Part 64

"Petition of Right," enactment of the, ii. 17. Violated by Charles I., 17, 27.

Petrarch, influence of his poems on the literature of Italy, i. 5, 6. Celebrity as a writer, 23. His amatory verses, 25. Causes co-operating to spread his renown, 26, 27. His coronation at Rome, 28, 29. His poetical powers, 30. His genius, 31. Paucity of his thoughts, 31. His energy when speaking of the wrongs and degradation of Italy, 32. His poems on religious subjects, 32. Prevailing defect of his best compositions, 33. His imitators, 34. His sonnets, 35. Remarks on his Latin writings, 36.

Phalaris, Letters of, controversy upon their merits and genuineness, ii. 592-596.

Philip II. of Spain, extent and splendor of his empire, ii. 130.

Philip III. of Spain, his accession, ii. 148. His character, 148-150. His choice of a wife, 154. Obliged to fly from Madrid, 166. Surrender of his arsenal and ships at Carthagena, 167. Defeated at Almenara, and again driven from Madrid, 173. Forms a close alliance with his late competitor, 183. Quarrels with France; value of his renunciation of the crown of France, 184.

Philip, Duke of Orleans, regent of France, ii. 118-120. Compared with Charles II. of England, 119, 120.

Philips, Ambrose, friend of Addison, iii. 438.

Philips, Sir Robert, ii. 425.

Philosophical Church, the, iii. 39. Its philanthropic tendency, 39. Its extravagance, 42.

Philosophy, ancient, its characteristics, ii. 445. Its stationary character, 449, 465. Its alliance with Christianity, 452, 453. Its fall, 453. Its merits compared with the Baconian, 465-469. Reason of its barrenness, 482.

Philosophy, moral, its relation to the Baconian system, ii. 472.

Philosophy, natural, the light in which it was viewed by the ancients, ii. 445-452. New features of Bacon's, 455.

Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyan's, its characteristic peculiarity, i. 745. Liked by all classes, 746. Characters real beings, 748. Not a consistent allegory, 749. Portrays its author's internal conflicts, 754. Depicts characters and judicial scenes typical of the time, 756.

Pisistratus, Bacon's comparison of Essex to, ii. 388.

Pitt, William, the elder. See Chatham, Earl of.

Pitt, William, the younger, sides with Hastings at first, iii. 207. Supports the Benares charge against him, 216. Motive alleged, 219.

Pius V., a bigot, ii. 662.

Plain Dealer, Wycherley's, its appearance and merit, iii. 70, 79.

Plassey, battle of, ii. 713-715. Its effect in England, 723.

Plato, never sullen, ii. 359. Comparison of his views with those of Bacon, 456-469. His excellence in the art of dialogue, 590.

Plutarch, his school of historical writers, their faults, i. 251. Out of sympathy with their subjects, 252. Their cant about patriotism, 254. Their influence on England slight, 255. The French affected by, 257; ii. 124. His evidence of gift-taking by Athenian judges, 431. His anecdote of a speech by Lysias, 601.

Poetry, semi-civilization most favorable to the creation of, i. 86. Defined, 89. Use of the supernatural in, 101, 102. Application of criticism to, 191. Need of skill in, 198. Revivals of, 203. Its decay retarded in England by the drama, 209. Meaning of correctness in, 581. Its object, 587. Its imitation, 588. Revival of, in England, 591. Byron's share in its revival, 594.

Pole, Cardinal, ii. 69.

Politian, quoted, ii. 286.

Political Science, progress of, ii. 300, 307, 303, 355, 356.

Polybius, authenticity his only merit as an historian, i. 251.

Pondicherry, ii. 686.

Pope, Alexander, first English author to be free of patronage, i. 548. Deterioration of his school, 591. Admired by Byron, 594. Enriched by political favors, 722. Esteemed by Johnson, 733. Friendship with Wycherley, iii. 74. Defends Addison's Cato, 461. Estranged from Addison, 469. His character leads to a suspicion of malignity, 473. Attacks Addison in Atticus, 474.