Appendix Ii

THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR

The success of the country rambles of an expert lepidopterist depends greatly on his knowledge of the times at which the various butterflies and moths generally appear, and of the localities which they are known to frequent. The experiences he has gained in the past enable him to calculate on the probabilities of the future, and he chooses both time and locality according to his requirements.

As he makes his way to the hunting ground he counts over the chances of meeting with a certain insect that is wanted to fill a long-standing blank in his cabinet; and we hear him discussing the probabilities as to whether this species is yet 'out,' or whether the larvae of that species are feeding.

How different it is with the young and unguided entomologist! He rambles promiscuously here and there, having only the faintest idea as to what he is likely to see, and perhaps meeting with only four or five species when an experienced collector, without covering a larger area of ground, would take scores in the same time.

In order to afford some little help to the beginner, I have thought it advisable to introduce a calendar of operations to guide him in his work. The space at our command would not allow this to be carried out in detail, but the general instructions will undoubtedly assist most of my readers until the practical experience gained by a few years' work has enabled them to run on their own legs.

Of course, in making reference to the monthly lists of insects on the wing, allowance must be made for the forwardness or backwardness of the seasons. Thus, an insect entered in the April list may appear in March in an exceptionally warm season, but may not emerge till the early part of May if the spring has been unusually severe.

It will be observed that in cases where all the species of a certain genus or family appear on the wing in the same month, the name of that genus or family is entered on the list instead of the names of the individual species; but the latter can easily be obtained by reference to Appendix I.

JANUARY

There is not much field work to be done during this month. If the weather is very severe, hardly an insect will be found on the wing; but a mild January will sometimes entice the Brimstone Butterfly (Rhamni) and some of the hybernating Vanessas from their winter quarters.

Hybernating moths may also be met with, on the wing if the weather is mild, or sleeping in their sheltered nooks during the frosts. These include several Noctuae--Auricoma, Lithargyria, Suffusa, Vaccinii, Spadicea, Erythrocephala, Satellitia, Rubiginea, Croceago, Vetusta, Exoleta, Ornithopus, Furcifera, Semibrunnea, Socia, and Libatrix; and also a few Geometrae--Zonaria, Fluviata, Dubitata, Siterata, and Miata.

In addition to these hybernating insects, the collector may examine tree trunks and fences for the Early Moth (Rupicapraria), and late specimens of the Winter Moth (Brumata); and towards the end of the month he may expect to meet with fresh specimens of the Pale Brindled Beauty (Pedaria) and the Spring Usher (Leucophaearia). A few of the Tineae may also be seen.

The net need not be used at all during the colder months of the year, as the moths are easily taken in pill boxes from the trunks and fences on which they rest.

Pupa digging may be carried on throughout the month if the weather is sufficiently mild, but it is of no use attempting this during a frost. Hybernating larvae may also be searched out of their winter quarters if the collector does not mind giving them the attention they require; but, as a rule, it is better to wait till they themselves start out to feed in the spring, at which time all their food plants are showing leaf.

FEBRUARY

Our remarks under 'January' concerning pupa digging and other work apply equally well to this month. The same hybernating butterflies and moths may be looked for; and, in addition to Pedaria, Leucophaearia, and Rupicapraria, which now appear more plentifully, the following species will probably be seen:

Small Eggar (Lanestris) Small Brindled Beauty (Hispidaria) Oak Beauty (Strataria) Dotted Border (Marginaria) March Moth (AEscularia)

About half a dozen species of the Tineae will also have made their appearance before the end of the month.

MARCH

Many of the hybernating larvae will come out during March if the weather is mild, and commence to feed; and the young caterpillars will begin to appear from the eggs of the early moths already named. This is consequently a good time to commence the search for larvae if you intend to go in for rearing. During the daytime some may be beaten from the boughs of trees and shrubs; and those which feed on low plants, being generally nocturnal in their habits, should be searched for in the evening, after dark, with the aid of a lantern.

The hybernating butterflies are now flying more freely than before, and, if the weather is bright and warm for the time of year, a few freshly emerged species may be seen. These may possibly include:

Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Holly Blue (Argiolus)

As regards moths, several fresh species may be expected to appear, while those named as appearing in February are still to be found. The new-comers may include:

=Bombyces.= Kentish Glory (Versicolor) Yellow-horned (Flavicornis)

=Noctuae.= Pine Beauty (Piniperda) White-marked Rustic (Leucographa) Red Chestnut (Rubricosa) All species of the genus Taeniocampa Early Grey (Areola) Green-brindled Dot (Oleagina) Orange Underwing (Parthenias) Light Orange Underwing (Notha)

=Geometrae.= Early Thorn (Bilunaria) Engrailed (Biundularia) Mottled Grey (Multistrigaria)

Sugaring may be commenced towards the end of March, and sallow blossom may be searched in the evening, but it is probable that only a few species will be taken by these means.

A few more species of the Tineae appear in March, and four or five of the Tortrices are out before the end of the month.

APRIL

This is really a busy month with the entomologist, and it will be necessary to put all apparatus and appliances into perfect order early. The cyanide bottle should be freshly charged, nets examined and repaired if necessary, and all setting boards, breeding cages &c. put in perfect trim for the new season's work.

Larvae are now feeding freely, and a few hours spent in beating, sweeping, and searching will enable you to stock your cages liberally.

Sugaring may be continued throughout the month, and the sallow blossom may be searched as long as it proves attractive. Moths may also be attracted by light at night.

The following butterflies are generally out during April, in addition to the hybernated species already named:

Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Orange Tip (Cardamines) Wood White (Sinapis) Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Euphrosyne) Speckled Wood (Egeria) Green Hairstreak (Rubi) Small Copper (Phlas) Holly Blue (Argiolus) Grizzled Skipper (Malvae) Dingy Skipper (Tages)

The following is a list of the principal moths for April:

=Bombyces.= Small Lappet (Ilicifolia) Kentish Glory (Versicolor) Yellow Horned (Flavicornis) Frosted Green (Ridens)

=Noctuae.= Pine Beauty (Piniperda) White-marked Rustic (Leucographa) Red Chestnut (Rubricosa) All species of the genus Taeniocampa Early Grey (Areola) Mullein Shark (Verbasci) Orange Underwing (Parthenias) Light Orange Underwing (Notha)

=Geometrae.= Brimstone (Luteolata) Early Thorn (Bilunaria) Belted Beauty (Zonaria) Brindled Beauty (Hirtaria) Waved Umber (Abruptaria) Small Engrailed (Crepuscularia) Engrailed (Biundularia) Sloe Carpet (Pictaria) Netted Mountain (Carbonaria) Mottled Grey (Multistrigaria) Satyr Pug (Satyrata) Marbled Pug (Irriguata) Campanula Pug (Campanulata) Brindled Pug (Abbreviata) Oak-tree Pug (Dodoneata) Double-striped Pug (Pumilata) Early Tooth-striped (Carpinata) Shoulder Stripe (Badiata) Many-lined (Polygrammata) Tissue (Dubitata)

In addition to the above, a few species of the Tortrices, several of the Tineae, and one or two of the Plume Moths (Pterophori) are out during April.

MAY

Little or nothing will be obtained by digging during May, yet a number of pupae may be found among grass and leaves under trees, and also attached to the leaves and stems of low plants. These pupae include those of several of the butterflies, among which may be mentioned Machaon, Selene, Euphrosyne, Aurinia, Megaera, Ianira, Rubi, Astrarche, Icarus, Bellargus, Corydon, Lucina, and Sylvanus.

Larvae may now be taken in abundance by beating the boughs of oaks and other trees, and also by examining low plants.

The hybernating butterflies are still on the wing, and the following are also out:

Swallow Tail (Machaon) Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Bath White (Daplidice) Orange Tip (Cardamines) Wood White (Sinapis) Small Pearl-bordered (Selene) Pearl-bordered (Euphrosyne) Greasy Fritillary (Aurinia) Glanville Fritillary (Cinxia) Speckled Wood (Egeria) Wall (Megaera) Marsh Ringlet (Typhon) Small Heath (Pamphilus) Green Hairstreak (Rubi) Small Copper (Phlas) Brown Argus (Astrarche) Common Blue (Icarus) Clifden Blue (Bellargus) Holly Blue (Argiolus) Mazarine Blue (Semiargus) Grizzled Skipper (Malvae) Chequered Skipper (Palaemon)

There is a great increase in the number of moths this month, and much good work may be done by means of light traps and by the examination of fences. Many moths are driven from their resting places early in the morning by the direct rays of the rising sun, and then seek out a spot where they are better sheltered, and where they are consequently less easily found. Hence the advantage of searching fences early in the morning.

The May list includes:

=Sphinges.= Small Elephant (Porcellus) All species of the genera Smerinthus and Macroglossa Some of the Clearwings (Apiformis, Sphegiformis, and Culiciformis) Cream-bordered Green (Chlorana) Green Silver-lined (Prasinana)

=Bombyces.= Wood Tiger (Plantaginis) Muslin Moth (Mendica) Common Swift (Lupulinus) Pale Tussock (Pudibunda) Small Lappet (Ilicifolia) Emperor (Pavonia) All species of family Drepanulidae Alder Kitten (Bicuspis) Puss (Vinula) Several of the 'Prominents' (Cuculla, Carmelita, Dictaea, Dictaeoides, Trilophus, Ziczac, Trepida, Chaonia, Trimacula) Chocolate Tip (Curtula) Small Chocolate Tip (Pigra)

=Noctuae.= Knot Grass (Rumicis) Sweet Gale (Myricae) White Colon (Albicolon) Cabbage (Brassicae) Treble Lines (Trigrammica) Marsh Moth (Palustris) Light Brocade (Genistae) Mullein Shark (Verbasci) Betony Shark (Scrophulariae) Starwort Shark (Asteris) Camomile Shark (Chamomillae) Small Dark Yellow Underwing (Cordigera) Small Yellow Underwing (Tenebrata) Bordered Sallow (Umbra) Lunar Double Stripe (Lunaris)

=Geometrae.= Brimstone (Luteolata) Speckled Yellow (Macularia) Purple Thorn (Tetralunaria) Scalloped Hazel (Bidentata) Brindled Beauty (Hirtaria) Peppered (Betularia) Waved Umber (Abruptaria) Ringed Carpet (Cinctaria) Square Spot (Consonaria) Small Engrailed (Crepuscularia) Engrailed (Biundularia) Grey Birch (Punctularia) Small Grass Emerald (Viridata) All species of family Ephyridae Cream Wave (Remutaria) White Wave (Pusaria) Round-winged Wave (Rotundaria) Common Wave (Exanthemata) Clouded Silver (Temerata) White-pinion Spotted (Bimaculata) Latticed Heath (Clathrata) Brown Silver-line (Petraria) Barred Umber (Pulveraria) Netted Mountain (Carbonaria) Common Heath (Atomaria) Bordered White (Piniaria) Rest Harrow (Ononaria) Yellow Belle (Ochrearia) Clouded Border (Marginata) Horse Chestnut (Hippocastanaria) Pretty Pinion (Adaequata) Pugs (Venosata, Consignata, Pulchellata, Plumbeolata, Satyrata, Castigata, Pusillata, Irriguata, Indigata, Nanata, Vulgata, Assimilata, Exiguata, Coronata) Yellow-barred Brindle (Viretata) Ruddy High-flier (Ruberata) May High-flier (Trifasciata) Common Carpet (Sociata) Silver-ground Carpet (Montanata) Streamer (Nigrofasciaria) Barberry Carpet (Berberata) Flame Carpet (Designata) Twin-spot Carpets (Ferrugata and Unidentaria) Scarce Tissue (Certata) Water Carpet (Suffumata) Small Phnix (Silaceata) Oblique-striped (Virgata) Broom Tip (Rufata)

A number of the Micros are also out this month. About twenty species of the Pyralides, one or two of the Pterophori, a few Crambi, about fifty of the Tortrices, and no less than two hundred of the Tineae. The collector will do well to search fences and tree trunks for these moths, whenever he has the opportunity; and also to use the net freely in wooded country, waste places, and along hedgerows, before and at dusk.

JUNE

There is a marked increase in winged insect life during this month. The early butterflies are disappearing, or perhaps have quite left us; but new species are taking their place. The Sphinges now reach their maximum, as do also the Bombyces; and the other groups are almost if not quite up to their highest total. The Noctuae and Geometrae each amount to over a hundred species. No less than a hundred and fifty British Tortrices are on the wing; the Tineae make a near approach to three hundred, and the Pyralides of the month are not far short of numbering a hundred species. It will thus be seen that the net and pill boxes, as well as the setting boards, are in constant demand.

Dull days may be well occupied in beating for moths, and in the examination of fences and the bark of trees; and on bright days, as soon as the butterflies have settled down to rest, the same work may be carried on till dusk.

Micros and Geometrae are out early in the evening, when they should be taken with the net. Later on the Noctuae may be seen playing round their favourite flowers.

Sugar and light traps are likely to do good service during June, and decoy females of the Bombyces group may be called to your aid.

Larvae are also abundant during June, and those of most of the butterflies may be taken by carefully searching their food plants.

The following is the list of imagines for the month:

=Butterflies.= Swallow Tail (Machaon) Black-veined White (Crataegi) Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Small Pearl-bordered (Selene) Pearl-bordered (Euphrosyne) Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia) Greasy Fritillary (Aurinia) Glanville Fritillary (Cinxia) Heath Fritillary (Athalia) Small Tortoiseshell (Urticae) White Admiral (Sibylla) Small Ringlet (Epiphron) Meadow Brown (Ianira) Ringlet (Hyperanthus) Marsh Ringlet (Typhon) Small Heath (Pamphilus) Green Hairstreak (Rubi) Small Copper (Phlas) Common Blue (Icarus) Small Blue (Minima) Duke of Burgundy (Lucina) Grizzled Skipper (Malvae) Dingy Skipper (Tages) Large Skipper (Sylvanus) Chequered Skipper (Palaemon)

=Sphinges.= Privet Hawk (Ligustri) Spurge Hawk (Euphorbiae) Small Elephant (Porcellus) Large Elephant (Elpenor) Eyed Hawk (Ocellatus) Poplar Hawk (Populi) Lime Hawk (Tiliae) Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum) All the Clearwings (Sesiidae) The Burnets (Fam. Zygaenidae)

=Bombyces.= Family Nolidae Dew Moth (Irrorella) Cinnabar (Jacobaeae) Scarlet Tiger (Dominula) Family Cheloniidae Family Hepialidae Family Cossidae Family Cochliopodidae Dark Tussock (Fascelina) Pale Tussock (Pudibunda) Scarce Vapourer (Gonostigma) Fox (Rubi) Lappet (Quercifolia) Family Drepanulidae Family Dicranuridae Pale Prominent (Palpina) Coxcomb Prominent (Camelina) Swallow Prominent (Dictaea) Lesser Swallow Prominent (Dictaeoides) Iron Prominent (Dromedarius) Pebble Prominent (Ziczac) Great Prominent (Trepida) Marbled Brown (Trimacula) Buff Tip (Bucephala) Peach Blossom (Batis) Genus Cymatophora

=Noctuae.= Scarce Marvel-du-jour (Orion) Genus Acronycta Powdered Wainscot (Albovenosa) Most of the species of genus Leucania Flame Wainscot (Flammea) Silky Wainscot (Maritima) Small Rufous (Rufa) Mere Wainscot (Hellmanni) Concolorous (Extrema) Flame (Putris) Genus Xylophasia Bird's Wing (Scabriuscula) Small Mottled Willow (Exigua) Bordered Gothic (Reticulata) Feathered Ear (Leucophaea) Large Nutmeg (Sordida) White Colon (Albicolon) Cabbage (Brassicae) Dot (Persicariae) Rustic Shoulder Knot (Basilinea) Union Rustic (Connexa) Dusky Brocade (Gemina) Double Lobed (Ophiogramma) Genus Miana Treble Lines (Trigrammica) Mottled Rustic (Morpheus) Rustic (Taraxaci) Pale Mottled Willow (Quadripunctata) Reddish Buff (Caliginosa) Marsh Moth (Palustris) Brown Rustic (Tenebrosa) Turnip (Segetum) Heart and Dart (Exclamationis) Light-feathered Rustic (Cinerea) Sand Dart (Ripae) Garden Dart (Nigricans) Lover's Knot (Strigula) Double Dot (Augur) Flame Shoulder (Plecta) Double-spotted Square-spot (Triangulum) Ingrailed Clay (Festiva) Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing (Fimbria) Large Yellow Underwing (Pronuba) Gothic (Typica) Heart Moth (Oo) Genus Dianthcia Broad-barred White (Serena) Small Angle Shades (Lucipara) Angle Shades (Meticulosa) Green Arches (Prasina) Grey Arches (Nebulosa) Silvery Arches (Tincta) Pale Shining Brown (Advena) Northern Arches (Exulis) Genus Hadena (nearly all) Lychnis Shark (Lychnitis) Starwort Shark (Asteris) Cudweed Shark (Gnaphalii) Camomile Shark (Chamomillae) Shark (Umbratica) Genus Habrostola Burnished Brass (Chrysitis) Plain Golden Y (Iota) Beautiful Golden Y (Pulchrina) Silver Y (Gamma) Scarce Silver Y (Interrogationis) Genus Anarta Small Yellow Underwing (Tenebrata) Bordered Straw (Peltigera) Bordered Sallow (Umbra) Spotted Sulphur (Trabealis) Four-spotted (Luctuosa) Family Erastriidae Purple Marbled (Ostrina) Small Marbled (Parva) Small Purple-barred (Viridaria) Mother Shipton (Mi) Burnet Noctua (Glyphica) Black Neck (Pastinum) Family Herminiidae Family Hypenidae

=Geometrae.= Little Thorn (Advenaria) Brimstone (Luteolata) Speckled Yellow (Macularia) Orange (Prunaria) Barred Red (Prosapiaria) Scorched Wing (Dolobraria) Lunar Thorn (Lunaria) Peppered (Betularia) Speckled Beauty (Angularia) Genus Boarmia Square Spot (Consonaria) Brindled White-spot (Luridata) Grey Birch (Punctularia) Blotched Emerald (Pustulata) Small Grass Emerald (Viridata) Common Emerald (Strigata) Nearly all the family Acidaliidae Genus Bapta Peacock (Notata) Rannoch Geometer (Brunneata) Brown Silver-line (Petraria) Barred Umber (Pulveraria) Grey Scalloped Bar (Belgiaria) Frosted Yellow (Limbaria) Bordered White (Piniaria) Drab Geometer (Murinata) Black-veined (Lineata) Grass Wave (Strigillaria) Clouded Magpie (Sylvata) Scorched Carpet (Adustata) Clouded Border (Marginata) Twin-spot Carpet (Didymata) Grey Mountain Carpet (Caesiata) Striped Twin-spot Carpet (Salicata) Green Carpet (Viridaria) Genus Emmelesia Most of the Pugs (Eupithecia) Small Seraphim (Sexalisata) Seraphim (Halterata) Yellow-barred Brindle (Viretata) Shaded Broad-bar (Variata) Ruddy High-flier (Ruberata) Purple Bar (Ocellata) Beautiful Carpet (Albicillata) Genus Melanippe Royal Mantle (Cucullata) Flame (Rubidata) Genus Coremia Yellow Shell (Bilineata) Fern (Tersata) Oblique Carpet (Vittata) Small Waved Umber (Vitalbata) Scalloped Shell (Undulata) Brown Scallop (Vetulata) Short-cloak Carpet (Picata) Broken-barred Carpet (Corylata) Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata) Small Phnix (Silaceata) Small Mallow (Limitata) Belle (Plumbaria) Oblique-striped (Virgata) Treble Bar (Plagiata) Pale Grey Carpet (Griseata) Chimney Sweep (Atrata)

JULY

The number of species on the wing in July is even greater than in June. Butterflies are very numerous, some being second broods of double-brooded species, and others late single-brooded insects.

Sphinges are beginning to fall off, and so are the Bombyces, but the Noctuae and Geometrae are slightly on the increase.

As regards the Micros, a good number of fresh species may be expected, all the groups exhibiting a marked increase in the total number on the wing with the exception of the Tineae.

Sugaring is likely to pay well this month, and many moths may be attracted by light. Tree trunks and fences should be well examined.

Pupae may certainly be taken, but unless the collector is particularly desirous of obtaining the pupae of insects known to be now passing through that stage, he will probably do better by looking after imagines.

Larvae, however, may well receive a little attention, providing the setting of butterflies and moths leave a little leisure for other employments. Beating by day, and searching by both day and night, even if carried on only occasionally, will probably supply you with as many species as you can accommodate in your glasses and cages.

The butterflies of the month are:

Swallow Tail (Machaon) Black-veined White (Crataegi) Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Wood White (Sinapis) Brimstone (Rhamni) Dark Green Fritillary (Aglaia) High Brown Fritillary (Adippe) Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia) Heath Fritillary (Athalia) Comma (C-Album) Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros) Small Tortoiseshell (Urticae) Peacock (Io) Painted Lady (Cardui) White Admiral (Sibylla) Purple Emperor (Iris) Marbled White (Galatea) Northern Brown (AEthiops) Speckled Wood (Egeria) Grayling (Semele) Meadow Brown (Ianira) Large Heath (Tithonus) Ringlet (Hyperanthes) Marsh Ringlet (Typhon) Small Heath (Pamphilus) Brown Hairstreak (Betulae) White-letter Hairstreak (W-Album) Dark Hairstreak (Pruni) Purple Hairstreak (Quercus) Green Hairstreak (Rubi) Small Copper (Phlas) Silver-studded Blue (AEgon) Common Blue (Icarus) Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon) Holly Blue (Argiolus) Mazarine Blue (Semiargus) Small Blue (Minima) Large Blue (Arion) Small Skipper (Thaumas) New Small Skipper (Lineola)

The moths of July include the following species:

=Sphinges.= Privet Hawk (Ligustri) Bedstraw Hawk (Galii) Eyed Hawk (Ocellatus) Poplar Hawk (Populi) Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum) Hornet Clearwing of Poplar (Apiformis) Hornet Clearwing of Osier (Crabroniformis) Welsh Clearwing (Scoliiformis) Red-belted Clearwing (Myopiformis) Red-tipped Clearwing (Formiciformis) Six-belted Clearwing (Ichneumoniformis) Genus Ino Burnets (Trifolii, Lonicerae and Filipendulae)

=Bombyces.= Tortrix (Undulanus) Large Green Silver-lined (Bicolorana) Short-cloaked (Cucullatella) Most of the family Lithosiidae Tiger (Caia) Ruby Tiger (Fuliginosa) Buff Ermine (Lubricipeda) White Ermine (Menthastri) Wood Swift (Sylvanus) Northern Swift (Velleda) Goat Moth (Ligniperda) Leopard (Pyrina) Brown Tail (Chrysorrha) Yellow Tail (Similis) Satin (Salicis) Reed Tussock (Cnosa) Black Arches (Monacha) Vapourer (Antiqua) Lackey (Neustria) Ground Lackey (Castrensis) Oak Eggar (Quercus) Drinker (Potatoria) Sallow Kitten (Furcula) Poplar Kitten (Bifida) Lobster (Fagi) Pale Prominent (Palpina) Coxcomb Prominent (Camelina) Buff Tip (Bucephala) Buff Arches (Derasa) Peach Blossom (Batis) Figure of Eighty (Octogesima) Poplar Lutestring (Or) Lesser Satin (Duplaris)

=Noctuae.= Marbled Green (Muralis) Marbled Beauty (Perla) Grey Dagger (Psi) Miller (Leporina) Poplar Grey (Megacephala) Grisette (Strigosa) Coronet (Ligustri) Knot Grass (Rumicis) Scarce Dagger (Auricoma) Light Knot Grass (Menyanthidis) Brown Line Bright Eye (Conigera) Double Line (Turca) Clay (Lithargyria) Wainscots (Littoralis, Impudens, Comma, Impura, Pallens, Phragmitidis, Maritima, Rufa, Bondii, Neurica) Ear Moth (Nictitans) Flame (Putris) Genus Xylophasia Antler (Graminis) Straw Underwing (Matura) Most of Genus Mamestra Genus Miana Haworth's Minor (Haworthii) Treble Lines (Trigrammica) Genus Caradrina Brown Rustic (Tenebrosa) Archer's Dart (Vestigialis) Pearly Underwing (Saucia) Heart and Dart (Exclamationis) Heart and Club (Corticea) Sand Dart (Ripae) Coast Dart (Cursoria) Garden Dart (Nigricans) Streaked Dart (Aquilina) True Lover's Knot (Strigula) Stout Dart (Obscura) Dotted Rustic (Simulans) Northern Rustic (Lucernea) Ashworth's Rustic (Ashworthii) Most of Genus Noctua Genus Triphaena Copper Underwing (Pyramidea) Mouse (Tragopogonis) Old Lady (Maura) Suspected (Suspecta) Dismal (Upsilon) Olive (Subtusa) Genus Calymnia Dusky Sallow (Ochroleuca) Marbled Coronet (Nana) Genus Hecatera Minor Shoulder Knot (Viminalis) Small Angle Shades (Lucipara) Genus Aplecta Dark Brocade (Adusta) Shears (Dentina) Nutmeg (Trifolii) Pale-shouldered Brocade (Thalassina) Silver Cloud (Conspicillaris) Lychnis Shark (Lychnitis) Wormwood Shark (Absinthii) Family Plusiidae Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Myrtilli) Marbled Clover (Dipsacea) Four-spotted (Luctuosa) Rosy Marbled (Venustula) Marbled White-spot (Fasciana) Small Purple-barred (Viridaria) Red Underwing (Nupta) Light Crimson Underwing (Promissa) Dark Crimson Underwing(Sponsa) New Black-neck (Craccae) Family Herminiidae Family Hypenidae

=Geometrae.= Swallow-tail (Sambucaria) Dark-bordered Beauty (Parallelaria) Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria) Orange (Prunaria) Light Emerald (Margaritaria) Barred Red (Prosapiaria) Lilac Beauty (Syringaria) Early Thorn (Bilunaria) Scalloped Oak (Elinguaria) Genus Cleora Genus Boarmia Annulet (Obscuraria) Scotch Annulet (Obfuscaria) Black Mountain Moth (Coracina) Family Geometridae Golden-bordered Purple (Muricata) Waved Carpet (Sylvata) Dingy Shell (Obliterata) Welsh Wave (Cambrica) Most of the Acidaliae Blood Vein (Amataria) Family Macariidae Latticed Heath (Clathrata) Bordered Grey (Ericetaria) Common Heath (Atomaria) Rest Harrow (Ononaria) Vestal (Sacraria) Grass Wave (Strigillaria) Family Zerenidae Twin-spot Carpet (Didymata) Grey Mountain Carpet (Caesiata) Yellow-ringed Carpet (Flavicinctata) Beech-green Carpet (Olivata) Green Carpet (Viridaria) Genus Emmelesia Pugs (Linariata, Oblongata, Succenturiata, Pernotata, Isogrammaria, Virgaureata, Innotata, Subnotata, Absinthiata, Tenuiata, Subciliata, Rectangulata) Chestnut-coloured Carpet (Simulata) Shaded Broad Bar (Variata) Pine Carpet (Firmata) July High-flier (Sordidata) Genus Melanthia Genus Melanippe Flame (Rubidata) Red Carpet (Munitata) Large Twin-spot Carpet (Quadrifasciaria) Yellow Shell (Bilineata) Fern (Tersata) Oblique Carpet (Vittata) Many-lined (Polygrammata) Dark Umber (Rhamnata) Short-cloak Carpet (Picata) Marsh Carpet (Sagittata) Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata) Dark Marbled Carpet (Immanata) Netted Carpet (Reticulata) Phnix (Prunata) Chevron (Testata) Northern Spinach (Populata) Barred Yellow (Fulvata) Barred Straw (Dotata) Spinach (Associata) Dark Spinach (Comitata) Small Mallow (Limitata) Belle (Plumbaria) Chalk Carpet (Bipunctaria) Oblique-striped (Virgata) Manchester Treble Bar (Paludata) Treble Bar (Plagiata) Pale Grey Carpet (Griseata) Chimney Sweep (Atrata)

AUGUST

Although there is a very appreciable falling off in the number of species on the wing during August, yet there remains plenty of work for the lepidopterist.

Many of the butterflies of July continue to fly during the whole or part of this month, and several fresh species commence their flight. August, too, may be looked upon as the month for second broods, and an opportunity now arises for searching for some of the species that were missed at the time of their early appearance in May. Clover and lucerne fields should be well worked.

A few Sphinges and a number of the Bombyces are still on the wing. The Noctuae are on the decrease, but there are yet nearly a hundred species (including the rarer ones) at large.

These last may be taken at sugar in considerable numbers, and it is interesting to note that two of the Vanessas (Atalanta and Cardui) may be caught sipping on your baited trees during the daytime.

Geometrae and Micros fall off very considerably this month, but these, as well as moths of the other groups, may be taken from tree trunks and palings. Light traps may also be used with much success during August.

Fallen fruits should be examined for the larvae that feed within them; and late in the month ripe fruit will supply food to the lovers of sweets.

Ivy blossom should be well worked at night; and clover and lucerne fields form admirable hunting grounds for moths at night, especially just after rain.

Larvae are to be obtained in abundance by beating and searching, the latter process being conducted by night as well as by day.

The following is the list of imagines for August:

=Butterflies.= Swallow Tail (Machaon) Large White (Brassicae) Small White (Rapae) Green-veined White (Napi) Bath White (Daplidice) Wood White (Sinapis) Pale Clouded Yellow (Hyale) Clouded Yellow (Edusa) Brimstone (Rhamni) Queen of Spain (Latona) Dark Green Fritillary (Aglaia) High Brown Fritillary (Adippe) Silver-washed Fritillary (Paphia) Genus Vanessa White Admiral (Sibylla) Purple Emperor (Iris) Marbled White (Galatea) Northern Brown (AEthiops) Speckled Wood (Egeria) Wall (Megaera) Grayling (Semele) Meadow Brown (Ianira) Large Heath (Tithonus) Small Heath (Pamphilus) Brown Hairstreak (Betulae) Purple Hairstreak (Quercus) Small Copper (Phlas) Tailed Blue (Baetica) Silver-studded Blue (AEgon) Brown Argus (Astrarche) Common Blue (Icarus) Clifden Blue (Bellargus) Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon) Holly Blue (Argiolus) Mazarine Blue (Semiargus) Dingy Skipper (Tages) New Small Skipper (Lineola) Lulworth Skipper (Actaeon) Large Skipper (Sylvanus) Silver-spotted Skipper (Comma)

=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (Atropos) Convolvulus Hawk (Convolvuli) Bedstraw Hawk (Galii) Striped Hawk (Livornica) Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum) Red-tipped Clearwing (Formiciformis) Six-belted Clearwing (Ichneumoniformis)

=Bombyces.= Round-winged Muslin (Senex) Muslin (Mundana) Footmen (Muscerda, Lutarella, Griseola) Wood Swift (Sylvanus) Brown Tail (Chrysorrha) Yellow Tail (Similis) Satin (Salicis) Gipsy (Dispar) Black Arches (Monacha) Vapourer (Antiqua) Lackey (Neustria) Ground Lackey (Castrensis) Oak Eggar (Quercus) Grass Eggar (Trifolii) Drinker (Potatoria) Hook Tips (Lacertinaria, Falcataria, Binaria, Cultraria) Chinese Character (Glaucata) Sallow Kitten (Furcula) Poplar Kitten (Bifida) Prominents (Camelina, Trilophus, Ziczac) Lesser Lutestring (Diluta)

=Noctuae.= Marbled Green (Muralis) Marbled Beauty (Perla) Grey Dagger (Psi) Scarce Dagger (Auricoma) Wainscots (Musculosa, Albipuncta, Impura, Pallens, Fulva, Cannae, Arundinis, Geminipuncta, Neurica, Lutosa) Frosted Orange (Ochracea) Genus Hydrcia Slender Clouded Brindle (Scolopacina) Feathered Brindle (Australis) Feathered Gothic (Popularis) Antler (Graminis) Straw Underwing (Matura) Genus Luperina Confused (Furva) Small Clouded Brindle (Unanimis) Crescent (Leucostigma) Common Rustic (Didyma) Anomalous (Anomala) Mottled Rustic (Morpheus) Pale Mottled Willow (Quadripunctata) Archer's Dart (Vestigialis) Shuttle-shaped Dart (Puta) Pearly Underwing (Saucia) Crescent Dart (Lunigera) Heart and Dart (Exclamationis) Coast Dart (Cursoria) Garden Dart (Nigricans) White-line Dart (Tritici) Streaked Dart (Aquilina) Square-spot Dart (Obelisca) Heath Rustic (Agathina) Portland (Praecox) Stout Dart (Obscura) Dotted Rustic (Simulans) Plain Clay (Depuncta) Setaceous Hebrew Character (C-Nigrum) Barred Chestnut (Dahlii) Small Square-spot (Rubi) Six-striped Rustic (Umbrosa) Grey Rustic (Castanea) Square-spot Rustic (Xanthographa) Genus Triphaena Mouse (Tragopogonis) Old Lady (Maura) Mountain Rustic (Hyperborea) Suspected (Suspecta) Olive (Subtusa) Double Kidney (Retusa) Angle-striped Sallow (Paleacea) Genus Calymnia Dusky Sallow (Ochroleuca) Grey Chi (Chi) Large Ranunculus (Flavicincta) Feathered Ranunculus (Lichenea) Crescent (Bimaculosa) Great Brocade (Occulta) Beautiful Brocade (Porphyrea) Golden-rod Brindled (Solidaginis) Herald (Libatrix) Scarce Burnished Brass (Chryson) Burnished Brass (Chrysitis) Gold Spot (Festucae) Scarce Bordered Straw (Armigera) Four-spotted (Luctuosa) Clifden Nonpareil (Fraxini) Red Underwing (Nupta) Dark Crimson Underwing (Sponsa)

=Geometrae.= Dark-bordered Beauty (Parallelaria) Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria) Purple Thorn (Tetralunaria) Scalloped Oak (Elinguaria) Canary-shouldered Thorn (Alniaria) Dusky Thorn (Fuscantaria) September Thorn (Erosaria) August Thorn (Quercinaria) Dotted Carpet (Glabraria) Annulet (Obscuraria) Scotch Annulet (Obfuscaria) Family Ephyridae Small Dusty Wave (Virgularia) Mullein Wave (Marginepunctata) Small Blood Vein (Imitaria) Common White Wave (Pusaria) Vestal (Sacraria) Yellow Belle (Ochrearia) Straw Belle (Gilvaria) Currant (Grossulariata) Autumnaria Haworth's Carpet (Unifasciata) Bordered Lime Speck (Succenturiata) Pugs (Virgaureata, Campanulata, Indigata, Constrictata, Expallidata, Sobrinata, Variata) July High Flier (Sordidata) Carpets (Bicolorata, Montanata, Fluctuata, Berberata) Yellow Shell (Bilineata) Gem (Fluviata) Oblique Carpet (Vittata) Many-lined (Polygrammata) Tissue (Dubitata) Common Marbled Carpet (Truncata) Phnix (Prunata) Chevron (Testata) Northern Spinach (Populata) Barred Yellow (Fulvata) Barred Straw (Dotata) Small Mallow (Limitata) Chalk Carpet (Bipunctaria) Treble Bar (Plagiata) Broom Tip (Rufata)

SEPTEMBER

The number of species on the wing is now considerably lower, yet there is a good deal to be done both with butterflies and moths.

Many of the former are worn and ragged, but good fresh specimens of some species may be taken. Clover and lucerne fields and the flowery borders of corn fields remain very attractive.

Tree trunks and palings should be searched as before. Sugar still attracts numbers of the Noctuae; and ivy blossom should be examined at night whenever an opportunity offers itself.

September is a good month for larva hunting. Most of the species that pupate in the autumn are now full fed, and will undergo the change to the chrysalis state shortly after they have been housed, thus giving but little trouble to the entomologist. The day feeders may be beaten or swept from their food plants, but, of course, the nocturnal species are best discovered by searching at night.

Some have already 'gone down' for the winter, and, consequently, pupa hunting may be started. However, as there is yet much to be done with imagines and larvae, it may, perhaps, be better to leave the pupae alone till about the end of the month, especially as many of the larvae have not yet had time to complete their transformation.

The list of imagines for September includes:

=Butterflies.= Clouded Yellow (Edusa) Brimstone (Rhamni) Queen of Spain (Latona) Comma (C-Album) Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros) Small Tortoiseshell (Urticae) Peacock (Io) Camberwell Beauty (Antiopa) Red Admiral (Atalanta) Painted Lady (Cardui) Speckled Wood (Egeria) Wall (Megaera) Grayling (Semele) Large Heath (Tithonus) Small Heath (Pamphilus) Small Copper (Phlas) Common Blue (Icarus) Clifden Blue (Bellargus) Chalk-hill Blue (Corydon) Holly Blue (Argiolus)

=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (Atropos) Convolvulus Hawk (Convolvuli) Humming Bird Hawk (Stellatarum)

=Bombyces.= Tortrix (Undulanus) Crimson Speckled (Pulchella) Vapourer (Antiqua) Pale Oak Eggar (Crataegi) Lesser Lutestring (Diluta)

=Noctuae.= Figure of Eight (Caeruleocephala) Small Wainscot (Fulva) Bullrush (Arundinis) Large Wainscot (Lutosa) Frosted Orange (Ochracea) Rosy Rustic (Micacea) Feathered Brindle (Australis) Beautiful Gothic (Hispidus) Antler (Graminis) Flounced Rustic (Testacea) Hedge Rustic (Cespitis) Haworth's Minor (Haworthii) Anomalous (Anomala) Shuttle-shaped Dart (Puta) Dark Sword Grass (Suffusa) Pearly Underwing (Saucia) Turnip (Segetum) Heart and Dart (Exclamationis) Autumn Rustic (Glareosa) Mouse (Tragopogonis) Red-lined Quaker (Lota) Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta) Genus Anchocelis Genus Xanthia Centre-barred Sallow (Xerampelina) Double Kidney (Retusa) Genus Polia Black Rustic (Nigra) Green-brindled Crescent (Oxyacanthae) Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina) Angle Shades (Meticulosa) Flame Brocade (Flammea) Brindled Green (Protea) Genus Calocampa Genus Xylina Herald (Libatrix) Gold Spot (Festucae) Silver Y (Gamma) Scarce Bordered Straw (Armigera) Clifden Nonpareil (Fraxini) Buttoned Snout (Rostralis)

=Geometrae.= Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria) Brimstone (Luteolata) Genus Eugonia November (Dilutata) Autumnal (Filigrammaria) Juniper Pug (Sobrinata) Shaded Broad Bar (Variata) Slender-striped Rufous (Lapidata) Tissue (Dubitata) Carpets (Siderata, Miata, Immanata) Chevron (Testata) Mallow (Cervinata) Streak (Spartiata)

OCTOBER

As there is very little winged life this month, and the larvae have nearly all sought out their winter quarters, special attention may be given to pupae. The earlier this work is started after the insects have completed their change the better. If left late, many pupae will have been destroyed by floods, moles, &c., and a prolonged series of frosty days may render digging unproductive if not impossible. Again, it must be remembered that some larvae are not yet down, and by digging at the roots of the trees on which they are feeding, you are preparing an acceptable bed for the late species, for the pupae of which you may call again in about a month.

Larvae may be obtained by beating and searching as before, but this work should be done as early in the month as possible, since but few are feeding after the first week or so.

Butterfly catching is now practically over, only a few of the late species and the hybernators being on the wing, and these only on mild days.

Noctuae are still attracted by sugar and ivy blossom, and a few may be found at rest. Geometrae and Micros may be taken from palings and tree trunks by day, or caught flying at dusk.

The imagines of October may include the following butterflies:

Brimstone (Rhamni) Pale Clouded Yellow (Hyale) Clouded Yellow (Edusa) Comma (C-Album) Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros) Small Tortoiseshell (Urticae) Peacock (Io) Camberwell Beauty (Antiopa) Red Admiral (Atalanta) Painted Lady (Cardui) Small Copper (Phlas)

And a few late 'Blues.'

The principal moths of the month are:

=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (Atropos)

=Bombyces.= Plumed Prominent (Plumigera)

=Noctuae.= Large Wainscot (Lutosa) Red-lined Quaker (Lota) Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta) Beaded Chestnut (Pistacina) Brown-spot Pinion (Litura) Chestnut (Vaccinii) Dark Chestnut (Spadicea) Red-headed Chestnut (Erythrocephala) Satellite (Satellitia) Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea) Orange Upperwing (Croceago) Brick (Circellaris) Brindled Ochre (Templi) Green Brindled Crescent (Oxyacanthae) Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina) Angle Shades (Meticulosa) Flame Brocade (Flammea) Red Sword-grass (Vetusta) Sword-grass (Exolita) Genus Xylina Sprawler (Sphinx) Silver Y (Gamma)

=Geometrae.= Feathered Thorn (Pennaria) Vestal (Sacraria) Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria) Mottled Umber (Defoliaria) Winter (Brumata) Northern Winter (Boreata) November (Dilutata) Juniper Carpet (Juniperata) Gem (Fluviata) Carpets (Siderata, Miata) Mallow (Cervinata) Streak (Spartiata)

NOVEMBER

No butterflies are to be seen this month with the exception of the hybernating species, and even these will not venture on the wing unless the weather is mild and bright for the season.

Most of the moths met with are also hybernators, but a few species are to be found only at this season, and these should be looked for on fences and tree trunks. A few Noctuae may be taken at sugar, and the Geometrae attracted by lights.

The only larvae now existing are hybernators, and many of these may be met with during your pupa-digging operations; but they are best left alone till the spring, as a rule.

The chief work of the entomologist in November is certainly pupa hunting, and this may be carried on in real earnest whenever the weather is favourable, following the instructions given in Chapter VII.

It will be remembered, also, that many of the Lepidoptera pass the winter in the egg state, and search may be made for ova when time permits.

The November list, besides some of the hybernating species previously mentioned, include:

=Bombyces.= December (Populi)

=Noctuae.= Genus Cerastis Satellite (Satellitia) Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea) Orange Upperwing (Croceago) Brindled Ochre (Exempli)

=Geometrae.= Feathered Thorn (Pennaria) Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria) Mottled Umber (Defoliaria) Winter (Brumata) Northern Winter (Boreata)

DECEMBER

Outdoor work is now at a minimum. The weather is too severe, as a rule, to allow pupa digging to be carried on with either success or comfort, but favourable opportunities should be seized for this employment as well as for ova collecting.

Now and again we may meet with P. Populi at rest by day, or fluttering round a light at night. Brumata and Defoliaria may also be seen, and the Early Moth (Rupicapraria) may appear on the wing before the new year; but nothing is likely to be met with beyond these save the hybernators, already named in other lists, and some of the Tineae.

It is a good plan to utilise your spare time during the dreary months of winter by attending to your cabinet. Rearrange your specimens where necessary, and see that all are properly labelled; remove all greasy specimens, and deal with them as recommended on page 127; also renew the supply of camphor or naphthaline in your drawers and store boxes. Time may also be found for the construction of apparatus that is likely to be required next season, and for repairing any that has been damaged during the work of the last.

COLOURED PLATES

PLATE I (Frontispiece)

1. SWALLOW-TAIL (Papilio Machaon). 2. BLACK-VEINED WHITE (Aporia Crataegi). 3. LARGE WHITE (Pieris Brassicae). Female. 4. SMALL WHITE (Pieris Rapae). Male. 5. GREEN-VEINED WHITE (Pieris Napi). Under side. 6. BATH WHITE (Pieris Daplidice). Female. 7. ORANGE TIP (Euchlo[:e] Cardamines). Male. 8. ORANGE TIP (Euchlo[:e] Cardamines). Male. Under side.

PLATE II

1. WOOD WHITE (Leucophasia Sinapis). 2. PALE CLOUDED YELLOW (Colias Hyale). 3. CLOUDED YELLOW (Colias Edusa). Male. 4. BRIMSTONE (Gonopteryx Rhamni). Male. 5. SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (Argynnis Selene). 6. PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (Argynnis Euphrosyne). 7. QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY (Argynnis Latona). 8. DARK-GREEN FRITILLARY (Argynnis Aglaia).

PLATE III

1. HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY (Argynnis Adippe). Under side. 2. SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (Argynnis Paphia). 3. GREASY FRITILLARY (Melitaea Aurinia). 4. GLANVILLE FRITILLARY (Melitaea Cinxia). 5. HEATH FRITILLARY (Melitaea Athalia). 6. HEATH FRITILLARY (Melitaea Athalia). Under side. 7. COMMA (Vanessa C-Album). 8. LARGE TORTOISESHELL (Vanessa Polychloros). 9. SMALL TORTOISESHELL (Vanessa Urticae).

PLATE IV

1. PEACOCK (Vanessa Io). 2. CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (Vanessa Antiopa). 3. RED ADMIRAL (Vanessa Atalanta). 4. PAINTED LADY (Vanessa Cardui). 5. WHITE ADMIRAL (Limenitis Sibylla).

PLATE V

1. PURPLE EMPEROR (Apatura Iris). Male. 2. MARBLED WHITE (Melanargia Galatea). 3. SMALL RINGLET (Erebia Epiphron). 4. NORTHERN BROWN (Erebia AEthiops). 5. WOOD ARGUS (Pararge Egeria). 6. WALL BUTTERFLY (Pararge Megaera). 7. GRAYLING (Satyrus Semele). Female. 8. MEADOW BROWN (Epinephele Ianira). Female. 9. LARGE HEATH (Epinephele Tithonus). Male. 10. RINGLET (Epinephele Hyperanthus).

PLATE VI

1. MARSH RINGLET (Caenonympha Typhon). 2. SMALL HEATH (Caenonympha Pamphilus). 3. BROWN HAIRSTREAK (Thecla Betulae). Under side. 4. WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK (Thecla W-album). Under side. 5. DARK HAIRSTREAK (Thecla Pruni). Under side. 6. PURPLE HAIRSTREAK (Thecla Quercus). Under side. 7. GREEN HAIRSTREAK(Thecla Rubi). Under side. 8. LARGE COPPER (Polyommatus Dispar). Male. 9. SMALL COPPER (Polyommatus Phlaeas). 10. TAILED BLUE (Lycaena Baetica). 11. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (Lycaena AEgon). Male. 12. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (Lycaena AEgon). Female. 13. BROWN ARGUS (Lycaena Astrarche). 14. BROWN ARGUS (Lycaena Astrarche). Under side. 15. COMMON BLUE (Lycaena Icarus). Male. 16. COMMON BLUE (Lycaena Icarus). Female. 17. CLIFDEN BLUE (Lycaena Bellargus). Male. 18. CLIFDEN BLUE (Lycaena Bellargus). Female.

PLATE VII

1. CHALK-HILL BLUE (Lycaena Corydon). Male. 2. CHALK-HILL BLUE (Lycaena Corydon). Female. 3. HOLLY BLUE (Lycaena Argiolus). Male. 4. HOLLY BLUE (Lycaena Argiolus). Female. 5. MAZARINE BLUE (Lycaena Semiargus). Male. 6. MAZARINE BLUE (Lycaena Semiargus). Female. 7. SMALL BLUE (Lycaena Minima). 8. LARGE BLUE (Lycaena Arion). 9. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (Nemeobius Lucina). 10. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (Nemeobius Lucina). Under side. 11. GRIZZLED SKIPPER (Syrichthus Malvae). 12. DINGY SKIPPER (Nisoniades Tages). 13. SMALL SKIPPER (Hesperia Thaumas). 14. LULWORTH SKIPPER (Hesperia Actaeon). Male. 15. LARGE SKIPPER (Hesperia Sylvanus). Male. 16. SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER (Hesperia Comma). 17. CHEQUERED SKIPPER (Carterocephalus Palaemon). 18. NEW SMALL SKIPPER (Hesperia Lineola).

PLATE VIII

1. LARVA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (Papilio Machaon). 2. LARVA OF ORANGE TIP (Euchlo[:e] Cardamines). 3. LARVA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (Argynnis Paphia). 4. LARVA OF PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (Vanessa Io). 5. LARVA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (Apatura Iris). 6. LARVA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (Nemeobius Lucina). 7. PUPA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (Papilio Machaon). 8. PUPA OF ORANGE TIP (Euchlo[:e] Cardamines). 9. PUPA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (Argynnis Paphia). 10. PUPA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (Apatura Iris). 11. PUPA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (Nemeobius Lucina). 12. PUPA OF DINGY SKIPPER (Nisoniades Tages).

PLATE IX

1. PRIVET HAWK MOTH (Sphinx Ligustri). 2. SPURGE HAWK (Deilephila Euphorbiae). 3. LARGE ELEPHANT HAWK (Chrocampa Elpenor). 4. EYED HAWK (Smerinthus Ocellatus). 5. LIME HAWK (Smerinthus Tiliae). 6. HUMMING-BIRD HAWK (Macroglossa Stellatarum). 7. BROAD-BORDERED FIVE-SPOTTED BURNET (Zygaena Trifolii).

PLATE X

1. CINNABAR MOTH (Euchelia Jacobaeae). 2. WOOD TIGER (Nemeophila Plantaginis). 3. TIGER (Arctia Caia). 4. CREAM-SPOT TIGER (Arctia Villica). 5. OAK EGGAR (Bombyx Quercus). Male. 6. LAPPET (Lasiocampa Quercifolia). 7. KENTISH GLORY (Endromis Versicolor). Male. 8. EMPEROR MOTH (Saturnia Pavonia). Male. 9. BUFF TIP (Phalera Bucephala).

PLATE XI

1. LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING (Triphaena Pronuba). 2. MARVEL-DU-JOUR (Agriopis Aprilina). 3. SMALL ANGLE SHADES (Euplexia Lucipara). 4. MOTHER SHIPTON (Euclidia Mi). 5. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (Catocala Fraxini). 6. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (Catocala Sponsa).

PLATE XII

1. HERALD (Gonoptera Libatrix). 2. SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH (Uropteryx Sambucaria). 3. BRIMSTONE MOTH (Rumia Luteolata). 4. SCALLOPED OAK (Crocallis Elinguaria). 5. BRINDLED BEAUTY (Biston Hirtaria). 6. WAVED UMBER (Hemerophila Abruptaria). 7. MAIDEN'S BLUSH (Zonosoma Punctaria). 8. MOTTLED UMBER (Hybernia Defoliaria). 9. TREBLE BAR (Anaitis Plagiata).

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.]

INDEX

Abbreviata, 284

Abraxas, 279

Abruptaria, 273

Acherontia, 204

Acidalia, 275

Acidaliidae, 275

Aciptilia, 295

Acronycta, 240

Actaeon, 199

Adela, 304

Adippe, 159

Admiral, Red, 168

Admiral, White, 170

AEgon, 189

AEscularia, 281

AEthiops, 175

Aglaia, 158

Aglossa, 291

Agriopis, 258

Agrotis, 250

Albulata, 283

Alucita, 295

Amataria, 276

Amphidasydae, 271

Amphidasys, 272

Amphipyridae, 254

Anaitis, 289

Angle Shades, 258

Anisopteryx, 281

Antennae, 5

Antiopa, 167

Antiqua, 228

Antithesia, 301

Apamea, 247

Apameidae, 244

Apatura, 171

Apiformis, 213

Aplecta, 259

Aporia, 141

Aprilina, 258

Arctia, 221

Areola, 261

Argiolus, 193

Argus, Brown, 189

Argus, Wood, 175

Argynnis, 154

Arion, 194

Arrangement of specimens, 136

Arundinis, 243

Asphalia, 238

Astrarche, 189

Atalanta, 168

Athalia, 163

Atomaria, 278

Atropos, 204

August Thorn, 271

Aurella, 306

Aurinia, 161

Aversata, 276

Axylia, 245

Baetica, 188

Bapta, 277

Basilinea, 247

Bath White, 146

Batis, 237

Beating for moths, 83

Beautiful Carpet, 286

Beautiful China Mark, 293

Bellargus, 191

Betulae, 183

Betularia, 272

Bicolorata, 285

Bifida, 234

Bilineata, 287

Binaria, 232

Biston, 271

Black Arches, 227

Black Hairstreak, 184

Black-veined White, 141

Blood Vein, 276

Blue-bordered Carpet, 285

Blue Chalk Hill, 192

---- Clifden, 191

---- Common, 190

---- Holly, 193

---- Large, 194

---- Mazarine, 193

---- Silver-studded, 189

---- Small, 194

---- Tailed, 188

Boarmia, 273

Boarmiidae, 272

Bombyces, 217

Bombycidae, 229

Bombycoidae, 240

Bombyx, 229

Bordered White, 279

Botys, 293

Brassicae (Pieris), 142

Brassicae (Mamestra), 246

Bright-line Brown-eye, 260

Brimstone Butterfly, 152

Brimstone Moth, 269

Brindled Beauty, 271

Brindled Pug, 284

Broad-barred White, 257

---- bordered Bee Hawk, 211

---- ---- Five spotted Burnet, 215

Brown Argus, 189

---- Hairstreak, 183

---- line Bright-eye, 242

---- Meadow, 178

---- Northern, 175

---- Tail, 226

Bryophila, 239

Bryophilidae, 239

Bucephala, 236

Buff Ermine, 222

---- Tip, 236

Bullrush, 243

Bupalus, 279

Burnets, 215

Burnished Brass, 263

Butterflies--British, 139

---- antennae of, 5

---- body, 3

---- catching, 64

---- eye, 3

---- legs, 8, 10

---- proboscis, 6

---- wings, 2, 8

Cabbage Moth, 246

Cabera, 277

Caberidae, 276

Cabinets, 134

Caia, 221

Callimorpha, 220

C-Album, 164

Calymnia, 256

Camberwell Beauty, 167

Camelina, 235

Camptogramma, 287

Caradrina, 249

Caradrinidae, 248

Cardamines, 148

Cardui, 169

Carpocapsa, 302

Carterocephalus, 201

Catching Butterflies, 64

---- moths, 82, 85

Caterpillar state, 22

Catocala, 265

Catocalidae, 265

Cerastis, 256

Chalk-hill Blue, 192

Cheloniidae, 220

Chequered Skipper, 201

Chestnut, 256

Chilo, 296

Chinese Character, 233

Chloroform bottle, 72

Chocolate Tip, 237

Chrocampa, 207

Chrysalis state, 44

Chrysitis, 263

Chrysorrha, 226

Cidaria, 288

Cilix, 233

Cinnabar, 219

Cinxia, 162

Cirsiana, 301

Classification of Lepidoptera, 55

Clearwings, 212

Clifden Blue, 191

Clifden Nonpareil, 265

Clouded Silver, 277

Clouded Yellow, 151

Cnonympha, 181

Coleophora, 305

Colias, 149

Collecting box, 73

Collecting larvae, 101

---- ova, 99

---- pupae, 108

Comes, 253

Comma, 164, 200

Common Blue, 190

---- Carpet, 286

Common Emerald, 274

---- Footman, 219

---- Heath, 278

---- Quaker, 255

---- Swift, 223

---- Wainscot, 243

---- Wave, 277

Complanella, 306

Conigera, 242

Copper--Large, 187

---- Small, 188

Corydon, 192

Cosmiidae, 256

Cossidae, 224

Cossus, 224

Coxcomb Prominent, 235

Crambi, 296

Crambus, 297

Crataegi, 141

Cream-spot Tiger, 221

Cristana, 300

Crocallis, 270

Cucullatella, 218

Cucullia, 261

Cuprella, 304

Currant Clearwing, 213

Currant Moth, 279

Curtula, 237

Cyanide bottle, 68

Cymatophoridae, 237

Daplidice, 146

Dark Crimson Underwing, 266

Dark Dagger, 241

Dark Green Fritillary, 158

Dark Hairstreak, 185

Death's-head Hawk, 204

Decoys, 96

Defoliaria, 281

Deilephila, 207

Dentina, 259

Depressaria, 304

Dicranura, 234

Dicranuridae, 233

Didymata, 283

Diloba, 241

Dilutata, 282

Dingy Skipper, 198

Dispar, 187, 227

Diurnea, 303

Dominula, 220

Dot, 247

Drepana, 232

Drepanulidae, 232

Drinker, 230

Duke of Burgundy, 196

Dun-bar, 256

Early Grey, 261

Edusa, 151

Egeria, 175

Eggs, 16

Elephant Hawk, 207

Elinguaria, 270

Elpenor, 208

Ematurga, 278

Emmelesia, 283

Emperor Moth, 231

Emperor, Purple, 171

Endromidae, 231

Endromis, 231

Ennomidae, 269

Entomological pins, 76

Ephippiphora, 301

Ephyridae, 275

Epinephele, 178

Epiphron, 174

Erebia, 174

Erycinidae, 196

Eubolia, 289

Euboliidae, 288

Euchelia, 219

Eucheliidae, 219

Euchlo[:e], 148

Euclidia, 264

Euclidiidae, 264

Eugonia, 271

Euphorbiae, 207

Euphrosyne, 156

Eupithecia, 283

Euplexia, 258

Eurrhypara, 292

Exanthemata, 277

Exclamationis, 250

Eyed Hawk, 208

Fagella, 303

Farinalis, 292

Fidoniidae, 278

Figure of Eight, 241

Filipendulae, 215

Flame, 245

Flame Shoulder, 252

Flavago, 256

Flavicornis, 238

Flounced Rustic, 246

Fluctuata, 287

Forester, 214

Forficalis, 293

Fraxini, 265

Fritillaries, 154

Fritillary, Dark Green, 158

---- Glanville, 162

---- Greasy, 161

---- Heath, 163

---- High Brown, 159

---- Pearl-bordered, 156

---- Queen of Spain, 156

---- Silver-washed, 159

---- Small Pearl-bordered, 154

Galatea, 173

Galleria, 298

Gamma, 264

Garden Carpet, 287

Garden Dart, 251

Garden Pebble, 293

Gemmaria, 273

Geoffrella, 305

Geometra, 274

Geometrae, 268

Geometridae, 274

Ghost Swift, 223

Gipsy, 227

Glaucata, 233

Goat Moth, 224

Gonodactyla, 294

Gonoptera, 264

Gonopteridae, 262

Gonopteryx, 152

Gortyna, 244

Gothic, 254

Grass Rivulet, 283

Grayling, 177

Grease, 127

Greasy Fritillary, 161

Green Hairstreak, 186

Green-chequered White, 146

Green Silver-lined, 217

Grizzled Skipper, 197

Grey Arches, 259

Grey Dagger, 240

Grossulariata, 279

Hadena, 259

Hadenidae, 257

Hairstreak, Black, 184

---- Brown, 183

---- Dark, 185

---- Green, 186

---- Purple, 185

---- White-letter, 184

Halia, 278

Hamellus, 297

Harpella, 305

Hawk Moths, 204

Heart and Dart, 250

Heath, Large, 179

---- Moth, 278

Heath, Small, 181

---- Fritillary, 163

Hecatera, 257

Helice, 151

Hemerophila, 273

Hemithea, 274

Hepialidae, 223

Hepialus, 223

Herald Moth, 262

Hesperia, 198

Hesperiidae, 197

Hexadactyla, 295

High Brown Fritillary, 159

Hirtaria, 271

Holly Blue, 193

Hornet Clearwing of Osier, 213

Hornet Clearwing of Poplar, 213

Hortuellus, 297

Humming-bird Hawk, 210

Humuli, 223

Hyale, 149

Hybernia, 280

Hyberniidae, 280

Hydrocampa, 293

Hylophila, 217

Hyperanthus, 180

Hyponomeuta, 304

Ianira, 178

Ianthina, 252

Ibipennella, 305

Icarus, 190

Ichneumon flies, 25

Impura, 243

Ino, 214

Io, 167

Iris, 171

Jacobaeae, 219

Kentish Glory, 231

Killing bottle, 68

Killing box, 70

Labial palpi, 6

Lace Border, 275

Lappet, 230

Larentia, 283

Larentiidae, 282

Large Blue, 194

Large Copper, 187

Large Elephant, 208

Large Emerald, 274

Large Heath, 179

Large Skipper, 200

Large Tortoiseshell, 165

Large White, 142

Large Yellow Underwing, 253

Larvae, 22

Larvae Beating, 107

Larvae, blowpipe for, 131

Larva boxes, 101

Larva cage, 115

Larvae collecting, 101

Larvae, glass for, 114

Larvae rearing, 113

Lasiocampa, 230

Latona, 156

Laurel box, 70

Leaf Miners, 33, 303

Leaf Rollers, 33, 303

Lecheana, 300

Legs of Lepidoptera, 8, 10

Leioptilus, 295

Leopard Moth, 225

Lepidoptera--antennae, 5

---- body, 3

---- classification of, 55

---- eggs of, 16

---- general characteristics, 1

---- legs of, 8, 10

---- metamorphoses, 14

---- proboscis, 6

---- wings, 2, 8

Lesser Broad Border, 252

Lesser Yellow Underwing, 253

Leucania, 242

Leucaniidae, 242

Leucophasia, 149

Leucophaearia, 280

Libatrix, 262

Light Arches, 245

Light Emerald, 270

Light Traps, 87

Ligniperda, 224

Ligustri, 206

Lime Hawk, 210

Limenitis, 170

Limitata, 289

Lineola, 199

Liparidae, 226

Lithosia, 218

Lithosiidae, 219

Lithoxylea, 245

Lobophora, 285

Lobster Moth, 28

Lophopteryx, 235

Lubricipeda, 222

Lucina, 196

Lucipara, 258

Lulworth Skipper, 199

Luperina, 246

Lupulinus, 223

Luteolata, 269

Lycaena, 183, 188

Lycaenidae, 183

Macariidae, 278

Machaon, 139

Macroglossa, 210

Maiden's Blush, 275

Malvae, 197

Mamestra, 246

Mania, 254

Marbled Beauty, 239

Marbled Minor, 248

Margaritaria, 270

Marsh Moth, 281

Marsh Ringlet, 181

Marvel-du-jour, 258

Maura, 254

Mazarine Blue, 193

Meadow Brown, 178

Meal Moth, 292

Megacephala, 241

Megaera, 177

Melanargia, 173

Melanthia, 285

Melitaea, 161

Mellonella, 298

Menthastri, 222

Meticulosa, 258

Metrocampa, 270

Mi, 264

Miana, 248

Micro-lepidoptera, 290

Minima, 194

Monacha, 227

Montanata, 286

Morpheus, 249

Mother-of-pearl, 293

Mother Shipton, 264

Moths, 203

---- antennae of, 5

---- catching, 82

---- traps, 87

Mottled Rustic, 249

Mottled Umber, 281

Mundana, 218

Muslin Moth, 218

Nanata, 284

Napi, 145

Narrow-winged Pug, 284

Nebulosa, 259

Nemeobius, 196

Nemeophila, 220

Nepticula, 306

Nervosa, 304

Nets, 65, 87, 91

Netted Pug, 283

New Small Skipper, 199

Nigricans, 251

Nisoniades, 198

Noctua, 252

Noctuae, 239

Noctuidae, 249

Nola, 218

Nolidae, 218

Nonagria, 243

Northern Brown, 175

Notodontidae, 235

November Moth, 282

Nudaria, 218

Nupta, 266

Nycteolidae, 217

Nymphalidae, 154

Oak Eggar, 229

Oak Hook Tip, 232

Ocellatus, 208

Ochracea, 244

Ocneria, 227

Octomaculana, 301

Odonestis, 230

Old Lady, 254

Oleracea, 260

Oporabia, 282

Orange Tip, 148

Orgyia, 228

Ornata, 275

Orthosiidae, 255

Osteodactylus, 295

Ova collecting, 99

Ova preserving, 130

Padellus, 304

Painted Lady, 169

Palaemon, 201

Pale Clouded Yellow, 149

Pallens, 243

Palpi, 6

Pamphilus, 181

Paphia, 159

Papilio, 139

Papilionaria, 274

Papilionidae, 139

Pararge, 175

Pavonia, 231

Peach Blossom, 237

Peacock, 167

Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 156

Pentadactyla, 295

Penthina, 300

Peppered Moth, 272

Perla, 239

Peronea, 300

Persicariae, 247

Phalera, 236

Phlaeas, 188

Phlogophora, 258

Phragmitellus, 296

Pieridae, 141

Pinguinalis, 291

Piniaria, 279

Pink-barred Sallow, 256

Pins, 76

Pionea, 293

Plagiata, 289

Plantaginis, 220

Platyptilia, 294

Plecta, 252

Plusia, 263

Plusiidae, 263

Polychloros, 165

Polyommatus, 187

Poplar Grey, 241

Poplar Hawk, 209

Poplar Kitten, 234

Populi, 209

Porcellus, 207

Porthesia, 226

Potatoria, 230

Prasinana, 217

Preserving larvae, 131

---- ova, 130

---- pupae, 133

Privet Hawk, 206

Proboscis, 6

Pronuba, 253

Pruni, 185

Pruniana, 300

Psi, 240

Psilura, 227

Pterophori, 294

Ptycholoma, 300

Punctaria, 275

Pupa state, 44

Pupae collecting, 108

---- digging, 111

---- management of, 118

---- preserving, 133

Purple Emperor, 171

Purple Hairstreak, 185

Puss Moth, 235

Putris, 245

Pygaera, 237

Pygaeridae, 236

Pyralides, 291

Pyralis, 292

Pyrina, 225

Queen of Spain, 156

Quercifolia, 230

Quercinaria, 271

Quercus (Bombyx), 229

Quercus (Thecla), 185

Rapae, 144

Rearing larvae, 113

Red Admiral, 168

Red Underwing, 266

Relaxing, 125

Rhamni, 152

Riband Wave, 276

Ringlet, 180

---- Marsh, 181

---- Small, 174

Rubi, 186

Rumia, 269

Ruralis, 293

Rustic Shoulder-knot, 247

Salicella, 301

Sambucaria, 268

Saturnia, 231

Saturniidae, 231

Satyridae, 173

Satyrus, 177

Scalloped Oak, 270

Scarlet Tiger, 220

Sciaphila, 301

Segetum, 250

Selene, 154

Semele, 177

Semiargus, 193

Serena, 257

Sesia, 213

Sesiidae, 212

Setting boards, 122

Shark, 261

Shears, 259

Short-cloaked, 218

Sibylla, 170

Silaceata, 288

Silver-ground Carpet, 286

Silver-spotted Skipper, 200

Silver-studded Blue, 189

Silver-washed Fritillary, 159

Silver Y, 264

Sinapis, 149

Six-spot Burnet, 215

Skippers, 196

Skipper, Chequered, 201

---- Dingy, 198

---- Grizzled, 197

---- Lulworth, 199

---- New Small, 199

---- Silver-spotted, 200

---- Small, 198

Sleeving, 116

Small Angle Shades, 258

---- Blue, 194

---- Copper, 188

---- Elephant, 207

---- Heath, 181

---- Magpie, 292

---- Mallow, 289

---- Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 154

---- Phnix, 288

---- Ringlet, 174

---- Seraphim, 285

---- Skipper, 198

---- Tortoiseshell, 166

---- White, 144

Smerinthus, 208

Smoky Wainscot, 243

Sociata, 286

Speckled Wood, 175

Sphinges, 203

Sphingidae, 204

Sphinx, 206

Spilosoma, 222

Sponsa, 266

Spring Usher, 280

Spurge Hawk, 207

Stabilis, 255

Stagnata, 293

Statices, 214

Stellatarum, 210

Store boxes, 135

Strigata, 274

Strigilis, 248

Stuffing insects, 126

Sugaring, 92

Sugaring net, 94

Sugar traps, 96

Swallow-tail Butterfly, 139

Swallow-tail Moth, 268

Swifts, 223

Sylvanus, 200

Syrichthus, 197

Tabby, 291

Taeniocampa, 255

Tages, 198

Tailed Blue, 188

Temerata, 277

Testacea, 246

Thaumas, 198

Thecla, 183

Thyatira, 237

Tiger, Common, 221

---- Cream-spot, 221

---- Scarlet, 220

---- Wood, 220

Tiliae, 210

Timandra, 276

Tineae, 303

Tipuliformis, 213

Tithonus, 179

Tortoiseshell, Large, 165

Tortoiseshell, Small, 166

Tortrices, 298

Treble Bar, 289

Trifolii, 215

Triphaena, 252

Tristellus, 297

Trochilium, 213

Turnip Moth, 250

Twin-spot Carpet, 283

Typhon, 181

Typica, 254

Umbratica, 261

Uropterygidae, 268

Uropteryx, 268

Urticae, 166

Urticata, 292

Vaccinii, 256

Vanessa, 164

Vapourer Moth, 228

Vauaria, 278

Venosata, 283

Versicolor, 231

Villica, 221

Vinula, 235

Viridana, 299

V moth, 278

W album, 184

Wainscots, 243

Wall Butterfly, 177

Waved Umber, 273

White Admiral, 170

---- Bath, 146

---- Black-veined, 141

---- Ermine, 222

---- Green-chequered, 146

---- Green-veined, 145

---- Large, 142

White-letter Hairstreak, 184

---- Marbled, 173

---- Small, 144

---- Wood, 149

Willow Beauty, 273

Wings, 2, 8

Wood Argus, 175

Wood Tiger, 220

Wood White, 149

Xanthia, 256

Xanthosetia, 302

Xylinidae, 261

Xylocampa, 261

Xylophasia, 245

Xylosteana, 299

Yellow-horned, 238

Yellow Shell, 287

Zerenidae, 279

Zeuzera, 225

Zoegana, 302

Zonosoma, 275

Zygaena, 215

Zygaenidae, 214

PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes

Some minor changes have been made to obvious format and punctuation inconsistencies. Other inconsistent usages have been retained except where obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:

Page 97 'dicover' changed to 'discover' (... not being able to discover the 'entrance out,' ...)

Page 188 'Polyommatas' changed to 'Polyommatus' (The Small Copper (Polyommatas Phlaeas))

Page 219 'Jacobaea' changed to 'Jacobaeae' (FIG. 112.--THE LARVA OF JACOBAEAE.)

Page 263 'rested' changed to 'crested' (The abdomen also is crested)

Page 334 'Rannock' changed to 'Rannoch' (Rannoch Geometer (Brunneata))

Page 354 'Ibipenella' change to 'Ibipennella' (Ibipennella, 305)

Page 354 missing page reference added (Ichneumon flies, 25)

Page 355 'Leucophearia' changed to 'Leucophaearia' (Leucophaearia, 280)

Page 356 'Octomacularia' changed to 'Octomaculana' (Octomaculana, 301)

Page 358 'Tryphaena' changed to 'Triphaena' and moved to its alphabetical position in the index (Triphaena, 252)

Page 358 'Umbricata' changed to 'Umbratica' (Umbratica, 261)