Part 2

CHALDEA.

NOMADS AND SETTLERS.--THE FOUR STAGES OF CULTURE. 116-126

§ 1. Nomads.--§ 2. First migrations.--§ 3. Pastoral life--the second stage.--§ 4. Agricultural life; beginnings of the State.--§ 5. City-building; royalty.--§ 6. Successive migrations and their causes.--§ 7. Formation of nations.

II.

THE GREAT RACES.--CHAPTER X. OF GENESIS 127-142

§ 1. Shinar.--§ 2. Berosus.--§ 3. Who were the settlers in Shinar?--§ 4. The Flood probably not universal.--§§ 5-6. The blessed race and the accursed, according to Genesis.--§ 7. Genealogical form of Chap. X. of Genesis.--§ 8. Eponyms.--§ 9. Omission of some white races from Chap. X.--§ 10. Omission of the Black Race.--§ 11. Omission of the Yellow Race. Characteristics of the Turanians.--§ 12. The Chinese.--§ 13. Who were the Turanians? What became of the Cainites?--§ 14. Possible identity of both.--§ 15. The settlers in Shinar--Turanians.

III.

TURANIAN CHALDEA--SHUMIR AND ACCAD.--THE BEGINNINGS OF RELIGION 146-181

§ 1. Shumir and Accad.--§ 2. Language and name.--§ 3. Turanian migrations and traditions.--§ 4. Collection of sacred texts.--§ 5. "Religiosity"--a distinctively human characteristic. Its first promptings and manifestations.--§ 6. The Magic Collection and the work of Fr. Lenormant.--§ 7. The Shumiro-Accads' theory of the world, and their elementary spirits.--§ 8. The incantation of the Seven Maskim.--§ 9. The evil spirits.--§ 10. The Arali.--§ 11. The sorcerers.--§ 12. Conjuring and conjurers.--§ 13. The beneficent Spirits, Êa.--§ 14. Meridug.--§ 15. A charm against an evil spell.--§ 16. Diseases considered as evil demons.--§ 17. Talismans. The Kerubim.--§ 18. More talismans.--§ 19. The demon of the South-West Wind.--§ 20. The first gods.--§ 21. Ud, the Sun.--§ 22. Nin dar, the nightly Sun.--§ 23. Gibil, Fire.--§ 24. Dawn of moral consciousness.--§ 25. Man's Conscience divinized.--§§ 26-28. Penitential Psalms.--§ 29. General character of Turanian religions.

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III. 181-183

Professor L. Dyer's poetical version of the Incantation against the Seven Maskim.

IV.

CUSHITES AND SEMITES--EARLY CHALDEAN HISTORY 184-228

§ 1. Oannes.--§ 2. Were the second settlers Cushites or Semites?--§ 3. Cushite hypothesis. Earliest migrations.--§ 4. The Ethiopians and the Egyptians.--§ 5. The Canaanites.--§ 6. Possible Cushite station on the islets of the Persian Gulf.--§ 7. Colonization of Chaldea possibly by Cushites.--§ 8. Vagueness of very ancient chronology.--§ 9. Early dates.--§ 10. Exorbitant figures of Berosus.--§ 11. Early Chaldea--a nursery of nations.--§ 12. Nomadic Semitic tribes.--§ 13. The tribe of Arphaxad.--§ 14. Ur of the Chaldees.--§ 15. Scholars divided between the Cushite and Semitic theories.--§ 16. History commences with Semitic culture.--§ 17. Priestly rule. The patesis.--§§ 18-19. Sharrukin I. (Sargon I) of Agadê.--§§ 20-21. The second Sargon's literary labors.--§§ 22-23. Chaldean folk-lore, maxims and songs.--§ 24. Discovery of the elder Sargon's date--3800 B.C.--§ 25. Gudêa of Sir-gulla and Ur-êa of Ur.--§ 26. Predominance of Shumir. Ur-êa and his son Dungi first kings of "Shumir and Accad."--§ 27. Their inscriptions and buildings. The Elamite invasion.--§ 28. Elam.--§§ 29-31. Khudur-Lagamar and Abraham.--§ 32. Hardness of the Elamite rule.--§ 33. Rise of Babylon.--§ 34. Hammurabi.--§ 35. Invasion of the Kasshi.

BABYLONIAN RELIGION 229-257

§ 1. Babylonian calendar.--§ 2. Astronomy conducive to religious feeling.--§ 3. Sabeism.--§ 4. Priestcraft and astrology.--§ 5. Transformation of the old religion.--§ 6. Vague dawning of the monotheistic idea. Divine emanations.--§ 7. The Supreme Triad.--§ 8. The Second Triad.--§ 9. The five Planetary deities.--§§ 10-11. Duality of nature. Masculine and feminine principles. The goddesses.--§ 12. The twelve Great Gods and their Temples.--§ 13. The temple of Shamash at Sippar and Mr. Rassam's discovery.--§ 14. Survival of the old Turanian superstitions.--§ 15. Divination, a branch of Chaldean "Science."--§§ 16-17. Collection of one hundred tablets on divination. Specimens.--§ 18. The three classes of "wise men." "Chaldeans," in later times, a by-word for "magician," and "astrologer."--§ 19. Our inheritance from the Chaldeans: the sun-dial, the week, the calendar, the Sabbath.

VI.

LEGENDS AND STORIES 258-293

§ 1. The Cosmogonies of different nations.--§ 2. The antiquity of the Sacred Books of Babylonia.--§ 3. The legend of Oannes, told by Berosus. Discovery, by Geo. Smith, of the Creation Tablets and the Deluge Tablet.--§§ 4-5. Chaldean account of the Creation.--§ 6. The Cylinder with the human couple, tree and serpent.--§ 7. Berosus' account of the creation.--§ 8. The Sacred Tree. Sacredness of the Symbol.--§ 9. Signification of the Tree-Symbol. The Cosmic Tree.--§ 10. Connection of the Tree-Symbol and of Ziggurats with the legend of Paradise.--§ 11. The Ziggurat of Borsippa.--§ 12. It is identified with the Tower of Babel.--§§ 13-14. Peculiar Orientation of the Ziggurats.--§ 15. Traces of legends about a sacred grove or garden.--§ 16. Mummu-Tiamat, the enemy of the gods. Battle of Bel and Tiamat.--§ 17. The Rebellion of the seven evil spirits, originally messengers of the gods.--§ 18. The great Tower and the Confusion of Tongues.

VII.

MYTHS.--HEROES AND THE MYTHICAL EPOS 294-330

§ 1. Definition of the word Myth.--§ 2. The Heroes.--§ 3. The Heroic Ages and Heroic Myths. The National Epos.--§ 4. The oldest known Epic.--§ 5. Berosus' account of the Flood.--§ 6. Geo. Smith's discovery of the original Chaldean narrative.--§ 7. The Epic divided into books or Tablets.--§ 8. Izdubar the Hero of the Epic.--§ 9. Erech's humiliation under the Elamite Conquest. Izdubar's dream.--§ 10. Êabâni the Seer. Izdubar's invitation and promises to him.--§ 11. Message sent to Êabâni by Ishtar's handmaidens. His arrival at Erech.--§ 12. Izdubar and Êabâni's victory over the tyrant Khumbaba.--§ 13. Ishtar's love message. Her rejection and wrath. The two friends' victory over the Bull sent by her.--§ 14. Ishtar's vengeance. Izdubar's journey to the Mouth of the Rivers.--§ 15. Izdubar sails the Waters of Death and is healed by his immortal ancestor Hâsisadra.--§ 16. Izdubar's return to Erech and lament over Êabâni. The seer is translated among the gods.--§ 17. The Deluge narrative in the Eleventh Tablet of the Izdubar Epic.--§§ 18-21. Mythic and solar character of the Epic analyzed.--§ 22. Sun-Myth of the Beautiful Youth, his early death and resurrection.--§§ 23-24. Dumuzi-Tammuz, the husband of Ishtar. The festival of Dumuzi in June.--§ 25. Ishtar's Descent to the Land of the Dead.--§ 26. Universality of the Solar and Chthonic Myths.

VIII.

RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY.--IDOLATRY AND ANTHROPOMORPHISM.--THE CHALDEAN LEGENDS AND THE BOOK OF GENESIS.--RETROSPECT 331-336

§ 1. Definition of Mythology and Religion, as distinct from each other.--§§ 2-3. Instances of pure religious feeling in the poetry of Shumir and Accad.--§ 4. Religion often stifled by Mythology.--§§ 5-6. The conception of the immortality of the soul suggested by the sun's career.--§ 7. This expressed in the Solar and Chthonic Myths.--§ 8. Idolatry.--§ 9. The Hebrews, originally polytheists and idolators, reclaimed by their leaders to Monotheism.--§ 10. Their intercourse with the tribes of Canaan conducive to relapses.--§ 11. Intermarriage severely forbidden for this reason.--§ 12. Striking similarity between the Book of Genesis and the ancient Chaldean legends.--§ 13. Parallel between the two accounts of the creation.--§ 14. Anthropomorphism, different from polytheism and idolatry, but conducive to both.--§§ 15-17. Parallel continued.--§§ 18-19. Retrospect.

PRINCIPAL WORKS READ OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS VOLUME.

BAER, Wilhelm. DER VORGESCHICHTLICHE MENSCH. 1 vol., Leipzig: 1874.

BAUDISSIN, W. von. STUDIEN ZUR SEMITISCHEN RELIGIONSGESCHICHTE. 2 vols.