Part 4

MÜLLER, Max. LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 2 vols. American edition. New York: 1875.

MÜRDTER, F. KURZGEFASSTE GESCHICHTE BABYLONIENS UND ASSYRIENS, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Alten Testaments. Mit Vorwort und Beigaben von Friedrich Delitzsch. Stuttgart: 1882. 1 vol.

OPPERT, Jules. L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'AME CHEZ LES CHALDÉENS. 28 pages. (Extrait des Annales de Philosophie Chrètienne, 1874.) Perrot et Chipiez.

QUATREFAGES, A. de. L'ESPÈCE HUMAINE. Sixième edition. 1 vol. Paris: 1880.

RAWLINSON, George. THE FIVE GREAT MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT EASTERN WORLD. London: 1865. 1st and 2d vols.

RECORDS OF THE PAST. Published under the sanction of the Society of Biblical Archæology. Volumes I. III. V. VII. IX. XI.

SAYCE, A. H. FRESH LIGHT FROM ANCIENT MONUMENTS. ("By-Paths of Bible Knowledge" Series, II.) 3d edition, 1885. London: 1 vol.

---- THE ANCIENT EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 1 vol. London, 1884.

---- BABYLONIAN LITERATURE. 1 vol. London, 1884.

SCHRADER, Eberhard. KEILINSCHRIFTEN und Geschichtsforschung. Giessen: 1878. 1 vol.

---- DIE KEILINSCHRIFTEN und das Alte Testament. Giessen: 1883. 1 vol.

---- ISTAR'S HÖLLENFAHRT. 1 vol. Giessen: 1874.

---- ZUR FRAGE NACH DEM URSPRUNG DER ALTBABYLONISCHEN KULTUR. Berlin: 1884.

SMITH, George. ASSYRIA from the Earliest Times to the Fall of Nineveh. ("Ancient History from the Monuments" Series.) London: 1 vol.

TYLOR, Edward B. PRIMITIVE CULTURE. Second American Edition. 2 vols. New York: 1877.

ZIMMERN, Heinrich. BABYLONISCHE BUSSPSALMEN, umschrieben, übersetzt und erklärt. 17 pages, 4to. Leipzig: 1885.

Numerous Essays by Sir Henry Rawlinson, Friedr. Delitzsch, E. Schrader and others, in Mr. Geo. Rawlinson's translation of Herodotus, in the Calwer Bibellexikon, and in various periodicals, such as "Proceedings" and "Transactions" of the "Society of Biblical Archæology," "Jahrbücher für Protestantische Theologie," "Zeitschrift für Keilschriftforschung," "Gazette Archéologique," and others.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE SHAMASH THE SUN-GOD. From a tablet in the British Museum. Frontispiece. 1. CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS Ménant. 10 2. TEMPLE OF ÊA AT ERIDHU Hommel. 23 3. VIEW OF EUPHRATES NEAR BABYLON Babelon. 31 4. MOUND OF BABIL Oppert. 33 5. BRONZE DISH Perrot and Chipiez. 35 6. BRONZE DISH (RUG PATTERN) Perrot and Chipiez. 37 7. SECTION OF BRONZE DISH Perrot and Chipiez. 39 8. VIEW OF NEBBI-YUNUS Babelon. 41 9. BUILDING IN BAKED BRICK. Perrot and Chipiez. 43 10. MOUND OF NINEVEH Hommel. 45 11. MOUND OF MUGHEIR (ANCIENT UR) Taylor. 47 12. TERRACE WALL AT KHORSABAD Perrot and Chipiez. 49 13. RAFT BUOYED BY INFLATED SKINS (ANCIENT) Kaulen. 51 14. RAFT BUOYED BY INFLATED SKINS (MODERN) Kaulen. 51 15. EXCAVATIONS AT MUGHEIR (UR) Hommel. 53 16. WARRIORS SWIMMING ON INFLATED SKINS Babelon. 55 17. VIEW OF KOYUNJIK Hommel. 57 18. STONE LION AT ENTRANCE OF A TEMPLE Perrot and Chipiez. 59 19. COURT OF HAREM AT KHORSABAD. RESTORED Perrot and Chipiez. 61 20. CIRCULAR PILLAR BASE Perrot and Chipiez. 63 21. INTERIOR VIEW OF HAREM CHAMBER Perrot and Chipiez. 65 22, 23. COLORED FRIEZE IN ENAMELLED TILES Perrot and Chipiez. 67 24. PAVEMENT SLAB Perrot and Chipiez. 69 25. SECTION OF ORNAMENTAL DOORWAY, KHORSABAD Perrot and Chipiez. 71 26. WINGED LION WITH HUMAN HEAD Perrot and Chipiez. 73 27. WINGED BULL Perrot and Chipiez. 75 28. MAN-LION Perrot and Chipiez. 77 29. FRAGMENT OF ENAMELLED BRICK Perrot and Chipiez. 79 30. RAM'S HEAD IN ALABASTER British Museum. 81 31. EBONY COMB Perrot and Chipiez. 81 32. BRONZE FORK AND SPOON Perrot and Chipiez. 81 33. ARMENIAN LOUVRE Botta. 83 34, 35. VAULTED DRAINS Perrot and Chipiez. 84 36. CHALDEAN JAR-COFFIN Taylor. 85 37. "DISH-COVER" TOMB AT MUGHEIR Taylor. 87 38. "DISH-COVER" TOMB Taylor. 87 39. SEPULCHRAL VAULT AT MUGHEIR Taylor. 89 40. STONE JARS FROM GRAVES Hommel. 89 41. DRAIN IN MOUND Perrot and Chipiez. 90 42. WALL WITH DESIGNS IN TERRA-COTTA Loftus. 91 43. TERRA-COTTA CONE Loftus. 91 44. HEAD OF ANCIENT CHALDEAN Perrot and Chipiez. 101 45. SAME, PROFILE VIEW Perrot and Chipiez. 101 46. CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION Perrot and Chipiez. 107 47. INSCRIBED CLAY TABLET Smith's Chald. Gen. 109 48. CLAY TABLET IN ITS CASE Hommel. 111 49. ANTIQUE BRONZE SETTING OF CYLINDER Perrot and Chipiez. 112 50. CHALDEAN CYLINDER AND IMPRESSION Perrot and Chipiez. 113 51. ASSYRIAN CYLINDER 113 52. PRISM OF SENNACHERIB British Museum. 115 53. INSCRIBED CYLINDER FROM BORSIP Ménant. 117 54. DEMONS FIGHTING British Museum. 165 55. DEMON OF THE SOUTH-WEST WIND Perrot and Chipiez. 169 56. HEAD OF DEMON British Museum. 170 57. OANNES Smith's Chald. Gen. 187 58. CYLINDER OF SARGON FROM AGADÊ Hommel. 207 59. STATUE OF GUDÊA Hommel. 217 60. BUST INSCRIBED WITH NAME OF NEBO British Museum. 243 61. BACK OF TABLET WITH ACCOUNT OF FLOOD Smith's Chald. Gen. 262 62. BABYLONIAN CYLINDER Smith's Chald. Gen. 266 63. FEMALE WINGED FIGURES AND SACRED TREES British Museum. 269 64. WINGED SPIRITS BEFORE SACRED TREE Smith's Chald. Gen. 270 65. SARGON OF ASSYRIA BEFORE SACRED TREE Perrot and Chipiez. 271 66. EAGLE-HEADED FIGURE BEFORE SACRED TREE Perrot and Chipiez. 273 67. FOUR-WINGED HUMAN FIGURE BEFORE SACRED TREE Perrot and Chipiez. 275 68. TEMPLE AND HANGING GARDENS AT KOYUNJIK British Museum. 277 69. PLAN OF A ZIGGURAT Perrot and Chipiez. 278 70. "ZIGGURAT" RESTORED Perrot and Chipiez. 279 71. BIRS-NIMRUD Perrot and Chipiez. 281 72, 73. BEL FIGHTS DRAGON Perrot and Chipiez. 289 74. BATTLE BETWEEN BEL AND DRAGON Smith's Chald. Gen. 291 75. IZDUBAR AND LION Smith's Chald. Gen. 306 76. IZDUBAR AND LION British Museum. 307 77. IZDUBAR AND ÊABÂNI Smith's Chald. Gen. 309 78. IZDUBAR AND LION Perrot and Chipiez. 310 79. SCORPION-MAN Smith's Chald. Gen. 311 80. STONE OBJECT FOUND AT ABU-HABBA 312

INTRODUCTION.

MESOPOTAMIA.--THE MOUNDS.--THE FIRST SEARCHERS.

1. In or about the year before Christ 606, Nineveh, the great city, was destroyed. For many hundred years had she stood in arrogant splendor, her palaces towering above the Tigris and mirrored in its swift waters; army after army had gone forth from her gates and returned laden with the spoils of conquered countries; her monarchs had ridden to the high place of sacrifice in chariots drawn by captive kings. But her time came at last. The nations assembled and encompassed her around. Popular tradition tells how over two years lasted the siege; how the very river rose and battered her walls; till one day a vast flame rose up to heaven; how the last of a mighty line of kings, too proud to surrender, thus saved himself, his treasures and his capital from the shame of bondage. Never was city to rise again where Nineveh had been.

2. Two hundred years went by. Great changes had passed over the land. The Persian kings now held the rule of Asia. But their greatness also was leaning towards its decline and family discords undermined their power. A young prince had rebelled against his elder brother and resolved to tear the crown from him by main force. To accomplish this, he had raised an army and called in the help of Grecian hirelings. They came, 13,000 in number, led by brave and renowned generals, and did their duty by him; but their valor could not save him from defeat and death. Their own leader fell into an ambush, and they commenced their retreat under the most disastrous circumstances and with little hope of escape.

3. Yet they accomplished it. Surrounded by open enemies and false friends, tracked and pursued, through sandy wastes and pathless mountains, now parched with heat, now numbed with cold, they at last reached the sunny and friendly Hellespont. It was a long and weary march from Babylon on the Euphrates, near which city the great battle had been fought. They might not have succeeded had they not chosen a great and brave commander, Xenophon, a noble Athenian, whose fame as scholar and writer equals his renown as soldier and general. Few books are more interesting than the lively relation he has left of his and his companions' toils and sufferings in this expedition, known in history as "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand"--for to that number had the original 13,000 been reduced by battles, privations and disease. So cultivated a man could not fail, even in the midst of danger and weighed down by care, to observe whatever was noteworthy in the strange lands which he traversed. So he tells us how one day his little army, after a forced march in the early morning hours and an engagement with some light troops of pursuers, having repelled the attack and thereby secured a short interval of safety, travelled on till they came to the banks of the Tigris. On that spot, he goes on, there was a vast desert city. Its wall was twenty-five feet wide, one hundred feet high and nearly seven miles in circuit. It was built of brick with a basement, twenty feet high, of stone. Close by the city there stood a stone pyramid, one hundred feet in width, and two hundred in height. Xenophon adds that this city's name was Larissa and that it had anciently been inhabited by Medes; that the king of Persia, when he took the sovereignty away from the Medes, besieged it, but could not in any way get possession of it, until, a cloud having obscured the sun, the inhabitants forsook the city and thus it was taken.

4. Some eighteen miles further on (a day's march) the Greeks came to another great deserted city, which Xenophon calls Mespila. It had a similar but still higher wall. This city, he tells us, had also been inhabited by Medes, and taken by the king of Persia. Now these curious ruins were all that was left of Kalah and Nineveh, the two Assyrian capitals. In the short space of two hundred years, men had surely not yet lost the memory of Nineveh's existence and rule, yet they trod the very site where it had stood and knew it not, and called its ruins by a meaningless Greek name, handing down concerning it a tradition absurdly made up of true and fictitious details, jumbled into inextricable confusion. For Nineveh had been the capital of the Assyrian Empire, while the Medes were one of the nations who attacked and destroyed it. And though an eclipse of the sun--(the obscuring cloud could mean nothing else)--did occur, created great confusion and produced important results, it was at a later period and on an entirely different occasion. As to "the king of Persia," no such personage had anything whatever to do with the catastrophe of Nineveh, since the Persians had not yet been heard of at that time as a powerful people, and their country was only a small and insignificant principality, tributary to Media. So effectually had the haughty city been swept from the face of the earth!

5. Another hundred years brought on other and even greater changes. The Persian monarchy had followed in the wake of the empires that had gone before it and fallen before Alexander, the youthful hero of Macedon. As the conqueror's fleet of light-built Grecian ships descended the Euphrates towards Babylon, they were often hindered in their progress by huge dams of stone built across the river. The Greeks, with great labor, removed several, to make navigation more easy. They did the same on several other rivers,--nor knew that they were destroying the last remaining vestige of a great people's civilization,--for these dams had been used to save the water and distribute it into the numerous canals, which covered the arid country with their fertilizing network. They may have been told what travellers are told in our own days by the Arabs--that these dams had been constructed once upon a time by Nimrod, the Hunter-King. For some of them remain even still, showing their huge, square stones, strongly united by iron cramps, above the water before the river is swollen with the winter rains.

6. More than one-and-twenty centuries have rolled since then over the immense valley so well named Mesopotamia--"the Land between the Rivers,"--and each brought to it more changes, more wars, more disasters, with rare intervals of rest and prosperity. Its position between the East and the West, on the very high-road of marching armies and wandering tribes, has always made it one of the great battle grounds of the world. About one thousand years after Alexander's rapid invasion and short-lived conquest, the Arabs overran the country, and settled there, bringing with them a new civilization and the new religion given them by their prophet Mohammed, which they thought it their mission to carry, by force of word or sword, to the bounds of the earth. They even founded there one of the principal seats of their sovereignty, and Baghdad yielded not greatly in magnificence and power to Babylon of old.

7. Order, laws, and learning now flourished for a few hundred years, when new hordes of barbarous people came pouring in from the East, and one of them, the Turks, at last established itself in the land and stayed. They rule there now. The valley of the Tigris and Euphrates is a province of the Ottoman or Turkish Empire, which has its capital in Constantinople; it is governed by pashas, officials sent by the Turkish government, or the "Sublime Porte," as it is usually called, and the ignorant, oppressive, grinding treatment to which it has now been subjected for several hundred years has reduced it to the lowest depth of desolation. Its wealth is exhausted, its industry destroyed, its prosperous cities have disappeared or dwindled into insignificance. Even Mossul, built by the Arabs on the right bank of the Tigris, opposite the spot where Nineveh once stood, one of their finest cities, famous for the manufacturing of the delicate cotton tissue to which it gave its name--(muslin, mousseline)--would have lost all importance, had it not the honor to be the chief town of a Turkish district and to harbor a pasha. And Baghdad, although still the capital of the whole province, is scarcely more than the shadow of her former glorious self; and her looms no longer supply the markets of the world with wonderful shawls and carpets, and gold and silver tissues of marvellous designs.