Part 74

++Þis vndirstonde I wel q{uo}d I. {and} accorde wel þat it is ryȝt as þou seist. but I axe yif þer be any liberte or fre wil in þis ordre of causes þat cliue{n} þus to-gidre in hem self. ¶ or ellys I wolde witen yif þat þe destinal cheine co{n}streiniþ þe moeueuynge of þe corages of me{n}. yis q{uo}d she þer is liberte of fre wille. ne þer ne was neuer no nature of resou{n} þat it ne hadde liberte of fre wille. ¶ For euery þing þat may naturely vsen resou{n}. it haþ doom by whiche it discerniþ {and} demiþ euery þing. ¶ þan knoweþ it by it self þinges þat be{n} to fleen. {and} þinges þat ben to desiren. {and} þilk þing þat any wyȝt demeþ to ben desired þ{a}t axeþ or desireþ he {and} fleeþ [thilke] þing þat he troueþ ben to fleen. ¶ wher-fore in alle þinges þ{a}t resou{n} is. i{n} hem also is libertee of willyng {and} of nillynge. ¶ But I ne ordeyne nat. as who seiþ. I ne graunte nat þat þis lib{er}tee be euene like in alle þinges. forwhi in þe souereyns deuynes substau{n}ces. þat is to seyn in spiritȝ ¶ Iugement is more clere {and} wil nat be corumped. {and} haþ myȝt redy to speden þinges þat ben desired. ¶ But þe soules of men moten nedes ben more free whan þei loken hem in þe speculac{i}ou{n} or lokynge of þe deuyne þouȝt. {and} lasse free whan þei sliden in to þe bodies. {and} ȝit lasse free whan þei ben gadred to-gidre {and} co{m}p{re}hendid in erþely membris. but þe last seruage is whan þat þei ben ȝeue{n} to vices. {and} han yfalle fro þe possessiou{n} of hire p{ro}pre resou{n} ¶ For after þat þei han cast aweye hir eyen fro þe lyȝt of þe souereyn soþefastnesse to lowe þinges {and} dirke ¶ Anon þei dirken by þe cloude of ignoraunce {and} ben troubled by felonous talentȝ. to þe whiche talentȝ whan þei app{ro}chen {and} assenten. þei hepen {and} encresen þe seruage whiche þei han ioigned to hem self. and in þis manere þei ben caitifs fro hire p{ro}pre libertee. þe whiche þinges naþeles þe lokynge of þe deuyne purueaunce seeþ þ{a}t alle þinges byholdeþ {and} seeþ fro et{er}ne. and ordeyneþ hem eueryche i{n} her merites. as þei ben p{ro}destinat. {and} it is seid in grek. þat alle þinges he seeþ {and} alle þinges he hereþ.

PURO CLARU{M} LUMINE.

++HOmer wiþ þe hony mouþe. þat is to seyn. homer wiþ þe swete dites syngeþ þat þe sonne is cleer by pure lyȝt. naþeles ȝit ne may it nat by þe inferme lyȝt of hys bemes breke{n} or p{er}ce{n} þe inwarde entrailes of þe erþe. or ellys of þe see. ¶ so ne seeþ nat god makere of þe grete worlde to hym þat lokeþ alle þinges from on heye ne wiþstandiþ nat no þinges by heuynesses of erþe. ne þe nyȝt ne wiþstondeþ nat to hy{m} by þe blake cloudes. ¶ þilke god seeþ i{n} o strook of þouȝt alle þinges þat ben or weren or schullen come. ¶ and þilke god for he lokeþ {and} seeþ alle þinges al oon. þou maist seyn þat he is þe verray sonne.

TAMEN EGO EN INQ{UA}M.

++ÞAn seide I now am I co{n}fou{n}ded by a more harde doute þan I was. what doute is þat q{uo}d she. ¶ For certys I coniecte now by whiche þinges þou art troubled. It semeþ q{uo}d I to repugnen {and} to contrarien gretly þat god knoweþ byforn alle þinges. {and} þat þer is any fredom of liberte. for yif so be þat god lokeþ alle þinges byforn. ne god ne may nat ben desseiuid in no manere. þan mot it nedes ben þat alle þinges bytyden þe whiche þat þe purueaunce of god haþ sein byforn to comen. ¶ For whiche yif þat god knoweþ by-forn nat oonly þe werkes of men. but also hir conseils {and} hir willes. þan ne shal þer be no liberte of arbitre. ne certys þer ne may ben noon oþer dede ne no wille but þilke whiche þe deuyne purueaunce þat ne may nat ben desseiued haþ feled byforn ¶ For yif þat þei myȝten wryþen awey in oþer manere þan þei ben purueyed. þan ne sholde þer ben no stedfast p{re}science of þinge to comen but raþer an vncerteyn oppiniou{n}. þe whiche þinge to trowen on god I deme it felonie {and} vnleueful. ¶ Ne I ne proeue nat þilk same resou{n}. as who seiþ I ne allowe nat. or I ne p{re}ise nat þilke same resou{n} by whiche þat som men wenen þat þei mowen assoilen {and} vnknytten þe knot of þis questiou{n}. ¶ For certys þei seyn þ{a}t þing nis nat to come for þat þe purueaunce of god haþ seyn it byforn{e}. þat is to comen but raþer þe cont{ra}rie. ¶ And þat is þis þat for þat þe þing is to comen þat þerfore ne may it nat ben hyd fro þe purueaunce of god. {and} in þis manere þis necessite slydiþ aȝein in to þe contrarie p{ar}tie. ne it ne byhoueþ nedes þat þinges bytiden þat ben ypurueid. [but it by-houeth nedes / þ{a}t thinges þ{a}t ben to comyn ben yporueyid] but as it were yt{ra}uailed. as who seiþ. þat þilke answere p{ro}cediþ ryȝt as þouȝ men trauailden or weren bysy to enqueren þe whiche þing is cause of whiche þinges. as wheþer þe p{re}science is cause of þe necessite of þinges to comen. or ellys þat þe necessite of þi{n}ges to comen is cause of þe purueau{n}ce. ¶ But I ne enforce me nat now to shewe{n} it þat þe bytidyng of þinges y-wist byforn is necessarie. how so or in what manere þat þe ordre of causes haþ it self. al þouȝ þat it ne seme nat þat þe p{re}science brynge in necessite of bytydynge of þinges to comen. ¶ For certys yif þat any wyȝt sitteþ it byhoueþ by necessite þat þe oppiniou{n} be soþe of hym þ{a}t coniectiþ þat he sitteþ. and aȝeinward. al so is it of þe contrarie. yif þe oppiniou{n} be soþe of any wyȝt for þat he sitteþ it byhoueþ by necessite þat he sitte ¶ þan is here necessite in þat oon {and} in þ{a}t oþer. for in þat oon is necessite of sittynge. {and} certys in þat oþer is necessite of soþe but þerfore ne sitteþ nat a wyȝt for þat þe oppiniou{n} of sittyng is soþe. but þe oppiniou{n} is raþer soþe for þat a wyȝt sitteþ by-forn. and þus al þouȝ þ{a}t þe cause of soþe comeþ of [þe] syttyng. and nat of þe trewe oppiniou{n}. Algates ȝitte is þer comune necessite in þat oon {and} in þat oþer. ¶ þus sheweþ it þ{a}t I may make semblable skils of þe p{ur}ueau{n}ce of god {and} of þinges to come. ¶ For al þouȝ for þat þat þinges ben to comen. þer-fore ben þei p{ur}ueid. nat certys for þei ben p{ur}ueid. þer-fore ne bytide þei nat. ȝit naþeles byhoueþ it by necessite þat eiþer þe þinges to comen ben yp{ur}ueied of god. or ellys þat þe þinges þat ben p{ur}ueied of god bitiden [.s.] by necessite. ¶ And þis þing oonly suffiseþ I-nouȝ to distroien þe fredome of oure arbitre. þat is to seyn of oure fre wille ¶ But now [certes] sheweþ it wel how fer fro þe soþe {and} how vp so dou{n} is þis þing þat we seyn þat þe bytidinge of temp{or}el þinges is þe cause of þe eterne p{re}science. ¶ But forto wenen þat god p{ur}ueiþ þinges to comen. for þei ben to comen. what oþer þing is it but forto wene þat þilke þinges þat bitiden som tyme ben causes of þilke souereyne p{ur}ueaunce þat is i{n} god. ¶ And her-to I adde ȝitte þis þing þat ryȝt as whan þat I woot þat o þing is it byhoueþ by necessite þat þilke self þing be. {and} eke þat whan I haue knowe þat any þi{n}ge shal bitiden so byhoueþ it by necessite þ{a}t þilk same þing bytide. so folweþ it þan þat þe bytydynge of þe þinge Iwist by-forn ne may nat ben eschewed. ¶ And at þe last yif þat any wyȝt wene a þing to ben oþer weyes þan it is. it nys nat oonly vnscience. but it is deceiuable oppiniou{n} ful diuerse {and} fer fro þe soþe of science. ¶ wher-fore yif any þing be so to comen so þat þe bytydynge of it ne be nat certeyne ne necessarie. ¶ who may weten [byforn] þ{a}t þilke þing is to come. ¶ For ryȝt as science ne may nat be medelyd wiþ falsnesse. as who seiþ þat yif I woot a þing. it ne may nat be fals þat I ne woot it. ¶ Ryȝt so þilk þing þat is conceyued by science ne may ben noon oþ{er} weyes þan it is conceiued. For þat is þe cause whi þat science wa{n}tiþ lesynge. as who seiþ. whi þat witynge ne receyueþ nat lesynge of þat it woot. ¶ For it byhoueþ by necessite þat euery þi{n}ge ryȝt as science co{m}p{re}hendiþ it to be. what shal I þan sein. ¶ In whiche man{er}e knoweþ god byforn þe þinges to comen. ¶ yif þei ne be nat certeyne. ¶ For yif þat he deme þat þei ben to comen vneschewably. {and} so may be þat it is possible þat þei ne shulle{n} nat comen. god is desseiued. but nat only to trowen þat god is desseiued. but for to speke it wiþ mouþe it is a felonous sy{n}ne. ¶ But yif þat god woot þat ryȝt so as þinges ben to comen. so shulle þei comen. so þat he wit egaly. as who seiþ indifferently þat þinges mowen ben don or ellys nat don. what is þilke p{re}science þat ne comp{re}hendiþ no certeyne þinge ne stable. or ellys what difference is þer bytwixe þe p{re}science. {and} þilke iape-worþi dyuynynge of Tiresie þe diuino{ur} þat seide. ¶ Al þat I seie q{uo}d he eyþer it shal be. or ellys it ne shal nat be. Or ellis how moche is worþe þe diuyne p{re}science more þan þe oppiniou{n} of mankynde yif so be þat it demeþ þe þinges vncerteyne as me{n} don. of þe whiche domes of men þe bytydynge nis nat certeyne. ¶ But yif so be þ{a}t noon vncerteyne þinge may ben in hym þat is ryȝt certeyne welle of alle þinges. þa{n} is þe bytydynge certeyne of þilke þinges whiche he haþ wist byforn fermely to come{n}. For whiche it folweþ þat þe fredom of þe co{n}seils {and} of þe werkes of mankynde nis non syn þat þe þouȝt of god seeþ alle þinges w{i}t{h} outen erro{ur} of falsnesse byndeþ {and} co{n}streiniþ hem to a bitidynge by necessite. and yif þi{n}g be on-is grau{n}tid {and} receyued. þat is to seyn. þat þer nis no fre wille. þan sheweþ it wel how gret distrucc{i}ou{n} {and} how grete damages þer folwen of þinges of mankynde. ¶ For in ydel ben þer þan p{ur}posed and byhyȝt medes of goode folk. {and} peynes to badde folk. syn þat no moeuynge of free corage uoluntarie ne haþ nat deserued hem. þat is to seyn neiþer mede nor peyne. ¶ And it sholde seme þan þat þilke þinge is alþer worste whiche þat is nowe demed. for alþ{er} moste iuste {and} moste ryȝtful. þat is to seyn þat shrewes ben punyssed. or ellys þ{a}t good folk ben ygerdoned. þe whiche folk syn þat þe p{ro}pre wille sent hem nat to þ{a}t oon ne to þat oþer. þat is to seyn. neþer to good ne to harme. but constreineþ hem certeyne necessite of þinges to comen. ¶ þanne ne sholle{n} þer neuer ben ne neuer weren vice ne vertue. but it sholde raþer ben co{n}fusiou{n} of alle desertes medlid wiþoute discresiou{n}. ¶ And ȝitte þer folweþ an oþer i{n}co{n}uenient of þe whiche þer ne may ben þouȝt ne more felonous ne more wikke. {and} þat is þis þat so as þe ordre of þinges is yledd {and} comeþ of þe purueaunce of god. ne þat no þing nis leueful to þe conseils of mankynde. as who seiþ þat men han no power to done no þing. ne wilne no þing. þan folweþ it þat oure vices ben refferred to þe make of alle good. as who seiþ þan folweþ it. þat god auȝt han þe blame of oure vices. syn he co{n}streiniþ by necessite to don vices. þan nis þer no resou{n} to han hopen in god. ne forto p{re}ien to god. ¶ For what sholde any wyȝt hopen to god. or whi sholde he p{re}ien to god. syn þat þe ordenaunce of destine whiche þat ne may nat ben enclined. knytteþ {and} streiniþ alle þinges þat men may desire{n}. ¶ þan sholde þere be don awey þilke oonly alliaunce bytwixen god {and} men. þat is to seien to hopen {and} to p{re}ien. but by þe p{re}is of ryȝtfulnesse {and} of veray mekenesse we deserue þe gerdou{n} of þe deuyne grace whiche þat is inestimable. þat is to sein þat it is so grete þat it ne may nat ben ful yp{re}ised. {and} þis is oonly þe manere. þat is to seyen hope {and} prayeres. for whiche it semeþ þat mowen speken wiþ god. {and} by resou{n} of supplicac{i}ou{n} ben conioigned to þilk clernesse þat nis nat app{ro}ched no raþer or þat men byseken it {and} emp{re}nten it. And yif men ne wene þat ne p{re}iers ne han no strengþes. by þe necessite of þinges to comen y-resceiued. what þi{n}g is þer þan by whiche we mowen be co{n}ioygned {and} clyuen to þilke souereyne p{r}ince of þinges. ¶ For whiche it byhoueþ by necessite þat þe lynage of mankynde as þou songe a litel here byforne ben dep{ar}ted {and} vnioyned from hys welle {and} faylen of hys bygynnynge. þat is to seien god.

QUE NAM DISCORS

++What discordable cause haþ to-rent {and} vnioigned þe byndyng or þe alliaunce of þinges. þat is to seyne þe coniuncc{i}ou{n} of god {and} of man. ¶ whiche god haþ establissed so grete bataile bitwixe{n} þise two soþefast or verray þinges. þat is to sein bytwixen þe p{ur}ueaunce of god {and} fre wille. þat þei ben synguler {and} diuided. ne þat þei ne wolen nat ben medeled ne coupled to-gidre. but þer nis no discorde to verray þinges. but þei cleuen certeyne al wey to hem self. but þe þouȝt of man co{n}founded {and} ouerþrowen by þe dirke membris of þe body ne may nat by fir of his dirk lokynge. þat is to seyn by þe vigo{ur} of hys insyȝt while þe soule is in þe body knowen þe þinne subtil knyttynges of þinges. ¶ But wherfore eschaufiþ it so by so grete loue to fynden þilke note of soþe y-cou{er}ed. (glosa) þat is to sein wherfore eschaufiþ þe þouȝt of man by so grete desir to knowen þilke notificac{i}ou{n}s þat ben yhidd vndir þe couerto{ur}s of soþe. woot it ouȝt þilke þinges þat it anguissous desireþ to knowe. as who seiþ nay. ¶ For no man ne trauaileþ forto witen þinges þat he woot. {and} þerfore þe texte seiþ þus. ¶ [Glosa] Si eni{m} a{n}i{m}a ignorat istas subtiles co{n}nexiones. r{espo}nde. vn{de} est q{uo}d desiderat scire cu{m} nil ignotu{m} possit desiderare. ¶ But who traualeþ to wyten þinges y-knowe. and yif þat he ne knoweþ hem nat. what sekiþ þilke blynde þouȝt. what is he þat desireþ any þinge of whiche he woot ryȝt nat. as who seiþ who so desiriþ any þing nedis som what he knoweþ of it. or ellys he ne couþe nat desire it. or who may folwen þinges þat ne ben nat ywist ¶ and þouȝ [þ{a}t] he seke þo þinges where shal he fynde{n} hem. what wyȝt þat is al vnknowynge {and} ignoraunt may knowe þe forme þat is yfounde. ¶ But whan þe soule byholdeþ {and} seeþ þe heye þouȝt. þat is to seyn god. þan knoweþ it to-gidre þe so{m}me {and} þe singularites. þat is to seyn þe p{r}inciples {and} eueryche by hym self. ¶ But now while þe soule is hidd in þe cloude {and} in þe derknesse of þe membris of þe body. it ne haþ nat al forȝeten it selfe. but it wiþholdeþ þe so{m}me of þinges {and} lesiþ þe singularites. þan who so þat sekeþ soþenesse. he nis in neiþ{er} nouþir habit. for he not nat alle ne he ne haþ nat alle for-ȝeten. ¶ But ȝitte hym remembriþ þe so{m}me of þinges þat he wiþholdeþ {and} axeþ cou{n}seil {and} tretiþ depelyche þi{n}ges ysein byforne. [Glosa] þat is to sein þe grete so{m}me in hys mynde. [textus] so þat he mowe adden þe p{ar}ties þat he haþ forȝeten. to þilke þat he haþ wiþholden.

TAMEN ILLA UETUS INQ{U}IT HEC EST.

++Þanne seide she. þis is q{uo}d she þe olde questiou{n} of þe p{ur}ueaunce of god. {and} marcus tulius whan he deuided þe deuinac{i}ou{n}s. þat is to sein in hys booke þat he wroot of deuinac{i}ou{n}s. he moeued gretly þis questiou{n}. {and} þou þi self hast souȝt it mochel {and} outerly {and} lo{n}g. but ȝit ne haþ it nat ben determined ne yspedd fermely {and} diligently of any of yow. ¶ And þe cause of þis derkenesse {and} [of this] difficulte is for þat þe moeuynge of þe resou{n} of mankynde ne may nat moeue{n} to. þat is to sein applien or ioygnen to þe simplicite of þe deuyne p{re}science. ¶ þe whiche symplicite of þe deuyne p{re}science ȝif þat men [myhten thinken it in any maner{e} / þ{a}t is to seyn / þ{a}t yif men] myȝte þinken {and} co{m}p{re}henden þe þinges as god seeþ hem. þan ne sholde þer dwellen outerly no doute. þe whiche resou{n} {and} cause of difficulte I shal assaie at þe laste to shewen {and} to speden. ¶ whan I haue firste [yspendyd / {and}] ansewered to þo resou{n}s by whiche þ{o}u art ymoeued. ¶ For I axe whi þ{o}u wenest þat þilk resou{n}s of hem þat assoilen þis questiou{n} ne ben nat spedeful ynouȝ ne sufficient þe whiche soluc{i}ou{n} or þe whiche resou{n} for þat it demiþ þat þe p{re}science nis nat cause of necessite to þinges to comen. þan ne weneþ it nat þat fredom of wille be distourbed or ylett by p{re}science. for ne drawest þou nat argumentes from ellys where of þe necessite of þinges to comen. As who seiþ any oþer wey þan þus. but þat þilke þinge þat þe p{re}scie{n}ce woot byforn mowen nat vnbitide. þat is to seyn þat þei moten bitide. ¶ But þan yif þat p{re}science ne putteþ no necessite to þinges to comen. as þou þi self hast confessed it {and} byknowen a litel herbyforn{e}. ¶ what cause [or what] is it. as who seiþ þere may no cause be. by whiche þat þe endes (exitus) uoluntarie of þinges myȝten be constreyned to certeyne bitydyng. ¶ For by grace of possessiou{n}. so þat þou mowe þe better vndirstonde þis þat folweþ. ¶ I pose (inpossibile) þat þer ne be no p{re}science. þan axe I q{uo}d she in as moche as app{er}teniþ to þat. sholde þan þinges þat comen of frewille ben constreined to bytiden by necessite. {Boici}us. nay q{uo}d I. þan aȝeinward q{uo}d she. I suppose þat þere be p{re}science but þat ne putteþ no necessite to þinges. þan trowe I þat þilk self fredom of wille shal dwelle{n} al hool {and} absolut {and} vnbounden. but þou wolt sein þat al be it so þat p{re}science nis nat cause of þe necessite of bitidynge to þinges to comen. ¶ Algates ȝitte it is a signe þ{a}t þe þinges ben to bytiden by necessite. by þis manere þan al þouȝ þe p{re}science ne hadde neuer yben. ȝit algate or at þe lest wey. it is certeyne þing þat þe e{n}dys {and} þe bitydynges of þinges to come{n} sholde ben necessarie. ¶ For euery sygne sheweþ {and} signifieþ oonly what þe þing is ¶ but it ne makiþ nat þe þing þat it signifieþ. ¶ For whiche it byhoueþ firste to shewen þat no þing ne bitidiþ [þ{a}t it ne bytydith] by necessite. so þat it may apere þ{a}t þe p{re}scie{n}ce is signe of þis necessite ¶ or ellys yif þere nere no necessite. certys þilke p{re}science ne myȝt nat ben signe of þinge þat nis nat. ¶ But certys it is nowe certeyne þat þe preue of þis susteniþ by stedfast resou{n} ne shal nat ben ladd ne p{ro}ued by signes ne by argumentys ytaken fro wiþ oute. but by causes couenable {and} necessarie ¶ But þou mayst sein how may it be þat þe þinges ne bitiden nat þat ben ypurueyed to comen. but certys ryȝt as we trowen þat þo þinges whiche þat þe p{ur}ueau{n}ce woot byforn to comen. ne ben nat to bitiden. but [þ{a}t] ne sholde we nat demen. but raþer al þouȝ [þat] þei schal bitiden. ȝit ne haue þei no necessite of hire kynde to bitiden. {and} þis maist þou lyȝtly ap{er}ceyue{n} by þis þat I shal seyn. but we seen many þinges whan þei ben don byforn oure eyen ryȝt as men seen þe karter worken in þe to{ur}nynge {and} in attempryng or in adressy{n}g of hys kartes or chariottes. ¶ and by þis manere as who seiþ mayst þou vnd{er}sto{n}de of alle manere oþir werkeme{n}. ¶ Is þere þanne any necessite as who seiþ in oure lokynge [þ{a}t] constreineþ or compelliþ any of þilke þinges to ben don so. b. nay q{uo}d I ¶ For in ydel {and} in veyne were alle þe effect of crafte yif þat alle þinges weren moeued by constreynynge. þat is to seyn by constreynynge of oure eyen or of oure syȝt. P. þise þi{n}g{us} þan q{uo}d she þat whan men don hem ne han non necessite þat men don hem. eke þo same þinges first or þei be don. þei ben to comen wiþ out necessite. for whi þer ben so{m}me þinges to bytide of whiche þe endys {and} þe bitidynges of hem ben absolut {and} quit of alle necessite. for certys I ne trowe nat þat any man wolde seyn þis. þat þo þinges þat men don now þ{a}t þei ne weren to bitiden. first or þei were ydon ¶ and þilk same þinges al þouȝ þ{a}t men hadde{n} ywyst hem by-forn. ȝitte þei han fre bitidynges. for ryȝt as science of þinges p{re}sent ne bryngeþ in no necessite to þinges [þ{a}t men doon // Ryht so the p{re}science of thinges to comen ne bryngeth in no necessite to thinges] to bytiden but þou mayst seyn þat of þilke same it is ydouted. as wheþer þat of þilke þinges þat ne han non endes {and} bytidynges necessaryes yif þer-of may ben any p{re}science ¶ For certys þei seme to discorde. for þou wenest þat yif þat þinges ben yseyn byforn þat necessite folweþ hem. and yif ({et} putas) necessite faileþ hem þei ne myȝten nat ben wist byforn. {and} þat no þinge ne may ben comp{re}hendid by science but certeyne. {and} yif þo þinges þat ne han no certeyne bytidynges ben ypurueied as certeyn. it sholde ben dirkenesse of oppiniou{n} nat soþefastnesse of science [{and} þ{o}u weenyst þ{a}t it be diu{er}se fro the hoolnesse of science / þ{a}t any man sholde deme a thing to ben oother weys thanne it is it self]. and þe cause of þis errour is. þat of alle þe þinges þat euery wyȝt haþ yknowe. þei wenen þat þo þinges ben y-knowe al oonly by þe strengþe {and} by þe nature of þe þinges þat ben ywyst or yknowe. {and} it is al þe contrarie. for alle þat eu{er}e is yknowe. it is raþer comp{re}hendid {and} yknowe{n} nat after his strengeþ {and} hys nature. but after þe faculte þat is to seyn þe power {and} nature of hem þat knowen. {and} for þat þis shal mowe shewen by a short ensample þe same roundenes of a body .O. oþer weyes þe syȝt of þe eye knoweþ it. {and} oþer weyes þe touchi{n}g. þe lokynge by castynge of his bemes waiteþ {and} seeþ fro afer alle þe body to-gider wiþ oute mouynge of it self. but þe touchinge cliuiþ {and} conioigneþ to þe rounde body (orbi) {and} moueþ abouten þe environynge. {and} comp{re}hendiþ by p{ar}ties þe roundenesse. ¶ and þe man hym self oþer weies wyt byholdiþ hym. {and} oþ{er}weyes ymaginac{i}ou{n} {and} oþer weyes resou{n}. {and} oþer weyes intelligence. ¶ For þe wit co{m}p{re}he{n}diþ fro wiþ outen furþe þe figure of þe body of þe man. þat is establissed in þe matere subiect. But þe ymaginac{i}ou{n} [comp{re}hendith only the figur{e} w{i}t{h} owte the mater{e} / Resou{n} surmou{n}teth ymaginaciou{n}] {and} co{m}p{re}hendeþ by an vniuersel lokynge þe co{mmun}e spece (sp{eci}em) þat is in þe singuler peces. ¶ But þe eye of intelligence is heyȝer for it so{ur}mou{n}teþ þe envirounynge of þe vniu{er}site {and} lookeþ ouer þat by pure subtilite of þouȝt. þilk same symple forme of man þat is p{er}durably in þe deuyne þouȝt. in whiche þis auȝt gretely to ben considered þat þe heyest strengþe to co{m}prehenden þinges enbraceþ {and} conteyneþ þe lower strengþe [but the lower{e} strengthe ne arysith nat in no maner{e} to heyer{e} strengthe]. for wit ne may no þinge co{m}p{re}hende oute of matere. ne þe ymagynac{i}ou{n} ne lokeþ nat þe vniuerseles speces. ne resou{n} ne takeþ nat þe symple forme. so as i{n}telligence takeþ it. but þe intelligence þat lokeþ al abouen whan it haþ co{m}p{re}hendid þe forme it knoweþ {and} demeþ alle þe þinges þat be{n} vndir þat forme. but she knoweþ he{m} vndir þilke manere in þe whiche it comp{re}hendiþ þilke same symple forme þat ne may neuer be knowen to non of þat oþer. þat is to seyn to non of þo þre forseide strengþes of þe soule. for it knoweþ þe vniuersite of resou{n} {and} þe figure of þe ymaginac{i}ou{n}. {and} þe sensible mat{er}ial conseiued. {and} þou wenest þ{a}t it be diuerse fro þe hoolnesse of science. þat any man sholde deme a þing to ben oþ{er}weyes þan it is it self {and} þe cause of þis erro{ur} {et}c’. {vt sup}ra. by wit. ne it ne vseþ nat nor of resou{n} ne of ymaginac{i}ou{n} ne of wit wiþ oute forþe but it byholdeþ alle þinges so as I shal seye. by a strok of þouȝt formely wiþ oute disco{ur}s or collac{i}ou{n} ¶ Certys resou{n} whan it lokeþ any þing vniu{er}sel it ne vseþ nat of ymaginac{i}ou{n} nor of wit {and} algates ȝit co{m}prendiþ þe þinges ymaginable {and} sensible. for resou{n} is she þat diffinisseþ þe vniuersel of hir conseite ryȝt þus. ¶ Man is a resonable to-footid beest. and how so þat þis knowynge vniuersel. ȝit nys þer no wyȝt þat ne woot wel. þat a ma{n} is [a thing] ymaginable {and} sensible ¶ and þis same co{n}sidereþ wel resou{n}. but þat nis nat by ymaginac{i}ou{n}. nor by witte. but it lokiþ it by resonable concepc{i}ou{n}. ¶ Also ymaginac{i}ou{n} al be it so. þat it takeþ of wit þe bygyny{n}g{us} to seen {and} to formen þe figures. algates al þouȝ þat wit ne ware not p{re}sent. ȝit it envirouniþ {and} co{m}p{re}hendiþ alle þinges sensible. nat by resou{n} sensible of demynge. but by resou{n} ymaginatif. ¶ sest þou nat þan þat alle þe þinges in knowynge vsen more of hir faculte or of hir power. þan þei don of faculte or of power of þinges þat ben yknowen. ne þat nis no wronge. for so as euery iugement is þe dede or þe doynge of hym þat demeþ. It byhoueþ þat euery wyȝt p{er}forme þe werke {and} hys entenc{i}ou{n} nat of forein power[;] but of hys propre power.

QUONDAM PORTICUS ATTULIT.

++ÞE porche þat is to sein a gate of þe toune of athenis þer as philosophres hadde hir congregac{i}ou{n} to dispoyten. {and} þilke porche brouȝt so{m}tyme olde men ful derke in hire sentences. þ{a}t is to sein philosophers þat hyȝten stoiciens. þat wenden þat ymages [{and}] sensibilites þat is to sein sensible ymaginac{i}ou{n}s. or ellys ymaginac{i}ou{n} of sensible þinges were{n} i{n}p{re}ntid in to soules fro bodies wiþ oute forþe. ¶ As who seiþ þat þilke stoiciens wenden þ{a}t þe soule hadde ben naked of it self. as a mirour or a clene p{ar}chemyn. so þat alle fygures mosten [fyrst] comen fro þinges fro wiþ oute in to soules. {and} ben inp{re}ntid in to soules. Textus. Ryȝt as we ben wont some tyme by a swift poyntel to ficchen l{ett}res emp{re}ntid in þe smoþenesse or in þe plainesse of þe table of wex. or in p{ar}chemyn þat ne haþ no figure note in it. Glosa. But now arguiþ boece aȝeins þat oppiniou{n} {and} seiþ þus. but yif þe þriuyng soule ne vnplitiþ no þing. þat is to sein ne doþ no þing by hys p{ro}pre moeuynges. but suffriþ {and} lieþ subgit to þe figures {and} to þe notes of bodyes wiþ oute forþe. {and} ȝeldeþ ymages ydel {and} veyne in þe manere of a mirour. whennes þriueþ þan or whennes comeþ þan þilke knowyng in oure soule. þat discerniþ {and} byholdeþ alle þinges. and whennes is þilke strengþe þat byholdeþ þe syngulere þinges. or whennes is þe strengþe þat dyuydeþ þinges yknowe. {and} þilke stre{n}gþe þat gadereþ to-gidre þe þinges deuided. {and} þe strengþe þat cheseþ hys entrechau{n}ged wey for som tyme it heueþ vp þe heued. þat is to sein þat it heueþ vp þe ente{n}c{i}ou{n} to ryȝt heye þinges. {and} som tyme it discendiþ in to ryȝt lowe þinges. {and} whan it retourniþ in to hym self. it rep{re}uiþ {and} destroieþ þe false þinges by þe trewe þinges. ¶ Certys þis strengþe is cause more efficient {and} mochel more myȝty to seen {and} to knowe þinges. þan þilke cause þat suffriþ and resceyueþ þe notes {and} þe figures inp{re}ssed in manere of matere algates þe passiou{n} þat is to seyn þe suffraunce or þe wit i{n} þe quik body goþ byforne excitynge {and} moeuyng þe strengþes of þe þouȝte. ryȝt so as whan þat clerenesse smyteþ þe eyen {and} moeuiþ hem to seen. or ryȝt so as voys or soune hurtliþ to þe eres {and} co{m}moeuiþ hem to herkne. þan is þe stre{n}gþe of þe þouȝt ymoeuid {and} excitid {and} clepeþ furþe þe semblable moeuynges þe speces þat it halt wiþ i{n}ne it self. {and} addiþ þo speces to þe notes {and} to þe þinges wiþ out forþe. {and} medeleþ þe ymages of þinges wiþ out forþe to þe forme yhid wiþ i{n}ne hym self.

Q{UO}D SI IN CORPORIB{US} SENCIEND{IS}.

QUESTIO.

++But what þat in bodies to be{n} feelid þat is to sein in þe takynge of knowelechinge of bodyly þinges. and al be it so þat þe qualites of bodies þ{a}t ben obiect fro wiþ oute forþe moeuen {and} entalenten þe instrumentes of þe wittes. and al be it so þat þe passiou{n} of þe body þat is to seyn þe witte [or the] suffrau{n}ce [goth to-forn the strengthe of the workynge corage / the which passiou{n} or suffraunce] clepiþ furþe þe dede of þe þouȝt in hym self. {and} moeueþ {and} exiteþ in þis mene while þe formes þ{a}t resten wiþ in forþe. and yif þat i{n} sensible bodies as I haue seid oure corage nis nat ytauȝt or enp{re}ntid by passiou{n} to knowe þise þinges. but demiþ {and} knoweþ of hys owen strengþe þe passiou{n} or suffrau{n}ce subiect to þe body. Moche more þan þoo þinges þat ben absolut {and} quit fram alle talentȝ or affecc{i}ou{n}s of bodies. as god or hys aungels ne folwen nat in discernynge þinges obiect from wiþ oute forþe. but þei accomplissen {and} speden þe dede of hir þouȝt by þis resou{n}. ¶ þan þere comen many manere knowynges to dyu{er}se {and} differy{n}g substaunces. for þe wit of þe body þe whiche witte is naked {and} despoyled of alle oþer knowynges. þilke witte comeþ to bestes þat ne mowen nat moeuen hem self here ne þere. as oystres {and} muscles {and} oþer swiche shelle fysshe of þe see. þ{a}t cliue{n} {and} ben norissed to roches. but þe ymaginac{i}ou{n} comeþ to remuable bestes þat seme{n} to han talent to fleen or to desiren any þinge. but resou{n} is al only to þe lynage of mankynde ryȝt as i{n}telligence is oonly þe deuyne nature. of whiche it folweþ þat þilke knowyng is more worþe þan is oþer. syn it knoweþ by hys p{ro}pre nature nat only hys subiect. as who seiþ it ne knoweþ nat al oonly þat app{er}teiniþ p{ro}prely to hys knowynge. but it knoweþ þe subgitȝ of alle oþer knowynges. but how shal it þan be yif þat wit {and} ymaginac{i}ou{n} stryuen aȝeins resonynge {and} sein þat of þilke vniuersel þinges. þat resou{n} weneþ to seen þat it nis ryȝt nauȝt. for wit {and} ymaginac{i}ou{n} seyn þat þat. þat is sensible or ymaginable it ne may nat ben vniuersel. þan is eiþer þe iugement of resou{n} . ne þat þer nis no þinge sensible. or ellys for þat resou{n} woot wel þat many þinges ben subiect to wit {and} to ymaginac{i}ou{n}. þan is þe co{n}sepc{i}ou{n} of resou{n} veyn {and} fals whiche þat lookeþ {and} co{m}p{re}hendiþ. þat þat is sensible {and} synguler as uniuersele. and ȝif þat resou{n} wolde answeren aȝein to þise two þat is to sein to wit {and} to ymaginac{i}ou{n}. {and} sein þat soþely she hir self. þat is to seyn þat resou{n} lokeþ {and} comp{re}hendiþ by resou{n} of vniuersalite. boþe þat þat is sensible {and} þat þat is ymaginable. {and} þat þilke two þat is to seyn wit {and} ymaginac{i}ou{n} ne mowe{n} nat strecchen ne enhaunsen hem self to knowynge of vniuersalite for þat þe knowy{n}g of hem ne may exceden nor so{ur}mou{n}te{n} þe bodyly figure ¶ Certys of þe knowyng of þinges men auȝten raþer ȝeue credence to þe more stedfast {and} to þe more p{er}fit iugement. In þis manere stryuynge þan we þat han strengþe of resonynge {and} of ymaginynge {and} of wit þat is to seyn by resou{n} {and} by ymaginac{i}ou{n} {and} by wit. [{and}] we sholde raþer p{re}ise þe cause of resou{n}. as who seiþ þan þe cause of wit or ymaginac{i}ou{n}. semblable þinge is it þat þe resou{n} of mankynde ne weneþ nat þat þe deuyne intelligence byholdeþ or knoweþ þinges to comen. but ryȝt as þe resou{n} of mankynde knoweþ hem. for þou arguist {and} seist þus. þat yif it ne seme nat to men þat so{m}me þinges han certeyne {and} necessarie bytidynges. þei ne mowen nat ben wist byforn certeynely to bytiden. þa{n} nis no p{re}science of þilke þinges. {and} yif we trowen þat p{re}science ben in þise þinges. þan is þer no þinge þat it ne bitidiþ by necessite. but certys yif we myȝte{n} han þe iugeme{n}t of þe deuyne þouȝt as we ben p{ar}son{er}s of resou{n}. ryȝt so as we han demed. it byhoueþ þat ymaginac{i}ou{n} {and} wit ben byneþe resou{n}. ryȝt so wolde we deme{n} þat it were ryȝtful þing þat ma{n}s resou{n} auȝt to su{m}mitten it self {and} to ben byneþe þe deuyne þouȝt. for whiche þat yif we mowen. as who seiþ. þat yif þat we mowe{n} I conseil þat we enhanse vs in to þe heyȝt of þilke souereyne i{n}telligence. for þere shal resou{n} wel seen þat þat it ne may nat by-holden in it self. and certys þat is þis in what manere þe p{re}science of god seeþ alle þinges c{er}teins {and} difinissed al þouȝ þei ne han no certein issues or by-tydynges. ne þis is non oppiniou{n} but it is raþer þe simplicite of þe souereyn science þat nis nat enclosed nor yshet wiþi{n}ne no boundes.

QUAM UARIIS FIGURIS.

++ÞE bestes passen by þe erþes by ful dyuerse figures for so{m}me of hem han hir bodies strauȝt {and} crepe{n} in þe dust {and} drawen after he{m} a t{ra}is or a forghe contynued. þat is to sein as addres or snakes. and oþer bestes by wandryng lyȝtnesse of hir wenges beten þe wyndes {and} ouer-swymme{n} þe spaces of þe longe eyer by moist fleenge. and oþer bestes gladen hem to diggen her traas or her stappes i{n} þe erþe wiþ hir goynge or wiþ her feet. or to gone eyþe by þe grene feldes or [elles] to walken vnder þe wodes. {and} al be it so þ{a}t þou seest þat þei alle discorden by dyuerse formes. algate hir{e} [faces] enclinig heuieþ hir{e} dulle wittes. Onlyche þe lynage of man heueþ heyest hys heyȝe heued {and} stondeþ lyȝt wiþ hys vpryȝt body {and} byholdeþ þe erþe vndir hym. but-ȝif þou erþely man wexest yuel oute of þi witte. þis figure amonesteþ þe þ{a}t axest þe heuene wiþ þi ryȝt visage. {and} hast areised þi forhede to beren vp on heye þi corage so þat þi þouȝt ne be nat yheuied ne put lowe vndir foot. sen þat þi body is so heye areised.

PR{O}SA VLTI{M}A.

QUONIA{M} IGITUR UTI PAULO ANTE.

++ÞEr-fore þan as I haue shewed a litel her byforne þat al þinge þat is ywist nis nat knowen by hys nature p{ro}pre. but by þe nature of he{m} þat comp{re}henden it. ¶ Lat vs loke now in as moche as it is leueful to vs. as who seiþ lat vs loken now as we mowen whiche þ{a}t þe estat is of þe deuyne substaunce so þat we mowen knowen what his science is. þe comune iugement of alle creatures resonables þan is þis þat god is eterne. lat vs considere þa{n} what is et{er}nite. For certys þat shal shewen vs to-gidre þe deuyne nature {and} þe deuyne science ¶ Eternite þan is p{er}fit possessiou{n} {and} al togidre of lijf interminable {and} þat sheweþ more clerely by þe co{m}parisou{n} or collac{i}ou{n} of temp{or}el þinges. for al þing þat lyueþ in tyme it is p{re}sent {and} p{ro}cediþ fro preteritȝ in to fut{ur}es. þat is to sein. fro tyme passed in to tyme comynge. ne þer nis no þing establissed i{n} tyme þat may enbracen to-gidre al þe space of hys lijf. for certys ȝit ne haþ it nat taken þe tyme of þe morwe. {and} it haþ lost þat of ȝister-day. and certys in þe lijf of þis day ȝe ne lyuen no more but ryȝt as in þis moeueable {and} t{ra}nsitorie moment. þan þilke þinge þat suffriþ temp{or}el condic{i}ou{n}. aþough{e} þat bygan neuer to be. ne þough{e} it neu{er}e cese forto be. as aristotle demde of þe worlde. and al þouȝ þat þe lif of it be strecchid wiþ infinite of tyme. ȝit algates nis it no swiche þing þat men myȝten trowen by ryȝt þat it is eterne. for al þouȝ þat it comp{re}hende {and} embrace þe space of life infinite. ȝit algates ne braceþ it nat þe space of þe lif alto-gidre. for it ne haþ nat þe fut{ur}es þat ne ben nat ȝit. ne it ne haþ no lenger þe p{re}t{er}itȝ þat ben ydon or ypassed. but þilke þing þan þat haþ {and} co{m}prehendiþ to-gidre alle þe plente of þe lif i{n}terminable. to whom þere ne failiþ nat of þe fut{ur}e. {and} to whom þer nis nat of þe p{re}t{er}it escapid nor ypassed. þilk same is ywitnessed or yproued by ryȝt to ben eterne. and it byhoueþ by necessite þat þilke þinge be alwey p{re}sent to hym self {and} co{m}potent. as who seiþ alwey p{re}sent to hym self {and} so myȝty þat al by ryȝt at hys plesaunce. {and} þ{a}t he haue al p{re}sent þe infinit of þe moeuable tyme. wherfore som men trowe{n} wrongefully þat whan þei heren þat it semid to plato þat þis worlde ne had neuer bygynnynge of tyme. ne þat it neu{er}e shal haue faylynge. þei wenen i{n} þis man{er}e þat þis worlde ben maked coet{er}ne wiþ his makere. as who seiþ. þei wenen þat þis worlde {and} god ben maked to-gidre eterne. and it is a wrongful wenynge. for oþer þing is it to ben yladd by lif interminable as plato graunted to þe worlde. {and} oþer þing is it to embracen to-gidre alle þe p{re}sence to þe lif interminable. þe whiche þing it is clere {and} manifest þat it is p{ro}pre to þe deuine þouȝt. ne it ne sholde nat semen to vs þat god is elder þan þinges þat ben ymaked by quantite of tyme. but raþer by þe p{ro}prete of hys symple nature. for þis ilke infinit moeuyng of temp{or}el þinges folwiþ þis p{re}sentarie estat of þe lijf i{n}moeueable. {and} so as it ne may nat contrefeten it ne feyne{n} it ne ben euene lyke to it. for þe inmoeueablete. þat is to seyn þat is i{n} þe eternite of god. ¶ it faileþ {and} falleþ in to moeuynge fro þe simplicite of p{re}sence of god. {and} disencresiþ to þe infinite quantite of fut{ur}e {and} of p{re}terit. {and} so as it ne may nat han togidre al þe plente of þe lif. algates ȝitte for as moche as it ne cesiþ neuere forto ben in som manere it semeþ somde to vs þat it folwiþ {and} resembliþ þilke þing þ{a}t it ne may nat attayne to. ne fulfille. {and} byndeþ it self to som manere p{re}sence of þis litel {and} swifte moment. þe whiche p{re}sence of þis lytele {and} swifte moment. for þat it bereþ a manere ymage or lykenesse of þe ay dwellynge p{re}sence of god. it graunteþ to swiche manere þinges as it bitidiþ to þat it semeþ hem þat þise þinges han ben {and} ben {and} for [þ{a}t] þe p{re}sence of swiche litel moment ne may nat dwelle þer-for rauyssid {and} took þe infinit wey of tyme. þat is to seyn by successiou{n}. {and} by þis man{er}e it is ydon. for þat it sholde continue þe lif in goynge of þe whiche lif it ne myȝt nat embrace þe plente in dwellynge. {and} for þi yif we willen putte worþi name to þinges {and} folwen plato. lat vs seyn þa{n} soþely þat god is et{er}ne. {and} þat þe worlde is p{er}petuel. þan syn þat euery iugeme{n}t knoweþ {and} comp{re}hendiþ by hys owen nature þinges þat ben subiect vnto hym. þere is soþely al-wey to god an et{er}ne {and} p{re}sentarie estat. {and} þe science of hym þat ouer-passeþ alle temp{or}el moem{en}t dwelliþ in þe symplicite of hys p{re}sence {and} embraceþ {and} considereþ alle þe infinit spaces of tymes p{re}teritȝ {and} fut{ur}es {and} lokeþ in þis symple knowynge alle þinges of p{re}t{er}it ryȝt as þei weren ydoon p{re}sently ryȝt now ¶ yif þou wolt þan þenke {and} avise{n} þe p{re}science by whiche it knoweþ al þi{n}ges þou ne shalt nat demen it as p{re}science of þinges to comen. but þou shalt deme{n} more ryȝtfully þat it is science of presence or of instaunce þat neuer ne fayleþ. for whiche it nis nat ycleped p{ro}uidence but it sholde raþer be cleped purueaunce þat is establissed ful fer fro ryȝt lowe þinges. {and} byholdeþ from a-fer alle þinges ryȝt as it were fro þe heye heyȝte of þinges. whi axest þou þan or why disputest þou þan þat þilke þinges ben don by necessite whiche þat ben yseyen {and} yknowen by þe deuyne syȝt. syn þat for soþe men ne maken nat þilke þi{n}ges necessarie. whiche þat þe seen be ydoon in hir{e} syȝt. for addiþ þi byholdynge any necessite to þilke þinges þat þou byholdest p{re}sent. ¶ Nay q{uo}d I. p. Certys þan yif men myȝte maken any digne comparisou{n} or collac{i}ou{n} of þe p{re}sence diuine. {and} of þe p{re}sence of mankynde. ryȝt so as ȝe seen so{m}me þinges in þis temp{or}el presente. ryȝt so seeþ god alle þinges by hys eterne p{re}sent. ¶ wherfore þis dyuyne p{re}science ne chaungeþ nat þe nature ne þe p{ro}prete of þinges but byholdeþ swyche þinges present to hym ward. as þei shollen bytiden to ȝow ward in tyme to come. ne it ne co{n}foundeþ nat þe Iugementȝ of þinges but by of syȝt of hys þouȝt he knoweþ þe þinges to comen as wel necessarie as nat necessarie. ryȝt so as whan ȝe seen togidre a man walke on þe erþe {and} þe sonne arysen in heuene. al be it so þat ȝe seen {and} byholde{n} þat oon {and} þat oþer to-gidre. ȝit naþeles ȝe demen {and} discerne þat þat oon is uolu{n}tarie {and} þat oþer is necessarie. ¶ Ryȝt so þan deuyne lokynge byholdynge alle þi{n}ges vndir hym ne troubleþ nat þe qualite of þinges þat ben certeynely p{re}sent to hy{m} ward. but as to þe condic{i}ou{n} of tyme for soþe þei ben fut{ur}e. for whiche it folwiþ þat þis nis non oppiniou{n}. but raþer a stedfast knowyng ystrengeþed by soþenes. þat whan þat god knoweþ any þinge to be he ne vnwoot nat þat þilke þinge wanteþ necessite to be. þis is to seyn þat whan þat god knoweþ any þinge to bitide. he woot wel þat it ne haþ no necessite to bitide. {and} yif þ{o}u seist here þat þilke þinge þat god seeþ to bytide it ne may nat vnbytide. as who seiþ it mot bitide. ¶ and þilke þinge þat þat ne may nat vnbytide it mot bitide by necessite. and þat þou streine me to þis name of necessite. certys I wol wel confessen {and} byknowe a þinge of ful sadde trouþe. but vnneþ shal þere any wyȝt seen it or comen þer-to. but yif þat he be byholder of þe deuyne þouȝte. ¶ for I wol answer{e} þe þus. þat þilke þinge þat is future whan it is referred to þe deuyne knowy{n}g þan is it necessarie. but certys whan it is vndirstonden in hys owen kynde me{n} sen it vtterly fre {and} absolut from alle necessite. for certys þer ben two maneres of necessites. þat oon necessite is symple as þus. þat it byhoueþ by necessite þat alle men be mortal or dedely. an oþ{er} necessite is condicionel as þus. yif þou wost þat a man walkiþ. it byhoueþ by necessite þat he walke. þilke þinge þan þat any wyȝt haþ yknowe to be. it ne may ben non oþer weyes þan he knoweþ it to be. ¶ but þis condicioun ne draweþ nat wiþ hir þilke necessite symple. For certys þis necessite condicionel. þe p{ro}pre nature of it ne makeþ it nauȝt. but þe adiecc{i}ou{n} of þe condic{i}ou{n} makiþ it. for no necessite ne constreyneþ a man to [gon / þ{a}t] gooþ by his p{ro}pre wille. al be it so þat whan he gooþ þat it is necessarie þat he gooþ. þan mot þilke þinge be by necessite. al þouȝ þat it ne haue no necessite of hys owen nature. ¶ Ryȝt on þis same manere þan. yif þat þe p{ur}ueaunce of god seeþ any þing p{re}sent. but certys þe fut{ur}es þat bytyden by fredom of arbitre god seeþ hem alle to-gidre p{re}sentȝ. þise þinges þan þei ben referred to þe deuyne syȝt. þan ben þei maked necessarie to þe condic{i}ou{n} of þe deuyne knowynge. but certys yif þilke þinges ben considred by hem self þei ben absolut of necessite. {and} ne forleten nat ne cesen nat of þe liberte of hire owe{n} natur{e}. þan certys wiþ outen doute alle þe þing{us} shollen be doon whiche þat god woot by-forn þat þei ben to comen. but so{m}me of hem comen {and} bitiden of arbitre or of fre wille. þat al be it so þat þei bytiden. ȝit algates ne lese þei nat hire p{ro}pre nature ne beynge. by þe whiche first or þat þei were doon þei hadden power nat to han bitidd. Boece. what is þis to seyn þa{n} q{uo}d I. þat þinges ne ben nat necessarie by hire p{ro}pre nature. so as þei comen in alle maneres in þe lykenesse of necessite by þe condic{i}ou{n} of þe deuyne science. {Ph}ilosoph{ie}. þis is þe difference q{uo}d she. þat þo þinges þat I p{ur}posed þe a litel here byforn. þat is to seyn þe sonne arysynge {and} þe man walkynge þat þerwhiles þat þilke þinges ben ydon. þei ne myȝten nat ben vndon. naþeles þat oon of hem or it was ydon it byhoued by necessite þat it was ydon. but nat þat oþ{er}. ryȝt so it is here þat þe þinges þat god haþ p{re}sent. wiþ outen doute þei shulle ben. but so{m}me of hem descendiþ of þe nature of þinges as þe sonne arysynge. {and} so{m}me descendiþ of þe power of þe doers as þe man walkynge. ¶ þan seide I. no wronge þat yif þat þise þinges ben referred to þe deuyne knowynge þan ben þei necessarie. {and} yif þei ben considered by he{m} selfe þan ben þei absolut from þe bonde of necessite. ryȝt so alle þinges þat appiereþ or sheweþ to þe wittes yif þou referre it to resou{n} it is vniuersel. {and} yif þou referre it or look it to it self. þan is it sy{n}guler. but now yif þou seist þus þ{a}t yif it be in my power to chaunge my p{ur}pose. þan shal I voide þe p{ur}ueaunce of god. whan þat p{er}auenture I shal han chau{n}ged þo þinges þat he knoweþ byforn. þan shal I answere þe þus ¶ Certys þou maist wel chaungen þi p{ur}pos but for as mochel as þe p{re}sent soþenesse of þe deuyne p{ur}ueaunce byholdeþ þat þou mayst chau{n}ge{n} þi p{ur}pose. {and} wheþir þou wolt chaunge it or no. {and} whider-ward þat þou tourne it. þ{o}u maist nat eschewen þe deuyne p{re}science ryȝt as þou ne mayst nat fleen þe syȝt of þe p{re}sent eye. al þouȝ þat þou tourne þi self by þi fre wille in to dyu{er}se acc{i}ou{n}. ¶ But þou mayst seyn aȝeyne how shal it þan be. shal nat þe dyuyne science ben chaunged by my disposic{i}ou{n} whan þat I wol o þing now {and} now an oþer. {and} þilke p{re}science ne semeþ it nat to enterchau{n}ge stoundes of knowynges. as who seiþ. ne shal it nat seme to vs þat þe deuyne p{re}science enterchaungeþ hys dyuers stoundes of knowynge. so þat it knowe so{m}me tyme o þing {and} so{m}me tyme þe contrarie. ¶ No for soþe. [q{uod} I] for þe deuyne syȝt renneþ to-forne {and} seeþ alle fut{ur}es {and} clepeþ hem aȝein {and} reto{ur}niþ hem to þe p{re}sence of hys p{ro}pre knowynge. ne he ne entrechaungeþ nat as þou wenest þe stoundes of forknowyng now þis now þat. but he ay dwellynge comiþ byforn {and} enbraceþ at o strook alle þi mutac{i}ou{n}s. and þis p{re}sence to co{m}p{re}henden {and} to sen alle þinges. god ne haþ nat take{n} it of þe bitydynge of þinges forto come. but of hys p{ro}pre symplicite. ¶ and her by is assoiled þilke þing þat þou puttest a litel her byforne. þat is to seyne þat it is vnworþi þinge to seyn þat oure futures ȝeuen cause of þe science of god ¶ For c{er}tys þis strengþe of þe deuyne science whiche þat enbraceþ alle þinge by his p{re}sentarie knowynge establisseþ manere to alle þi{n}g{us} {and} it ne awiþ nat to lattere þinges. {and} syn þat þise þinges ben þus. þat is to seyn syn þat necessite nis nat in þinges by þe deuyne p{re}science. þan is þer fredom of arbitre. þat dwelleþ hool {and} vnwemmed to mortal men. ne þe lawes ne p{ur}pose nat wikkedly meedes {and} peynes to þe willynges of men þat ben vnbounde {and} quit of alle necessite. ¶ And god byholder {and} forwiter of alle þinges dwelliþ aboue {and} þe p{re}sent eternite of hys syȝt renneþ alwey wiþ þe dyuerse qualite of oure dedes dispe{n}syng {and} ordeynynge medes to good men. {and} tourmentȝ to wicked men. ne in ydel ne i{n} veyn ne ben þer nat put in god hope {and} p{ra}yeres. þat ne mowen nat ben vnspedful ne wiþ oute effect whan þei ben ryȝtful ¶ wiþstond þan {and} eschewe þou vices. worshippe {and} loue þou vertus. areise þi corage to ryȝtful hoopes. ȝelde þou humble p{re}iers an heyȝe. grete necessite of prowesse {and} vertue is encharged {and} comaunded to ȝow yif ȝe nil nat dissimulen. ¶ Syn þat ȝe worchen {and} doon. þat is to seyn ȝoure dedes {and} ȝoure workes by-fore þe eyen of þe Iuge þat seeþ {and} demeþ alle þinges. [To whom be goye {and} worshipe bi Infynyt tymes / AMEN.]

EXPLICIT LIBER QUINTUS. {ET} VLTIM{US}.

* * * * * * * * *

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

ABAIST = ABYEST, sufferest, endurest, 39/1014 ABAIST, abashed, 107/3047 ABASSEN, to be abashed, dismayed, 146/4213 ABESID (= ABAYSSHED), abashed, 7/92 ABIDE, to await, 7/93. ‘ABIDE after’ = look after, expect, 13/250; p.p. Abiden, waited, 86/2405 Abieþ, suffers, 109/3101 ABLYNGE, enabling, fitting (aptans), 26/624, 88/2440 Abood, abode, 63/1716 Aboven, above, 6/52 Abreggynge, curtailing; hence gain obtained by curtailment (compendium), 151/4355 Accoie, to soothe, quiet (demulcere), 38/967 Accordaunce, agreement, 143/4134 Accordaunt, agreeing, unanimous, 19/431 Accorde, to agree, 42/1080 Accoumpte, account, 47/1251 Accountyng, calculation, 8/110 Achat, purchase, 15/310 Acheve, to achieve, accomplish, 18/404 Achoken, to choke, 47/1235 Acomplise, Acomplisse, to accomplish, 92/2575, 118/3356 Acordable, agreeing, 62/1694 Acusor, informer, 72/1990 Addre (Nadre), adder, 170/4959 Adoune, down, downward, 7/92 Adounward, downwards, 7/87 Adrad, in fear, afraid, 43/1132 Adresse, to direct, control, 163/4721 Afer, afar, 164/4767 Agast, aghast, frightened, 76/2107 Agaste, to terrify, frighten, 141/4051 Agon, ago, 70/1907 Agreableté, goodwill, 42/1099 Agrisen, to be afraid, dread, 10/178, 31/777 Ajuge, to adjudge, 15/325 Aknowe, acknowledged, 17/367 Aldirmost, most of all, 124/3557 Algates, Algate, yet, nevertheless, 19/439, 68/1849, 81/2242, 162/4696, 4698 Allegge, to alleviate, 124/3529 Alouterly, utterly, entirely, 109/3090 Alþerfairest, fairest of all, 87/2422 Alþerfirst, first of all, 10/180 Alþermoste, most of all, 158/4563 Alþerworste, worst of all, 157/4562 Alyene, to alienate, 27/671 Amenuse, to lessen, diminish, 19/426, 40/1039 Amenusynge, diminution, 46/1192 Ameve, Amoeve, Amove, to move, 6/64, 23/551 Amoneste, to admonish, 171/4971 Amonestyng, admonition, exhortation, 149/4296 Amongus, amongst, 52/1380 Amonicioun, admonition, 13/253 Amynistre, to administer, 135/3891 Ancre, anchor, 41/1050 Angre, grief, misery, 41/1072 Anguisse, Angysse, anguish, 79/2177; to torment, 80/2198 Anguissous, anxious, sorrowful, 41/1062, 1066 Anoie, to be grieved, be sorry, 41/1058 Anoienge, 22/532 Anoies, hurtful, 47/1238 Anoious, annoying, hurtful, 7/102 An-oone, anon, 42/1086 Anoyously, dangerously, hurtfully, 80/2214 Apaise, to appease, 148/4278 Apasse, to pass away, go, 46/1195 Aperceive, to perceive, 16/344, 134/3845 Apertly, plainly, 17/386, 91/2543 Appaie, to please, satisfy, 47/1235 Appaire, to impair, 25/597 Apparaile, to clothe, adorn, 8/116 Apparaillement, clothing, ornament, 49/1300 Appertiene, to appertain, 73/1996 Applien, bend to, join, 161/4660 Apresse, to oppress, 184/60 Aprochen, to approach, 6/63, 66 Arace, Arase, Arrace, to tear, tear from, separate, 11/196, 27/671, 98/2774, 152/4278 Araise, Areise, Areyse, to raise, 51/1357, 118/3369, 178/5212 Arbitre, will, free will, 156/4500 Ardaunt, ardent, 106/3031 Aresten, to stop, arrest, 32/815 Aretten, to ascribe to, impute to, 40/1016 Arist, arises, 143/4138 Armurers, armours, arms, 51/1342 Armures, armour, 9/131 Arst, first, 95/2675 Arwe, arrow, 148/4262 Arysynge, rising, 22/512 Aryve, to bring to shore, 122/3479 Asayle, to assail, 181/40 Ascape, to escape, 8/129 Asondre, asunder, 64/1740 Aspre, sharp, rough, 32/806, 80/2216 Asprenesse, sharpness, 127/3627 Assaie, to essay, 42/1083 Assemble, to gather together, amass (money), 80/2208 Asseure, to assure, 16/330 Assoilen, to absolve, pay, unloose, dissolve, 149/4303, 154/4459 Astat, estate, state, 30/738 Astoned, astonished, 7/92, 63/1702; stupidus, 122/3471 Astonynge, Astonyenge, astonishment, 9/134, 132/3780 Ataste, to taste, 30/756 Ataynt, Ateint, attained, knowing, experienced, 31/772, 69/1905 Attayne, to reach, 12/227 Atte, at the, 95/2675 Attemperaunce, tempering, temperament, 138/3973, 144/4145 Attempre, to temper, moderate, 8/115, 111/3154; control, 163/4721; (adj.) modest, 29/728, 40/1033 Atteyne, to attain, 118/3358 Atwyne, in two, 98/2769 Avalen, to fall down, 143/4139 Avaunce, to advance, further, 41/1057 Avaunte, to boast, 5/26, 19/426 Auctorité, authority, 7/91 Aventerouse, fortuitous, 28/697, 40/1018 Aventure, event, 21/476 Autour, author, 58/1556 Auȝte, ought, 11/213 Avisen, to consider, 174/5063 Awaite, snare, 80/2214 Awaitour, one who lies in wait, 121/3463 Awiþ = aweþ, oweth (debet), 178/5198 Ay, ever, 184/55 Ay-dwellynge, ever-dwelling, 173/5044 Ayenis, against, 97/2749 Axe, to ask, 17/357, 24/579 Aȝeins, Aȝeynes, Aȝeynest, against, 10/183, 11/194, 12/221, 13/255 Aȝeinewarde, on the contrary, on the other hand, 42/1098

Bacine, basin, 133/3806 Batailen, to war on, do battle against, 18/412 Been, bees, 80/2200 Ber, did bear, 6/61 Bere, Bear, 143/4124 Beren on hond, to accuse falsely, 20/449 Bet, better, 63/1703 Bibled, covered over with blood, 48/1860 Bisien, to trouble, 8/112 Bitake. See Bytake. Bitidd, happened, 176/5143 Bitwixen. See Bytwixen. Blaundissinge, flattering, 30/749 Blaundyshing, flattery, blandishment, 34/866 Bleched, bleached, 181/45 Blemisse, to blemish, abuse (lacero), 20/472 Blyssed, blessed, 181/43 Blyþenesse, joyfulness, 37/957 Boch, botch, blain, sore, 72/1977 Bode, to foretell, 143/4130 Bole, bull, 148/4274 Boot, did bite, 53/1400 Bordure, border, hem, 6/50 Bosten, to boast, 79/2171 Botme, bottom, 12/234 Bounté, Bownté, goodness, kindness, 19/444, 46/1202, 183/39 Brenne (pret. Brende), to burn, 19/437, 106/3031 Brid, bird, 68/1867 Bristlede, bristly, 148/4281 Brode, broadly, plainly, 49/1298 Brutel, brittle, fragile, 45/1174 Brutelnesse, brittleness, frailty, 184/63 Burþe, birth, 78/2165 Busshel (corn), 15/312 Bydolven (p.p.), buried, 151/4348 Byen (for abyen), suffer, 125/3578 Byforen, BYFORN, BYFORNE, before, 20/454 Bygunne, didst begin, 37/941 Bygyle, to beguile, 25/615 Byhate, to hate, 75/2051 Byheste, promise, 149/4303 Byhete, to promise, 61/1651, 69/1903 Byhynde, Byhynden, behind, 108/3062, 110/3137 Byhyȝt, promised, 70/1925, 85/2374, 157/4558 Byknowen, Byknowe, to acknowledge, 146/4211, 175/5107; p.p. Byknowen, 90/2514 Byleve, believe, 28/695 Byname, an additional name, 84/2333 Byneþen, beneath, 49/1295 Bynomen (p.p.), taken from, 124/3527 Bynyme, to deprive of, take away, 43/1117, 70/1930 Byreft, bereft, 33/837 Byseche, to beseech, 86/2408 Bysmoked, besmoked, 5/49 Byspotte, to defile, 73/2009 Bystowe, to bestow, 24/585 Bysynesse, toil, 184/75 Bytake, to entrust, 32/808 Bytide (pret. BYTIDDE, p.p. BYTID), to befall, happen, 20/474, 151/4360, 155/4467 Bytwene, between, 6/54 Bytwixen, betwixt, 132/3785 Bytynge, biting, sharp, 63/1721 Bywepe, to weep for, 26/644 Byweyle, to bewail, 26/643

Caitif, Caytif, wretched, 21/489, 116/3289 Careyne, carcase, corpse, 116/3307 Cariages, taxes (vectigalia), 15/303 Celebrable, commendable, noted, 84/2320, 147/4257 Certein, certain, 170/4952 Cese, to cease, 36/904, 130/3716 Cesse, to cease, 133/3821 Chalenge, to claim, 52/1380 Chastie, Chastysen, to chastise, 125/3579, 145/4170 Chayere, chair, seat, 21/503 Cheminey, furnace (caminus), 12/236 Cheryce, to cherish, 181/52 Chesen, to choose, 76/2096 Cheyn, chain, 8/122 Chiere, CHERE, CHOERE, face, countenance, 8/123, 12/232, 108/3080 Chirkynge, groaning (stridens), 25/618 Clarré, a kind of wine, 50/1329 Cleer, serene, 45/1168 Clepe, to call, 4/17, 11/188, 17/369 Clifte, fissure, cleft, 130/3721 Cliven, CLIVE, to stick, cling, adhere to, 41/1050, 101/2858, 159/4600 Cloumben = CLOMBEN, climbed, ascended, 57/1533 Coempcioun, coemption, 15/309 Coeterne, coeternal, 172/5019 Colasioun, collation, 125/3569 Collacioun, comparison, 165/4805 Combred, troubled, 94/2642 Commoeve, to move, 107/3043 Commoevyng, moving (excitans), 12/233 Communalité, commonwealth, 14/271, 142/4108 Comparisoune, to compare, 58/1567 Complyssen, to accomplish, 124/3534 Compotent, having the mastery (compos), 172/5012 Compoune, to compose, form, 87/2419, 93/2598 Comprende, comprehend, 165/4807 Comunableté, commonwealth, 13/268 Comune, common, 9/140, 15/310 Confederacie, conspiracy, 53/1399 Confus, confused, 132/3788 Conjecte, to conjecture, 27/649, 114/3230 Conjoignen, to join, 92/2573 Conjuracioun, conspiracy, 18/394, 53/1399 Consequente, consequence, 84/2323 Constreyne, to constrain, contract, 5/38 Consuler (CONSEILER), consul, 51/1364, 1366 Consumpt (consumptus), consumed, 60/1632 Contek, contest, strife, 130/3745 Contene, Contienen, to contain, comprehend, 24/573, 116/3302 Contrarien, to be opposed to, adverse to, 154/4440 Contrarious, adverse, opposite, 21/488, 53/1420 Contrefeten, to counterfeit, 173/5031 Convenably, fitly, conveniently, 142/4089 Convict, convicted, 19/440 Cop, top, summit, 44/1159 Corage, mind, spirit, 118/3367, 119/3398 Corige, to correct, 125/3581 Corompe, Corrumpe, to become corrupt, 98/2766, 96/2697 Corone, Coroune, a crown, 119/3385, 91/2555 Corsed, cursed, 181/27 Corsednesse, cursedness, 90/2526 Corumpynge, corruption, 103/2927 Cosyne, cousin, 106/3020 Couche, to lay, set, 35/890 Coupable, guilty, 10/172 Couth, known, 25/592 Coveite, to covet, 51/1365 Covenable, fit, convenient, 97/2731 Covertour, Coverture, covering, 118/3361, 159/4622 Covetise, Coveytyse, covetousness, 20/451, 181/32 Covine, deceit, collusion, 21/493 Coyn, money, 180/20 Creat, created, 99/2796 Crike, creek, 82/2260 Croppe, top, 69/1877 Curacioun, cure (curatio), 26/632 Curage, 30/753. See Corage. Cure, care, 64/1753

Dalf (pret. of delven), dug, delved, 51/1349 Damoisel, damsel, 30/762 Dampnacioun, condemnation, 16/352 Daunten, Dawnte, to subdue, daunt, 77/2115, 147/4258 Debonairly, mildly, 122/3490 Deboneire, gentle (mitis), 22/519; good, 88/2450 Deceivable, deceptive, 77/2124 Dede, did, 181/28 Dedid, made dead, 127/3623 Deef, deaf, 4/18 Deere, dear, 37/941 Deeþ, death, 4/15 Defaute, fault, defect, 18/402 Defende, to forbid, 34/859 Deffeted, enfeebled, weakened, 30/735 Defoule, to defile, 21/491, 68/1873 Degrees, steps, 6/54 Delices, delight, delights (deliciæ), 38/968, 41/1062, 66/1787 Delitable, delectable, 30/756 Delitably, delightfully, 108/3078 Delve, should dig, 151/4352 Delver, a digger, 151/4359 Delyé, thin, fine, 5/43. Fr. délié. Dempne, to condemn, 183/49 Denoye, to deny, 88/2464 Departe, to separate, 29/719 Depelyche, deeply, 160/4647 Depeynte, to depict, 111/3146 Depper, deeper, 27/649 Derke, Derken, to darken, 7/90, 20/448 Derworþe, Derworþi, precious, 31/787, 41/1046 Desarmen, disarm, 13/241 Desceivaunce, deception, 81/2240 Desceive, Desseive, to deceive, 9/141, 38/967 Descryven, to describe, 99/2813 Desmaie, to dismay, 35/896 Desordene, inordinate, 36/912 Despoylynge, spoil, prey, 147/4259 Destempraunce, severity, 97/2749 Destinal, fatal, 135/3884 Destourbe, disturb, 143/4123 Destrat, distracted, 80/2216 Destreine, to constrain, bind, 54/1441 Diffinisse, to define, 88/2459, 165/4808 Digne, worthy, just, 43/1124, 149/4297 Digneliche, worthily, 53/1427 Dirke, dark, 83/2306 Dirke, Dirken, to make dark, darken, 5/48, 49 Dirkenesse, darkness, 23/535 Disceyvable, deceptive, 4/23 Discordable, discordant, 143/4133 Discorde, to disagree, 94/2632, 102/2898 Discordyng, disagreeing, discordant, 68/1849 Discours, judgment, reason, 165/4804 Discressioun, discretion, 93/2594 Discussed, dispersed, scattered, 9/149 Disdaignen, to disdain (indignari), 146/4213 Disencrese, to decrease, 173/5035 Disordinaunce, disorder, 150/4324 Dispenden, to spend, expend, 45/1181 Dispone, to dispose, 135/3864 Disputisoun, disputation, 149/4314 Disseveraunce, separation, 96/2701 Dissimulen, to dissemble, 178/5215 Distempre, intemperate, 121/3466 Distingwed, distinguished, 47/1223 Dité, ditty, 134/3850 Divinour, diviner, 157/4541 Domesman, judge, 55/1467 Doom, judgment, 152/4395 Doumbe, dumb, 9/138 Doutous, Dowtos, doubtful, 5/37 Dowblenesse, duplicity, 182/63 Drede, dread, 21/497 Dredeful, timid, 121/3468 Dredles, fearless, 106/3028 Dreint, Dreynt, drowned, drenched, 4/22, 7/99, 148/4271 Dresse, to direct, order, 137/3954, 142/4104 Drouppe, to drop, 20/455 Drow, drew, 15/300 Duelly, duly, 22/530 Dulle, to become dull, 7/100 Dure, Duren, to last, 98/2755 Duske, to make dusk or dim, 5/48 Dyverses (pl.), divers, 8/120 Dyvynynge, divination, 157/4541

Echid, increased, 77/2134 Echynnys, sea-urchins, 82/2266 Egalité, equality, evenness (of mind), 42/1099 Egaly, equally, evenly, 43/1108, 157/4536 Egge, edge, 180/19 Egre, sharp, 25/610 Egren, to urge, excite, 141/4060 Eir, air, 45/1169 Ek, Eke, also, 40/1040, 181/36 Elde, old age, 5/48 Eldefadir, grandfather, 40/1042 Elder, older, 89/2493 Embelise, to embellish, 47/1223 Emperie, government, 51/1363 Emperisse, empress, 109/3098 Empoysenyng, poisoning, 11/206 (venenum) Emprente, to imprint, 166/4839 Emprenten, obtain (translates the Latin, impetrent), 159/4596. Perhaps a mistake for empetren. Emptid, exhausted, 5/34 Enbaissynge, a debasing, 109/3107 Enbrase, embrace, 142/4092 Enchaufen, to make hot, chafe, 73/2020 Encharge, to impose, 178/5214 Enchaunteresse, enchantress, 123/3504 Endamagen, to damage, 15/316 Endirken, to obscure, 120/3418 Enditen, to indite, 4/4 Enfourme, to inform, instruct, 11/212, 13/263 Enhaunse, Enhawnse, to raise, exalt (enhance), 33/825 Enlace, to bind, entangle, entertwine, perplex, 13/245, 80/2207, 149/4298 Enoynte, to anoint, 36/923 Enpeyren, to impair, 120/3418, 139/4015 Ensample, example, 9/151 Entalenten, to excite, 168/4876 Entecche, defile, pollute, 120/3431 Entendyng, intent, looking stedfastly on, 8/126 Entente, to intend, 150/4345 Ententes, endeavours, labours, 7/79 Ententif, attentive, intent, 12/223, 29/731 Ententifly, attentively, 103/2931 Enterchaunge, to interchange, 65/1785, 131/3753 Entercomunynge, commerce, communication, 57/1528 Entermedle, to intermix, 54/1436 Entré (adytum), 30/751 Entrechaunge, to interchange, 39/1003 Entrelaced, intermingled, entangled, 105/2981 Entremete, intermeddle, 104/2964 Enveneme, to poison, infect, 120/3437 Enviroune, to surround, 34/848, 88/2437 Environynge, circumference, 164/4769 Erþeliche, Erþelyche, earthly, 52/1378, 69/1888 Erye, to plough, ear, 71/1964 Eschapen, to escape, 41/1054 Eschaufe, to become hot, to burn, 22/524 Eschewen, to avoid, escape, 177/5172 Eschuynge, eschewing, 99/2802 Establisse, to establish, 15/311 Eterne, eternal; fro eterne = from eternity, 153/4422 Eternité, eternity, 171/4986 Evenliche, evenly, 25/599 Everyche, every, 11/190; each, 181/48 Evesterre, evening star, 22/510 Excussyoun, execution, 184/65 Exercen, to exercise, practise, 52/1389 Exercitacioun, exercise, 140/4034 Exilynge, banishment, 11/205 Exite, to excite, 168/4881 Eyen, eyes, 183/36 Eyer, air, 170/4962

Fader, father, 18/414 Familarité, familiarity, 30/740 Familers, familiars, 18/407 Fantesye, fancy, inclination, 181/51 Fasoun, fashion, 62/1693 Feffe, (?) 38/966 Fel, felle, fierce, 44/1160 Felawschipe, to accompany, 111/3141 Felefold, manifold, 30/738 Felliche, fiercely, 39/997 Felnesse, fierceness, 25/618 Felonous, wicked, depraved, 18/405 Felonye, crime, 124/3542 Fer, far, 23/554 Ferm, firm, 78/2148 Fermely, firmly, 157/4550 Ferne, fern, 64/1741 Ferne, distant, 60/1621 Ferþe, fourth, 56/1509 Festivaly, gaily, 59/1581 Festne, to fasten, fix, 10/166 Fette, fetched, 180/22 Fey, faith, truth, 112/3178 Ficchen, to fix, fasten, 45/1164, 88/2446 Fieblesse, feebleness, 81/2240, 112/3176 Fille, abundance, 48/1269 Flaumbe, flame, 98/2761 Fleme, to banish, 29/723 Fles, fleece, 180/18 Flete, Fleten, to float, flow, pass away, abound, 8/118, 28/690, 146/4223, 152/4376 Fletynge, flowing, 71/1961 Fley, flee, 149/4289 Fleyen, to flee, 125/3584 Flies, fleece, 50/1330 Flitte, to remove, 68/1853 Flittyng, changing, fickle, 78/2150 Flityng, flitting, 12/220 Flotere, to float, 99/2817 Floterynge, floating, 87/2420 Flouren, to flourish, 131/3763 Fodre, fodder, 148/4267 Foleyen, Folyen, to act foolishly, 67/1821, 1826 Folyly, foolishly, 12/220 Fooldest, foldest, 105/2984 Forbrek, broke, interrupted, 108/3082 Fordoon, to undo, destroy, 62/1693 Fordryven, driven about, 12/215 Foreyne, foreign, 34/851 Forghe, furrow, 170/4959 Forheved, forehead, 16/346 Forknowyng, foreknowledge, 178/5187 Forleften, left (pret. of forleve, linquo), 9/150 Forlete, to cease, 96/2697; leave, forsake, 22/525 Forleten (p.p.), neglected, forsaken, 5/47 Forliven, degenerate from (degenero), 78/2163 Forlorn, lost, 34/858, 121/3452 Forme, an error for ferme, to make firm, 23/547 Forpampred, overpampered, 180/5 Fors, force; ‘no fors,’ no matter, 182/13 Forsweryng, perjury, 23/536 Forþenke, to be sorry, grieved, 41/1058 Forþere, to further, promote, 41/1057 Forþest, farthest, 136/3918 Forþi, therefore, 28/689 Fortroden, trodden upon, trampled, 109/3100 Fortunel, fortuitous, 152/4379 Fortunouse, Fortuouse, fortuitous, 26/639, 38/983, 132/3779 Forwes, furrows, 180/12 Forwiter, foreknower, 178/5204 Foryetyn, forgotten, 101/2872 Foundement, foundation, 98/2754 Fowel, bird, 107/3053 Fram, from, 70/1931 Freele, frail, 61/1658 Frete, to eat, devour, 147/4252 Frounce, flounce, 9/147 Fructe, fruit, 180/3 Frutefiyng, fructifying, fruitful, 6/72 Fulfilling, satisfying, 79/2178 Fycche, fix, 108/3073. See Ficchen. Fyn, end, 69/1892