CHAPTER XXII. To Preserve Old Bindings--Re-Backing

To Preserve Old Bindings--Re-backing

TO PRESERVE OLD BINDINGS

It is a well-known fact that the leather of bindings that are much handled lasts very much better than that on books which remain untouched on the shelves. There is little doubt that the reason for this is that the slight amount of grease the leather receives from the hands nourishes it and keeps it flexible. A coating of glair or varnish is found to some extent to protect leather from adverse outside influences, but, unfortunately, both glair and varnish tend rather to harden leather than to keep it flexible, and they fail just where failure is most serious, that is at the joints. In opening and shutting, any coat of glair or varnish that has become hard will crack, and expose the leather of the joint and back. Flexibility is an essential quality in bookbinding leather, for as soon as the leather at the joint of a binding becomes stiff it breaks away when the boards are opened.

It would add immensely to the life of old leather bindings if librarians would have them treated, say once a year, with some preservative. The consequent expense would be saved many times over by the reduction of the cost of rebinding. Such a preservative must not stain, must not evaporate, must not become hard, and must not be sticky. Vaseline has been recommended, and answers fairly well, but will evaporate, although slowly. I have found that a solution of paraffin wax in castor oil answers well. It is cheap and very simple to prepare. To prepare it, some castor oil is put into an earthenware jar, and about half its weight of paraffin wax shredded into it. On warming, the wax will melt, and the preparation is ready for use.

A little of the preparation is well worked into a piece of flannel, and the books rubbed with it, special attention being paid to the back and joints. They may be further rubbed with the hand, and finally gone over with a clean, soft cloth. Very little of the preparation need be used on each book.

If bindings have projecting metal corners or clasps that are likely to scratch the neighbouring books, pieces of mill-board, which may be lined with leather or good paper, should be placed next them, or they may have a cover made of a piece of mill-board bent round as shown at fig. 120, and strengthened at the folds with linen. This may be slipped into the shelf with the book with the open end outwards, and will then hardly be seen.

Bindings which have previously had metal clasps, &c., often have projecting fragments of the old nails. These should be sought for and carefully removed or driven in, as they may seriously damage any bindings with which they come in contact.

To protect valuable old bindings, cases may be made and lettered on the back with the title of the book.

Loose covers that necessitate the bending back of the boards for their removal are not recommended.

RE-BACKING

Bindings that have broken joints may be re-backed. Any of the leather of the back that remains should be carefully removed and preserved. It is impossible to get some leathers off tight backs without destroying them, but with care and by the use of a thin folder, many backs can be saved. The leather on the boards is cut a little back from the joint with a slanting cut, that will leave a thin edge, and is then lifted up with a folder. New leather, of the same colour is pasted on the back, and tucked in under the old leather on the board. The leather from the old back should have its edges pared and any lumps of glue or paper removed and be pasted on to the new leather and bound tightly with tape to make sure that it sticks.

When the leather at the corners of the board needs repairing, the corner is glued and tapped with a hammer to make it hard and square, and when it is dry a little piece of new leather is slipped under the old and the corner covered.

When the sewing cords or thread of a book have perished it should be rebound, but if there are any remains of the original binding they should be preserved and utilised. If the old boards have quite perished, new boards of the same nature and thickness should be got out and the old cover pasted over them. Such places as the old leather will not cover, must first be covered with new of the same colour. Generally speaking, it is desirable that the characteristics of an old book should be preserved, and that the new work should be as little in evidence as possible. It is far more pleasant to see an old book in a patched contemporary binding, than smug and tidy in the most immaculate modern cover.

Part of the interest of any old book is its individual history, which can be gathered from the binding, book-plates, marginal notes, names of former owners, &c., and anything that tends to obliterate these signs is to be deplored.

SPECIFICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOOKBINDING

These specifications will require modification in special cases, and are only intended to be a general guide.

------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+------- | SHEETS. | END PAPERS. | PRESSING.| EDGES. | SEWING. | BACK. ------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+------- |To be |To be sewn |Books on |To be |To be with|To be I. |carefully|on. To be of |handmade |trimmed |ligature |kept For Extra |folded, |good paper |paper not |and gilt|silk, |as Binding |or, if |made with |to be |before |flexible, |flat suitable |an old |zigzag, with |pressed |sewing. |round five|as it for Valuable|book, all|board papers |unduly. |To be |bands of |can be Books. Whole|damaged |of self- | |uncut. |best |without Leather. |leaves to|coloured | | |sewing |forcing |be |paper of good| | |cord. |it and |carefully|quality, or | | | |without |mended, |vellum. Or to| | | |danger |the backs|be made with | | | |of its |where |leather | | | |becom- |damaged |joint. | | | |ing |to be | | | | |concave |made | | | | |in use. |sound. | | | | | |Single | | | | | |leaves | | | | | |to be | | | | | |guarded | | | | | |round | | | | | |the | | | | | |sections | | | | | |next | | | | | |them. All| | | | | |plates to| | | | | |be | | | | | |guarded. | | | | | |Guards to| | | | | |be sewn | | | | | |through. | | | | | |No past- | | | | | |ing on | | | | | |or over- | | | | | |casting | | | | | |to be | | | | | |allowed. | | | | | ------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+------- |As No. |To be of good|Same as |To be |To be with|Same as II. |I., |paper made |No. I. |cut and |unbleached|for No. For Good |excepting|with zigzag, | |gilt in |thread, |I. Binding for |that any |with board | |boards |flexible, | Books of |mending |papers of | |or |round five| Reference, |may be |self-coloured| |coloured|bands of | Catalogues, |done |paper of good| |or to be|best | &c., and |rather |quality. | |uncut. |sewing | other heavy |with a |Large or | | |cord. | Books that |view to |heavy books | | | | may have a |strength |to have a | | | | great deal |than |cloth joint. | | | | of use. |extreme |To be sewn | | | | Whole or |neatness.|on. | | | | Half | | | | | | Leather. | | | | | | ------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+------- |Same as |To be of good|Same as |To be |To be with|Same as III. |No. II. |paper, sewn |No. I. |uncut, |unbleached|for For Binding | |on, made with| |or to be|thread |Nos. I. for | |zigzag. | |cut in |across not|and II. Libraries, | | | |guillo- |less than | IV. for | | | |tine and|four | Books in | | | |gilt or |unbleached| current | | | |coloured|linen | use. Half | | | |or to |tapes. | Leather. | | | |have top| | | | | |edge | | | | | |only | | | | | |gilt. | | ------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+------- |Any |Same as No. | |May be |With |Back to IV. |leaves |III. | |cut |unbleached|be left For Library |damaged | | |smooth |thread |square Bindings of |at the | | |in |over three|after Books of |back or | | |guillo- |unbleached|glueing little |plates | | |tine. |linen |up. Interest or |to be | | | |tapes. | Value, |overcast | | | | | Cloth or |into | | | | | Half Linen. |sections.| | | | | ------------+---------+-------------+----------+--------+----------+-------

SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOOKBINDING--(continued).

------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+-------- |BOARDS. |HEADBANDS.| COVERS. |LETTERING.|DECORATION.| ------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+-------- |To be of|To be |Goatskin |To be |To be as |All work I. |the best|worked |(morocco),|legible |much or as |to be For Extra |black |with silk |pigskin |and to |little as |done in Binding |mill- |on strips |or seal- |identify |the nature |the best suitable |board. |of vellum |skin manu-|the |of the book|manner. for Valuable|Two |or catgut |factured |volume. |warrants. | Books. Whole|boards |or cord, |according | | | Leather. |to be |with |to the | | | |made |frequent |recommend-| | | |together|tie-downs.|ations of | | | |for |The head- |the | | | |large |bands to |Society | | | |books, |be "set" |of Arts' | | | |and all |by pieces |Committee | | | |five |of good |on Leather| | | |bands |paper or |for | | | |laced in|leather |Book- | | | |through |glued at |binding. | | | |two |head and |Whole | | | |holes. |tail. The |binding; | | | | |back to be|leather | | | | |lined up |to be | | | | |with |attached | | | | |leather |directly | | | | |all over |to the | | | | |if the |back. | | | | |book is | | | | | |large. | | | | ------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+-------- |Same as |Same as |Same as |Same as |To be |Work may II. |No. I., |No. I. |No. I., |No. I. |omitted, or|be a For Good |or may | |excepting | |only to |little Binding for |be of | |that | |consist of |rougher, Books of |good | |properly | |a few lines|but not Reference, |grey | |prepared | |or dots or |careless Catalogues, |board. | |sheepskin | |other |or &c., and | | |may be | |quite |dirty. other heavy | | |added. | |simple | Books that | | |Half- | |ornament. | may have | | |binding, | | | a great deal| | |leather | | | of use. | | |only at | | | Whole or | | |back. | | | Half | | |Corners | | | Leather. | | |to be | | | | | |strength- | | | | | |ened with | | | | | |tips of | | | | | |vellum. | | | | | |Sides | | | | | |covered | | | | | |with good | | | | | |paper | | | | | |or linen. | | | ------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+-------- |To be |To be |Same as |Same as |To be |Same as III. |split |worked |Nos. I. |Nos. I. |omitted. |No. II. For Binding |grey |with |and II., |and II. | | for |boards, |thread |but skins | | | Libraries, |or |or vellum |may be | | | for Books |straw- |or cord, |used where| | | in current |board |or to be |there are | | | use. Half |with |omitted |surface | | | Leather. |black |and a |flaws that| | | |board |piece of |do not | | | |liner, |cord |affect the| | | |with |inserted |strength. | | | |ends |into the |Leather to| | | |of tapes|turn in |be used | | | |attached|of the |thicker | | | |to |leather at|than is | | | |portion |head and |usual, | | | |of waste|tail in |there | | | |sheet, |their |being | | | |inserted|place. |French | | | |between | |joints. | | | |them. | |Leather at| | | |Boards | |back only;| | | |to be | |paper | | | |left a | |sides; | | | |short | |vellum | | | |distance| |tips. | | | |from the| | | | | |joint | | | | | |to form | | | | | |a French| | | | | |joint. | | | | | ------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+-------- |To be |No |Whole |Same as |To be |Same as IV. |split |headbands.|buckram |Nos. I. |omitted. |No. II. For Library |boards, | |or half |II. and | | Bindings of |two | |linen and |III. | | Books of |straw- | |paper | | | little |boards | |sides. | | | Interest or |made | | | | | Value, Cloth|together| | | | | or Half |and ends| | | | | Linen. |of slips| | | | | |insert- | | | | | |ed. | | | | | |French | | | | | |joint to| | | | | |be left.| | | | | ------------+--------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+--------

GLOSSARY

Arming press, a small blocking press used for striking arms-blocks on the sides of books.

Backing boards, wedge-shaped bevelled boards used in backing (see Fig. 40).

Backing machine, used for backing cheap work in large quantities; it often crushes and damages the backs of the sections.

Bands, (1) the cords on which a book is sewn. (2) The ridges on the back caused by the bands showing through the leather.

Band nippers, pincers with flat jaws, used for straightening the bands (see Fig. 61). For nipping up the leather after covering, they should be nickelled to prevent the iron staining the leather.

Beating stone, the "stone" on which books were formerly beaten; now generally superseded by the rolling machine and standing press.

Blind tooling, the impression of finishing tools without gold.

Blocking press, a press used for impressing blocks such as those used in decorating cloth cases.

Board papers, the part of the end papers pasted on to the boards.

Bodkin, an awl used for making the holes in the boards for the slips.

Bolt, folded edge of the sheets in an unopened book.

Cancels, leaves containing errors, which have to be discarded and replaced by corrected sheets. Such leaves are marked by the printer with a star.

Catch-word, a word printed at the foot of one page indicating the first word of the page following, as a guide in collating.

Cutting boards, wedge-shaped boards somewhat like backing boards, but with the top edge square; used in cutting the edge of a book and in edge-gilding.

Cutting in boards, cutting the edges of a book after the boards are laced on.

Cutting press, when the lying press is turned, so that the side with the runners is uppermost, it is called a cutting press (see Fig. 46).

Diaper, a term applied to a small repeating all-over pattern. From woven material decorated in this way.

Doublure, the inside face of the boards, especially applied to them when lined with leather and decorated.

End papers, papers added at the beginning and end of a book by the binder.

Extra binding, a trade term for the best work.

Finishing, comprises lettering, tooling, and polishing, &c.

Finishing press, a small press used for holding books when they are being tooled (see Fig. 84).

Finishing stove, used for heating finishing tools.

Folder, a flat piece of ivory or bone, like a paper knife, used in folding sheets and in various other operations.

Foredge (fore edge), the front edge of the leaves. Pronounced "forrege."

Forwarding, comprises all the operations between sewing and finishing, excepting headbanding.

Gathering, collecting one sheet from each pile in a printer's warehouse to make up a volume.

Glaire, white of eggs beaten up, and used in finishing and edge gilding.

Half binding, when the leather covers the back and only part of the sides, a book is said to be half bound.

Head band, a fillet of silk or thread, worked at the head and tail of the back.

Head cap, the fold of leather over the head band (see Fig. 67).

Head and tail, the top and bottom of a book.

Imperfections, sheets rejected by the binder and returned to the printer to be replaced.

India proofs, strictly first proofs only of an illustration pulled on "India paper," but used indiscriminately for all illustrations printed on India paper.

Inset, the portion of a sheet cut off and inserted in folding certain sizes, such as duodecimo, &c. (see Fig. 4).

Inside margins, the border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside face of the boards (see Fig. 116).

Joints, (1) the groove formed in backing to receive the ends of the mill-boards. (2) The part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened. (3) Strips of leather or cloth used to strengthen the end papers.

"Kettle stitch," catch stitch formed in sewing at the head and tail.

Lacing in, lacing the slips through holes in the boards to attach them.

Lying press, the term applied to the under side of the cutting press used for backing, usually ungrammatically called "laying press."

Marbling, colouring the edges and end papers in various patterns, obtained by floating colours on a gum solution.

Millboard machine, machine used for squaring boards; should only be used for cheap work, as an edge cut by it will not be as square as if cut by the plough.

Mitring, (1) lines meeting at a right angle without overrunning are said to be mitred. (2) A join at 45 deg. as in the leather on the inside of the boards.

Overcasting, over-sewing the back edges of single leaves or weak sections.

Peel, a thin board on a handle used for hanging up sheets for drying.

Plate, an illustration printed from a plate. Term often incorrectly applied to illustrations printed from woodcuts. Any full-page illustration printed on different paper to the book is usually called a "plate."

Pressing plates, plates of metal japanned or nickelled, used for giving finish to the leather on a book.

Press pin, an iron bar used for turning the screws of presses.

Proof, edges left uncut as "proof" that the book has not been unduly cut down.

Register, (i.) when the print on one side of a leaf falls exactly over that on the other it is said to register. (ii.) Ribbon placed in a book as a marker.

Rolling machine, a machine in which the sheets of a book are subject to heavy pressure by being passed between rollers.

Sawing in, when grooves are made in the back with a saw to receive the bands.

Section, the folded sheet.

Semee or Semis, an heraldic term signifying sprinkled.

Set off, print is said to "set off" when part of the ink from a page comes off on an opposite page. This will happen if a book is pressed too soon after printing.

Sheet, the full size of the paper as printed, forming a section when folded.

Signature, the letter or figure placed on the first page of each sheet.

Slips, the ends of the sewing cord or tape that are attached to the boards.

Squares, the portion of the boards projecting beyond the edges of the book.

Start, when, after cutting, one or more sections of the book come forward, making the fore edge irregular, they are said to have started.

Straight edge, a flat ruler.

Tacky, sticky.

T. E. G., top-edge gilt.

Trimmed. The edges of a book are said to be trimmed when the edges of the larger (or projecting) leaves only have been cut.

Tub, the stand which supports the lying press. Originally an actual tub to catch the shavings.

Uncut, a book is said to be uncut when the edges of the paper have not been cut with the plough or guillotine.

Unopened, the book is said to be unopened if the bolts of the sheets have not been cut.

Waterproof sheets, sheets of celluloid, such as are used by photographers.

Whole binding, when the leather covers the back and sides of a volume.

Wire staples are used by certain machines in the place of thread for securing the sections.

Groove, that part of the sections which is turned over in backing to receive the board.

REPRODUCTIONS OF BINDINGS

I., II., AND III.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY BLIND-TOOLED BINDINGS

IV.

SIXTEENTH CENTURY BINDING WITH SIMPLE GOLD-TOOLING

V., VI., VII., AND VIII.

MODERN BINDINGS DESIGNED BY THE AUTHOR

INDEX

ARMING PRESS, 229, 313

Arms blocks, 228

Art paper, 48, 282

Autograph letters, 179

BACKING, 117

Backing hammer, 123

Back, lining up, 152

Band nippers, 160, 163

Bands, 313

Bandstick, 160

Beating, 90

Beating stone, 90, 313

Benzine, 207, 209

Binding, decoration of, 21, 30, 188, 233

Binding, collotype reproductions of, 321-336

Binding, embroidered, 186

Binding early printed books, 31, 46, 113

Binding, extra, 308

Binding, jewelled, 263

Binding, library, 27, 173, 308

Binding, manuscripts, 31, 108, 113, 125, 135, 223

Binding, metal-covered, 263

Binding, vellum, 180

Binding very thin books, 177

Blind tooling, 188, 222

Blocking press, 229, 313

Blocks, striking, 229

Boards, 124

Boards, attaching, 132

Boards, cutting, 125

Boards, filling in, 170

Boards, lining, 129

Boards, pressing, 193, 210

Boards, split, 28, 175, 311

Bodkin, 114

Bookbinding as a profession, 32

Books in sheets, 34

Bookworms, 297

Borders, designing, 240

Borders, inside, 253

CALF, 27, 277

Cancelled sheets, 43

Cased books, 19, 49

Castor oil, 303

Catch stitch, 99

Catch words, 314

Celluloid, sheets of, 161

Centres, designing, 241

Chrome leather, 276

Clasps and ties, 183, 259

Cleaning off back, 137

Cloth casing, 19, 49

Cloth joints, 86, 257

Cobden-Sanderson, T. J., xii., 22

Cockroaches, 300

Cocoanut oil, 200

Collating, 43

Colouring edges, 144

Combining tools to form patterns, 232

Compasses, 131

Cord sewing, 111

Corners, mitring, 165, 168

Cousin, Jules, 74, 299

Covering, 23, 159, 176, 310

Crushing the grain of leather, 192

Cutting in boards, 139

Cutting mill-boards, 124

Cutting press, 128

DAMP, effect of, on bindings, 294

Decoration of bindings, 21, 30, 188, 233

Designing tools, 230

Diaper patterns, 236

Dividers, 51

Dots, striking, 205

Doubluves, 253, 314

Dressing for old bindings, 302

Dust and dusting, 296

EARLY printed books, binding, 31, 46, 113

Edge colouring, 144

Edge gauffering, 144

Edge gilding, 95, 144

Edge sizing, 95, 146

Edges, painted, 146

Embroidered bindings, 186

End papers, 80, 254

End, painted, 83

End, vellum, 84

Ends, silk, 84

Entering, 33

Evelyn's Diary (quotation), 282

"Extra" binding, 308, 314

FALSE bands, 26

Fillet, 190, 206

Fillet, small, 206, 246

Filling in boards, 170

Finishing, 191

Finishing press, 194

Finishing tools, 188

Finishing stove, 195

Flattening vellum, 65

Folder, 164

Folding, 36

Fraying out slips, 114

French joint, 176

French paring knife, 156

French standing press, 91

GAS fumes, effect of, 291

Gathering, 35

Gauffering edges, 144

Gelatine, 70

Gilding edges, 95, 144

Gilt top, 92

Glaire, 97, 198

Glass, tinted, for libraries, 292

Glossary, 313

Glue, 289

Glueing up, 115

Goatskin, 277

Gold cushion, 200

Gold leaf, 199

Gold knife, 200

Gold, net for, 96

Gold, pad for, 201

Gold tooling, 188, 191

Gouges, 189, 205, 247

Groove (see Joint)

Guarding, 42, 53

Guarding plates, 50, 56, 316

HAMMER, backing, 123

Hand-made paper, 280

Headbanding, 108, 147, 176

Headcaps, 156, 166

Heat, effect of, on bindings, 295

Heraldry on bindings, 227

Hinging plates, 57

Hollow backs, 25, 185

IMPERFECTIONS, 35

India proofs, soaking off, 62

India proofs, mounting, 63

Indiarubber for gold, 207

Inlaying leather, 213, 232, 243

Inlaying leaves or plates, 64

Inset, 40, 315

Inside margins, 253

JACONET, 60, 64

Japanese paper, 282

Japanese vellum, 282

Jewelled bindings, 263

Joint, 165, 169

Joint, cloth, 86, 257

Joint, French, 176

Joint, knocking out, 53

Joint, leather, 86, 171

KETTLE stitch, 49, 99, 105

Keys, sewing, 101

Knife, mountcutters', 54

Knife, French paring, 156

Knife, gold, 200

Knife, plough, 129, 139

Knocking down iron, 53, 134

Knocking out joints, 53

Knot, 100, 106

LACING in slips, 132

Lay cords, 100

Laying press (see Lying press)

Leather, 27, 263

Leather, chrome, 276

Leather, crushing grain of, 192

Leather, inlaying, 213, 232, 243

Leather joints, 86, 171

Leather, paring, 154

Leather, polishing, 191

Leather, sprinkling and marbling, 27, 279

Leather, stretching, 23, 161

Leather, testing, 274

Leather work, 226

Leaves, inlaying, 64

Lettering, 28, 215, 246

Letters, autograph, 179

Library binding, 27, 173, 308

Light, effect of, on leather, 292

Lining up back, 152

Lithographic stone, 157, 160

Loose covers, 304

Lying press, 128

MANUSCRIPTS, binding of, 31, 108, 113, 125, 135, 223

Manuscripts, collating, 46

Maps, throwing out, 60

Marbled paper, 83

Margins, inside, 253

Marking up, 98

Materials for sewing, 111

Mending, 76

Mending tooling, 208

Mending vellum, 79

Metal on bindings, 262

Millboards, 124

Millboard machine, 127, 315

Millboard shears, 126

Mitring corners, 165, 168

Morocco, 277

Morocco, "Persian," 271

Mount-cutters' knife, 54

Mounting India-proofs, 63

Mounting very thin paper, 63

NET for gilding edges, 96

Niger morocco, 278

Nipping press, 211

Nippers, band, 160, 163

OIL, cocoanut, 200

Opening newly-bound books, 257

Overcasting, 51

"Overs," 35

Oxalic acid, use of, 173

PAD for gold, 201

Paging, 44

Painted edges, 146

Painted end papers, 83

Pallets, 189

Paper, 280

Paper, art, 48, 283

Paper, hand-made, 280

Paper, Japanese, 282

Paper, marbled, 83

Paper, sizes of, 36, 283

Paper, sizing, 67

Paper, splitting, 63

Paper, washing, 71

Paraffin wax, 303

Paring leather, 154

Paring paper, 61

Paring stone, 157, 160

Pastes, 286

Paste water, 198

Pasting down end papers, 254

Patterns, 232

"Peel," 316

Permanent binding, 19

"Persian" morocco, 271

Pigskin, 278

Plates, detaching, 48

Plates, guarding, 56

Plates, hinging, 57

Plates, inlaying, 64

Plates, trimming, 40

Plough, 128

Plough knife, 129, 139

Polishing, 191

Preserving old bindings, 302

Press, arming, 229, 313

Press, blocking, 229, 313

Press, cutting, 128

Press, finishing, 194

Press, lying, 128

Press, nipping, 211

Press pin, 316

Press, sewing (see Sewing frame)

Press, standing, 88

Pressing boards, 193, 210

Pressing in boards, 138

Pressing plates, 192, 316

Pressing sections, 87

"Proof," 316

Publishers' binding, 20

Pulling to pieces, 46

QUARTER sections, 42

Quires, books in, 34

RATS and mice, 299

Re-backing, 305

Re-binding, 18, 306

Refolding, 51

Register of printing, 52, 316

Representations of bindings, 321-336

Roll, 190

Rounding, 117

SAWING in, 20, 25, 100, 108

Scrap books, 178

Sealskin, 278

Sections, pressing, 87

Sewing, 100

Sewing cord, 111

Sewing frame, 100

Sewing keys, 101

Sewing on tapes, 26, 111, 174

Sewing on vellum slips, 111, 181

Sewing silk, 112

Sewing, tape for, 112

Sewing thread, 112

Sheepskin, 277-308

Sheets, books in, 34

Sheets, waterproof, 161

Signatures, 34, 43

Silk ends, 84

Silk sewing, 112

Sizes of paper, 36, 283

Sizing, 67

Sizing edges, 95-146

Sizing leather, 198

Sizing paper, 67

Slips, 317

Slips, fraying out, 114

Slips, lacing in, 132

Soaking off India proofs, 62

Society of Arts, Report of Committee on Leather for Bookbinding, 22, 264

Society of Arts, Report of Committee on Paper, 284

Specifications, 308

Split boards, 28, 175, 311

Splitting paper, 63

Sprinkling leather, 27, 279

Squares, 131, 153, 317

Standing press, 88

Standing press, French, 89, 91

Staples, wire, 49

"Starred" sheets, 43

Stove, finishing, 195

Stone, lithographic, 157, 160

Striking dots, 205

Striking tools, 204

TAPE, sewing on, 26, 112, 174

Temporary binding, 20

Testing leather, 274

Thin books, binding, 177

Thin paper, mounting, 63

Thread, sewing, 112

Throwing out maps, 60

Ties and clasps, 183, 259

Tobacco smoke, effect of, on binding, 294

Tooling, blind, 188, 222

Tooling, gold, 24, 188, 191

Tooling on vellum, 212

Tools, designing, 188, 230

Tools, finishing, 188, 230

Training for bookbinding, 32

Trimming before sewing, 93

Trimming machine, 94

Trimming plates, 40

Tub, 317

Tying up, 167

VARNISH, 209

Vellum binders, 26

Vellum bindings, 180

Vellum ends, 84

Vellum, flattening, 65

Vellum, Japanese, 282

Vellum, mending, 79

Vellum slips, sewing on, 111, 183

Vellum tooling on, 212

WALKER, Emery, 216

Washing, 71

Waterproof sheets, 161

Weaver's knot, 106

Wooden boards, 32, 135, 223, 330

Worm holes, 78, 297

THE ARTISTIC CRAFTS SERIES OF TECHNICAL HANDBOOKS.

Edited by W. R. LETHABY.

The series will appeal to handicraftsmen in the industrial and mechanic arts. It consists of authoritative statements by experts in every field for the exercise of ingenuity, taste, imagination--the whole sphere of the so-called "dependent arts."

BOOKBINDING AND THE CARE OF BOOKS. A Handbook for Amateurs, Bookbinders, and Librarians. By DOUGLAS COCKERELL. With 120 Illustrations and Diagrams by Noel Rooke, and 8 collotype reproductions of binding. 12mo. $1.25 net.

SILVERWORK AND JEWELRY. A Text-Book for Students and Workers in Metal. By H. WILSON. With 160 Diagrams and 16 full-page Illustrations, 12mo. $1.40 net.

WOOD CARVING: DESIGN AND WORKMANSHIP. By GEORGE JACK. With Drawings by the Author and other Illustrations. $1.40 net.

STAINED-GLASS WORK. A Text-Book for Students and Workers in Glass. By C. W. WHALL. With Diagrams by two of his Apprentices, and other Illustrations. $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents additional.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Obvious typographic errors have been corrected. For the detailed list see below. The tables have been slightly modified to optimize presentation.

page 014--typo fixed: changed 'Making' to 'Marking' page 138--spelling normalized: changed 'head-banding' to 'headbanding' page 159--typo fixed: changed 'wook' to 'wood' page 173--typo fixed: changed 'CHAPTER VIII' to 'CHAPTER XIII' page 198--typo fixed: changed 'isinglas' to 'isinglass' page 249--spelling normalized: changed 'tie downs' to 'tie-downs' page 253--spelling normalized: changed 'headcap' to 'head-cap' page 298--spelling normalized: changed 'millboard' to 'mill-board' page 303--spelling normalized: changed 're-binding' to 'rebinding' page 304--spelling normalized: changed 'millboard' to 'mill-board' page 310--spelling normalized: changed 'Goat-skin' to 'Goatskin' page 314--spelling normalized: changed 'head-banding' to 'headbanding' page 315--spelling normalized: changed 'millboards' to 'mill-boards' page 339--spelling normalized: changed 'millboards' to 'mill-boards' page 341--spelling normalized: changed 'Re-folding' to 'Refolding'