CHAPTER XX.. Flowers of the Shore and Cliffs.

FLOWERS OF THE SHORE AND CLIFFS.

Just as in walking along the shore we have on one hand a region inhabited by specialised races of animal and plant-life altogether different from those of the land, so also on the landward side we have flowering plants distinct in most cases from those found but a short distance inland. Strictly speaking, the stretch of shore, whether it be shingle, sand, or rocks, does not form a barrier separating sea plants from those of the land, for the terrestrial and the submarine overlap through the medium of the frondose lichen, Lichina pygmæa, which, belonging to a terrestrial group, spends half its day in the water and the other half exposed to the atmosphere. The pretty Sea-Milkwort (Glaux maritima) takes up the connecting thread on the land side, and establishes its roots and woody base jammed in the crevices of rocks, where they must absorb more salt water than fresh, and at times it must be entirely covered by the sea. That this salt is thoroughly congenial to its nature we may gather from the fact that the only inland localities where Glaux grows are the salt-producing districts. It attains to only a few inches in height, and its small, smooth, stalkless, glaucous leaves are thickened like many other shore plants, and dotted all over with minute pits. The flowers are devoid of petals, but the bell-shaped calyx is coloured of a flesh-tint, and sprinkled with very small dots of crimson. Its flowering period is from May to August.

In similar situations grows the beautiful little Sandwort Spurrey (Spergularia rubra), with many slender compressed, ruddy stems radiating from a woody rootstock; the leaves slender, awl-shaped, unequal in size. Petals fine, bright rosy; anthers yellow. Flowers June to September.

Like conditions of life often produce similar effects on different organisms. Growing close to the Sea-Milkwort, just above high-water mark, and continuing thence some distance up the cliffs, is the Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), with similar woody rootstock similarly wedged in rock-crevices, and with all its parts thickened. The glaucous leaves are cut up into cylindrical fleshy segments, and the yellow flowers are borne in clusters, the fleshy stalks of the individual blossoms radiating from a common centre like the ribs of an umbrella. It may be unnecessary to explain that this type of flower-cluster is characteristic of the Natural Order Umbelliferæ, to which the Samphire belongs, and that it is to the same order that such well-known plants as carrot, hogweed, fool’s-parsley, and celery belong. Samphire is much sought for pickling, and this has led to its extermination on many parts of the coast. It flowers from June to September.

Fennel (Fœniculum officinale) is another seaside umbellifer, and its tall, straight, and polished stems may be found growing up the face of the cliffs, the much-divided feathery leaves producing a green cloud-like effect. The same glaucous tint characterises the whole plant, except that the flowers are yellow. July and August are the months in which it may be found in blossom.

One other umbelliferous plant that is strictly confined to the shore is the so-called Sea-Holly (Eryngium maritimum), though this must be sought not on the rocky cliffs, but on sandy shores. Its dense heads of pale-bluish flowers without a stalk nestle close to the broad and spiny-edged glaucous leaves (glaucous again), that bear a wonderful primâ facie resemblance to those of the unrelated holly-tree. It flowers in July and August, but the plant is easily recognised out of its flowering season by means of the bold leaves.

But the glory of cliff vegetation to my mind is the beautiful Thrift or Sea-Pink (Armeria maritima), whose tufts of thick, narrow, grass-like leaves extend from the wave-washed rocks right up the cliff-side, and over the stony hedges at the top. It flowers sparingly all the year round--I have gathered it within a few days of Christmas--but the brilliant display is in April and May, when every clump supports many long-stalked, half-round heads of the rosy flowers, that make so beautiful a setting for the nests of the cliff-building birds. Thrift is not absolutely peculiar to the coast, for it is found also on high mountains; in the Scottish Highlands it occurs at an altitude of nearly four thousand feet above the sea. There is a larger and more rigid species (A. plantaginea) that grows on sandy banks in Jersey.

A relation of the Sea-Pink is the Sea-Lavender (Statice limonium), which grows where sand and mud are more abundant than rocks, and in some places covers the sand-hills with a growth not unlike that of the heather on inland sand-hills, and at a distance the purplish flowers are very suggestive of heather in such a situation. They are not gathered into a compact head as in Thrift, but are scattered along a branching spray. It has a creeping rootstock of a woody character, from which all the leaves spring directly. These are oval in general outline, running off to a point at the upper end. It flowers from July to November.

On the sandy shore where grows the Sea-Lavender there will, in all probability, also be seen a bold-leaved plant, with large, golden yellow flowers, which the tyro in botany will notice at a glance has some sort of relationship with the familiar Eschscholtzia of the garden. It is the Yellow Horned Poppy (Glaucium luteum), and the above-mentioned tyro will say that this time the glaucous hue of the leaves (from which this species and Glaux both derive their scientific names) is not wholly due to its seaside habit, for the same hue is characteristic of Eschscholtzia and the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum), which are cultivated flowers. Quite so, but probably their original home may be near the sea, though the texture of their leaves is not so fleshy as in our maritime plants of glaucous hue. The bold, rough leaves make the plant conspicuous even in winter. The name of Horned Poppy is suggested by the form of the seed vessel, which is similar to that of Eschscholtzia, but thicker. It is a prominent feature of the flower--which loses its petals after one day’s blossoming--but they ultimately extend to a foot in length. The flowers may be found from June till October.

Saltwort (Salsola kali) is also a plant of the sandy shore, with rigid brittle stems, striped and bristly, and fleshy, glaucous leaves, nearly cylindrical in shape, with spiny points. At their base the leaves become broader and partially clasp the stem. The little flowers are leafless, borne in the axils of the leaves, and to be seen only in July and August. This is one of several plants that were formerly burned to make Barilla, an impure carbonate of soda, much used in the manufacture of soap and glass, before the discovery of the cheap production of soda from common salt.

If my friend the reader is acquainted with the beautiful white-flowered Bladder Campion (Silene cucubalus), of inland hedgebanks, and he should chance to come upon the nearly allied Sea-Campion (S. maritima), he will think he has the old familiar plant, so closely are the two related; but a comparison will convince him there are differences. For instance, the stems of maritima are shorter and less erect than those of cucubalus. The flower-cluster (panicle) is in cucubalus many-flowered; in maritima the flowers vary only between one and four in a cluster, and their petals are not so deeply cleft. The two scales that are obvious at the base of the broad part of the petal in maritima, are very obscure in cucubalus. Maritima, too, has smaller leaves and larger flowers, and the scales (bracts) below the flowers, which are dry and semi-transparent in cucubalus, are here more fleshy. It flowers from June to September.

Everybody is well acquainted with the pretty Field Convolvulus, or Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), and as they have just seen it growing in abundance in the fields they passed through on the way to the shore, they may reasonably conclude that these larger, more richly-tinted blossoms that grow on the sandy shore, are simply more luxuriant examples of the same species. In reality they are produced by a distinct kind, the Sea-Convolvulus (C. soldanella), which differs from the common kind in the fact that clasping the base of the flower and covering the sepals, there are two large leaf-like bracts, whereas in arvensis these are small and placed at some distance below the sepals. The leaves are fleshy, broader than long, the stems are shorter, seldom more than a foot in length, and very rarely do they twine around anything. The flowers, as we have said, are larger and more richly coloured, only one on a stalk, whilst the common sort have usually from two to four.

The Sea-Rocket (Cakile maritima) is abundant on most sandy shores. It is a large succulent plant, about two feet in height, with zigzag branches, and smooth, fleshy, glaucous leaves; flowers with four purplish white petals, arranged cross-wise. The flowers are succeeded by large succulent pods, that are divided into two by a cross-partition; each chamber contains a solitary seed. It is this pod that is most likely to arrest attention. It flowers in June and July.

Wall Pennywort, or Navelwort (Cotyledon umbilicus), is an abundant weed in the rocks and walls of the west coast, but travels no further east than to Kent. Its tuberous rootstock is wedged into the crevices of the rocks and cliffs, or between the flakes of which stone dykes are built. The leaf, as the name suggests, is round, with the stalk in the centre; it is also thick and fleshy, the severity of the margin taken off by a series of low, rounded teeth. Some of these leaves are large--as much as three inches across. When the flowering stalk makes its appearance, another type of leaf comes with it--spoon-shaped. The flower-stalks bear drooping cylindrical flowers, greenish-white in hue, densely crowded, and all hanging downwards. It is a very striking ornament of the places where it is common, especially from June to August, when it flowers.

In company with the Navelwort, on rocks and walls, will be found one, if not two, species of Stonecrop (Sedum). One of these, the common Yellow Stonecrop or Wall Pepper (Sedum acre), is too well-known to need describing. The other is the White Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum), of similar habit, but with the inevitable glaucous leaves (those of S. acre are not glaucous, but bright green); though sometimes these take on a reddish hue. The flowers are more star-like than those of S. acre, and of a whitish or pinkish colour--in evidence from May to August.

I do not pretend to furnish an exhaustive list of the plants of the sea-shore: that properly treated would make a volume by itself. Such as I have mentioned belong almost solely to a habitat where they can receive the salt spray upon their leaves. Mention should also be made of the Sea-Spleenwort (Asplenium marinum), among ferns, that loves to grow over the entrance to a sea-cave, there hanging down its boldly-cut and well-varnished dark green fronds, well out of reach. Then there is a distinctly marine Carex, the Sea-Sedge (Carex arenaria), which shares with Marram-grass (Ammophila arenaria), the work of binding the sands together with its thick, creeping rootstock.

But the seaside visitor, with botanical tastes, will find the shores abundant in vegetation generally, and he must have recourse to a special handbook to help in their discrimination.

Were it not for fear of laying himself open to a charge of presumption, egoism, favouritism, and a few other isms, the author would, in this connection, recommend his own “Wayside and Woodland Blossoms,” Second Series, which includes many of the maritime flowers.

Frederick Warne and Co.

CLASSIFIED INDEX

Species mentioned in the foregoing pages.

ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-kingdom--=Protozoa=.

Class LOBOSA-- Amæba, 21

Class RETICULARIA-- Textularia variabilis, 22 Cristellaria subarcuatula, 22 Polymorphina lactea, 22 Globigerina sp., 23 Rotalina, 23 Nonionina, 23 Polystomella, 23

Class RADIOLARIA-- Podocyrtis schomburghii, 23

Class RHYNCO-FLAGELLATA-- Noctiluca miliaris, 25

Sub-kingdom--=Parazoa (Spongiæ)=.

Class CALCAREA-- Grantia compressa, 34; G. ciliata, 35

Class SILICISPONGIA-- Halichondria panicea, 31, 34; H. incrustans, 34; sanguinea, 34 Chalina oculata, 35

Sub-kingdom--=Cœlenterata=.

Class HYDROZOA-- Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44 Cyanea capillata, 50; C. chrysaora, 55; C. arctica, 62 Aurelia aurita, 53 Sarsia tubulosa, 57 Coryne pusilla, 42 Clava-turris multicornis, 42, 55 Plumularia cornucopiæ, 41, 43 Salacia abietina, 40 Thuiaria thuja, 41 Antennularia antennina, 44 Calycella fastigiata, 40; C. syringa, 44 Sertularia pumila, 39; S. fusca, 40; S. tricuspidata, 40 Diphasia alata, 40; D. pinnata, 40 Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40 Campanularia johnstoni, 41 Thaumantias sp., 55 Æquorea forbesiana, 59 Physalia pelagica, 56 Velella scaphoidea, 59

Class ACTINOZOA-- Actinia equina, 64 Sagartia rosea, 68; S. pallida, 69; S. nivea, 69; S. venusta, 70; S. miniata, 72 Cylista undata, 70; C. viduata, 71 Anemonia sulcata, 74 Bunodes ballii, 77; B. verrucosa, 76 Urticina felina, 78 Corynactis viridis, 79 Metridium senilis, 79 Cribrina effoeta, 80 Adamsia palliata, 80, 147 Pleurobrachia pileus, 59

Sub-kingdom--=Echinozoa=.

Class ECHINOIDEA-- Echinus esculentus, 100; E. miliaris, 100 Strongylocentrus lividus, 102

Class ASTEROIDEA-- Uraster rubens, 86; U. glacialis, 90 Cribella oculata, 90 Solaster papposa, 91 Asterina gibbosa, 92

Class OPHIUROIDEA-- Ophiocoma neglecta, 92; O. granulata, 96; O. brachiata, 97 Ophiothrix rosula, 96

Class CRINOIDEA-- Comatula rosacea, 98

Class HOLOTHUROIDEA-- Cucumaria pentactes, 105

Sub-kingdom--=Annullosa=: Division Scolecida.

Class PLATYHELMINTHES-- Planaria nigra, 123 Eurylepta vittata, 123 Astemma rufifrons, 123 Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124 Polystemma roseum, 124 Lineus marinus, 124

Division Anarthropoda.

Class ANNELIDA-- Serpula contortuplicata, 112; S. triquetra, 113; S. vermicularis, 113 Sabella alveolaria, 108, 112; S. bombyx, 111; S. tubularia, 112 Spirorbis communis, 114 Terebella figulus, 115; T. littoralis, 115 Arenicola piscatorum, 114 Nereis pelagica, 114, 117 Cirratulus borealis, 115 Nephthys margaritacea, 117 Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117; P. viridis, 118 Eunice sanguinea, 118 Polynoe squamata, 121; P. cirrata, 121 Aphrodita aculeata, 121

Division Arthropoda.

Class CRUSTACEA-- Sub-class Cirripedia-- Lepas anatifera, 177 Scalpellum vulgare, 183 Balanus balanoides, 183; B. porcatus, 184 Pyrgoma anglicum, 183

Sub-class Malacostraca-- Talitrus locusta, 173 Orchestia littorea, 173 Caprella linearis, 174 Corophium longicorne, 175 Ligia oceanica, 172 Idotea marina, 173 Campecopea hirsuta, 174 Næsa bidentata, 174 Mysis flexuosus, 169 Leander serratus, 160; L. squilla, 165; L. fabricii, 165 Pandalus montagui, 166 Hippolyte varians, 166 Crangon vulgaris, 167 Astacus gammarus, 152 Palinurus vulgaris, 152 Upogebia stellata, 171 Callianassa subterranea, 170 Galathea squamifera, 150; G. nexa, 151; G. dispersa, 151; G. intermedia, 151; G. strigosa, 151 Porcellana platycheles, 147; P. longicornis, 149 Eupagurus bernhardus, 144; E. prideaux, 144 Maia squinado, 152 Gonoplax rhomboides, 156 Corystes cassivelaunus, 155 Portunus puber, 140 Carcinus mænas, 139 Pilumnus hirtellus, 138 Xantho incisus, 137; X. hydrophilus, 137 Cancer pagurus, 131

Sub-kingdom--=Mollusca=.

Class GASTROPODA-- Fissurella græca, 223 Emarginula reticulata, 223; E. rosea, 223 Patella vulgata, 207 Patella pellucida, 211; P. lævis, 211 Acmæa testudinalis, 211 Phasianella pullus, 221 Trochus cinereus, 221; T. magus, 222; T. zizyphinus, 221 Scalaria communis, 219 Janthina fragilis, 222 Cerithium reticulatum, 219 Turritella communis, 219 Natica monilifera, 216 Pileopsis (or Capulus) hungaricus, 223 Littorina littoralis, 220; L. littorea, 220; L. rudis, 220 Rissoa ulvæ, 219 Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219 Cypræa europea, 215 Ovula patula, 216 Erato lævis, 216 Murex erinaceus, 214 Fusus antiquus, 214; F. contrarius, 214 Buccinum undatum, 213 Nassa incrassata, 213 Purpura lapillus, 212 Aplysia depilans, 229 Doris johnstoni, 227; D. tuberculata, 227 Eolis coronata, 227; E. papillosa, 228

Class SCAPHOPODA-- Dentalium entalis, 224; D. tarentinum, 224

Class CEPHALOPODA-- Sepia officinalis, 233 Loligo vulgaris, 235 Sepiola rondeletii, 235 Octopus vulgaris, 232

Class LAMELLIBRANCHIA-- Pectunculus glycimeris, 198 Isocardia cor, 190 Cardium aculeatum, 187; C. edule, 189 Tapes aurea, 194; T. decussata, 193; T. pullastra, 194; T. virginea, 194 Cytherea chione, 191 Venus fasciata, 190; V. verrucosa, 190 Psammobia sp, 201 Tellina crassa, 201; T. tenuis, 201 Donax anatinus, 201; D. politus, 201 Mactra elliptica, 200; M. stultorum, 199; M. truncata, 200 Lutraria sp, 200 Saxicava rugosa, 202 Solen ensis, 202; S. siliqua, 202 Pholas dactylus, 205 Mytilus edulis, 197 Modiola modiolus, 198 Anomia ephippium, 197 Pecten opercularis, 194; P. tigrinus, 195; P. varius, 196

Sub-kingdom--=Gephyræa=.

Class SIPUNCULOIDEA-- Sipunculus punctatissima, 106

Class POLYZOA-- Crisea eburnea, 47 Scrupocellaria reptans, 47 Bugula avicularia, 47 Flustra foliacea, 47 Membranipora pilosa, 47

Sub-kingdom--=Vertebrata=.

Class TUNICATA-- Clavelina lepadiformis, 241 Ascidia mentula, 236; A. virginea, 237 Cynthia aggregata, 239; C. quadrangularis, 241 Styela grossularia, 240 Botryllus violaceus, 244 Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243; L. maculatum, 217 Polyclinum, 243 Aplidium, 243 Amaroecium, 243 Salpa maxima, 242

Class PISCES-- Syngnathus acus, 254; S. lumbriciformis, 254 Conger vulgaris, 263 Liparis montagui, 273 Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270; L gouani, 273 Ammodytes tobianus, 276 Motella cimbria, 266; M. mustela, 266; M. vulgaris, 266 Rhombus punctatus, 275 Pleuronectes flesus, 275 Labrus maculatus, 261; L. mixtus, 262 Crenilabrus melops, 258 Centronotus gunnellus, 264. Gasterosteus spinachia, 269. Cottus scorpio, 250 Trachinus draco, 269; T. vipera, 269 Gobius minutus, 258; G. niger, 257 Blennius galerita, 256; B. gattorugine, 270; B. ocellaris, 256; B. pholis, 247

Class AVES-- Alca torda 285 Uria grylle, 285; U. troile, 285 Colymbus glacialis, 286 Phalacrocorax carbo, 279; P. graculus, 279 Sula bassana, 280 Sterna cantiaca, 283; S. fluviatilis, 283; S. minutus, 283 Larus sp. 283 Procellaria pelagica, 286 Fulmar us glacialis, 286 Puffinus anglorum. 287 Tringa canutus, 282; T. striata, 282 Calidris arenaria, 282 Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281 Ardea cinerea, 281 Corvus corax, 279; C. monedula, 279 Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278 Anthus obscurus, 277

VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Sub-kingdom--=Cryptogamia=--=Thallophyta=.

Class FLORIDEÆ-- Callithamnion, 297 Griffithsia corallina, 298 Ptilota, 298 Ceramium, 298 Corallina officinalis, 298 Melobesia, 298 Halymenia ligulata, 298 Chondrus crispus, 299 Gigartina mamillosa, 299 Rhodymenia jubata, 299; R. palmata, 298 Chylocladia parvula, 300 Plocamium coccineum, 298 Delesseria alata, 300 Laurencia pinnatifida, 299 Ulva latissima, 295 Enteromorpha compressa, 301

Class FUCACEÆ-- Himanthalia lorea, 292 Halidrys siliquosa, 292 Fucus canaliculatus, 289; F. nodosus, 290; F. serratus, 291; F. vesiculosus, 291 Cystoseira ericoides, 293

Class PHÆOSPOREÆ-- Alaria esculenta, 294 Laminaria bulbosa, 294; L. digitata, 293; L. saccharina, 294 Chorda filum, 295 Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295 Asperococcus turneri, 296 Padina pavonia, 296

Class MULTINUCLEATÆ-- Bryopsis plumosa, 301

Vasculares. Class FILICINEÆ-- Asplenium marinum, 308

Sub-kingdom--=Phanerogramia=.

Class DICOTYLEDONES-- Glaucium luteum, 305 Cakile maritima, 307 Silene maritima, 306 Spergularia rubra, 303 Cotyledon umbilicus, 307 Sedum acre, 308; S. anglicum, 308 Eryngium maritimum, 304 Fœniculum officinale 304 Crithmum maritimum, 304 Armeria vulgaris (maritima), 305; A. plantaginea, 305 Statice limonium, 305 Glaux maritima, 303 Convolvulus soldanella, 307 Salsola kali, 306

Class MONOCOTYLEDONES-- Carex arenaria, 308 Ammophila arenaria, 308

INDEX.

(The popular names are printed in italics.)

Acmæa alvea, 211

---- testudinalis, 211

Acorn-shells, 179

Actinia equina, 64, 65

Adamsia palliata, 80, 147

Ægirus punctilucens, 227

Æquorea forbesiana, 59

Æsop Prawn, 166

Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40

Alaria esculenta, 294

Alca torda, 285

Amæba, 21

Amaroecium, 243

Ammodytes tobianus, 276

Ammophila arenaria, 308

Amphipoda, 172

Anemones, Sea, 64

Anemonia sulcata, 64, 74

Angular-Crab, 156

Anomia ephippium, 197

Antennularia antennina, 44

Anthus obscurus, 277

Aphrodita aculeata, 121

Aplidium, 243

Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219

Aplysia depilans, 229

Aquarium hints, 84

Ardea cinerea, 281

Arenicola piscatorum, 114

Aristotle’s Lantern, 101

Armeria maritima, 305

A. plantaginea, 305

Artemis exoleta, 192

Ascidia mentula, 236

A. virginea, 237

Ash-leaf Seaweed, 300

Asperococcus turneri, 296

Asplenium marinum, 308

Astemma rufifrons, 123

Asterina gibbosa, 92

Aurelia aurita, 54

Badderlocks, 294

Balanus balanoides, 183

---- porcatus, 184

Banded Flat-worm, 123

Banded Venus, 190

Barnacle, 177

---- Necked, 183

Beadlet, 64

Beautiful Queen Shrimp, 170

Bennett Dr., on Physalia, 57

Beröe, 60

Bipinnaria asterigera, 90

Bird’s-head Coralline, 47

Birds of the Shore, 277

Black Goby, 257

Black Planarian, 123

Black Tang, 291

Bladder wrack, 291

Blennies, 247, 256

Blennius galerita, 256

---- gattorugine, 270

---- ocellaris, 256

Blennius pholis, 247

Boring Sponge, 35

Botryllus violaceus, 244

Bristly Marl Shell, 225

Brittle-star, 92

Broad-claw, 147

Bryopsis plumosa, 301

Buccinum undatum, 80, 213

Bunodes ballii, 77

---- verrucosa, 64, 76

Butterfly Blenny, 256

Cakile maritima, 307

Calidris arenaria, 282

Callianassa subterranea, 170

Callithamnion, 297

Calycella fastigiata, 40

---- syringa, 44

Calycles, 39

Campanularia, 41

Campecopea hirsuta, 174

Cancer pagurus, 131

Caprella linearis, 174

Carcinus mænas, 139

Cardium aculeatum, 187

---- edule, 189

Carex arenaria, 308

Carpet Shells, 193, 194

Carrageen, 299

Cave-dweller, 70

Centronotus gunnellus, 264

Cephalopoda, 231

Ceramium, 298

Cereus pedunculatus, 64, 71

Cerithium reticulatum, 219

Chameleon Shrimp, 169

Channelled Wrack, 289

Chemnitzia rufescens, 219

Chiton cinereus, 225

---- fascicularis, 225

---- lævis, 225

---- marmoreus, 225

Chondrus crispus, 299

Chorda filum, 295

Chough, 278

Chylocladia parvula, 300

Cirratulus borealis, 116

Cirripedes, 176

Clava multicornis, 42

Clavelina lepadiformis, 241

Cliona celata, 35

Cloaklet Anemone, 147, 180

Cockles, 186, 187

Colymbus glacialis, 286

Comatula rosacea, 98

Comb-shell, 198

Commensalism, 80

Conelet, 215

Conger Eel, 263

Conger vulgaris, 263

Convolvulus soldanella, 307

Cook, 262

Corallina officinalis, 298

Coralline, 298

Corkwing Wrasse, 258

Cormorants, 279

Corophium longicorne, 175

Corvus corax, 279

C. monedula, 279

Corynactis viridis, 65, 79, 175

Coryne pusilla, 42

Corystes cassivelaunus, 155

Cottus scorpio, 250

Cotyledon umbilicus, 307

Cowry, 215

Crabs, 130

Crangon vulgaris, 167

Creeping Coralline, 47

Crenilabrus melops, 258

Cribella oculata, 90

Cribrina effoeta, 80

Crisea eburnea, 47

Cristellaria, 22

Crithmum maritimum, 304

Cross-cut Carpet-shell, 193

Cross-fish, 86

Crumb-of-bread Sponge, 34

Cuckoo Wrasse, 262

Cucumaria pentactes, 105

Cup Shrimp, 166

Curlew, 280

Currant-squirter, 241

Cuttles, 231

Cut Trough-shell, 200

Cyanea arctica, 62

---- capillata, 50, 55

---- chrysaora, 55

Cylista undata, 70

---- viduata, 65, 72

Cynthia aggregata, 239

---- quadrangularis, 237, 241

Cypræa europea, 215

Cystoseira ericoides, 293

Cytherea chione, 191

Dahlia Wartlet, 78

Daisy Anemone, 71

Darwin C., on Barnacles, 180

Delesseria alata, 300

Dentalina, 23

Dentalium entalis, 224

---- tarentinum, 224

Devil Crabs, 136

Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295

Difflugia, 22

Diphasia alata, 40

---- pinnata, 40

Donax anatinus, 201

---- politus, 201

Doris johnstoni, 227

---- tuberculata, 227

Dotted Siphon-worm, 106

Echinus esculentus, 102

---- miliaris, 102

Elliptic Trough-shell, 200

Emarginula reticulata, 223

---- rosea, 223

Enteromorpha compressa, 301

Entomostraca, 172

Entosolenia, 23

Eolis coronata, 227

---- papillosa, 228

Equipment for Shore-hunting, 15

Erato lævis, 216

Eryngium maritimum, 304

Eunice sanguinea, 118

Eupagurus bernhardus, 80, 144

Eupagurus prideaux, 80, 144

Eurylepta vittata, 123

Eyed Cribella, 90

Father Lasher, 250

Feather-Star, 98

Fennel, 304

Fennel-leaved Netweed, 295

Fifteen-spined Stickleback, 269

Finger Pholas, 202

Fissurella græca, 223

Five-bearded Rockling, 266

Five-fingers, 86

Flounder, 275

Flowers of the Shore, 303

Flustra foliacea, 46

Fœniculum officinale, 304

Foliaceous Coralline, 47

Food for Anemones, 83

Foraminifera, 21, 22

Forbes E., on the Hairy Stinger, 50

---- on Brittle-star, 96

Four-bearded Rockling, 266

Fragile Tellen, 201

Fratercula arctica, 285

Fucus canaliculatus, 289

---- nodosus, 290

---- serratus, 291

---- vesiculosus, 291

Fulmar, 286

Fulmarus glacialis, 286

Fusus antiquus, 80, 214

---- contrarius, 214

Gabrick, 152

Galathea dispersa, 152

---- nexa, 152

---- squamifera, 150

---- strigosa, 151

Gannet, 280

Gasterosteus spinachia, 269

Gattorugine, 270

Gem Pimplet, 64, 76

Gibbous Starlet, 92

Gigartina mamillosa, 299

Glaucium luteum, 305

Glaux maritima, 303

Globe Beröe, 59

Globehorn, 65, 79

Globigerina, 23

Gobies, 257, 258

Gobius minutus, 258

---- niger, 257

Golden Carpet-shell, 194

Gonoplax rhomboides, 156

Gosse on Star-fish larvæ, 97

Grantia ciliata, 35

---- compressa, 35

Granulate Brittle-star, 95

Grass-Wrack, 288

Great Crab, 132

Great Northern Diver, 286

Green Crab, 139

Grey Heron, 281

Griffithsia, 298

Guillemots, 285

Gulls, 283, 284

Gunnel, 264

Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281

Hairy Porcelain Crab, 147

Hairy Stinger, 50, 55

Halichondria incrustans, 34

---- panicea, 31

---- sanguinea, 34

Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44

Halidrys siliquosa, 292

Halymenia ligulata, 298

Heart Cockle, 190

Herdman Prof. on Lamellaria, 217

Hermit-crabs, 142

Heron, 281

Himanthalia lorea, 292

Hippolyte varians, 166

Horn-shell, 219

Horny Cobbler, 250

Horse-mussel, 198

Hungarian Cap, 223

Hydra tuba, 52

Hydroid zoophytes, 38

Idotea marina, 173

Iridea edulis, 299

Irish Moss, 299

Isocardia cor, 190

Isopoda, 172

Jania, 298

Janthina, 222

Jelly-fishes, 49

Keyhole Limpet, 223

Knot, 282

Knotted Wrack, 290

Labrus maculatus, 261

---- mixtus, 262

Lamellaria perspicua, 217

Laminaria bulbosa, 294

---- digitata, 14, 293

---- saccharina, 294

Laminarian Zone, 14

Lantern of Aristotle, 101

Larus, 283

Laurencia pinnatifida, 299

Leaf-worms, 116

Leander fabricii, 165

---- serratus, 160

---- squilla, 165

Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270

---- gouani, 273

Lepas anatifera, 177

Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243

---- maculatum, 217

Lesser Launce, 276

Lichina pygmæa, 173, 303

Ligia oceanica, 172

Limpets, 207, 211, 223

Lineus marinus, 124

Liparis montagui, 273

Littoral Zone, 14

Littorina littoralis, 220

---- littorea, 220

---- rudis, 220

Loligo vulgaris, 235

Long-armed Brittle-star, 97

Long worm, 124

Lug-worm, 114

Lutraria, 200

Mactra elliptica, 200

---- stultorum, 199

---- truncata, 200

Maia squinado, 152

Mail-shells, 225

Mangelia septangularis, 215

Many-eyed Red-worm, 124

Manx Shearwater, 287

Margin-shell, 216

Marigold, 54

Marine polyzoa, 45

Marram-grass, 308

Masked-crab, 155

Megalopa, 133

Melobesia, 298

Membranipora pilosa, 47

Metridium senilis, 65, 79

Microciona carnosa, 34

Modiola modiolus, 198

Mollusca, 185

Montagu’s Blenny, 256

Motella cimbria, 266

---- mustela, 266

---- vulgaris, 266

Mother Carey’s Chicken, 286

Murex erinaceus, 214

Murlins, 294

Mussel, 197

Mysis flexuosus, 169

Mytilus edulis, 197

Nacella (Patella) pellucida, 211

Næsa bidentata, 174

Nassa incrassata, 213

Natica monilifera, 217

Necked Barnacle, 183

Necklace Natica, 216

Nemertes borlasii, 124

Nephthys margaritacea, 117

Nereis pelagica, 114, 117

Netted Dog-whelk, 213

Noctiluca miliaris, 25

Nonionina, 23

Northern Diver, 286

Numenius arquata, 282

---- phæopus, 282

Octopus vulgaris, 232

Opelet, 74

Ophiocoma brachiata, 97

---- granulata, 96

---- neglecta, 92

Ophiothrix rosula, 96

Opossum Shrimp, 169

Orange-disk Anemone, 70

Orchestia littorea, 173

Otter-shells, 200

Ovula patula, 216

Owen Sir Rich., on Medusa, 62

Oyster Catcher, 281

Padina pavonia, 296

Pallid Anemone, 69

Pandalus montagui, 166

Parasite Anemone, 80

Patella lævis, 211

---- pellucida, 211

---- vulgata, 207

Peacock’s Tail, 296

Pearly Nereis, 117

Pecten opercularis, 194

---- tigrinus, 195

---- varius, 196

Pectunculus glycimeris, 198

Pelican’s-foot, 219

Pentacrinus europæus, 99

Pepper Dulse, 219

Perforated Limpet, 223

Periwinkles, 220

Petrel, 286

Phalacrocorax carbo, 279

---- graculus, 279

Phasianella pullus, 221

Pholas dactylus, 205

Pheasant-shell, 221

Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117

---- viridis, 118

Physalia pelagica, 56

Piddock, 205

Pileopsis hungaricus, 223

Pilumnus hirtellus, 138

Pipe-fishes, 254

Planarians, 122

Planaria nigra, 123

Planula, 55

Pleurobrachia pileus, 59

Pleuronectes flesus, 275

Plocamium coccineum, 298

Plumelet, 64, 79

Plumularia cornucopiæ, 43

Plumulariæ, 41

Poached Egg-shell, 216

Pod-weed, 292

Polycistina, 23

Polyclinum, 243

Polymorphina, 22

Polynoe cirrata, 121

---- squamata, 121

Polypite, 53

Polystemma roseum, 124

Polystomella, 23

Polyzoa, 45

Porcellana longicornis, 149

---- platycheles, 147

Portuguese Man o’ war, 56

Portunus puber, 140

Prawn, 160

---- Æsop, 166

---- Varying, 166

Procellaria pelagica, 286

Psammobia, 201

Ptilota, 298

Puffin, 285

Puffinus anglorum, 287

Pullet Carpet-shell, 194

Puncturella noachina, 223

Purple, 212

Purple-tipped Urchin, 100

Purple Urchin, 102

Purpura lapillus, 212

Pyrgoma anglicum, 183

Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278

Quatrefages M., on Eunice, 218

Quin, 194

Rainbow Bladder-weed, 293

Rainbow Leaf-worm, 117

Rastegna, 75

Rayed Artemis, 192

Rayed Trough-shell, 199

Razorbill, 285

Razor-shells, 186, 202

Red-faced Blind-worm, 123

Red-nosed Borer, 202

Redshank, 282

Red-shrimp, 166

Red-specked Pimplet, 77

Red Whelk, 214

Rhodymenia jubata, 299

---- palmata, 298

Rhombus punctatus, 275

Rissoa ulvæ, 219

Rock Goby, 258

Rock Pipit, 277

Rosy Anemone, 65, 68

Rotalina, 23

Ruddy Pyramid-shell, 219

Sabella alveolaria, 108

---- bombyx, 111

---- tubularia, 112

Saddle-oyster, 197

Sagartia miniata, 72

---- nivea, 69

---- pallida, 69

---- rosea, 65, 68

---- venusta, 70

Salacia abietina, 40

Sallee-man, 59

Salpa maxima, 242

Saltwort, 306

Samphire, 304

Sanderling, 282

Sandpiper, 282

Sand Mason, 115

Sand-worm, 114

Sandwich Tern, 283

Sandwort Spurrey, 303

Sanguine Eunice, 118

Sarsia tubulosa, 57

Saw-edged Wrack, 291

Saxicava rugosa, 202

Scalaria, 219

Scallops, 194

Scalpellum vulgare, 183

Scarlet-fringed Anemone, 72

Scarlet Serpula, 112

Scrupocellaria reptans, 47

Sea: extent and importance, 11

---- Adder, 254

---- Anemones, 64

---- Campion, 306

---- Convolvulus, 307

---- Cucumber, 102

---- Furbelows, 294

---- Gooseberry, 59

---- Hare, 230

---- Holly, 304

---- Jellies, 49

---- Lace, 295

---- Lavender, 305

---- Lemon, 227

---- Lettuce, 295

---- Mat, 46

---- Milkwort, 303

---- Mouse, 121

---- Nettles, 50

---- Night-light, 25

---- Oak Coralline, 39

---- Pink, 305

---- Rocket, 307

---- Sedge, 308

---- Slater, 172

---- Slugs, 226

---- Spleenwort, 308

---- Squirts, 236

---- Stars, 86

---- Swallows, 283

---- Thongs, 292

---- Urchins, 86, 100

---- Weeds, 288

---- Worms, 107

Sedum acre, 308

---- anglicum, 308

Sepia officinalis, 233

Sepiola rondeletii, 235

Serpula contortuplicata, 112

Serpula triquetra, 113

---- vermicularis, 113

Sertularia pumila, 39

---- fusca, 40

Shag, 279

Shanny, 247

Shell-binder, 115

Ship-barnacle, 177

Shore Crab, 139

Shore Fishes, 246

Shore-hunting, 16

Shore-zones, 14

Silene maritima, 306

Silkworm Sabella, 112

Sipunculus punctatissima, 106

Skeleton-shrimp, 174

Slit Limpet, 223

Smooth Artemis, 192

Smooth Limpet, 211

Smooth Venus, 191

Snake-locked Anemone, 65

Snowy Anemone, 69

Solan Goose, 280

Solaster papposa, 91

Solen ensis, 202

---- siliqua, 202

Spergularia rubra, 303

Spiny Cockle, 187

Spire-shells, 219

Spirorbis communis, 113

Sponges, 28

Squat-lobsters, 150

Squid, 235

Star-fish, 86

Starlet, 92

Statice limonium, 305

Stebbing T. R., on Limbs of Crabs, 132

Sterna cantiaca, 283

---- fluviatilis, 283

---- minuta, 283

Stickleback, Fifteen-spined, 269

Sting-fish, 250

Sting-winkle, 214

Strongylocentrus lividus, 102

Styela grossularia, 240

Sugar Tangle, 294

Sula bassana, 280

Sunset-shells, 201

Sun Star, 91

Syngnathus acus, 254

---- lumbriciformis, 254

Talitrus locusta, 173

Tangle, 293

Tapes aurea, 194

---- decussata, 193

---- pullastra, 194

---- virginea, 194

Tellen-shells, 201

Tellina crassa, 201

---- tenuis, 201

Terebella figulus, 115

---- littoralis, 115

Terns, 283

Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124

Textularia variabilis, 22

Thaumantias, 55

Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Comatula, 99

Thrift, 305

Thuiaria thuja, 41

Tides, 14

Tompot, 270

Tooth-shells, 224

Topknot, 275

Top-shells, 221

Torbay Bonnet, 223

Tortoise-shell Limpet, 211

Totanus calidris, 282

Trachinus draco, 269

---- vipera, 269

Tringa canutus, 282

---- striata, 282

Trochus cinereus, 221

---- magus, 222

---- zizyphinus, 221

Trough-shells, 199

Trumpet Sabella, 112

Tube-mouthed Sarsia, 57

Tunicata, 236

Turbellaria, 122

Turris digitalis, 55

Turritella communis, 219

Turret-shells, 219

Tusk-shells, 224

Ulva latissima, 295

Upogebia stellata, 171

Uraster glacialis, 86

---- rubens, 86

Uria grylle, 285

----troile, 285

Urticina felina, 78

Varying Prawn, 166

Velella scaphoidea, 59

Velvet Fiddler-crab, 140

Venus fasciata, 190

---- verrucosa, 191

Violet-shell, 222

Virgin’s Carpet-shell, 193

Wall Pennywort, 307

Wall Pepper, 308

Warted Venus, 190

Wedge-shells, 201

Weevers, 269

Wentletrap, 219

Whelks, 214

Whimbrel, 282

White Stonecrop, 308

Wilfry, 114

Winged Delesseria, 300

Wood J. G., on Hairy Stinger, 51

Worm Pipe-fish, 254

Wormskioldia sanguinea, 300

Wrasse, 258

Xanthellæ, 24

Xantho hydrophilus, 137

---- incisus, 137

Yellow Horned Poppy, 305

“Zebedees”, 136

Zoaria, 45

Zoea taurus, 133

Zoophytes, 37

Zostera marina, 288

Transcriber’s Notes.

Italic text is indicated with underscores, bold text with =equals=. Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.

Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently. Inconsistent use of italics in the Index likewise.

Inconsistent/spelling hyphenation has been normalised.

The author’s use of the form “amæba” and its variants has been retained. Likewise both “mollusc” and “mollusk”.

Two references to Ianthina on page 222 have been corrected to Janthina, and the index amended accordingly. Neither of the two indexes has otherwise been checked for correct alphabetization or page references.

Footnotes are placed immediately after the paragraph in which they are referenced.

Some illustrations have been moved between paragraphs or to a more relevant position in the text.