CHAPTER XVIII. Conclusions

CONCLUSIONS

Since, as Weismann admits, interference with the nutrition of the germ plasm will result in the production of variations, the fact is evident that even according to the Weismannian principle the nutrition of the parents will determine the power of the embryo to pass through the various embryonic stages up to the developed child. Impairment of nutrition may check this development at any standpoint, and may thus produce any or all of the defects due to degeneracy. Weismann has no doubt about the inheritance of a "tuberculous habit whose peculiarities are certainly transmissible." Practically, therefore, even according to Weismann, that most emphatic critic of the transmission of hereditary defect, a condition of nervous exhaustion is produced in the parents which may be transmitted as a whole to the offspring, or may simply so affect the ovum as to produce various arrests in development with hypertrophies elsewhere. The influence of nervous prostration in the father may be overcome by conditions in the mother tending to help development. As her share in the germ plasm is most emphatic, not only at the time of the formation, but also during the entire development of the embryo, production of degeneracy will largely depend on her nutrition. The influence of healthy atavism is much more emphatically exerted through the female, albeit even in the male it may overcome the nervous exhaustion of the ancestor so far as reproduction of it is concerned.

While many are called, few, owing to healthy atavism, are therefore chosen for complete degeneracy. Although heredity plays a large part in the degeneracy of the individual, still environment in many cases exerts a greater influence in determining, according as it strengthens or weakens healthy atavism, the depth of degeneracy. Treatment, therefore, both of the individual and of the family is largely a question of prophylaxis or prevention.

In prophylaxis of the family the first indication is to stop the production of degenerates. Two measures have attracted considerable attention, and from their seeming simplicity have met with much favour. The first is regulation of marriage. This, as a means of preventing degeneracy, has been much over-estimated. Laws claiming to regulate marriage have ignored two factors. In the first place the graver degeneracies only are taken into account. From what has been shown as regards the tendency of the degenerate to intermarry, and from the fact that restraints on marriage inevitably result in illicit relationships of permanent character (equally productive of degenerates whose defects have been increased by the condition in which they are born), the only procedure likely to be of value in this relation is to regard marriage simply as a contract designed for certain ends and permit its annulment for fraud, for concealment of defects (intentionally or otherwise) incompatible with the procreation of healthy children. In its essence this is the English common law theory. Its principle is recognised by the divorce codes of various continental European countries. Furthermore, it is on this principle that the Pope not infrequently annuls marriages, divorce not being recognised by the Church of which he is the head. It is certainly best for the stability of the family that unhealthy unions should have the least permanency possible.

Another element in prophylaxis, castration, ignores completely the rights of individuals under the English common law (and, so far as the United States is concerned, a provision of its constitution). Although sacrificing these important guards against that degeneracy in the body politic which inevitably reflects itself in degeneracy in the individual, this procedure fails to accomplish its end, since it ignores completely the principle of transformation in heredity. The distance between the criminals (whom it is proposed to castrate) and the hysteric offspring of good family is not so great that the progeny of one will not be as degenerate as the progeny of the other. Whatever may be said of the value of this procedure as a deterrent, its use as a prophylactic is comparatively small.

Much better results are obtainable by guarding women from the factors of degeneracy during puberty and during matronhood. Many nations whose laws ostentatiously regulate marriage in a manner most oppressive to individual liberty entail by their customs over-work in a spasmodic manner during puberty and during matronhood. Nations whose customs permit women and dogs to be harnessed together as beasts of burden, to carry the hod and to dig trenches for sewers, gas, and waterpipes, cry out very loudly against the dangerous license of the English-speaking nations in permitting women to intrude on male occupations. There is no doubt but that women (and it may be said a large majority of men) are now through evolution unsuited to occupations involving spasmodic expenditure of force, and well suited to those implying continuity. As Bachhofen, Reclus, and Otis T. Mason have shown, two-thirds of the occupations of this last type have been created by women. Man, as Havelock Ellis demonstrates, in accordance with the law of evolutionary advance, is adjusting himself to these occupations. Attempts to regulate employment of women in unhealthy trades are a step in the right direction so far as prevention of a factor of degeneracy is concerned, since it can be carried out without that disregard of personal liberty which is more dangerous in such attempts at regulation than the defect to be regulated.

The periods of menstruation and pregnancy in degenerate women require (from what has been said on maternal impressions) special attention suited to the individual, and not prescribed indiscriminately for all classes. An excellent illustration of the dangers of Procrustean prescription is the instance where the vegetarianism of the mother during pregnancy was followed by the production of ill-nourished offspring. Diet during pregnancy undoubtedly can exercise a great influence for good, but this diet must ignore the "longings" of pregnant women, which are simply the bulimia, or abnormal appetite for food, produced by irritation of the medulla.

In dealing with the toxic factors the question of legal regulation of the opium and alcohol habits requires attention. There is very little doubt but that the routine prescription of alcohol and opium (in the shape of paregoric and soothing syrup) by the laity for painful menses, teething, toothache, &c., underlies many cases of degeneracy in the offspring. This prescription is the more dangerous because it is recommended in the hidden guise of nostrums by hysterics with blatant alcoholophobia. One of the most energetic female advocates of the legal prohibition of alcohol beverages endorsed very emphatically the nostrum of one of her hysteric supporters which contained 50 per cent. alcohol and 1 per cent. each of cocaine and morphine. As the persons largely under the influence of such endorsement were hysterics whose zeal for reform was largely an expression for desire for notoriety, the dangers of its use during menstruation cannot well be over-estimated. To reach this serious source of degeneracy from alcohol and the narcotics, statement on each bottle of the exact composition of nostrums should be exacted by law.

Government could exercise a potent influence for good on alcohol abuse by improvement of sanitary conditions in the tenement or apartment house districts. Experience in New York and elsewhere has shown that improvement in tenement houses produces decided decrease in the number of dram shops in tenement-house neighbourhoods. The earlier tenement-houses in New York, as elsewhere, were originally dwellings intended for one family. As these were replaced by houses specially built for tenements, with proper sanitary arrangements and improved ventilation, not only did a tremendous decrease occur in the infantile death-rate, but a decrease also in the patronage of dram shops. In many instances it was apparent that alcoholic abuse had grown out of poverty. Foul air and crowded quarters had begotten not only a desire for stimulants but a desire for social intercourse. The dram shop met social needs as a club. It is along this line that Government can make best use of its police powers.

The Government, in exercise of its police powers directed to sanitary ends, could enable the trade unions to secure improved sanitation in shops in which occupations unhealthy by themselves or because of environment, are carried on. In this way improved sanitation of unhealthy occupations could be best secured.

The prophylaxis of degeneracy in the mother and father may be summed up as simply the prevention of a state of neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion, whether this condition (involving the functions of growth, motion and sensation, which, as Marinesco has shown, exist in every neuron and its processes) exhibit itself in the general nervous system or in the organs connected with alimentation, elaboration, and excretion. Every factor of acquired degeneracy produces what is practically this condition of neurasthenia ere exerting any influence in the production of degeneracy. In other words, the neurasthenia of the ancestor becomes the neurosis of the descendant. Therefore the neurasthenia requires in its treatment in the ancestor the removal of the exciting cause and the treatment of the effect by physiologic rest in the truest sense of the word. In a general way, therefore, the ordinary principles of hygiene applied to each individual case will suffice to prevent development of this neurasthenia. The part of Government in this is very small. It is true here that, as remarked by Johnson--

"How small of all that human hearts endure, That part which kings or laws can cure!"

Training of the individual rather than governmental regulation must be the factor to prevent degeneracy in the ancestor. Indeed governmental regulation by injuring self-reliance (that factor so easily destroyed and so hardly regained) may itself be a potent factor in degeneracy.

Prophylaxis of degeneracy in the individual should commence with the birth of the child. Whatever may be said of hypothetical ante-natal training, there is no doubt that considerable benefit can be accomplished during the first months of life. As the great aim of training is to secure self-control, it must be obvious that to accustom an infant to expect attention at every moment it cries, whether the cry be the expression of need or not, is to weaken, not to strengthen, its self-control. Furthermore, regularity in bodily functions is a great source of strength. The child can be trained during the first months of life by careful attention to its wants on the one hand, and as careful inattention to its caprice on the other, so that all its functions become equably regular and automatic. With this regularity many of the factors underlying caprice, peevishness, and anger can be prevented in the earliest months of life. Unless there be enormous deficiency in the associating fibres a good start can then be made toward the creation of a secondary ego. It is at this period and during that of the first dentition that training is too often neglected or perverted in such a way as to strengthen the primary ego at the expense of the secondary. At this period the extent of training needed may be judged by the amount of stigmata, few though they be, present in the child. With the period of the first dentition certain mental and nervous stigmata manifest themselves. If the child be liable to convulsions on the slightest causes, if it manifest screaming fits without apparent reason, if it be frequently assailed by night terrors, serious attention is needed, and this attention should be directed not only to its mental and nervous condition, but also to its functions of assimilation, elaboration, and excretion. Here dangerous degeneracy may show itself which is not apparent elsewhere. The training of the child should be conducted along the lines recommended during the first months of life. The essential principles governing this have been excellently outlined by Jules Morel. The treatment of all degenerates, and consequently their preservation from the evils that threaten them, ought to begin in their earliest infancy. First avoid exaggerating hereditary predisposition when serious neurosis has occurred in the parental line. Too often such a conclusion is adopted, and hope of recovery in the descendants is abandoned because one of the parents or the grandparents was affected with insanity by reason of organic disease of the brain. Preliminary examination of the neurotic needs to be made before one is enabled to judge as to the effects of heredity. Only after a careful examination can the extent of heredity be determined. The proof will be beyond doubt when in parents and in their children stigmata of anatomic and physical degeneration are abundantly found.

In dealing with the question of the education of the child, the signs of fatigue expressed in the ears and face should receive attention. Attempts are being made in the schools of Chicago and elsewhere to determine these. The following schedule prepared by Colin A. Scott for the Chicago Public Schools is an excellent means towards this end:--

Eye:--Each eye should be examined separately and in a good light. Hold a card over one eye while the other is being examined. In using the optometer, find the place where vision of the dots is the easiest and most distinct. In using Snellen's test card, place the pupil at the distance marked upon the card. Have him begin at the top and read down as far as he can, first with one eye and then with the other. He should be able to read a majority of the test type. Test with optometer, and in reporting use the number on the stem preceded by F for far-sightedness, and N for near-sightedness.

Place the card for astigmatism at the distance marked upon it. Cover one eye and ask pupil to indicate, without moving nearer, the circles which appear blacker or lighter than the others. Bring the card nearer and find at how many feet distant he still sees any of the circles darker or lighter than the others. At a sufficient distance every one betrays some degree of astigmatism, which is of consequence as a defect only when capable of detection within the distance indicated upon the card. Outside of this point astigmatism may be reckoned as absent and marked 0 in the report. Note if the pupil suffers habitually from inflamed eyelids, and inquire if he complains of tired and painful eyes or headaches after reading, studying, or using his eyes in other similar ways. Note any other defect of formation or position of either eye. Test the movement of the eyes by moving a coin to about eighteen inches of the eyes.

Test each ear with the same watch in the same place and position. Establish the normal degree of hearing for your room under these conditions. Describe each ear in the report as--(1) normal; (2) slightly hard of hearing; (3) hard of hearing; (4) considerably deaf; or (5) deaf. As a further test, place the pupil at a distance and ask him to repeat a number of words or letters. In all of these tests care must be taken to avoid the possibility of suggestion in asking questions or by other means. Note if the child is a mouth-breather, or gives other signs of adenoids or enlarged tonsils. Notice circulation in each ear.

Signs of Fatigue, &c.:--In no case should it be said in the presence of a young child that he is nervous or defective in development or nutrition.

Note the position and balance of the body in standing and sitting, and whether the movements are--(1) habitually restless and fidgety; (2) note especially the balance of the head; and (3) position and occupation of the hands, showing nervousness or not; (4) note any twitching or marked lack of motor control in any part of the body; (5) note whether the pupil flushes periodically or frequently; is the pupil (6) easily excited or (7) fatigued by task in school or at home? Inquire if the pupil has frequent "morning tire" (number of days per month) or headaches not connected with serious defects of the eyes. (8) Is he unduly irritable or irascible? Are there any other signs of lack of emotional control--for example, (9) being too easily impressed; or (10) with an undue tendency to tears, or uncontrollable laughter?

Note the general condition of bodily nutrition (this by no means depends directly upon food), and the number of signs of failure in physical development (height, weight, &c.)

Researches along this line in Germany and England have shown that the fatigue produced by studies varies, and that it is possible by arranging sequence of studies to remove fatigue produced by one study through the rest furnished by another. It has been found that biology exhausts least and mathematics and grammar most. While there is undoubtedly a spirit of emulation stirred by these last two studies which is injurious, the limited associations affected by them are further a source of fatigue as well. The numerous associations of biology afford points of rest on the one hand while not tending to emulation on the other. It is this spirit of emulation, with its attendant alternation of worry and hope, that causes so many of the acquired nervous disorders of the adult, and which hence is obviously much more potent for evil in the child.

Physical and mental training in the special asylums for imbeciles and idiots gives such splendid results that it is surprising that parents, and especially those charged with bad heredity, are not encouraged and advised by their physicians and friends to try from the first year of the child's life special measures for their preservation. If a persevering physical and psychic management of the weak-minded gives such admirable results in asylums, it would be still better if the child could be trained from the earliest period of its life. This subject is ignored by the public, and in every case not sufficiently appreciated. First of all try to preserve patients of a nervous or of a weak constitution. They should know in what state of health they are living, they must be informed of the great danger of matrimonial union with a person of the same tendencies, and especially when consanguinity exists between them. The greatest care is to be given to children of this class. Experience has already led to the conclusion that mental and physical overwork increases this defect: hence young brains must not be over-excited with worry or emotionalism. The will of children ought to be cultivated and strengthened. Their minds should be methodically educated. The bodily functions should never be artificially stimulated in any way, to increase unduly the assimilation of the food. Development of the intelligence, the sensibility and the physical training, should be looked after in the same way. Once a plan of living is laid down it should be followed. Success depends on this. The great influence of hygienic conditions (air, light, food, dress, habitation, sleep, muscular exercise, &c.) should not be forgotten, for without them efforts made for mental training are useless. By putting these methods into execution an increase of the congenital taint is prevented, and such methods perceptibly amend the psychopathic depreciation which in the usual way of living would certainly become worse. The object very often thus secured is double; aggravation has been prevented, amelioration has been obtained.

In dealing with nervous exhaustion produced by the infectious diseases, the dangers of the convalescent period are not sufficiently taken into account. Parents are but too apt from mistaken motives of economy to dismiss the physician at the onset of convalescence. It is precisely at this period that the system hovers between permanent systemic defect and recovery. Proper diet and proper training at this time will often prevent the checking of puberty development, and hence a breakdown under the stress of that period. The same is true of the convalescent period from such diseases in adults. Many a mother has thus injured her constitution and given birth to degenerate children in marked contrast with the normality of the children born before.

Frequently efforts are unsuccessful either because the family physician and the educator have no time to superintend treatment, or because they are unable, for many reasons, to individualise treatment properly. Hence the high value of well-organised special boarding schools for the degenerate.

The special aim, says Koch, is to teach the patient to govern himself, to repose confidence in himself. To reach this end a great deal is required of him who undertakes the treatment. He has to exercise himself with patience. He must know how to divide the time for work and the time for rest. For many of these ill-balanced subjects variety is wanted as well in physical work as mental training.

Those charged with these remedies, exercising good judgment, are soon able to distinguish the more favourable cases from the more difficult. They can soon say that a favourable remedy for the one may be noxious for another, and vice versâ. Tonics, spirits, cold baths, &c., and even hypnotism may be tried, but great caution is to be exercised, and these remedies should never be employed except by prescription of physicians.

Even subjects of congenital mental instability suffering from obsession (imperative ideas) without delusions are not inaccessible to treatment. In these cases naturally the most important part belongs to the medical treatment as in most mental cases. The more serious cases, dating from the first youth and aggravated in proportion to the age, are not to be completely cured. The progressive evolution can be stopped and patients ameliorated in such a way that improvement makes their life bearable.

The same results can be obtained with less degenerate subjects. Success occurs often when patients are enabled to understand the nature of their sufferings, to discern that their disease does not belong to insanity, that it is unlikely to lead to mental disease. This understanding is one of the best of all anodynes. Donders, of Utrecht, said to one of his patients suffering from optic hyperæsthesia of neurasthenic origin: "What medicine cannot do, time and oftentime hygiene realise." The intelligent patient having thus received assurance of his sight, good hygiene and mental rest soon after produced a cure. Acquired mental depreciation may exist from the first years of the child's life. These depreciations in proportion to their intensity are characterised by fatigue and even nervous exhaustion accompanied with physical weakness and functional trouble in one or more organs of sense, by pathological debility of the intelligence and impaired memory especially for recent facts, difficulty of comprehension and of associating ideas and judgment, as well as worries, fears, despairs, especially in cases of intoxications by morphine, cocaine, bromides, coffee, &c. These are increased by irritability and excitability when the troubles arise from onanism, puberty, or other periods of transformation in the sexual life.

Fight from the first the symptoms of predisposing and occasional causes, because if aggravation be prevented recovery is possible. Especially in these depreciations must the physician utilise all his knowledge and prove that only mental science is sufficient to cure such patients. Not only has he to guide the intellectual life, and life of sensibility and will, but he has also to remedy the morbid physical conditions, to superintend the general régime, times of work and rest, air, light, dressing, preservation from alcoholic and other excesses.

One great element of possible danger of the first importance is training in the sexual sphere. To avoid and at the same time to enlighten is the problem presented. In dealing with this problem the great requirement, balance, not repression, must be kept in mind. Masturbation is very frequently an expression not of mental or moral deficiency, but of purely local (first in at least most cases) physical conditions. Irritation (from the presence of worms in the rectum or vagina, an intensely acid state of the urine, or constipation) to male foreskin and female clitoris has produced a local itching, the attempt to relieve which has led to masturbation. Granting all that has been said about the deteriorating effects, especially in degenerates, the source should first be sought here. Attention to these physical states will often prevent the development of this practice and its resultant moral deterioration.

In dealing with the sexual appetite the fact should be remembered that encouragement of healthy modesty is a duty in both sexes, and pre-eminently so in the male. Too much of what is called "sexual purity" is very often an expression of sexual perversity. While great stress has been laid on the evil effects of association between boys, too little stress has been laid on the danger of the training of boys by women. The sexual history of boys often demonstrates that their initiation into the sexual life was first at the instance of women older than themselves, often servants, but not rarely sexual "purists" or persons whose ostentatious religiosity covered a sexual perversity. In the healthy association of the sexes there is very little danger, but in such morbid association there is great danger, the more that the morbid conceals itself under religiosity and the allied phases of sexual perversion. Great stress has been laid on the dangers of co-education, but the growing opinion is that education limited to one sex is the source of even greater dangers to both boy and girl. It is a matter of common observation among genito-urinary specialists, alienists and gynecologists, that much of the alleged "purity" so ostentatiously displayed by graduates of colleges limited to one sex, is often the offspring of a sexual perversion which, whether congenital or not, has been fostered by the environment of one sex without the modifying, healthy influence of the other.

In dealing with these cases the stigmata first likely to attract the physician's attention are in the milder cases those of the jaws, teeth, nose, throat, ear, and eye. Rapid decay of the teeth often leads to the discovery not merely of constitutional degeneracy, but also of the effects of certain strains which aggravated this. Dentists, mouth, throat, ear, and to a lesser degree eye specialists, are hence in a position to detect degeneracy at its outset. If they do not put the cart before the horse, and refer the constitutional symptoms to the local disturbances, they are in a position to be of eminent service to the race.

What Jules Morel has said of the more evident degenerates is equally true of the others. Education should be conducted along the lines which Froebel indicated when he pointed out that play is the child's work, and that a development of this work is the natural problem for education. Extension of the general training of the whole body, from the properly conducted kindergarten to the school, is the principle on which all education should be conducted. This is recognised by advanced educators, as previously it had been recognised by the physician confronted with the effects of school strain resulting from the opposite theory. Manual training is a principle long adopted by idiot schools, where training of certain muscles through both mental and physical methods precedes intellectual training alone. Manual training may, however, be the source of equal dangers with the excessive abuse of intellectual training which preceded it. In the education of the degenerate, as in the education of the other members of the race, the true source of success is to avoid "the falsehood of extremes."

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Agassiz, 43

Aitken, Sir W., 86

Alexander, Harriet C. B., 57, 151, 285, 320, 335

Amabile, 61, 109

Amadei, 20

Annandale, 263

Andronico, 319

Anstie, 83

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 6

Aristotle, 5, 6, 10, 11, 66

Attmyer, 12

Aubry, 77

Augustine, St., 6

Awl, 144

Ayres, Howard, 201

Bacon, Francis, 3

Bacon, Roger, 6

Bachhofen, 349

Baer, Von, 13, 70, 172

Bannister, H. M., 87

Bastian, 297

Bauer, S., 47

Beach, Fletcher, 25

Bemiss, S. M., 81, 86

Benedikt, 22

Berwig, Elise, 60

Billod, 143

Bischoff, 298

Bjornstrom, 20

Bock, 204

Boëthius, 4

Bourgeois, 86

Bremer, L., 117

Brigham, 8, 18, 21, 144

Broca, 18

Brown-Sequard, 48

Bruce, 204

Buchanan, 214

Buffon, 5, 67

Bullard, 115, 116

Bulwer, 122

Bureau, 109

Burnett, 45

Burton, 3

Byron, Lord, 78

Calkins, 109

Campagne, 18, 176

Camper, 12, 181, 183, 185, 187

Carpenter, G. T., 245

Carson, 61

Catlin, 173

Charrin, 65, 71, 72, 122

Chiarrurgi, 8

Christopher, W. S., 145, 150, 156

Clapham, Crochley, 176

Clark, C. K., 142

Clouston, 25, 336

Cohen, M. A., 47, 48

Cohn, 287

Conger, 88, 89

Coolidge, F. S., 71, 122, 268

Cope, E. D., 52, 179

Cowles, 21

Cullen, 287

Cunningham, 31

Dally, 12

Dana, C. L., 24, 197, 337

Dareste, 67, 70, 203, 268, 301

Darier, 90

Davis, Barnard, 174

Davis, Chas., 81

Darwin, Chas., 9, 131, 212, 213, 214

Darwin, Erasmus, 7, 12

Darwin, G. H., 82, 83

Defoe, 92

Demarquay, 200

Dent, 286

Des Champs, 332, 334

Despine, 18

Dewees, W. P., 125

Dickens, Chas., 289

Dixon, 102

Dohrn, 5, 15, 32

Donders, 359

Down, Langdon, 25, 82, 91, 105, 199, 331

Double, Le, 64

Doutrebente, 75

Dryden, 10

Duncan, J. M., 91

Du Puy, 50, 51, 52, 71

Dumas, Alexander, 322

Dyer, Thistleton, 2

Earle, F. B., 61, 109

Eimer, 49

Ellis, Havelock, 34, 103, 133, 349

Erlenmeyer, 61, 109

Esquirol, 9, 24

Etienne, 115

Ewald, 159

Eykman, 137

Farnham, Eliza, 2

Féré, 45, 56, 66, 69, 159, 200, 289

Felken, 138, 139

Fernelius, 3

Fisher, 21

Fletcher, 142

Folsom, 21, 154, 203

Fothergill, 31, 287

Foville, 20, 175, 362

Fowler, G. B., 157

Frigerio, 217, 218

Galen, 5

Galt, 18, 21

Galton, 54, 207

Geddes, 40

Gibney, V. P., 55

Gihon, 135

Giovanni, De, 73, 126

Gley, 65, 71, 72, 122

Godding, W. W., 21, 22

Goethe, 6

Gomme, 95

Gordon, B. O., 47, 48

Gray, J. P., 22, 24, 62

Grenzer, 199

Griesinger, 24

Grille, 20

Grimaldi, 320

Grohmann, 12, 17

Hæckel, 282

Hamilton, A. McL., 24

Hammond, W. A., 328

Hannover, 203

Harris, Elisha, 18

Harvey, William, 1

Hawthorne, N., 218

Heschl, 314

Heuse, 64

Heusinger, 10

Hilaire, G. St., 6

Hippocrates, 6, 138

His, 303

Hogden, 119

Howard, H., 24

Howe, Delia E., 194

Hoyt, C. S., 20

Hubbard, F. H., 20, 61, 109

Hughes, C. H., 21, 61, 109

Huss, 105

Huss, Magnus, 107

Hutchinson, 200, 238, 240

Huth, A. H., 82, 83

Ireland, 25, 201

Irving, Washington, 43

Itard, 25

Jacobi, 9, 25

James, Alex., 73

Johnson, 105

Johnston, Sir H. H., 101, 117, 118

Julien, 281

Kant, 162

Kasparek, 64

Keane, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99

Kerlin, 20, 21, 24, 25

Key, Axel, 20

Kiernan, J. G., 1, 8, 10, 22, 24, 30, 53, 59, 62, 63, 71, 73, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 105, 106, 109, 119, 139, 144, 152, 166, 201, 206, 265, 267, 278, 285, 296, 297, 300, 320, 325, 333

Kingsley, 181

Knecht, 199

Kowalevsky, 14, 19

Krafft-Ebing, 20, 66, 105, 323, 324

Koch, 368

Lagorio, A., 59

Lamarck, 7

Landolt, 204

Lankester, Ray, 14, 31

Laing, 96

Lauvergne, 12

Le Double, 64

Lélut, 12

Levenstein, 61

Lind, Jas., 138

Lockwood, 48

Lombroso, 13, 21, 60, 320, 331

Lucas, Prosper, 12, 200

Luys, 78

Macaulay, 5

Macdonald, Jas., 21

Magalhaes, 330

Magnan, 20

Manning, 87

Marestang, 137

Marie, 278

Marro, 89

Marsh, 200

Marshall, 17

Mason, O. P., 349

Maudsley, 17, 24, 25, 66

Maupas, 41, 44, 80

Maupertius, 263

Mattison, 61, 109

McFarland, A., 21

McBride, J. H., 21

Meige, 274

Menatta, 102, 103

Mendel, 117

Mercier, 66

Merrick, 319

Merrill, 64

Meynert, 15, 20, 66, 298, 299, 312

Mickle, 176

Mills, C. K., 25, 304, 305

Milne-Edwards, 333

Minot, 35, 161, 178

Mitchell, A., 82, 91

Mitchell, Weir, 159

Monteyel, De, 87, 285

Moor, 71

Moquia-Tandea, 43

Moreau (de Tours), 10, 12, 16, 66, 72

Morel, A. B., 9, 10, 13, 24, 27, 63, 66, 67, 142, 213

Morel, Jules, 253, 362

Morton, 173

Moyer, H. N., 268

Muhr, 303

Mummery, 247

Munson, 141

Murray, 200

Murrell, 61, 109

Myer, Ludwig, 214

Nichols, C. H., 21

Nicolson, 20, 25

Niepce, 7

Nothnagel, 338

Obersteiner, 50

Obici, 175

Ogle, 200

Osborn, 5, 202

Osler, 25, 286, 289

Paddock, C. E., 73, 129

Parkman, 8, 12, 153

Patterson, 21, 144

Petrie, Flinders, 96

Petersen, F., 173

Phisalix, C., 204

Pinckard, C. P., 206

Pinel, 8

Planches, Tanquerel des, 119

Plato, 11

Potain, 286

Prichard, 8, 18

Proctor, 53

Pruner-Bey, 132

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 111

Ray, I., 8, 24, 81

Réclus, 349

Remondino, P. C., 47

Rennert, 62, 119

Ribot, 45

Ricochon, 73

Rilliet, 80

Ringer, 109

Roller, 87

Rolph, 106

Roof, 106

Rosser, C. V., 246

Royce, 18

Rush, Benjamin, 7, 18, 21, 66, 109

Sachs, B., 165

Sampson, 12

Sander, 16, 298, 299

Saulle, Legrande du, 59

Schüle, 20

Scott, Sir Walter, 95

Scott, Colin A., 156, 254

Semper, 202

Shakespeare, 1

Shuttleworth, 25

Siebold, 43

Souques, 287

Spencer, 28, 70

Spitzka, 20, 21, 24, 42, 43, 45, 59, 66, 67, 91, 105, 176, 294, 296, 297, 300, 302, 305, 325, 338

Stearns, H. M., 24

Stedman, 8

Stokvis, 136, 137, 138

Strahan, 76, 77, 83, 86

Saurez, 6

Sue, Eugene, 12

Suetonius, 6

Sully, 150

Sutton, Bland, 27, 28

Sylvius, 5

Tamassia, 20

Tamburini, 20

Tarnowsky, Pauline, 199, 319, 320

Taylor, 94, 96

Tennyson, Lord, 62

Tessier, 9

Thiebault, 86, 87

Thomson, Bruce, 8, 25

Tissot, 8

Tonnini, 20

Topinard, 96

Trélat, 200

Tuke, D. H., 80

Tyler, 174

Tyndall, 25, 318

Valenta, 285

Valude, 204

Verga, 20

Vecchio, Dei, 175

Vesalius, 5

Viault, 139

Vidocq, 12

Virchow, 50

Voisin, 12

Vogt, 17, 95, 132, 133

Warner, Francis, 155

Weigenberg, 42

Weismann, 46, 47, 51, 52, 125, 130, 131, 346

Westphal, 1, 20, 49, 50

Wharton, 268

Wilbur, 21

Wiley, 14

Wilson, D., 100

Wilson, G., 19

Wilson, 13

Wilmarth, A. W., 305

Wolf, William, 47

Wood, Jas., 115

Workman, J., 25, 88

Ziegler, 296

Zola, 77

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Achondroplasia, 267

Acrocephaly, 171

Acromegaly, 37, 278, 279, 280

Alcohol, 350

Alcohol and Degeneracy, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108

Ambidexterity, 55

Animals and Defectives, 1

Anthropology, Morel on Morbid, 13

Anthropoid Apes, 34

Appendix Vermiformis, 30, 290, 291, 292, 293

Arch of Jaw, Deformed, 249, 250, 251, 252

Arch of Jaw, Normal, 248, 249

Arrest of Development, 30

Artero-capillary fibrosis, 288

Atavism, 40, 307, 311, 347

"Bleeders," 286, 287

Blue Babies, 284

Bowel Disorders from School Strain, 157, 158

Brachycephaly, 170, 171, 172

Brain, Criminal, 22, 295, 304 " Degeneracy of, 294, 295 " Degeneracy, Types of, 295, 296, 297, 298 " Imbecile, 297, 304, 305 " Weight of, and Intellect, 166, 300

Breasts, Degeneracy of, 274

Cancer, Degenerate nature of, 28 " Fecundity in, 74, 75, 76, 77

Castration, 3, 4, 348

Cell and Heredity, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51

Chæmacephaly, 171

Chest, Deformities of, 261, 262 " Degenerate, 261, 271

Child and Degeneracy, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 " and nutrition, 141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 Fatigue in, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357 Neurotic, 335, 336, 337

Chondrocranium, 163, 164

Circumcision, 47, 48

Cleft-Palate, 197, 198, 200

Climate and Degeneracy, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140

Cloaca, 283

Club-foot, 267, 268

Club-hand, 267, 268

Coca and Degeneracy, 117, 118

Coccyx, 259, 260

Coffee and Degeneracy, 116

Collateral Heredity, 46

Concrescence Theory, 221, 222, 223

Conjugation and Nutrition, 42

Contagion and Degeneracy, 121, 122, 123, 124

Convalescence, Hygiene of, 350, 351

Cranium, Degenerate, 165 " Embryology of, 161, 162

Crime, 318, 319

Criminal, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25 " Brain, 22, 295, 304 " Stigmata, 18

Criminology, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25

Cryptorchidism, 274, 283

Cuvier, Brain of, 166

Cyclopic Eye, 33, 202, 203, 204, 205

Darwin's Tubercle, 212, 213, 214, 215

Deaf-mutism, 283

Degeneracy, 2, 15, 19 " Alcoholic, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 " Childhood and, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 " Child Nutrition and, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 " Climate and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 " Coca, 117, 118 " Coffee, 116 " Contagion and, 121, 123, 124 " Disease and, 28 " Ethical, 37 " Folklore of, 1 " Fungi and, 143, 144 " Infection, 121, 123, 124 " Intellectual, 37 " Isolation, 144 " Local, 38 " Maize, 143 " Mental, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345 " Metallic Poisoning, 119, 120 " Moral, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345 " Neurasthenia, 39 " Nutritive, 38 " Opium, 109, 110 " Parental Age and, 89 " Potato, 144 " Prophylaxis of, 351, 352, 353 " Race Intermixture and, 92, 93, 97, 99 " Reversional, 38 " Savages and, 1, 2 " School Strain and, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157 " Sensory, 37 " Soil and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 " Spinal, 38 " Stigmata of, 37 " Syphilis and, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 " Tea, 115, 116 " Tobacco, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 " Toxic Agents and, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 " Tuberculosis and, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128

Development, Arrested, 68, 69, 70 " Excessive, 68, 69, 70

Diabetes, Fecundity in, 73, 74

Dipsomania, 337, 338

Direct Heredity, 45

Dolichocephaly, 169, 170

Durencephaly, 315

Dwarfism, 277, 278

Ear, Evolution of, 207 " Jug-handled, 213, 214 " Morel, 213, 214 " Satanic, 218

Ectrodactylia, 263

Ectromelia, 262

Embryology, Morbid, 71, 72, 73 " Vertebrate, 70

Environment, 350, 351

Epilepsy, 6, 313, 338, 339, 343

Epistaxis in Degenerates, 194

Evolution and Disease, 28 " in Fertilisation, 41

Eye Degeneracy, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 " Evolution of, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207

Face and Brain, 34, 35, 36, 37 " Degenerate, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188 " Embryology of, 35, 36, 37, 38, 181, 182, 183 " Evolution of, 35, 36, 37, 38, 181, 182, 183 " Ideal, 181 " in Man, 34, 35, 36, 37 " in the Vertebrates, 34, 35, 36, 37

Facial Angle, 181, 182

Fatigue at Puberty, 154, 155

Fecundity and Mortality, 30

Feminism, 273, 274, 275, 276

Fertilisation, Evolution in, 41

Fetichism and Defectives, 1

Fingers, Degenerate, 263, 264, 265, 266

Folklore of Degeneracy, 1

Foot, Flat, 280, 281 " Prehensile, 281

Fungi and Degeneracy, 143, 144

Genius, 11 " and the Child Type, 35

Giantism, 277, 278

Goitre, 141

Golden Age Myth, 2

Gout, 289

Hare-lip, 200, 201

Hæmophilia, 286

Heredity, 2, 3, 19, 40 " of Acquired Characters, 48 " and Ambidexterity, 55

Heredity and Atavism, 70 " of Circumcision, 47, 48 " and Face Deformity, 55 " and Germ Plasm, 46, 346 " and Hairy Deformity, 53 " and Healthy Atavism, 63, 64, 65 " and Hernia, 268, 269 " Indirect, 45 " Morbid Manifestations of, 69 " Motor Disturbance and, 56 " Mutilation and, 48, 49, 50 " and Onychophagia, 55 " Reversional, 52, 53, 54 " Sexes in, 44, 45, 46, 47 " Skin Deformity and, 53 " Transformation of, 75, 76 " Types of, 45, 46

Hermaphrodism, 41, 42, 60

Heterophagy, 42

Hutchinson's Teeth, 238, 240

Hydrocephaly, 166

Idiot, 17, 25 " Biology of, 17, 25 " Brain of, 17, 25 " Epileptic Change in, 25

Ichthyosis, 288

Individuation, 28, 29

Inebriety, 337, 338

Infantilism, 272, 276, 278

Infection and Degeneracy, 121, 122, 123, 124

Intermarriage, 81 " Consanguinous, 83 " Neurotic, 87

Instinct, 317

Intermaxillary Bones, 5

Iris, 206

Isophagy, 42

Isolation and Degeneracy, 144

Jaws-- " Blind, 257 " Criminal, 258 " Deaf-mutes, 257 " Degenerate, 239, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 256 " Evolution, 232 " Idiot, 257 " Inebriate, 257 " Insane, 257 " Prostitutes, 257 " Stigmata of, 253, 254, 255

Kephalones, 167

Kleptomania, 338

Klinocephaly, 170

Kidney Disorders from School Strain, 158

Law of Economy of Growth, 67

Leontiasis, 278, 279

Leptocephaly, 170

Limbs, Degenerate, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266

Lipomatosis, 289

Macrocephaly, 166

Macrodactylia, 266

Macrophthalmia, 206

Maize and Degeneracy, 143

Marriage, Regulation of, 81, 83, 87, 347, 348

Masculinism, 273, 274, 275, 276

Maternal Diet and the Foetus, 60 " Emotional Stress and Foetal Defect, 59, 60, 61 " Impressions in Bird, 57, 58 " Impressions in Man, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62 " Lead Poisoning and the Foetus, 62 " Opium Habit and the Foetus, 61, 62 " Sensory Disturbance and the Foetus, 56 " Stigmatisation and the Foetus, 57

Merycism, 293

Mesocephaly, 169

Metallic Poisoning and Degeneracy, 119, 120

Microcephaly, 167, 168

Microdactylia, 266

Microphthalmia, 206

Monstrosity artificially Produced, 67, 68

Moral Insanity, 4, 25

Mouth-breathing, 248

Muscle Degeneracy, 268

Myxoedema, 288

Nanocephaly, 168

Nervous Heredity, 16

Nervous Prostration, 351, 352, 357

Neurotics, 333, 334

Nose Degeneracy, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193 " Degeneracy and Tuberculosis, 193 " Development of, 193, 194 " Erectile Tissue of, 194 " in Bleeders, 194, 195

Night Terrors, 152

Nutrition and Conjugation, 41, 42

Nymphomania, 338

Obesity-- " Fecundity in, 72, 73 " Juvenile, 159, 289

Occiput Degeneracy, 175

Onychophagia, 55

Opium and Degeneracy, 109

Opium Habit, 350

Organs as Parasites, 30

Pachycephaly, 171

Paranoia, 325

Paranucleus, Hermaphrodism of, 41

Parasitism, 30

Palate Degeneracy, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200

Parental Age and Degeneracy, 89

Parthenogenesis, 44

Patella Degeneracy, 268

Paupers, 19

Periods of Stress in Man, 33

Perversion, Sexual, 319, 320, 321

Pessimist, 331

Phocomelia, 262

Phthisis, Degeneracy Stigmata of, 78 " Fecundity in, 71, 72, 73 " Nervous States of, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75

Physical Effects of School Strain, 152, 153

Pineal Body, 202

Plagiocephaly, 172

Platycephaly, 171

Plural Births, 285, 286

Polydactylia, 263, 264, 265, 266

Polydactylism, 263, 264, 265, 266

Polymastia, 284

Porencephaly, 314

Potato and Degeneracy, 144

Predisposition, Unilateral, 64

Prostitution, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322

Puberty, Anomalies of, 154 " in Anthropoid Apes, 34, 35 " in Europeans, 35, 36 " and Maturity Development, 36, 37 " in Negro, 35 " Promise and Maturity Fulfilment, 35, 36, 37

Pyromania, 338

Race Intermixture, 93

Reasoning Maniacs, 327

Reproduction Cell, 28 " Destroyed Tissue and, 40 " Unicellular, 42 " Unisexual, 29 " Virgin, 44

Rheumatism and Gout, Fecundity in, 72, 73

Ribs, Degenerate, 260

Sacrum, 259, 260

Satyriasis, 333, 338

Scaphocephaly, 174

School Strain and Degeneracy, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 354, 355, 356, 357

School Strain and Puberty Anomalies, 154

School Overstrain, 354, 355, 356, 357

Sea Squirt, 14

Sexdigitism, 263

Sexual Appetite, Training of, 361 " "Purity," 361 " Perversion, 319, 320, 321

Skin, Senile, 287, 288, 289

Skull, Flattened, 171

Soil and Degeneracy, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149

Spenocephaly, 169

Spina-bifida, 258, 259

Spine, Development of 258, 259, 260

Sterility, Race Intermixture and, 98

Stigmata, 1, 27

Stigmata, Union of, 263

Stomach Disorders from School Strain, 158

Studies, Alternation of, 358

Sub-microcephaly and Intellect, 167

Suture Closing and Brain Defect, 162, 163, 164, 165

Symelia, 262

Syndactylia, 263

Syphilis and Degeneracy, 128

Tail in Degenerates, 260

Tapeisocephaly, 172

Teeth-- " Atavistic, 232, 233, 234, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 247 " Degenerate, 219, 226, 231, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248 " Evolution of, 220, 221 " Supernumerary, 230, 232, 233 " and Hair Deformity 53, 54

Tobacco and Degeneracy, 111, 112, 113

Tramps, 331

Trigonocephaly, 173

Trochocephaly, 172

Tuberculosis and Degeneracy, 124, 125, 126, 127

Tumours, 285, 286

Unhealthy Trades, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353

Unilateral Predisposition, 63, 64

Uvula Degeneracy, 198

Women-- " Neurotic, 332 " Occupations of, 349, 350, 351 " Status in Evolution, 274

UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.

FOOTNOTES:

Alienist and Neurologist, 1895.

Folklore of Shakespeare.

Anatomy of Melancholy, sixth edition, 1652, part i., sec. ii., mem. i., sub. sec. vi.

From the Greeks to Darwin, p. 25.

Works, Sydenham Society Edition.

Histoire Naturelle, edition 1761.

Zoonomia, "Generation," vol. i.

Diseases of the Mind, p. 46.

Traité des Dégénérescences Physiques, Intellectuelles et Morales de l'Espèce Humaine, 1857, p. 3.

Traité de Pathologie Comparée.

La Psychologie Morbide dans ses Rapports avec la Philosophie de l'Histoire.

Alienist and Neurologist, January 1892.

Traité Physiologique et Philosophique de l'Hérédité Naturelle, 1847.

Les Forçats.

The Mysteries of Paris.

Les Vrais Mystères de Paris.

Annales Judiciares, 1840.

American Journal of Insanity, April, 1846.

Criminal Jurisprudence and Cerebral Development, 1841.

De la Formation de Type dans les Variétés Dégénérés, 1864.

Chapters on Evolution, p. 349.

Wiley, Origin of the Vertebrates.

Degeneration.

Die Ursprung der Wirbelthier, 1875.

Psychiatrie, 1859.

Psychologie Morbide, 1889.

Archiv f. Psychiatrie, 1868.

Cited by Griesinger, edition 1845, p. 252.

Recherches sur les Idiots, 1860.

Cited by Havelock Ellis, The Criminal, p. 29.

Gulstonian Lectures, 1870.

See, for instance, Art. "Microcephaly," Dict. of Psych. Medicine, and, especially, Mingazzini's study of the morphology of cerebral hemispheres, Il Cervello, 1895.

Psychologie Naturelle.

Journal of Mental Science, 1870.

American Prison Association Report, 1866.

Deterioration and Race Education, 1876.

Report of the New York Board of Charities, 1876.

W. S. Tuke Prize Essay on the Somatic Ætiology of Insanity, 1877.

Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, 1869-78.

Journal of Mental Science, 1873.

L'Uomo Delinquente, 1876.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, January, 1878.

Studien au Verbrecker-Gehirnen.

Chicago Medical Review, July 1, 1881, p. 310.

Two Hard Cases, 1882.

Trial of Charles J. Guiteau, vol. ii.

Every Asylum Report of the Gray School gave statistics of hereditary transmission.

Medical Jurisprudence.

Mental Disease.

American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, vol. ii.

Alienist and Neurologist, 1882.

Canada Medical and Surgical Journal, Feb., 1882.

Medical Times, May 20, 1882.

Transactions of Pennsylvania Medical Society, 1882.

Selection dans les Aristocracies.

Journal of Mental Science, 1879.

Canada Medical and Surgical Journal, Feb., 1882.

Journal of Mental Science, April, 1878.

Evolution and Disease.

Medicine, 1897.

Brain, 1894.

Ray Lankester, Degeneration.

Man and Woman, pp. 23, 390.

Human Embryology, p. 567.

E. S. Talbot, Etiology of the Osseous Deformities of the Head, Face, Jaws, and Teeth.

Evolution of Sex, p. 129.

St. Louis Clinical Record, 1878-81.

Germ Plasm, pp. 431, 565.

American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, August 15, 1893.

Circumcision, p. 204.

Medicine, July, 1898.

Medical Record, vol. xlii.

Organic Evolution, p. 178.

Comptes rendus, 1882, xciv., p. 697.

Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 1877.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1877, p. 544.

Factors of Organic Evolution.

Hereditary Traits.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1877, page 548.

Sensation et Mouvement, chap. xiv.

Harriet C. B. Alexander, Transactions Chicago Academy of Medicine, January, 1895.

Medical Classics, July and August, 1888.

Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, 1883-4, p. 426.

Somatic Ætiology of Insanity, p. 41.

Medicine, September, 1898.

Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease, March, 1891.

American Journal of Obstetrics, October, 1882.

American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, July 15, 1896.

American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1856.

La Famille Névropathique, 2nd ed., 1898.

Transactions American Neurological Association, 1877.

Transactions de l'Institut Pasteur, 1896.

La Psychologie Morbide.

On the Mind, 1805.

Pathology of the Mind.

Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie.

La Famille Névropathique.

Dégénérescence de l'Espèce Humaine.

St. Louis Clinical Record, 1878-81.

Neurological Review, vol. i., 1886.

La Famille Névropathique.

Medicine, June, 1898.

Bulletin Medical, 1887.

Medicine, September, 1897.

Annales Medico-Psychologique, March and April, 1869.

Marriage and Disease, pp. 186-7.

Annalles Medico-Psychologiques, S. 7, t. xvi.

Maladies Mentales, p. 215.

"The darkness of her Oriental eye Accorded with her Moorish origin (Her blood was not all Spanish, by the by; In Spain, you know, this is a sort of sin). When proud Grenada fell, and, forced to fly, Boabdil wept; of Donna Julia's kin Some went to Africa, some stayed in Spain, Her great-great-grandmamma chose to remain.

"She married (I forget the pedigree) With an Hidalgo who transmitted down His blood less noble than such blood should be; At such alliances his sires would frown, In that point so precise in each degree That they bred in and in, as might be shown, Marrying their cousins--nay, their aunts and nieces, Which always spoils the breed, if it increases.

"This heathenish cross restored the breed again, Ruined its blood, but much improved its flesh; For, from a root, the ugliest in Old Spain, Sprung up a branch as beautiful as fresh, The sons no more were short, the daughters plain."

The origins of the prohibition of incest have lately been fully discussed by Durkheim, L'Année Sociologique, 1898.

Psychological Dictionary, "Consanguinity."

Bulletin de L'Académie de Médecine, t. xxi. p. 746.

American Medical Bi-Weekly, vol. xii., No. 13.

Mental Hygiene, p. 25.

Intermarriage of Relations, p. 40.

Edinburgh Medical Journal, October, 1865.

Marriage of Near Kin, p. 218.

American Journal of Insanity, 1869-70.

Marriage and Disease, p. 266.

Cited by Ribot, Heredity, p. 292.

Cited by Huth.

Allgemeine Zeitschrifft für Psychiatrie, B. xxvii.

L'Encephale, October, 1882.

Detroit Lancet, September, 1882.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1883.

Australian Medical Gazette, 1886.

Il Manicomio, May, 1886.

Alienist and Neurologist, January, 1887.

La Pubertà, 1898, pp. 242-60.

Archives d'Ophthalmologie, 1887.

Transactions International Medical Congress, 1887, p. 264, vol. v.

Lancet, January to March, 1883.

"For Englishmen to boast of generation Cancels their knowledge, and lampoons the nation. A true-born Englishman's a contradiction, In speech an irony, in fact a fiction.

And here begins the ancient pedigree That so exalts our poor nobility. 'Tis that from some French trooper they derive, Who with the Norman bastard did arrive. The trophies of the families appear. Some show the sword, the bow, and some the spear, Which their great ancestor, forsooth, did wear. These in the herald's register remain Their noble mean extraction to explain; Yet who the hero was no man can tell, Whether a drummer or a colonel; The silent record blushes to reveal Their undescended, dark original.

These are the heroes that despise the Dutch And rail at new-come foreigners so much, Forgetting that themselves are all derived From the most scoundrel race that ever lived; A horrid crowd of rambling thieves and drones, Who ransacked kingdoms and dispeopled towns; The Pict and painted Briton, treacherous Scot, By hunger, theft, and rapine hither brought, Norwegian pirates, buccaneering Danes, Whose red-haired offspring everywhere remains, Who, joined with Norman-French, compound the breed From whence your true-born Englishmen proceed.

And, lest by length of time, it be pretended The climate may this modern breed have mended, Wise Providence, to keep us where we are, Mixes us daily with exceeding care. We have been Europe's sink, the jakes where she Voids all her offal outcast progeny. For ages, fugitives from neighbouring lands Have here a certain sanctuary found; The eternal refuge of the vagabond, Wherein but half a common age of time, Borrowing new blood and manners from the clime, Proudly they learn all mankind to contemn, And all their race are true-born Englishmen."

Ethnology, p. 201.

Alienist and Neurologist, 1892, 1895, 1896.

Origin of the Aryans.

Ethnology in Folklore.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1886.

Origin of the Aryans.

Alienist and Neurologist, January, 1892.

Cited by S. Laing, Human Origins, pp. 38-41.

Anthropology.

Alienist and Neurologist, October, 1896.

Origin of the Aryans.

Talbot, Osseous Deformities.

Osseous Deformities of the Jaw, p. 30.

Hybridity and Heredity, p. 307.

Cited by Keane, Ethnology, p. 265. See also Johnston, British Central Africa, 1897.

Journal Am. Medical Ass., vol. xx., 1893.

La Razza Negra, p. 20, 1864.

Man and Woman, pp. 25, 390.

Johnson, Chemistry of Common Life, vol. i. p. 239.

Detroit Lancet, September, 1882.

Observations on the Brain and Mind, p. 10, 1798.

The Opium Habit.

Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease, 1890.

Annual Universal Medical Sciences, 1895.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1892; and (for Summary of Etienne's Report on the offspring of the young married women in the Nancy factories), British Medical Journal, April 23, 1898.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1889.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1895.

Lancet, November 30, 1891.

Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1887.

Chemistry of Common Life, vol. ii.

Lead Diseases, American edition, 1848.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1881.

American Journal of Obstetrics, October, 1882.

Birmingham Medical Review, January, 1887.

C. E. Paddock, of Chicago, cites very analogous cases.

Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication, vol. i. p. 37.

Keane, Ethnology, p. 203.

Lectures on Man, 1868.

Man and Woman, chap. iv.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1892, K. 18, vol. v.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1892.

Boies, Pauper and Prisoner.

New York Medical Journal, vol. lxii.

American Journal of Insanity, 1887.

La Pellagra.

Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. xxii.

Psychology of Childhood.

Journal American Medical Association, vol. xxii.

Alienist and Neurologist, 1897.

Illustrations of Insanity, 1817.

Pepper's System of Medicine, vol. i.

Journal of Mental Science, 1886-87.

Nervous Diseases of Children.

Diseases of the Stomach.

Embryology, p. 465.

Virchow, Gesam. Abhandlg., Wis. Med., 1856.

Report New York City Asylum for the Insane, 1875.

Kiernan, Alienist and Neurologist, January, 1891.

Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 1849.

Anthropology.

American Journal of Insanity, July, 1895.

Revista Sperimentale, xxii.

Human Embryology, p. 468.

American Naturalist, 1883.

Oral Deformities, p. 480.

Medicine, September, 1897.

For cases see, e.g., Gould's Anomalies.

Bland Sutton, Evolution and Disease, p. 193.

Osseous Deformities, p. 398.

Journal of Morphology, vol. v.

Arb. Zoolog. Institut, Wurzburg, iii.

The Amphioxus.

Sajous' Annual, 1889.

Sajous' Annual, vol. iv., 1892.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1878.

La Famille Névropathique, p. 156.

Medicine, May, 1898.

For further particulars, see "The Degenerate Ear," by Eugene S. Talbot, Journal of The American Medical Association, January 11, 1896.

Minot, Embryology.

Minot's Embryology.

The Descent of Man, p. 15.

Frigerio's measurements of the auriculo-temporal angle were taken with a specially devised instrument from the pinna to the mastoid. Buchanan's were apparently taken from the anterior edge of the mastoid to the helix, giving the angle of the external face of the whole ear.

See "Degenerate Jaws and Death," by Talbot, Journal Am. Medical Association, vol. xxvii. p. 134.

Osborn.

Talbot, "Mouth breathing not the cause of contracted jaws and high vaults" (Dental Cosmos, 1891).

Per cent.

Féré, La Famille Névropathique, p. 158.

Ibid., Nouv. Icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1890.

Jour. de l'Anat. et de la Phys., 1893, p. 564.

Cited by Gould in Anomalies.

Gould, op. cit.

Gould, Anomalies, p. 272.

Revue Internat. des Sciences Med., November 1886.

Achondroplasia, or imperfect development of cartilage with resulting imperfections in the extremities, has come under my observation. The first case, a man of 38, had a face arrested in development and the appearance of a ten-year-old boy. His jaws were small with a protrusion of the lower. His arms were absent. The hands were full sized and attached to the shoulder. Another case was that of a member of the Spanish nobility in whom degeneracy was stamped on the entire body. He was short in body and had an enormous head. The jaws were undeveloped with a V-shaped arch. His left hand was located near the shoulder.

Alienist and Neurologist, January, 1898.

Medicine, January, 1898.

Wharton, Proc. Royal Society of Ireland, 1863.

British Medical Journal, January 25, 1897.

Meige, L'Anthropologie, T. 6, Nos. 3, 4, 5.

Havelock Ellis, Psychology of Sex, vol. i. "Sexual Inversion."

Otis T. Mason, Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, 1888.

Julien, Monatschrift für Prakt. Dermatologie, March, 1898.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1892.

L'Encephale, 1883.

Neurological Review, 1886.

Malthusianism and Crime.

Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, February 13, 1897.

British Medical Journal, April 23, 1898.

"Stigmata of Degeneracy in Royal Families," Jour. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. xxvii. 1894.

Practice of Medicine.

Progrès Medical, July 15, 1888.

Somatic Etiology of Insanity, 1877.

Ziegler, Pathologic Anatomy.

Vogt, Lectures on Man. The lettering refer to the text of that work.

St. Louis Clinical Record, vol. viii. p. 66.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1886, p. 54.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1886.

In the foregoing, and to some extent in the following, chapters it has been necessary to touch on many complicated questions of brain function, more or less outside the main topic of this book. The aspect of such questions is, however, constantly changing in the light of new investigations, and our knowledge is still far from certain in many most important respects. For excellent statements of the prevailing views of brain localisation, brought up to date, the reader may be referred to the special sections of the latest editions of Foster's Physiology, or of Waller's Physiology; Donaldson's Growth of the Brain may also be consulted.

Work among the Fallen, summarised in Journal of Mental Science, 1892.

Études Anthropométriques sur les Prostituées.

Archivio di Psichiatria, 1882.

And see the biography of Marie Duplessis by Georges Soreau in Revue de France, 1898.

St. Louis Clinical Record, 1879-80.

The Man of Genius.

Journal of Mental Science, 1886.

Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases, 1891.

Alienist and Neurologist, July, 1893.

American Journal of Insanity, 1893-4.

New England Medical Monthly, 1881.

Germ Plasm.

American Journal of Insanity, 1893-4.

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