Volume 197, Number 12 (september 1927), Pages 437-477. for a Detailed

account of ancient bloodletting, see RUDOLPH SIEGEL, "Galen's Concept of Bloodletting in Relation to His Ideas on Pulmonary and Peripheral Blood Flow and Blood Formation" (chapter 19 in volume 1 of Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance edited by Allen Debus, New York: Science History Publications, 1973), pages 247-275.

ROBERT MONTRAVILLE GREEN, "A Translation of Galen's Temperaments and Venesection" (manuscript, Yale Medical Library, New Haven, Connecticut), page 102.

Ibid., page ii-iv.

CELSUS, De Medicina, translated by W. G. Spencer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), volume 1, book 2, page 155.

HENRY E. SIGERIST, A History of Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), volume II, pages 317-335.

GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 105.

PETER H. NIEBYL, "Galen, Van Helmont and Blood Letting," (chapter 21 in volume 2 of Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance edited by Allen Debus, New York: Science History Publications, 1972); PETER NIEBYL, "Venesection and the Concept of the Foreign Body: A Historical Study in the Therapeutic Consequences of Humoral and Traumatic Consequences of Diseases" (doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1969), page 156.

GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 171.

Ibid., page 114.

Ibid., page 173.

Ibid., pages 174, 180.

CELSUS, op. cit. [note 6], page 163.

CHARLES H. TALBOT, Medicine in Medieval England (London: Oldbourne, 1967), pages 127-131.

CHARLES D. O'MALLEY, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels 1514-1564 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), pages 66-67.

See, for example, M. DAVID, Recherches sur la maniere d'agir de la saignee et sur les effets qu'elle produit relativement a la partie ou on la fait (Paris, 1762), page iv.

LORENZ HEISTER, Chirurgie, in welcher alles, was zur wund artzney gehoeret ... (Nuremberg, 1719).

GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 179.

JOSEPH T. SMITH, SR., "An Historical Sketch of Bloodletting," Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, volume 21 (1910), page 312.

MARSHALL HALL, Observations on Bloodletting Founded upon Researches on the Morbid and Curative Effects of Loss of Blood (London, 1836), page 280.

ROBLEY DUNGLISON, Medical Lexicon--A Dictionary of Medical Science (Philadelphia, 1848), page 820.

JAMES E. BOWMAN, "Blood," Encyclopaedia Britannica (Chicago: William Benton, 1972), volume 34, pages 795-800.

GREEN, op. cit. [note 4], page 187.

KARL SUDHOFF, Deutsche medizinische Inkunabeln (Leipzig, 1908); Studien zur Geschichte der Medizin heft 2/3. SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Incunabula Medica: A Study of the Earliest Printed Medical Books, 1467-1480 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923).

FRANCISCO GUERRA, "Medical Almanacs of the American Colonial Period," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, volume 16 (1961), pages 235-237. The number of veins illustrated in the vein man varied a great deal but became fewer after the seventeenth century.

TALBOT, op. cit. [note 15], pages 127-131.

GUERRA, op. cit. [note 26], pages 237; MARION BARBER STOWELL, Early American Almanacs: The Colonial Weekday Bible (New York: Burt Franklin, 1977). The latter work contains numerous illustrations of "anatomies" from colonial almanacs.

"Original Letters," General William F. Gordon to Thomas Walker Gilmar, 11 December 1832, William and Mary Quarterly, volume 21 (July 1912), page 67.

TALBOT, op. cit. [note 15], pages 50, 51. For another view of the religious impact upon medieval medical and surgical practices, see JAMES J. WALSH, The Popes and Science (New York: Fordham University Press, 1908), pages 167-198.

THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477.

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, Don Quixote de la Mancha, translated by Walter Starkie (New York: Mentor, 1963), pages 91, 92.

CHARLES ALVERSON, "Surgeon Abel's Exotic Bleeding Bowls," Prism,