the cord were stained with hemalum and acid fuchsin and with thionin. The pia was slightly infiltrated. There was some cellular infiltration of the anterior septum, and the vessels here showed an increase in the nuclei of the walls and a slight perivascular infiltration. The pial infiltration seemed to be equally distributed in the entire circumference of the cord, although perhaps a little more marked over the anterior and posterior septa. The vessels of the gray matter were congested and the walls of the vessels in most part showed a proliferation of the nuclei. There were a few small hemorrhages into the gray matter, probably agonal. As compared with the human cord and the cords of monkeys, antelopes and dogs, there was an unusually large number of glia nuclei, which, if found in the human cord, would be looked upon as a proliferation process. In some cases these nuclei were heaped together in masses, and were evidently pathological. There was also, about the ganglion cells, some pericellular round cell infiltration, and this was more marked around a few cells which were almost entirely destroyed. The ganglion cells themselves were swollen. Some showed eccentric nuclei, and many of them stained poorly, while one or two showed distinct vacuolization. In one field a ganglion cell was partly destroyed by a recent hemorrhage. There were, however, a number of cells which appeared normal. This process seemed to be fairly distinct in the lumbar and cervical enlargements, but was not clearly demonstrated in the sections from the dorsal region. The cellular infiltration of the horns was evidently not leucocytic, but presented the appearance of a connective tissue proliferation. Although these are not the exact lesions found in poliomyelitis in the human animal, they are at least suggestive of the same process since the infiltrating cells are of the lymphatic or connective tissue types. There is no acute inflammatory leucocytic infiltrate.

A weeper cebus (Cebus capucinus) ever since he was received acted in such a peculiar manner, seeming to have only partial control of his movements, that he was known as the “Crazy Monkey.” There was no history of illness before death. Pathological diagnosis: Chronic enterocolitis, chronic adhesive pericarditis, early interstitial change in kidney, edema of lungs, meningitis and poliomyelitis. The pia of the paracentral cortex was thickened and was the seat of a round cell infiltration of moderate degree, the cells being of the mononuclear type. The blood vessels of the cortex were congested and the nuclei of the walls were increased. The round cell infiltration of the pia had in some places extended into the cortical layers. The pia surrounding the medulla oblongata was also the seat of a slight round cell infiltration. The pia of the spinal cord, however, did not show any cellular infiltration. The cells of the anterior horns of the spinal gray matter were extensively diseased, being swollen in places, some surrounded by a glia proliferation and many with marked vacuolization.

A common raccoon (Procyon lotor) was observed in the laboratory to have complete paralysis of the anterior and partial paralysis of the posterior extremities. This latter was almost complete in muscles controlling the feet, while the thigh and hip muscles showed some irregular incoördinate movements. Respiration shallow but regular. History shows that the power of the extremities began to fail about a month before death and was absolutely lost in the fore extremities three days before the animal was killed. Diagnosis: Poliomyelitis. Examination of the central nervous system showed the presence of marked round cell infiltration of pia of cortex and of spinal cord, more particularly in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. Ganglion cells in the lumbar region were markedly diseased. There were numerous old and fresh hemorrhages and a moderate degree of round cell infiltration in the anterior horns. Two young of this animal, born three months before its death, showed weakness and gradual increasing paralysis of their extremities beginning when three months old (that is at the time of the death of their mother), and lasting until their death, one in the seventh and one in the eighth month of life. These were found not to have changes in the central nervous system, but there was sufficient rachitis to account for this paralysis.

The only tumor of the central nervous system found among these animals occurred in an Undulated Grass Parrakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus). The gross notes are very vague but the microscopy is suggestive of a glioma. The growth in the brain consists of large irregular masses of large cells with vesicular nuclei and pale homogeneous protoplasm. “Scattered between these accumulations are irregular strands of spindle cells, with spindle-shaped nuclei, taking the hematoxylin very deeply. The supporting tissue is almost without cells, taking the eosin faintly, and is quite loosely arranged. No fibrils are seen among the cells. The blood vessels are congested, and at one place there is a small hemorrhage. The vessel walls are the same as the rest of the connective tissue. There is a slightly atypical metastasis in the liver.”

A case, the identity of which is still undecided, was observed in a Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus); it may belong among the gliomata or glioses. There was in the middle of this monkey’s cerebrum a gray area about 3 × 2 × 1 cm. with a softened centre, the more solid parts being found under the microscope to consist of glia tissue, blood vessels and degenerated cells. No true gliomatous formations could be discovered. Because of the indefiniteness of the lesion, it is not included in the tumors or inflammations. Clinically the effect of the change was to cause blindness and ataxia but motor power was not greatly impaired.

A very small number of tumors of the brain in wild animals is on record in the English and German literature, perhaps the most interesting being what resembles in description a subdural neurocytoma reported by Wilson in the Proceedings of the London Zoological Society, 1908. The mass was separate from the cerebellum, but had hollowed out a place for itself in this part of the hind-brain.

BRAIN WEIGHTS.

The policy of preserving the brain of all species enables us to record in the accompanying list the weights of a large number of specimens. In order that the figures may have a representative and comparative value only those are given where the total body weight of the animal is also known. The specimens were removed by the laboratory staff, most of them by one person, and by the same technique. All brains were weighed immediately upon removal from the body, no preservative being near the organ. The brains were themselves externally normal. Our technician is skillful in removing the organ, practically always getting the pituitary body, and cutting off the brain stem at the foramen magnum, the pia remaining but the dura removed. Because the specimens were taken, in practically all cases, from animals that died in the Park, and because of the shortness of the list (196), it seems wise not to attempt conclusions referable to comparative weights of the different orders and families. However, the data seem worthy of record because it is doubtful if anywhere one can find so many weights taken under comparable conditions by the same personnel. One can find a considerable list of brain weights and values in many publications throughout the literature, notably in an article by Ziehen in Bardeleben’s Handbuch der Anatomie (Vol. IV, Abt. III 363), but from no single source are there so many varieties or so long a list. Ziehen’s tables are compiled from the literature and therefore represent data collected under different conditions, many of which were probably pathological. The appended figures are to be considered as raw material collected under uniform conditions.

Examination of the figures bears out in a measure some of the remarks made by Ziehen, notably those which indicate that between large and small varieties of the same general group, the smaller has the greater brain weight value and that the youthful animal has more brain than the adult.

The brains at the museum are fixed in saline-formaldehyde—sufficient strength of the former to suspend the organ in the container and four percentage of the latter. When fixation is complete, as indicated by density, preservation is done in one per cent. formaldehyde, the organ, usually bound in gauze, being laid in cotton. A list of important references is added to the weight tables—some antedating Ziehen’s articles, but principally those that have appeared since the publication of his monograph.

PRINCIPAL REFERENCES TO THE RELATIVE WEIGHT OF THE BRAIN

ZIEHEN: In Bardeleben’s Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Vol. 4, pt. 3. ZIEHEN: Handbuch der Anatomie des Nervensystems, Jena, 1903. GIRARD: Bulletin de l’Institut Gen. Psychologie, Vol. 7, p. 53. VON BUSCHAU: Real Encyclopedie der Gesamten Heilkunde 3. Aufl. VON BUSCHAU: Neurologisches Zentralbl., 1897, March. BRANDT: Bull. de la Soc. Imperial des Naturalistes de Moscow, 1867, 40, pt. 2, 525. MIES: Verhandl. der Gesellsch. deutscher Naturforsch und Arzte, 1898, 353. DHERE ET LAPICQUE: Archives de la Physiologie, October, 1898. LAPICQUE ET GIRARD: C. R. des Sceances de l’Academie de Science, Paris, 1905, 140, 1057. LAPICQUE: Bulletin de Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 1909, No. 7, 408. LAPICQUE: Revue du Mois, Paris, April, 1908, 445. LAPICQUE: Bulletin et Memoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1907, 5, Vol. 8, No. 3, 261. LAPICQUE: Biologica, Vol. 2, 1912, p. 257. FUNK: Inaug. Dissert. Wurzburg, 1911. POYNTER: Cerebral Anthropology, Lincoln, 1913. MOLLISON: Arch. für Anthropologie, 1914, XIII, 388. HULTGREN: Das Hirngewicht des Menschen, Upsala, 1912. WEBER: Festschrift für Karl Gegenbauer, 1898. DUBOIS: Bulletin de la Soc. Anthropologie, Paris, 1897, 337. DUBOIS: Archiv. für Anthropologie, Vol. 25, 1898. DUBOIS: Proc. Sci. K. Acad. Wet., Amsterdam, 1914, 16, 647. DUBOIS: Zeitschrift für Morph. und Anthropologie, 1914, Vol. 18, 323. MARCHAND: Hirngewicht des Menschen, Leipsig, 1902. RUDOLPH: Beiträge zur Path. Anatomie, Jena, 58, 1914, 48. KRAEMER: Mitt. der Deutsch. Landwehrgesell, 29, 1914, 55.

TABLE 18.—Giving the Actual Weight of the Brain and the Relation of this to that of the Body in 196 Animals. ════════════════════╤═══╤══════╤═══════════╤══════╤═════════╤════════╤══════╤══════ Order Family │Sex│Known │Development│ Time │Condition│ Body │Brain │Grams │ │Age at│ │ in │ │ Weight │Weight│Brain │ │Death │ │Garden│ │in Grams│ in │ Per │ │ │ │ │ │ │Grams │ Kilo │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Body │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Weight Genus Species │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ Common Name │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ „ ────────────────────┼───┼──────┼───────────┼──────┼─────────┼────────┼──────┼────── PRIMATESA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ SIMIADÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Simia satyrus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Orang utan │ ♂ │ │Immature │4 yrs.│Good │ 15,500.│ 405.│ 26.1 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Orang utan │ ♀ │ │Immature │4 yrs.│Thin │ 22,178.│ 300.│ 13.4 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Hylobates │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hainanus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hainan Gibbon │ ♂ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│Good │ 5,900.│ 115.│ 19.4 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Hylobates │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leuciscus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Silver Gibbon │ ♀ │ │Mature │14 │Very thin│ 3,030.│ 75.│ 24.7 │ │ │ │days │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CERCOPITHECIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Presbytis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ cephalopterus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ceylon Entellus │ ♂ │ │Mature │1 mo. │Good │ 4,080.│ 58.│ 14.2 Cercopithecus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ sabæus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Grivet Monkey │ ♀ │ │Mature │14 │Good │ 3,530.│ 65.│ 18.4 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Cercopithecus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ patas, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Red Monkey │ ♂ │ │Mature │2 yrs.│Good │ 5,060.│ 105.│ 20.7 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Cercocebus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ fuliginosus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sooty Mangabey │ ♀ │ │ │3 mo. │Good │ 3,342.│ 105.│ 31.4 Macacus arctoides,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Brown Macaque │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 3,161.│ 100.│ 31.7 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Macacus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ nemestrinus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pigtailed │ ♀ │ │ │4 yrs │Very Thin│ 4,560.│ 100.│ 21.9 Macaque │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Pigtailed │ ♀ │10 mo.│Baby │10 mo.│Good │ 1,390.│ 67.│ 48.2 Macaque │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Macacus rhesus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rhesus Macaque │ ♂ │6 mo. │Baby │6 mo. │Good │ 462.│ 67.│ 145. Papio porcarius, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Chacma Baboon │ ♂ │ │Mature │1 wk. │Thin │ 12,300.│ 180.│ 14.6 Papio │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ cynocephalus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Yellow Baboon │ ♂ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│ │ 8,942.│ 140.│ 15.6 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CEBIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ateles ater, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black Spider │ ♀ │ │ │1 mo. │Good │ 1,790.│ 125.│ 70. Monkey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black Spider │ ♀ │ │ │2 mo. │Good │ 2,475.│ 105.│ 42.5 Monkey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black Spider │ ♂ │ │ │2 mo. │Good │ 3,630.│ 125.│ 34.4 Monkey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lagothrix │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ lagotricha, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Woolly Monkey │ ♀ │ │ │9 mo. │Thin │ 1,634.│ 82.│ 50.3 Cebus fatuellus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Brown Cebus │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Thin │ 1,500.│ 60.│ 40. Cebus albifrons, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White fronted │ ♂ │ │ │ │ │ 1,750.│ 61.│ 34.8 Cebus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aotes vociferans, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Noisy │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 480.│ 20.│ 41.7 Douroucouli │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CALLITRICHIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Callithrix │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ pencillata, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black eared │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 135.│ 10.│ 73. Marmoset │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black eared │ ♂ │ │ │6 mo. │Good │ 250.│ 15.│ 60. Marmoset │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Leontocebus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ œdipus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pinche Marmoset │ ♂ │ │ │1 wk. │Good │ 167.│ 14.│ 84. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ LEMURES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ LEMURIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lemur catta, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ring tailed │ ♀ │Mature│ │7 yrs.│Good │ 1,470.│ 30.│ 20.4 Lemur │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ring tailed │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 1,240.│ 20.│ 16. Lemur │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Lemur mongoz, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mongoose Lemur │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 1,457.│ 20.│ 13.8 Galago maholi, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Maholi Galago │ ♂ │5 yrs.│Mature │5 yrs.│Good │ 100.│ 4.│ 40. │ │3 mo. │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CARNIVORA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ FELIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Felis viverrina, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fishing Cat │ ♂ │ │ │10 mo.│Good │ 7,000.│ 60.│ 8.5 Felis chaus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Jungle Cat │ ♀ │ │Mature │5 yrs.│Good │ 3,640.│ 45.│ 12.2 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Felis ruffus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ American Wild │ ♀ │ │ │4 yrs.│Thin │ 4,402.│ 50.│ 11.1 Cat │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Felis onca, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Jaguar │ ♀ │20 │Mature │15 │Very thin│ 29,500.│ 170.│ 5.7 │ │yrs. │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Felis eyra, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Eyra │ ♂ │ │ │3 mo. │Good │ 5,000.│ 44.│ 8.8 Felis canadensis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Canada Lynx │ ♀ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│Very thin│ 7,270.│ 80.│ 11. │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Felis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ chibigonazon, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Brazilian Ocelot│ ♀ │ │Young │1 mo. │Thin │ 1,350.│ 35.│ 26. Felis pardalis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Ocelot │ ♀ │ │ │10 mo.│Good │ 5,800.│ 50.│ 8.6 Common Ocelot │ ♂ │ │Young │2 mo. │Thin │ 2,700.│ 45.│ 16.6 Felis concolor, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Puma │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 52,700.│ 150.│ 2.8 Puma │ ♀ │ │Mature │8 yrs.│Very thin│ 29,500.│ 50.│ 1.69 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Puma │ ♂ │ │Baby │ │Good │ 1,067.│ 55.│ 51.5 Puma │ ♀ │ │Baby │ │Good │ 998.│ 55.│ 55. Felis tigris, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bengal Tiger │ ♀ │ │Mature │12 │Fair │ 66,000.│ 250.│ 3.8 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Bengal Tiger │ ♂ │ │Mature │12 │Very thin│ 91,000.│ 240.│ 2.6 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Felis uncia, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Snow Leopard │ ♀ │ │Mature │8 yrs.│Good │ 22,700.│ 120.│ 5.3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HYÆNIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hyæna hyæna, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Striped Hyæna │ ♂ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│Poor │ 27,200.│ 92.│ 3.3 │ │ │ │ 3 mo.│ │ │ │ Striped Hyæna │ ♂ │ │Mature │8 yrs.│Good │ 36,300.│ 90.│ 2.4 │ │ │ │10 mo.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CANIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Canis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ procyonoides, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Raccoon-like Dog│ ♀ │ │Mature │3 yrs.│Good │ 4,770.│ 25.│ 5.2 Raccoon-like Dog│ ♀ │ │ │ │Good │ 4,900.│ 35.│ 7.1 Canis familiaris, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Eskimo Dog │ ♂ │ │Mature │ │Very thin│ 36,300.│ 100.│ 2.7 Canis cinereo │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ argenteus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Gray Fox │ ♀ │ │Mature │3 yrs.│Good │ 2,652.│ 40.│ 15. Canis cinereus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ argenteus scotti, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Scott’s Gray Fox│ ♀ │ │Mature │2 yrs.│Good │ 2,200.│ 53.│ 25. │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Canis chama, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Silver Fox │ ♂ │ │ │7 mo. │Good │ 3,325.│ 40.│ 12. Canis mesomelas, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Blackbacked │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 6,000.│ 60.│ 10. Jackal. │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Blackbacked │ ♀ │ │ │ │ │ 3,500.│ 70.│ 20. Jackal │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MUSTELIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mustela foina, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beech Marten │ ♀ │ │Mature │3 yrs.│Good │ 810.│ 15.│ 18.3 Mustela americana,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pine Marten │ ♂ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│Good │ 680.│ 13.│ 19. Gulo gulo, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wolverine │ ♀ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 5,700.│ 75.│ 13.1 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Galictis barbara, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tayra. │ ♂ │ │ │7 mo. │Good │ 1,480.│ 55.│ 37. Mephitis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mephitica, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Skunk │ ♀ │ │ │6 mo. │Good │ 1,755.│ 6.│ 3.4 Common Skunk │ ♀ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 1,700.│ 7.│ 4.1 Meles meles, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ European Badger │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 7,473.│ 46.│ 6. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PROCYONIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Procyon lotor, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Raccoon │ ♂ │ │Mature │7 yrs.│Good │ 9,000.│ 42.│ 4.6 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Common Raccoon │ ♀ │ │Mature │9 yrs.│Good │ 5,450.│ 37.│ 6.9 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Procyon lotor │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hernandezi, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mexican Raccoon │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 6,130.│ 40.│ 6.5 Nasua nasua, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ring tailed │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 1,600.│ 40.│ 25. Coati │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ Ring tailed │ ♂ │ │ │10 mo.│Good │ 1,600.│ 35.│ 24.3 Coati │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nasua narica, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White nosed │ ♂ │Mature│ │8 yrs.│Very thin│ 5,000.│ 44.│ 8.8 Coati │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Potos │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ caudivolvulus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kinkajou │ │Mature│ │3 yrs.│Good │ 1,440.│ 35.│ 24.2 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ URSIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ursus malayanus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sun Bear │ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 41,000.│ 125.│ 3.5 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Ursus beringiana, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kamchatkan Bear │ ♀ │ │ │ │Very thin│ 31,800.│ 315.│ 9.9 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PINNIPEDIA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ OTARIIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Eumetopias │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ stelleri, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Steller’s Sea │ ♂ │ │ │4 yrs.│Very thin│120,400.│ 515.│ 4.27 Lion │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Zalophus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ californianus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ California Hair │ ♂ │ │Mature │6 yrs.│Very good│ 94,000.│ 420.│ 4.46 Seal │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ RODENTIA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MURIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Peromyscus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leucopus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White footed Mouse│ ♀ │5 yrs.│Mature │5 yrs.│Good │ 39.│ 1.│ 25.6 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CASTORIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Castor canadensis,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ American Beaver │ ♀ │ │ │8 yrs.│Good │ 10,000.│ 40.│ 4. │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ OCTODONTIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Myocastor coypus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Coypu │ ♀ │ │ │ │Good │ 2,000.│ 20.│ 10. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HYSTRICIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hystrix │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ longicauda, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Malaccan │ ♀ │ │Mature │18 │Thin │ 6,000.│ 26.│ 4.3 Porcupine │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Erethizon dorsatus│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ dorsatus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Canada Porcupine│ ♀ │ │ │2 mo. │Good │ 4,065.│ 20.│ 4.9 Coendon │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ prehensilis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Brazilian Tree │ ♀ │ │ │1 wk. │Good │ 480.│ 14.│ 29.1 Porcupine │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CAVIIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cavia porcella, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wild Guinea-Pig │ ♂ │ │Mature │6 yrs.│Good │ 320.│ 4.│ 12.5 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Hydrochœrus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hydrochœrus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Capybara │ ♂ │ │ │1 mo. │Good │ 19,000.│ 50.│ 2.63 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PROBOSCIDEA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Elephas maximus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Asiatic Elephant│ ♂ │3 yrs.│Young │1 mo. │Good │241,000.│3,432.│ 14.1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HYRACOIDEA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HYRACIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Procaria capensis,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cape Hyrax │ ♂ │ │ │8 mo. │Good │ 1,800.│ 15.│ 8.3 Cape Hyrax │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 2,170.│ 20.│ 9.2 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ UNGULATA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TAPIRIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tapirus indicus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Malayan Tapir │ ♀ │ │Mature │7 yrs.│Thin │250,000.│ 300.│ 1.2 │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ Malayan Tapir │ ♂ │ │Young │3 mo. │Good │ 80,000.│ 225.│ 2.8 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ EQUIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Equus prjivalskii,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wild Horse │ ♀ │1 wk. │Baby │1 wk. │Good │ 22,700.│ 330.│ 14. Equus burchelli, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Burchell’s Zebra│ ♂ │ │Mature │6 yrs.│Good │341,000.│ 645.│ 1.9 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ BOVIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Strepsiceros │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ capensis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Greater Kudu │ ♂ │ │ │4 mo. │Thin │285,000.│ 290.│ 2.2 Cobus leche, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Leche Antelope │ ♀ │ │Mature │10 │Good │ 52,700.│ 200.│ 3.8 │ │ │ │yrs. 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │mo. │ │ │ │ Damaliscus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ albifrons, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Blessbok │ ♂ │ │Mature │11 │Good │ 58,100.│ 245.│ 4.2 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Boselaphus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ tragocamelus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nylghaie │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │136,300.│ 310.│ 2.3 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Poephagus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ grunniens, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Yak │ ♂ │3 yrs.│Young runt │3 yrs.│Runt │114,000.│ 290.│ 2.5 │ │6 mo. │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Yak │ ♀ │ │Mature │5 yrs.│Thin │177,000.│ 385.│ 2.2 Taurotragus oryx │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ livingstonii, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Livingstone’s │ ♀ │ │Old │13 │Good │327,000.│ 415.│ 1.3 Eland │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Hemitragus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ jemlaicus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Himalayan Thar │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 31,800.│ 165.│ 5.2 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Himalayan Thar │ ♂ │9 mo. │Young │9 mo. │Good │ 9,100.│ 130.│ 16. Ovis tragelaphus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aoudad │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 77,200.│ 233.│ 3. │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Aoudad │ ♀ │ │Old │3 yrs.│Good │ 41,000.│ 195.│ 4.8 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ GIRAFFIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Giraffa │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ camelopardalis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Giraffe │ ♀ │ │ │5 yrs.│Good │500,000.│ 630.│ 1.2 │ │ │ │8 mo. │ │ │ │ Giraffa capensis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Giraffe │ ♂ │ │Old │7 mo. │ │383,000.│ 670.│ 1.7 (Southern) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CERVIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cervus duvanceli, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Barasingha Deer │ ♀ │1 mo. │Baby │1 mo. │Good │ 9,500.│ 121.│ 13. Cervus eldi, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Eld’s Deer │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 59,000.│ 225.│ 3.8 Cervus elaphus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Red Deer │ ♀ │ │ │ │Good │ 72,700.│ 310.│ 4.4 Cervus porcinus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hog Deer │ ♂ │11 mo.│Young │11 mo.│Good │ 25,000.│ 130.│ 5.2 Hog Deer │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 41,000.│ 125.│ 3. │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ Cervus sika │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ manchuricus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Manchurian Sika │ ♂ │ │Mature │6 yrs.│Good │ 56,800.│ 265.│ 4.6 Deer │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Cervus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ cashmirianus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kashmir Deer │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Fair │ 56,800.│ 275.│ 4.6 │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CAMELIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Camelus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ bactrianus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bactrian Camel │ ♂ │ │Mature │11 │Fair │430,000.│ 610.│ 1.4 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ Camelus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ dromidarius, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Camel │ ♀ │ │Mature │5 yrs.│Fair │472,700.│ 465.│ .98 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hippopotamus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ amphibius, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hippopotamus │ ♂ │1 mo. │Baby │1 mo. │Good │ 40,000.│ 195.│ 4.87 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ SUIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Macrocephalus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ africanus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wart Hog │ ♀ │ │Mature │7 yrs.│Good │ 59,000.│ 151.│ 2.5 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Wart Hog │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 82,700.│ 150.│ 1.8 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Wart Hog. │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 90,000.│ 158.│ 1.7 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TAYASSUIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tayassu tajacu, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Peccary │ ♀ │ │Mature │6 yrs.│Good │ 19,650.│ 95.│ 4.8 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Peccary │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 22,700.│ 75.│ 3.3 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ENDENTATA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DASYPODIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tatu novemcinctus,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nine banded │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 1,840.│ 10.│ 5.4 Armadillo │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Myrmecophaga │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ tetradactyla, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tamandua Anteater │ ♀ │ │ │1 wk. │Good │ 3,300.│ 24.│ 7.3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MARSUPIALIA: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DIDELPHYIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Didelphys │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ virginiana, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Opossum │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 2,500.│ 6.5│ 2.6 Common Opossum │ │ │Young │3 mo. │Good │ 351.│ 6.│ 17. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DASYURIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sarcophilus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ursinus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tasmanian Devil │ ♂ │ │Mature │4 yrs.│Thin │ 2,950.│ 8.│ 2.7 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Dasyurus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ viverrinus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Dasyure │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 680.│ 4.5│ 6.6 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Common Dasyure │ ♂ │ │ │8 mo. │Good │ 1,130.│ 5.5│ 4.8 Common Dasyure │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 1,430.│ 7.│ 4.9 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PHASCOLOMYIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Phascolomys │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mitchelli, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wombat. │ ♂ │ │Mature │9 yrs.│Excellent│ 25,900.│ 70.│ 2.7 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MACROPODIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Macropus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ giganteus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Great Gray │ ♂ │ │Mature │3 yrs.│Good │ 34,000.│ 65.│ 1.9 Kangaroo │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Macropus rufus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Red Kangaroo │ ♂ │ │Mature │5 yrs.│Good │ 63,600.│ 70.│ 1.1 │ │ │ │8 mo. │ │ │ │ Macropus unguifer,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nailtailed │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 4,600.│ 12.│ 2.6 Wallaby │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Macropus thetidis,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Thigh striped │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 5,150.│ 25.│ 4.8 Wallaby │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Macropus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ualabatus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black Wallaby │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 8,170.│ 35.│ 4.2 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Aepyprymnus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ rufescens, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rufous Rat │ ♀ │3 yrs.│Mature │3 yrs.│Good │ 1,130.│ 15.│ 13.3 Kangaroo │ │1 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ Rufous Rat │ ♀ │6 yrs.│Mature │6 yrs.│Good │ 1,485.│ 15.│ 10.+ Kangaroo │ │9 mo. │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PASSERES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ICTERIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Quisculus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ quiscula, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Purple Grackle │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 115.│ 2.7│ 23.4 │ │ │ │7 mo. │ │ │ │ Icterus icterus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Common Troupial │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 53.│ 2.│ 27.7 │ │ │ │7 mo. │ │ │ │ Common Troupial │ ♂ │ │ │4 yrs.│Thin │ 68.│ 2.│ 29.4 │ │ │ │7 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PLOCEIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Amadina │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ erythrocephala, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Red headed Finch│ ♀ │ │ │4 yrs.│Good │ 25.│ 1.2│ 48. Munia malacca, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black headed │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 13.│ .7│ 52.6 Finch │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TANAGRIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Euphonia violacea,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Violet Tanager │ ♀ │ │ │2 days│Good │ 15.│ 1.│ 66.6 Violet Tanager │ ♂ │ │ │2 days│Good │ 16.│ 1.│ 62.5 Tanagra cana, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Silver blue │ ♂ │ │ │6 mo. │Good │ 29.│ 1.│ 34.5 Tanager │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Silver blue │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 30.│ 1.│ 33.3 Tanager │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ FRINGILLIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Zonotrichia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ albicollis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White throated │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 35.│ 1.5│ 42.8 Sparrow │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ White throated │ ♂ │ │ │6 mo. │Good │ 32.│ 1.5│ 46.9 Sparrow │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White throated │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 23.│ 1.3│ 56.5 Sparrow │ │ │ │8 mo. │ │ │ │ Eophona melanura, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black tailed │ ♂ │ │ │2 mo. │Good │ 31.│ 2.│ 64.5 Hawfinch │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black tailed │ ♂ │ │ │1 mo. │Good │ 30.│ 1.7│ 56.6 Hawfinch │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Java Sparrow │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 28.│ 1.2│ 42.8 Passerina ciris, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nonpareil │ ♂ │ │ │9 mo. │Good │ 15.│ .5│ 33.3 Bunting │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pipilo │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ erythropthalmus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Towhee │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 16.│ 1.2│ 75. │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TURDIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Turdus iliacus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Red winged │ ♀ │ │ │5 yrs.│Good │ 55.│ 1.5│ 27.2 Thrush │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PITTIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pitta strepitans, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Noisy Pitta. │ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 92.│ 2.5│ 27. │ │ │ │8 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CRATEROPODIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Garrulax │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leucolophus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White crested │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 105.│ 2.7│ 25.7 Jay Thrush │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PICARIÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ RHAMPHASTIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Rhamphastos │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ cuvieri, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cuvier’s Toucan │ ♀ │ │ │11 │Thin │ 356.│ 8.│ 22.4 │ │ │ │yrs. 9│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ BUCEROTIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lephoceros │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ flavirostris, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Yellow billed │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 177.│ 6.│ 33.8 Hornbill │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ STRIGES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ALUCONIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Aluco pratincola, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Am. Barn Owl │ ♂ │ │ │1 mo. │Good │ 470.│ 11.│ 23.4 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ BUBONIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bubo virginianus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Great Horned Owl│ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 1,415.│ 12.│ 8.4 Otus asio asio, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Screech Owl │ ♂ │ │ │1 day │Good │ 122.│ 6.│ 49. Strix varia varia,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Barred Owl │ ♀ │ │ │11 │Good │ 1,022.│ 12.│ 11.6 │ │ │ │yrs. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PSITTACI: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PSITTACIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Conurus cactorum, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cactus conure │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 64.│ 4.│ 62.5 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Chrysotis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leucocephala, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ White fronted │ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 251.│ 8.5│ 33.8 Amazon │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Chrysotis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ levaillanti, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Levaillant’s │ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 300.│ 12.│ 40. Amazon │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ACCIPITRES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ SERPENTARIIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Serpentarius │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ serpentarius, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Secretary │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Good │ 3,768.│ 15.│ 4. Vulture │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ FALCONIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Haliæetus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leucocephalus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bald Eagle │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 2,860.│ 15.│ 5.2 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ COLUMBÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ COLUMBIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ocyphaps lophotes,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Crested Pigeon │ │ │ │3 mo. │Thin │ 142.│ 2.│ 14. Lophophaps │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ leucogaster, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Plumed Pigeon │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 52.│ 1.2│ 23. Phaps chalcoptera,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bronze winged │ ♀ │ │ │4 yrs.│Good │ 219.│ 1.5│ 6.8 Pigeon │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Columba phæonata, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dark backed │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 360.│ 2.│ 5.05 Pigeon │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Scardapella │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ squamosa, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ground Dove │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 23.│ 1.7│ 64. │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ Zenaidura macroura│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ carolinensis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carolina Dove │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Thin │ 92.│ 1.│ 10.8 │ │ │ │9 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ GALLI: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PHASIANIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Coturnix │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ pectoralis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Stubble Quail │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 70.│ .7│ 10. Lophortyx │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ californica │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ californica, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ California Quail│ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 180.│ 1.5│ 8.33 │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ Arboricola │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ atrogularis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black throated │ ♀ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 151.│ 2.5│ 16. Hill Partridge │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Meleagris │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ gallopavo │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ silvestris, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Eastern Wild │ ♂ │ │ │ │Good │ 6,340.│ 12.│ 1.9 Turkey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CRACIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ortalis vetula, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mexican Guan │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Thin │ 442.│ 5.│ 11.3 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ MEGAPODIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Catheturus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ lathami, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Brush Turkey │ ♂ │ │ │3 mo. │Good │ 1,487.│ 5.│ 3.37 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ALECTORIDES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ GRUIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Grus lilfordi, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lilford’s Crane │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 3,790.│ 18.│ 4.7 │ │ │ │4 mo. │ │ │ │ Tetrapteryx │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ paradisea, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Stanley Crane │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 4,450.│ 13.│ 2.9 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ STEGANOPODES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ANHINGIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Anhinga anhinga, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Darter │ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 251.│ 8.5│ 33.8 Darter │ ♀ │ │ │7 yrs.│Good │ 998.│ 6.│ 6. │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ HERODIONES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ARDEIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nycticorax │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ nyctanassa, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Yellow crowned │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 620.│ 7.│ 11.3 Night Heron │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CICONIIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Leptoptilus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ dubius, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Adjutant Stork │ │ │ │ │ │ 7,873.│ 36.│ 4.5 Leptoptilus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ crumeniferus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Marabou Stork │ │ │ │ │ │ 4,580.│ 24.│ 5.2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PLATALEIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Carphibis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ spinicollis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Straw necked │ │ │ │ │ │ 1,665.│ 89.│ 4.8 Ibis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PALAMEDES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Palmadea derbiana,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Derbian Screamer│ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 2,730.│ 10.│ 3.6 Derbian Screamer│ ♂ │ │ │1 wk. │Thin │ 1,700.│ 8.│ 4.7 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ANSERES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ANATIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cygnopsis │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ cygnoides, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Chinese Goose. │ ♂ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 2,740.│ 15.│ 5.5 │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ Plectropterus │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ niger, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Black Spurwinged│ ♂ │ │ │9 yrs.│Good │ 2,735.│ 13.│ 4.7 Goose │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cereopsis novæ- │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ hollandiæ, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Cereopsis Goose │ ♀ │ │ │2 yrs.│Good │ 2,370.│ 9.│ 3.6 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ Cereopsis Goose │ ♂ │ │ │1 yr. │Good │ 2,748.│ 11.│ 4. Anser domesticus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Sebastopol Goose│ ♂ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 3,106.│ 19.│ 6.1 │ │ │ │2 mo. │ │ │ │ Anser fabalis, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bean Goose │ ♂ │ │ │12 │Good │ 2,640.│ 13.│ 4.9 │ │ │ │yrs. 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │mo. │ │ │ │ Chloephaga │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ magellanica, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Upland Goose │ ♂ │ │ │2 wks.│Thin │ 1,822.│ 8.│ 4.4 Coscoroba │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ coscoroba, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Coscoroba Swan │ ♂ │ │ │1 mo. │Good │ 1,915.│ 9.│ 4.7 Anas │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ platyrhynchos, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mallard Duck │ ♀ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 1,471.│ 8.│ 5.4 Mallard Duck. │ ♀ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 525.│ 6.│ 11.4 Dafila acuta, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pintailed Duck. │ │ │ │3 yrs.│Good │ 489.│ 6.│ 12.2 Fuligula ferina, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pochard │ ♂ │ │ │4 yrs.│Good │ 600.│ 6.│ 10. │ │ │ │6 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ STRUTHIONES: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ STRUTHIONIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Struthio │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ molybdophanes, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Samoli Ostrich │ ♀ │ │ │9 yrs.│Thin │ 60,000.│ 37.│ .65 │ │ │ │3 mo. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ CASUARIIDÆ: │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Casuarius │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ papuanus, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Papuan Cassowary│ ♂ │ │ │8 yrs.│Good │ 24,000.│ 30.│ 1.3 ────────────────────┴───┴──────┴───────────┴──────┴─────────┴────────┴──────┴──────