Volume 1, Page 451.

GEORGE TIEMANN & CO., American Armamentarium Chirurgicum (New York, 1889), page 825.

For one listing of the disadvantages of the common scarificator, see BLATIN, "Scarificator nouveau," Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Medecine, volume 11 (1845-1846), pages 87-90. Blatin patented a new scarificator in 1844 that supposedly overcame the difficulties he listed.

JAMES COXETER, "New Surgical Instruments," The Lancet (November 15, 1845), page 538; JAMES COXETER & SON, A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments (London, 1870), page 48. Coxeter sold his scarificator for 2 pounds, 2 shillings, while he offered his "best scarificator, with old action" for two pounds.

GREAT BRITAIN PATENT OFFICE, Subject-Matter Index of Patents of Invention, 1617-1852, 2 volumes (London, 1957); U.S. PATENT OFFICE, Subject Matter Index of Patents for Invention (Brevets d'invention) Granted in France from 1791 to 1876 Inclusive (Washington, 1883).

CHARRIERE , Cinq notices reunies presentees a MM. les membres des jurys des expositions francaises de 1834, 1839, 1844, et 1849, et de l'exposition universelle de Londres en 1851 (Paris, 1851), page 56.

MAISON CHARRIERE, ROBERT ET COLLIN, SUCCESSEURS, [Catalogue generale] (Paris, 1867), pages 42, 44, and plate 9.

Patent specifications, U.S. patent 4705; TIEMANN & CO., op. cit. [note 144], page 115. Tiemann was awarded an earlier patent for a scarificator in 1834 (unnumbered U.S. patent, 26 August 1834), which seems to have employed a coiled spring similar to that found in the Charriere scarificator. The fifth U.S. patent for a scarificator was issued in 1846 to A. F. Ahrens of Philadelphia (U.S. patent 4717) for a circular scarificator in which all the blades were attached to a movable plate.

Patent specifications, U.S. patent 5111.

Patent specifications, U.S. patent 8095.

DYCE DUCKWORTH, "On the Employment of Dry-Cupping," The Practitioner: A Monthly Journal of Therapeutics, volume 2 (1869), page 153.

Ibid., page 155. For more information on counter-irritation, see BROCKBANK, op. cit. [note 88]. Blisters were substances (including mustard and cantharides) that when applied to the skin, occasioned a serous secretion and the raising of the epidermis to form a vesicle. Cautery was the application of a red-hot iron to the skin. A seton was a long strip of linen or cotton thread passed through the skin by a seton needle. Each day a fresh piece of thread was drawn through the sore. Moxa were cones of cotton wool or other substances which were placed upon the skin and burned.

CHARLES BAUNSCHEIDT, Baunscheidtismus, by the Inventor of the New Curing Method, 1st English edition, translated from the 6th German edition by John Cheyne and L. Hayman (Bonn., 1859?).

The patent models are in the Smithsonian collection. See "Catalog" herein. The Aima Tomaton, a device invented and manufactured by Dr. L. M'Kay, was yet another American variation on the Lebenswecker. See L. M'KAY, Aima Tomaton: Or New Cupping and Puncturing Apparatus (Rochester, 1870). An example can be found in the collection of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

See DUCKWORTH, op. cit. [note 153]; ISAAC HOOVER, "An Essay on Dry Cupping," Transactions of the Belmont Medical Society for 1847-48-49-50 (Bridgeport, 1851), pages 30-32; MARSHALL HALL, Practical Observations and Suggestions in Medicine (London, 1845), pages 51-53; and B. H. WASHINGTON, "Remarks on Dry Cupping," The New Jersey Medical Reporter and Transactions of the New Jersey Medical Society (1852-53), pages 278-281.

CASPER WISTAR PENNOCK, "Observations and Experiments on the Efficacy and Modus Operandi of Cupping-Glasses in Preventing and Arresting the Effects of Poisoned Wounds," The American Journal of Medical Sciences,