Volume Ii (1940), Page 137.

C.J.S. THOMPSON, Guide to the Surgical Instruments and Objects in the Historical Series with Their History and Development (London: Taylor and Francis, 1929), page 40.

JOHN STEWART MILNE, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), reprint of 1907 edition, pages 32-35. A bronze knife of this type is illustrated in THEODOR MEYER-STEINEG, Chirurgische Instrumente des Altertum (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1912), page iv, figure 9. The instrument was donated by Dr. Nylin of the Kardinska Institute in Stockholm, who used a lancet until 1940. Replicas of the early bronze medical instruments were sold in 1884 by Professor Francesco Scalzi of Rome. He exhibited 45 of them at the Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1878. He won an honorable mention award, "Collezione di Istrumenti Chirurgici de Roma Antica," 1884.

S. HOLTH, "Greco-Roman and Arabic Bronze Instruments and Their Medico-Surgical Use," Skriften utgit an Videnskapsselskapet I Kristrania (1919), page 1 (below). Holth lists the content of lead, tin, zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt found in a number of ancient bronze medical items in his collection, which formerly belonged to Baron Ustinov of Russia. These instruments were unearthed in Syria and Palestine from 1872 to 1890.

An occasional curious item like the spring lancet on display in the Welch Medical Library of the Johns Hopkins University is an exception.

MILNE, op cit. [note 43], pages 35-36.

LAURENCE HEISTER, A General System of Surgery in Three Parts, translated into English (London, 1759), 7th edition, page 294.

GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 558.

G. GAUJOT and E. SPILLMAN, Arsenal de la Chirurgie Contemporaine (Paris: J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1872), pages 274-276.

MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 33.

GARRISON, op. cit. [note 38], page 433.

SIR WILLIAM FERGUSON, Lectures on the Progress of Anatomy and Surgery during the Present Century (London: John Churchill & Sons, 1867), page 284.

JAMES EWELL, The Medical Companion (Philadelphia, 1816), pages 405, 406.

For an illustration of incisions, see HEISTER, (1759), op. cit. [note 47].

MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 36.

GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 556.

P. Hamonic describes an eighteenth-century Naples porcelain figure of a woman being bled that illustrates the elegant manner in which the operation was performed. P. HAMONIC, La Chirurgie et la medecine d'autrefois d'apres une premiere serie d'instruments anciens renfermes dans mes collections (Paris: A. Maloine, ed., 1900), pages 91, 93.

THOMAS DICKSON, A Treatise on Bloodletting with an Introduction Recommending a Review of the Materia Medica (London, 1765), page 1.

SIR D'ARCY POWER, editor, British Medical Societies (London: The Medical Press Circular, 1939), page 23.

Wakeley was a heretic wealthy doctor who led the campaign in Britain against the monopoly of surgical training and practice held by the Royal College of Surgeons of London. ALAN ARNOLD KLASS, There's Gold in "Them Thar Pills" (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975), pages 158-159.

JOHN HARVEY POWELL, Bring Out Your Dead (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), page 123.

See, e.g., RICHARD SHRYOCK, Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1960), pages 67, 111-112.

JAMES T. FLEXNER, George Washington: Anguish and Farewell (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pages 457-459.

BARBARA DUNCUM, The Development of Inhalation Anesthesia (The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, Oxford University Press, 1947), page 195.

HAMONIC, op. cit. [note 57], pages 95-96.

DONALD D. SHIRA, "Phlebotomy Lancet," Ohio State Medical Journal,